Physics Concepts and Connections, Book Two - Solutions Manual

B OOK TWO
Solutions Manual
Brian Heimbecker Igor Nowikow Christopher T. Howes Jacques Mantha Brian P. Smith Henri M. van Bemmel
Physics: Concepts and Connections Book Two Solutions Manual Authors Brian Heimbecker Igor Nowikow Christopher T. Howes Jacques Mantha Brian P. Smith Henri M. van Bemmel
NELSON Director of Publishing David Steele Publisher Kevin Martindale Project Editor Lina Mockus-OBrien Editor Kevin Linder
First Folio Resource Group Project Management Robert Templeton Composition Tom Dart Proofreading and Copy Editing Christine Szentgyorgi Patricia Trudell Illustrations Greg Duhaney Claire Milne
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Table of Contents
I Solutions to Applying the Concepts Questions
1 1 1 3 3 4 5 6 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 17 18 18 20 21 22 22 24 24 25 25 26 Chapter 5 Section 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 Chapter 6 Section 6.1 6.2 6.3 Chapter 7 Section 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9 7.10 7.11 Chapter 8 Section 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.9 Chapter 9 Section 9.5 Chapter 10 Section 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 28 28 29 29 30 31 33 33 34 36 36 36 37 38 38 38 39 39 40 41 41 42 43 44 44 45 47 47 48 48 Chapter 11 Section 11.4 11.5 11.6 11.8 11.9 11.10 Chapter 12 Section 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.8 Chapter 13 Section 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 13.7 13.8 Chapter 14 Section 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 14.7 14.8 49 49 49 49 50 51 52 52 52 53 53 54 55 55 55 56 56 57 57 58 59 59 59 59 59 60 60 60
Chapter 1 Section 1.3 1.4 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 Chapter 2 Section 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 Chapter 3 Section 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 Chapter 4 Section 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6
II Answers to End-of-chapter Conceptual Questions

Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 61 63 65 66 67 68 69 71 75 77 79 80 81 83
III Solutions to Endof-chapter Problems

Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 87 95 107 120 126 134 140 151 160 165 170 178 183 191
Table of Contents
iii
PART 1 Solutions to Applying the Concepts

