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1. Recent data shows that organisms vary widely in the size of their genomes. The figure
below shows the number of functional genes plotted against the total length of DNA in
six organisms. The length of DNA is measured in numbers of base pairs
35 000
human
Homo sapiens
30 000
25 000
thale cress
Arabidopsis thaliana
number 20 000
of functional
15 000
genes
fruit fly
Drosophila melanogaster
nematode
Caenorhabditis elegans
10 000
5 000
yeast
bacterium
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Escherichia coli
0
106
107
108
109
The figure shows that the human genome contains only about seven times as many
functional genes as the bacterium Escherichia coli, but consists of about a thousand
times as much DNA.
(a) Suggest why humans have so much extra DNA despite having only seven times as
many functional genes as the bacterium E. coli.
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[Total 2 marks]
Brampton College
Telomeres are the lengths of DNA double helix at the ends of all eukaryotic
chromosomes.
They have a nucleotide sequence in which the order of the bases in one of the single
strands is:
Thymine
Thymine
Adenine
Guanine
Guanine
Guanine.
This sequence is repeated as many as 2000 times. This repetition is shown in the
figure below.
Attached to the DNA of the telomere are protein units that protect the DNA and enable
homologous chromosomes to pair during meiosis.
complementary
nucleotide sequence
--------------- TTAGGGTTAGGGTTAGGGTTAGGGTTAGGGTTAGGG
protein
polynucleotide strand
(c)
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(d)
Some species of plant are able to grow on soils that contain very little phosphate,
while other species, for example stinging nettles, can only grow well in soils that
are rich in phosphate. Each nucleotide in a DNA molecule includes a phosphate
group.
If much of the non-coding DNA can be correctly regarded as functionless junk,
there may be a correlation between the percentage of DNA that is non-coding
and the minimum concentration of phosphate ions needed for healthy growth.
Draw a straight line graph, using the axes in the figure below, to show the
correlation that you would predict.
percentage
of DNA that
is non-coding
minimum concentration of
phosphate ions needed
for healthy growing
[1]
(e)
Name a substance other than DNA that is found in cells and has one or more
phosphate groups as part of its chemical structure.
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[1]
[Total 4 marks]
Brampton College
2.
CFTR regulates the transport of chloride ions (Cl) across the plasma (cell surface)
membrane. Tissues that express the normal CFTR allele secrete alkaline fluids,
whereas the secretions of tissues expressing some mutant alleles are acidic.
The transport of Cl by epithelial cells expressing the normal CFTR allele was
compared with that by epithelial cells expressing one of 10 different mutant CFTR
alleles. The results are shown in the table below.
In the table, normal digestive functioning of the pancreas associated with a particular
allele is indicated with a tick ( ) and the absence of normal functioning by a cross ( ).
CFTR allele
normal
percentage of Cl transported in
comparison with normal allele
100
mutation 1
mutation 2
mutation 3
mutation 4
mutation 5
mutation 6
33
mutation 7
41
mutation 8
46
mutation 9
37
mutation 10
44
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(b) With reference to the information given in the table, explain why some mutant CFTR
alleles allow normal digestive functioning of the pancreas and others do not.
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[Total 3 marks]
3.
The bacterium Escherichia coli uses glucose as a respiratory substrate. In the absence
of glucose, E. coli can use lactose.
Explain how lactose induces the enzyme system involved in its uptake and metabolism.
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[Total 5 marks]
Brampton College
2 max
[2]
b.
(c)
(d)
straight line sloping up from left to right; (does not need to start at origin)
(e)
1
[4]
b.
max 3
[3]
3.
ref to operon;
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2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
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