In this section, solutions have been provided only for problems requiring calculation.
Section 1.3
1. (30 days) 60 s 24 h 60 min 1h 1 day 1 min 2.6 106 s (units cancel to give answer in seconds) 1 mile 1 km 1.4 km 2. (7 furlongs) 8 furlong 0.63 mile (units cancel to give answer in kilometres) 27.5 mL 20 oz 3. (1 quart) 1 quart 1 oz 5.5 102 mL (units cancel to give answer in millilitres)
Section 1.4
1. Since the question is asking for velocity, the answer must include a direction. Since the direction in which the train travels is constant, d vavg t 2.5 104 m [N] vavg 1.8 103 s vavg 14 m/s [N] 2. a) Since the question is asking for average speed, direction is not required. d vavg t 8.0 km vavg 5.0 h vavg 1.6 km/h b) Since the question is asking for average velocity, direction is required. d vavg t 3.0 km [W] 5.0 km [E] vavg 5.0 h 3.0 km [E] 5.0 km [E] vavg 5.0 h 2.0 km [E] vavg 5.0 h vavg 0.40 km/h [E]
3. a) Since the question asks for the cars velocity, direction is important. Since the direction is constant, d vavg t 9.0 m [E] 0 m [E] vavg 8.0 s vavg 1.1 m/s [E] b) The cars instantaneous velocity at 5 s can be approximated by the difference between the distance travelled after 6 s and the distance travelled after 5 s, divided by the time during that interval: d vavg t 8.0 m [E] 8.0 m [E] vavg 6.0 s 5.0 s vavg 0 m/s
Section 1.6
v12 2a d v22 v12 d 2a (600 m/s)2 (350 m/s)2 d 2(12.6 m/s2) d 9.4 103 m 2. 10 cm 1.0 10 1 m (v1 v2) t d 2 2 d v1 v2 t 2(1.0 10 1 m) v1 0.05 m/s 3.0 s v1 1.7 10 2 m/s 3. a) Igor: dI vI t 1 Brian: dB aB t2 2 If they meet, dI dB 8.0 m 1 vI t 8.0 m aB t2 2 1 0 (2.8 m/s2) t2 (7.0 m/s) t 8.0 m 2 0 (1.4 m/s2) t2 (7.0 m/s) t 8.0 m
1
1. v22
Solutions to Applying the Concepts
t t t
b
7.0 m/s
b2 2a
4ac
2 2
6. 100 km/h d v1 t
( 7.0 m/s) 4(1.4 m/s )(8.0 m) 2(1.4 m/s2)
27.8 m/s 1 a t2 2 1 (30 m/s2) t2 2 (27.8 m/s) t 500 m
500 m 0 t
(27.8 m/s) t
7.0 m/s 2.05 m/s 2.8 m/s2 t 3.2 s or t 1.8 s We will take the lower value: 1 b) dB (2.8 m/s2)(1.8 s)2 2 dB 4.4 m 4. 8.0 cm 8.0 10 2 m v22 v12 2a d v22 v12 a 2 d (0 m/s)2 (350 m/s)2 a 2(8.0 10 2 m)
(15 m/s2) t2
27.8 m/s
(27.8 m/s)2 4(15 m/s2)( 500 m) 2(15 m/s2)
1.8 s.
t 7. a)
4.9 s d 80 m 0 t t v1 t 1 a t2 2 1 (9.8 m/s2) t2 2 (17 m/s) t 80 m
(17 m/s) t
17 m/s
(4.9 m/s2) t2
(17 m/s)2 4(4.9 m/s2)( 80 m) 2(4.9 m/s2)
a 7.7 105 m/s2 5. ttotal t1 t2 t3 ttotal 3.0 s 6.0 s 10 s ttotal 19.0 s In the first 3.0 s, the truck travels a distance of: 1 (v1 v2) t1 d1 2 1 d1 (0 m/s 8.0 m/s)(3.0 s) 2 d1 12 m Since the truck travels at a constant speed over the second interval, d2 v2 t2 d2 (8.0 m/s)(6.0 s) d2 48 m For the final interval, 1 a t32 d3 v1 t3 2 1 d3 (8.0 m/s)(10 s) (2.5 m/s2)(10 s)2 2 d3 2.1 102 m d1 d2 d3 dtotal dtotal 12 m 48 m 2.1 102 m dtotal 2.7 102 m dtotal vavg ttotal 2.7 102 m vavg 19.0 s vavg 14 m/s
2
b) v2 v2 v2 v2 8. a) a t d
2.7 s v12 2a d v12 2a d (17 m/s)2 2(9.8 m/s2)(80 m) 43 m/s v2 v1 t v2 v1 (eq.1) a v2
v1 t (eq. 2) 2 Substituting equation 1 into equation 2, v2 v1 v2 v1 d 2 a 2 2 2a d v2 v1 v2v1 v1v2 2 2 v2 v1 2a d v2 v1 b) a t v1 v2 a t (eq. 1) v2 v1 d t (eq. 2) 2 Substituting equation 1 into equation 2, v2 v2 a t d t 2 1 d v2 t a t2 2
Section 1.7
1. a) v2 v1 2a d Assuming up is positive, v22 v12 d 2a 0 (80.0 m/s)2 d 2( 9.8 m/s2) d 330 m b) v2 v1 a t v2 v1 t a 0 80.0 m/s t 9.8 m/s2 t 8.16 s c) 2(8.16 s) 16.3 s 1 2. a) d v1 t a t2 2 Assuming down is positive, 1 30.0 m (4.0 m/s) t (9.8 m/s2) t2 2 0 (4.9 m/s2) t2 (4.0 m/s) t 30.0 m b b2 4ac t 2a t t
4.0 m/s (4.0 m/s)2 4(4.9 m/s2)( 30.0 m) 2(4.9 m/s2)
2 2
Section 1.8
1. a) at
7.0s
vt t2
2
vt t1
4.0 m/s 24.6 m/s 9.8 m/s2 t 2.1 s 1 b) d v1 t a t2 2 Assuming down is positive, 1 30.0 m ( 4.0 m/s) t (9.8 m/s2) t2 2 0 (4.9 m/s2) t2 ( 4.0 m/s) t 30.0 m b b2 4ac t 2a t t
4.0 m/s ( 4.0 m/s)2 4(4.9 m/s2)( 30.0 m) 2(4.9 m/s2)
4.0 m/s 24.6 m/s 9.8 m/s2 t 2.9 s 1 3. d v1 t a t2 2 Assuming down is positive, 1 35 m v1(3.5 s) (9.8 m/s2)(3.5 s)2 2 v1 7.2 m/s or 7.2 m/s [up]
55.0 m/s 51.0 m/s 8.0 s 6.0 s at 7.0s 2.0 m/s2 60 m/s 60 m/s at 12s 13 s 11 s at 12s 0 m/s2 32.0 m/s 8.0 m/s at 3.0s 4.0 s 2.0 s at 3.0s 12 m/s2 b) The distance travelled by Puddles from t 5.0 s to t 13 s can be found by finding the area under the curve between those times. We must consider two separate intervals: between 5.0 s and 10 s, and between 10 s and 13 s. The area under the graph in the first interval can be expressed as the sum of the areas of a triangle and a rectangle: t1 v1 t1 v1 d1 2 (10 s 5.0 s)(60 m/s 50 m/s) d1 2 (10 s 5.0 s)(50 m/s) d1 275 m The area under the graph in the second interval can be expressed as a rectangle: t2 v2 d2 d2 (13 s 10 s)(60 m/s 0 m/s) d2 180 m dT d 1 d 2 dT 275 m 180 m dT 455 m 2. a) For Super Dave, Sr., d vavg t d t vavg 50 m t 10 m/s t 5.0 s at
7.0s
We can find the acceleration of Super Dave, Jr. from the slope of his v t graph: v a t 6 m/s a 2s a 3 m/s2 a t2 d v1 t 2 But v1 0 m/s, so a t2 d 2 t 2 d a
For segment 2, d2 2.0 m 2.0 m d2 0 m 0 m/s vavg For segment 3, d3 1.0 m 2.0 m 1.0 m d3 t3 1.8 s 1.0 s t3 0.8 s d3 vavg t3
2 3
2(50 m) t 3 m/s2 t 6s b) Super Dave, Sr. wins the race by 1 s. c) Super Dave, Sr.: d vavg t d t vavg 100 m t 10 m/s t 10 s Super Dave, Jr.: a t2 d v1 t , where v1 0 m/s, so 2 a t2 d 2 2 d t a 2(100 m) 3 m/s2 t 8s Super Dave, Jr. wins. 3. a) For segment 1, d1 2.0 m 0.5 m d1 1.5 m t1 0.6 s 0.0 s t1 0.6 s d1 vavg t1 1.5 m vavg 0.6 s 2.5 m/s vavg t
1 1 1
1.0 m 0.8 s 1.25 m/s vavg For segment 4, d4 2.2 m 1.0 m d4 1.2 m t4 2.6 s 1.8 s t4 0.8 s d4 vavg t4 1.2 m vavg 0.8 s 1.5 m/s vavg dtotal b) vavg ttotal vavg
3 3 4 4 4
vavg vavg
2.2 m 0.5 m 2.2 s 0.0 s 0.65 m/s
Section 1.1 1
1. a)
Fn
Forces are unbalanced as the force provided by the kicker, Fk, will cause the ball to accelerate.
Fk
Ball
Fg
b)
Fsupport
Fm
Gun
The forces are balanced. The force he provides on the gun, Fm, FB will balance the force of the bullet. 2.
c)
F1 2 F1
m1a3
Fg
c)
Fbuoyant
The forces are not balanced, as the penny still accelerates downward, but at a slower rate.
Fg
Penny
3. v22 a
Fg
a These forces are balanced, and the soldier falls downward at a constant speed.
d)
2m1a3 a1 a3 2 5.0 m/s2 a3 2 a3 2.5 m/s2 F ma Ff ma Ff m( g a) Ff (90 kg)(9.8 m/s2 Ff 270 N v12 2a d v22 v12 2 d (0 m/s)2 (15 m/s)2 2(4.5 10 3 m)
6.8 m/s2)
Fparachute
Soldier
Fg
Section 1.12
1. a) F1 a1 a1 a1 b) F1 a2 a1 a2 a2 a2 m1a1 F1 m1 10 N 2.0 kg 5.0 m/s2 2m1a2 F1 2m1 F1 m1 a1 2 5.0 m/s2 2 2.5 m/s2
a 2.5 104 m/s2 F ma F (8.0 10 2 kg)( 2.5 104 m/s2) F 2000 N 4. For the first kilometre, 1 a1 t 2 d v1 t 2 1 d a1 t2 2 2 d a1 t2 2(1000 m) a1 (21.0 s)2 a1 4.54 m/s2 v22 v12 2a d 2a d v2 v2 2(4.54 m/s2)(1000 m) v2 95.3 m/s For the last 1.4 km, the cars acceleration is: v22 v12 2a2 d v22 v12 a2 2 d (0 m/s)2 (9.53 m/s)2 a2 2(1.40 103 m) 3.24 m/s2 a2 Ff ma2 Ff (600 kg)( 3.24 m/s2) 1.94 103 N Ff
During the first kilometre, the forces acting on the car are the force due to the engine and the frictional force: Fengine Ff ma1 Fengine ma1 Ff Fengine (600 kg)(4.54 m/s2) ( 1.94 103 N) Fengine 4.66 103 N 2 v12 2a d 5. v2 v22 v12 a 2 d (0 m/s)2 (28 m/s)2 a 2(0.35 m) a 1.12 103 m/s2 Fmitt ma Fmitt (0.25 kg)( 1.12 103 m/s2) 280 N Fmitt
Section 1.13
1. a) Action: Foot striking the ball east Reaction: Ball pushing west on the foot b) Action: Paddle pushing backward on the water Reaction: Water pushing forward on the paddle c) Action: Balloon compressing and pushing air out Reaction: Air pushing back the other way on the balloon d) Action: Earths gravity pulling down on the apple Reaction: Apples gravity pulling up on Earth e) Action: Gravitational force downward of the laptop on the desk Reaction: Normal force upward of the desk on the laptop 3. a) FT mTa FT (6000 kg 5000 kg 4000 kg) (1.5 m/s2) FT 2.25 104 N b) The tension force in the rope between barges 1 and 2 is equal to the force required to accelerate barges 2 and 3 at a rate of 1.5 m/s2.
F1-2 (m2 m3)a F1-2 (5000 kg 4000 kg)(1.5 m/s2) F1-2 1.35 104 N The tension force in the rope between barges 2 and 3 can be found two ways: i) The difference between the force required to accelerate all the barges at a rate of 1.5 m/s2 minus the force required to accelerate the first two barges at the same rate: F2-3 FT F1 2 F2-3 2.25 104 N (6000 kg 5000 kg)(1.5 m/s2) F2-3 6.0 103 N ii) The force required to accelerate barge 3 at a rate of 1.5 m/s2: F2-3 m3a F2-3 (4000 kg)(1.5 m/s2) F2-3 6.0 103 N 4. a) FT mTa Fsled FT (m1 m2)a Ff ) Fsled (Ff a m1 m2
1 2
700 N 200 N 600 kg a 0.83 m/s2 b) To find the tension force in the rope joining the two toboggans, we consider the forces acting on the second toboggan: FT m2a Frope Ff m2a Frope m2a Ff Frope (300 kg)(0.83 m/s2) 100 N Frope 350 N a
Section 1.14
1. a) Friction is the only force acting on the truck, so Ff ma v2 v1 a t m(v2 v1) Ff t (4000 kg)(0 m/s 16.7 m/s) Ff 10 s 3 6.7 10 N Ff
b) Ff Fn Ff
k
Fn mg kmg Ff mg
k 3
2. Fg Fg Fg Fg
GmEarthmMoon r2 G(0.013)mEarth2 r2
(6.67 10
11
6.7 10 N (4000 kg)(9.8 m/s2) 0.17 k 2. a) Since the toy duck is travelling at a constant velocity, it is not being acted upon by an unbalanced force. Therefore, the forces must have equal magnitudes and opposite directions. b) From a), we know that the applied force, Fapp, is equal in magnitude to the force due to friction, Ff . Fn mg Fapp Ff Fapp k Fn Fapp k mg Fapp a m a kg a (0.15)(9.8 m/s2) a 1.5 m/s2 3. Ff ma ma k Fn mg ma k a kg 2 v12 2a d v2 v22 v12 d 2 kg
k
N m2 kg2)(0.013)(5.97 (3.82 108 m)2
1024 kg)2
2.1
1
3. a) Fg Fg Fg b) Fg Fg Fg c) Fg Fg Fg 4.
1020 N Gm1m2 r2 1 Gm1m2 8 r2 1 (Fg ) 8 G(2m1)m2 (3r)2

1
2 Gm1m2 9 r2 2 (Fg ) 9 G4m1m2 (2r)2 Gm1m2 r2 Fg 1 (Fg ) 2

1 1 Earth
Fg
d d
(0 m/s)2 (22.2 m/s)2 2(0.60)( 9.8 m/s2) 42 m
5.
Section 1.15
1. Fg Fg Fg Gm1m2 r2 (6.67 10 5.5 N)(9.11 (0.01 m)2 67 10 N
11
10
31
kg)2
1 GmyoumEarth GmyoumEarth 2 rEarth2 (rEarth r2)2 1 1 2 2 2(rEarth ) rEarth 2rEarthr2 r22 r22 2rEarthr2 rEarth2 0 2rEarth (2rEarth)2 4(1)( rEarth2) r2 2 r2 2.6 106 m GmyoumJupiter Fg rJupiter2 GmyoumJupiter myou gJupiter rJupiter2 GmJupiter gJupiter rJupiter2 gJupiter gJupiter
(6.67 10
11
N m2 kg2)(1.9 (7.2 107 m)2
1027 kg)
24 m/s2
Section 2.1
1. dA [E35N] or [N55E] dB [S12E] or [E78S] dC [S45W] or [W45S] dD [W80N] or [N10W] 2. a) In the N-S direction, dy d cos dy (50 m) cos 14 [S] dy 49 m [S] In the E-W direction, dx d sin dx (50 m) sin 14 [E] dx 12 m [E] b) In the N-S direction vy v sin vy (200 m/s) sin 30 [S] vy 100 m/s [S] In the E-W direction, vx v cos vx (200 m/s) cos 30 [W] vx 173 m/s [W] c) In the N-S direction, ay a sin ay (15 m/s2) sin 56 [N] ay 12 m/s2 [N] In the E-W direction, ax a cos ax (15 m/s2) cos 56 [E] ax 8.4 m/s2 [E] 3. Horizontally, vx v cos vx (5.0 m/s) cos 25 vx 4.5 m/s Vertically, vy v sin vy (5.0 m/s) sin 25 2.1 m/s vy 4. vg vw vb vg 4.0 m/s [forward] 3.0 m/s [upward] Since vw and vb are perpendicular, vw2 vb2 vg vg (4.0 m/s)2 (3.0 m/s)2 vg 5.0 m/s
tan
vw vb tan
1
4.0 m/s 3.0 m/s
53 vg 5.0 m/s [up 53 forward] 5. a) Component Method: vf v1 v2 For the x components, vfx v1x v2x vfx (50 m/s) cos 36 [W] (70 m/s) cos 20 [E] vfx ( 50 m/s) cos 36 (70 m/s) cos 20 vfx 25.3 m/s [E] For the y components, vfy v1y v2y vfy (50 m/s) sin 36 [N] (70 m/s) sin 20 [S] vfy (50 m/s) sin 36 (70 m/s) sin 20 vfy 5.45 m/s [N] vf 2 vf 2 vf vf (25.3 m/s)2 (5.45 m/s)2 vf 26 m/s vf tan vf
x y x y
tan
25.3 m/s 5.45 m/s
78 vf 26 m/s [N78E] Sine/Cosine Method: 54 90 54 20 16 vf2 v12 v22 2v1v2 cos vf2 (50 m/s)2 (70 m/s)2 2(50 m/s)(70 m/s) cos 16 vf 26 m/s To find direction, v1 vf sin sin 25.9 m/s 50 m/s sin sin 16 32
To find , 180 54 78 vf 26 m/s [N78E]

20
v2
36
v1
vf
b)
37 (parallel line theorem) 180 53 37 (supplementary angles theorem) 90 Sine/cosine Method: d12 d22 2 d1 d2 cos df2 df2 (28 m)2 (40 m)2 2(28 m)(40 m) cos 90 df 49 m To find direction, df d1 sin sin 49 m 28 m sin 90 sin 28 m sin 49 m 35 To find , 180 37 18 df 49 m [W18N]
For the y components, Fnety F1y F2y F3y Fnety (200 N) sin 30 [N] (100 N) cos 35 [S] Fnety (200 N) sin 30 (100 N) cos 35 Fnety 18.08 N [N] Fnet 2 Fnet 2 Fnet Fnet (24.15 N)2 (18.08 N)2 Fnet 30.1 N Fnet tan Fnet
x y x y
tan
24.15 N 18.08 N
53 Fnet 30.1 N [N53W] v2 sin 40 v1 sin 15 6. vx vx 25.8 m/s [W] v2 cos 40 ( v1 cos 15) vy vy 1.17 m/s [N] (25.8 m/s)2 (1.17 m/s)2 v v 26 m/s 25.8 m/s tan 1 1.17 m/s 87 v 26 m/s [N87W]
Section 2.2
1. a) vog vom vmg cos vom 5.0 km/h cos 20 km/h 76 The ships heading is [S76E]. v2 v2 b) v2 og om mg vog (20 km/h)2 (5.0 km/h)2 vog 19 km/h [E] d c) t v 100 km t 19 km/h t 5.2 h vmg
df d2
53
37
d1
c) Component Method: Fnet F1 F2 F3 For the x components, Fnetx F1x F2x F3x Fnetx 140 N [W] (200 N) cos 30 [E] (100 N) sin 35 [W] 140 N (200 N) cos 30 Fnetx (100 N) sin 35 24.15 N Fnetx Fnetx 24.15 N [W]
2. a) sin
vmg vom sin

1
b) vom vom 0.50 m/s 3.0 m/s t t t
9.6 The girls heading is [N9.6E]. b) The girl: (3.0 m/s)2 (0.50 m/s)2 vg vg 2.96 m/s [N] d t v 500 m t 2.96 m/s t 169 s The boy: d t v 500 m t 3.0 m/s t 167 s c) The boy travels an extra distance west of the girls landing point, caused by the horizontal component of his velocity (equal to the rivers current). d vt d (0.50 m/s)(167 s) d 83 m d) The time required for the boy to run the extra 83 m at 5.0 m/s is 17 s. The boys total time is 167 s 17 s 184 s. The girls time was 169 s. She wins the race. 3. vpw vsw vps v2 v2 v2 pw sw ps 2 vpw (10 km/h)2 (6.0 km/h)2 vpw 12 km/h 10 km/h tan 6.0 km/h 59 vpw 12 km/h [N59E] 4. a) vog vom vmg vmg cos vog cos
1
(2.0 m/s)2 1.9 m/s [E] d vom 5.0 m 1.9 m/s 2.6 s
(0.50 m/s)2
Section 2.3
1. a) 1 ay t2 2 1 15 m (0 m/s) t (9.8 m/s2) t2 2 30 m t2 9.8 m/s2 t 1.7 s 1 dx vi t ax t2 2 1 dx (25 m/s)(1.7 s) (0 m/s2) t2 2 dx 43 m v1 v2 ay t v2 v1 t a 0 m/s (35 m/s) sin 40 t 9.8 m/s2 t 2.3 s Since the curve Blasto travels is symmetrical (a parabola), the time he takes to reach maximum height is the same as the time he takes to reach the ground. ttotal 2(2.3 s) ttotal 4.6 s Solving for horizontal distance, 1 ax t2 dx vi t 2 dx (35 m/s) cos 40(4.6 s) dx 120 m To find the time required for the bomb to reach the ground, 1 ay t2 dy vi t 2 200 m (97.2 m/s) cos 25 t 1 (9.8 m/s2) t2 2 200 m (88.1 m/s) t (4.9 m/s2) t2 dy vi t
y x y y y y x y
b)
2. a)
b)
3. a)
0.50 m/s 2.0 m/s
76 Terry must throw at [S76E].

10
0 t
(88.1 m/s) t 200 m

2
(4.9 m/s2) t2
2
88.1 m/s
(88.1 m/s) 4(4.9 m/s )( 200 m) 2(4.9 m/s2)
t 2.0 s To calculate the horizontal distance, 1 ax t2 dx vi t 2 Since there is no horizontal acceleration, dx vi t dx (97.2 m/s) sin 25(2.0 s) dx 82 m b) The y component of the final velocity, vfy, is vf 2 vi 2 2a d vf 2 [(97.2 m/s) cos 25]2 2(9.8 m/s2)(200 m) 108 m/s vf (97.2 m/s) sin 25 vf 41.1 m/s vf (108 m/s)2 (41.1 m/s)2 vf vf 115.6 m/s 41.1 m/s tan 108 m/s 21 vf 116 m/s inclined at 21 to the vertical 4. Since the time it takes for the ball to hit the green is not given, we can find two timerelated equations (one for the horizontal component and one for the vertical component), for the golf balls velocity, equate both equations, and solve for horizontal velocity. For the vertical component, 1 ay t2 dy vi t 2 Since the change in height is 0 m, 1 0 (vi sin ) t ( 9.8 m/s2) t2 2 (4.9 m/s2) t vi sin vi sin t (eq. 1) 4.9 m/s2 For the horizontal component, 1 dx vi t ax t2 2 250 m (vi cos ) t 250 m t (eq. 2) vi cos
x x y y y y x x y g g g x g g
Equating equations 1 and 2, vi sin 250 m 2 4.9 m/s vi cos (250 m)(4.9 m/s2) vi 2 sin cos 1225 m2/s2 vi 2 sin 17cos 17 vi 66 m/s vi 66 m/s, 17 above the horizontal
g g g g g g
Section 2.4
1. Fp Fp Fp Fp Fp F1 F2 200 N [N] 300 N [W] F12 F22 (200 N)2 (300 N)2 361 N F2 F2 tan Fp F1 300 N tan 200 N F1 56
Ff
Fp 361 N [N56W] For the frictional force, Ff kmg Ff 0.23(200 kg)(9.8 m/s2) Ff 451 N This is the maximum force of friction between the stove and the floor. However, friction only acts to oppose motion, so Ff 361 N [S56E]. Fnet Fp Ff Fnet 361 N [N56W] 361 N [S56E] Fnet 361 N[N56W] 361 N [N56W] Fnet 0 N Fnet ma Fnet a m 0N a 200 kg a 0 m/s2 Since the frictional force is stronger than the force provided by the peoples pushing, the stove does not move.
11
F1 F2 F3 25 N [S16E] 35 N [N40E] 45 N [W] Adding the x components, Fnetx F1x F2x F3x Fnetx (25 N) sin 16 [E] (35 N) sin 40 [E] 45 N [W] Fnetx (25 N) sin 16 (35 N) sin 40 45 N 15.6 N Fnetx Fnetx 15.6 N [W] Adding the y components, Fnety F1y F2y F3y Fnety (25 N) cos 16 [S] (35 N) cos 40 [N] Fnety ( 25 N) cos 16 (35 N) cos 40 Fnety 2.78 N [N] Fnet 2 Fnet 2 Fnet Fnet (15.6 N)2 (2.78 N)2 Fnet 15.8 N Fnet tan Fnet 15.6 N tan 2.78 N 80 Fnet 15.8 N [N80W] b) Fnet ma Fnet a m 16 N [N80W] a 80 kg a 0.20 m/s2 [N80W] 3. Fnet ma Fnet (0.250 kg)(200 m/s2 [W15S]) Fnet 50.0 N [W15S] Fnet F1 F2 F2 Fnet F1 F2 50.0 N [W15S] 100 N [N25W] F2 50.0 N [W15S] 100 N [S25E] Adding the x components, F2x (50.0 N) cos 15 [W] (100 N) sin 25 [E] F2x 6.03 N [W]
x y x y
2. a) Fnet Fnet
Adding the y components, F2y (50.0 N) sin 15 [S] (100 N) cos 25 [S] F2y 103.6 N [S] F2 2 F2 2 F2 F2 (6.03 N)2 (103.6 N)2 F2 104 N F2 tan F2 103.6 N tan 6.03 N 86.7 90 86.7 3.3 F2 104 N [S3.3W] 4. The only two forces in the x direction are Fx and Ff. Fnet Fx Ff Fx F cos 45 Fx (250 N) cos 45 Fx 177 N Ff kFn Fn Fg Fy Fn mg F sin 45 Fn (20 kg)( 9.8 m/s2) 177 N 372 N Fn Ff (0.40)( 372 N) 149 N Ff Fnet 177 N 149 N Fnet 27.9 N Fnet ma Fnet a m 27.9 N a 20 kg a 1.38 m/s2
x y y x
Section 2.5
1. The only two unbalanced forces are F|| and Ff. (eq. 1) Fnet F|| Ff (eq. 2) F|| Fg sin 25 Fn Ff Ff Fg cos 25 (eq. 3)
12
Substituting equations 2 and 3 into equation 1, Fg cos 25 Fnet Fg sin 25 cos 25) Fnet Fg(sin 25 2 cos 25) Fnet (2.0 kg)(9.8 m/s )(sin 25 cos 25) Fnet (19.6 N)(sin 25 Fnet 6.51 N Fnet ma 6.51 N (2.0 kg)a a 3.26 m/s2 1 d vi t a t2 2 1 4.0 m (3.26 m/s2) t2 2 8.0 m t 3.26 m/s2 t 1.6 s 2. Since there is no friction, the only force that prevents the CD case from going upward is the deceleration due to gravity, F||. Fnet F|| Fnet Fg sin 20 Since Fnet ma, ma mg sin 20 a g sin 20 a 3.35 m/s2 v2 v1 a t v2 v1 t a 4.0 m/s t 3.35 m/s2 t 1.2 s 3. To find the distance the skateboarder travels up the ramp, we need to find the velocity of the skateboarder entering the second ramp at v1. Since there is no change in velocity on the horizontal floor, v1 v2. For the acceleration on ramp 1, Fnet F|| ma mg sin 30 a g sin 30 a 4.9 m/s2 v22 v12 2ad v22 0 m/s 2(4.9 m/s2)(10 m) v2 9.9 m/s
For the deceleration on ramp 2, Fn Fnet F|| ma mg sin 25 (0.1)mg cos 25 a 5.02 m/s2 For d, v32 v22 2a d (0 m/s)2 (9.9 m/s)2 2( 5.02 m/s2) d d 9.8 m 4. Fnet m(0.60g) Fnet also equals the sum of all forces in the ramp surface direction: Fnet F|| Ff Fengine m(0.60g) mg sin 30 Fn Fengine m(0.60g) mg sin 30 (0.28)mg cos 30 Fengine Fengine (0.60)mg mg sin 30 (0.28)mg cos 30 Fengine mg(0.60 sin 30 (0.28) cos 30) Fengine 3.36m N
Section 2.6
1. a) For m1, T For m2, Fnet m1 g m1a m1a (eq. 1)
Fnet m2a (eq. 2) m2 g T m2a Adding equations 1 and 2, m1 g a(m1 m2) m2 g m2 g m1 g a m1 m2 a

(15 kg)(9.8 m/s2) 0.20(10 kg)(9.8 m/s2) 25 kg
a 5.1 m/s2 [right] Substitute a into equation 2: T m2 g m2a T 71 N b) For m1, Fnet m1 g cos 35 T m1 g sin 35 (eq. 1) For m2, Fnet m2a m2 g T m2a (eq. 2) m1a m1a
13
Adding equations 1 and 2, m1 g cos 35 m2 g m1 g sin 35 a(m1 m2) g(m2 m1 sin 35 m1 cos 35) a m1 m2 a
(9.8 m/s2)[5.0 kg (3.0 kg) sin 35 8.0 kg 0.18(3.0 kg) cos 35]
Adding equations 1, 2, and 3, m1 g sin 30 m3 g a(m1 m2 m1 g sin 30 m3 g a m1 m2 m3 a

(30 kg)(9.8 m/s2)sin 30 60 kg
m3)
(10 kg)(9.8 m/s2)
a 3.5 m/s2 [right] Substitute a into equation 2: T m2 g m2a T (5.0 kg)(9.8 m/s2) (5.0 kg)(3.5 m/s2) T 32 N c) For m1, Fnet m1a m1a T m1 g sin 40 1m1 g cos 40 (eq. 1) For m2, Fnet m2a m2a m2 g sin 60 T 2m2 g cos 60 (eq. 2) Adding equations 1 and 2, m2 g sin 60 2m2 g cos 60 m1 g sin 40 1m1 g cos 40 a(m1 m2) a a
g(m2 sin 60
2
a 0.82 m/s2 [left] Substitute a into equation 3: T2 m3a m3 g T2 (10 kg)(0.82 m/s2) (10 kg)(9.8 m/s2) T2 106 N Substitute a into equation 2: T1 m2a T2 T1 106 N (20 kg)( 0.82 m/s2) T1 122 N
Section 2.7
1. ac ac ac 2. v v ac ac ac ac 3. ac a) b) c) 4. a) v2 r (25 m/s)2 30 m 21 m/s2 d t 2 r 25 t v2 r 2500 2r t2 2500 2(1.3 m) (60 s)2 8.9 m/s2 v2 r If v is doubled, ac increases by a factor of 4. If the radius is doubled, ac is halved. If the radius is halved, ac is doubled. 2 r v , where T r 3.8 105 km r 3.8 108 m T 27.3 days T 2.36 106 s
m2 cos 60 m1 sin 40 m1 m2
0.30(30 kg) cos 60 50 kg (20 kg) sin 40
m1 cos 40)
(9.8 m/s2)[(30 kg) sin 60
0.20(20 kg) cos 40]
a 1.1 m/s2 [right] Substitute a into equation 1: T m1a m1 g sin 40 1m1 g cos 40 2 T (20 kg)(1.1 m/s ) (20 kg)(9.8 m/s2) sin 40 (0.20)(20 kg)(9.8 m/s2) cos 40 T 1.8 102 N d) For m1, Fnet m1a (eq. 1) m1 g sin 30 T1 m1a For m2, Fnet m2a (eq. 2) T1 T2 m2a For m3, Fnet m3a (eq. 3) T2 m3 g m3a
14
v2 r 4 2r ac T2 4 2(3.8 108 m) ac (2.36 106 s)2 ac 2.7 10 3 m/s2 b) The Moon is accelerating toward Earth. c) The centripetal acceleration is caused by the gravitational attraction between Earth and the Moon. 5. r 60 mm r 0.06 m ac 1.6 m/s2 v2 ac r v acr v 0.31 m/s 6. Since d 500 m, r 250 m 2 r v T 1 f T v 2 rf ac g v2 ac r g 4 2rf 2 g f 4 2r 9.8 m/s2 f 4 2(250 m) f 0.0315 rotations/s f (0.0315 rotations/s) 60 s 60 min 24 h 1 min 1h 1 day f 2724 rotations/day ac
b) Fc Fc
mac (10 kg) v2 r
Fc 24 N c) Friction holds the child to the merry-goround and causes the child to undergo circular motion. 2. Tension acts upward and the gravitational force (mg) acts downward. Fc Fnet and causes Tarzan to accelerate toward the point of rotation (at this instant, the acceleration is straight upward). Fc mac mv2 T mg r T T m v2 r g
(4 m/s)2 9.8 m/s2 2.5 m T 9.7 102 N 3. Both tension and gravity act downward. Fc mac mv2 T mg r When T 0, mv2 mg r v gr v (9.8 m/s2)(1.2 m) v 3.4 m/s 4. a) N cos 20 (60 kg)
N N sin 20
mg 20
Section 2.8
1. a) v v v d t 20(2 r) 180 s 3.5 m/s
Fc mg tan 20 mv2 mg tan 20 r v rg tan 20 v (100 m)(9.8 m/s2) tan 20 v 19 m/s c) The horizontal component of the normal force provides the centre-seeking force. b)
15
d) If the velocity were greater (and the radius remained the same), the car would slide up the bank unless there was a frictional force to provide an extra centre-seeking force. The normal force would not be sufficient to hold the car along its path. e) Friction also provides a centre-seeking force. 5. G 6.67 10 11 Nm2/kg2, mE 5.98 1024 kg Fc mMac mMv2 GmEmM 2 r r 2 GmE v r 4 2r3 2 r GmE , where v T2 T T T T T 6. G 6.67 mE 5.98 Fc GmEmH r2 GmE v r r r v v 4 2r3 GmE
(6.67 4 2(3.4 108 m)3 10 11 N m2/kg2)(5.98 1024 kg)
r r r T T T
400 2r3 , where v T2 height of orbit rM 1.9 105 m 1.74 106 m 1.93 106 m 400 2r3 GmM GmM
(6.67
10(2 r) T
400 2(1.93 106 m)3 10 11 N m2/kg2)(7.77 1022 kg)
7.4
104 s
1.97 106 s 22.8 days 10 11 Nm2/kg2, 1024 kg, rE 6.37 106 m mHac mHv2 r 2 vr GmE r height of orbit rE 6.00 105 m 6.37 106 m 6.97 106 m GmE r
(6.67 10
11
N m2/kg2)(5.98 6.97 106 m
1024 kg)
v 7.57 103 m/s 7. G 6.67 10 11 Nm2/kg2 mM (0.013)mE mM 7.77 1022 kg rM 1.74 106 m Fc mApolloac GmMmApollo mApollov2 r2 r 2 GmM v r
16
Section 3.3
1.
Th = 1.0 104 N
c) Fnet Fnet Fnet Fg

Tv
m m m 4. a)
FB
60
2Tv Fg ma 0 2Tv 2T sin g 2(85 N) sin 1.5 9.8 N/kg 0.45 kg

FB 1.90 m
Th
Horizontal: Th T cos 60 Th (1.0 104 N) cos 60 Th 5.0 103 N Vertical: Tv T sin 60 Tv (1.0 104 N) sin 60 Tv 8.7 103 N 2.
Tv +
pail
+
0.65 m
Fg = mg
Ta = 100.0 N
70
70
Ta = 100.0 N
Fnet Tv TA TA Fnet ma Fnet 0 TA T A Tv Tv 2TA Tv 2( 100.0 N) cos 70 Tv 68.4 N 3. a) 5 5

T = 85 N bag T = 85 N +
1.90 m 0.650 m 71.1 Fnet mg 2FBv Fnet ma Fnet 0 0 mg 2FB sin mg FB 2 sin (4.0 kg)( 9.8 N/kg) FB 2 sin 71.1 FB 20.7 N b) Fh FB cos Fh (20.7 N) cos 71.1 Fh 6.71 N c) Fv FB sin Fv (20.7 N) sin 71.1 Fv 19.6 N [down] (not including the weight of the beams) tan 6.
Fn Ff
Fg = mg
b) dv dv dv
(1.5 m) sin 1.5 0.039 m 3.9 cm

F||
boat
F
F|| mg sin mg cos Ff Fnet T Ff Fnet ma
F||
17
Fnet T T T T T
0 F|| Ff mg sin mg cos mg(sin cos ) (400.0 kg)(9.8 N/kg) (sin 30 (0.25) cos 30) 1.11 103 N
Vw
1000 kg/m3 1000 cm3 (10.0 L) 1L
Section 3.4
1. a)
1.50 m
Fg = mg
45.0 kg
50
b)
2. a) r F F F F 3.
rF sin rmg sin (1.50 m)(45.0 kg)(9.8 N/kg) sin 40 425 Nm 2.0 103 Nm 1.5 m 90 ? rF sin r sin 2.0 103 Nm (1.5 m) sin 90 1.3 103 N
1 m3 1.00 106 cm3 Vw 0.0100 m3 mw wVw mw (1000 kg/m3)(0.0100 m3) mw 10.0 kg Fg mg Fg (10.0 kg)(9.8 N/kg) Fg 98.0 N b) Position B provides the greatest torque because the weight is directed at 90 to the wheels rotation. c) A rF sin (2.5 m)(10.0 kg)(9.8 N/kg) sin 45 A 1.7 102 Nm A rF sin B (2.5 m)(10.0 kg)(9.8 N/kg) sin 90 B 2.4 102 Nm B
C A
1.7 102 Nm C d) A larger-radius wheel or more and larger compartments would increase the torque.
Section 3.5
1.
20.0 kg P
0.75 m 3.0 m
10.0 L
2.5 m B
r1 m1 m2 m2
90 ? 45.0 kg 20.0 kg 5.0 kg 0.75 m 2 0.375 m 20.0 kg 15.0 kg 0.75 3.0
r2 r2 m3 m3
a) Vw
10.0 L
m2
18
r3 r3 0 0 r1 r1 r1 2. a)
3.0 m 2 1.12 m
1 2
0.75 m
3 2
At maximum height: (1.75 m)(45 kg)(9.8 N/kg) sin 75.5 H 7.5 102 Nm H (7.7 102 Nm 7.5 102 Nm) % 100 2 r3F3 sin
7.7 10 Nm
3
r1F1 sin 1 r2F2 sin r3F3 r2F2 F1
% 3.
P
2.6%
(1.12 m)(15.0 kg)(9.8 N/kg) (0.375 m)(5.0 kg)(9.8 N/kg) (45.0 kg)(9.8 N/kg)
0.332 m
1.7 m
40
Fg 4.0 m
50
40 F1
rF sin t-t (1.0 m)(30.0 kg)(9.8 N/kg) t-t 2 147 Nm t-t This torque applies to both sides of the teeter-totter, so the torques balance each other. b)
rh = 1.75 m rl = ?
L L
0
H
rL rL rL c)
rHmH g mL g (1.75 m)(45.0 kg) 30.0 kg 2.63 m

2.0 m
0 rcmFg sin rcmFg sin F1 r1 sin (0.375 m)(5.00 kg)(9.8 N/kg) F1 0.75 m F1 24.5 N b) Frv Fv2 0 Fv2 Frv Frv (5.00 kg)( 9.8 N/kg) Frv 49 N [up] Frh Fh1 0 Fh1 Frh Frh 24.5 N Frh 24.5 N [left] The vertical reaction force is 49 N [up] and the horizontal reaction force is 24.5 N [left]. a)
1 2
r1F1 sin
4.
F4
F3
P F1
0.50 m
F2 1.6 m
2 3
0.4 m
cos
0.5 m 2.0 m
r1F1 r1 r1
75.5 At the horizontal position: (1.75 m)(45 kg)(9.8 N/kg) H 7.7 102 Nm H
r2F2 r3FR3 0.75 m 2 0.375 m
0 0
19
2.0 m 2 r2 1.0 m r3 1.60 m 90 sin 1 r1F1 r2F2 F3 r3 r2 F3 F3 F4 F4

(0.375 m)(120.0 kg)(9.8 N/kg) (1.0 m)(5.0 kg)(9.8 N/kg) 1.60 m
2.
F2
2 F1 = Fn P
4 cm
+ 8 cm 1
306 N [up] F1 F2 F3 (120.0 kg)(9.8 N/kg) (5.0 kg)(9.8 N/kg) 306 N FRP 919 N [up] Left saw horse: 919 N [up] Right saw horse: 306 N [up]
2 2 2
0
1 1
r2F2 sin
F2 F2
r1F1 sin r1F1 sin r2 sin

(8.0
1 1 2
2
Section 3.6
1.
48 m 45 +
10 m)(27 kg)(9.8 N/kg) sin (4.0 10 2 m) sin
F2 529.2 N F2 5.3 102 N The angle makes no difference it cancels out. 3.

30 cm 45 cm Fm Fgb Fgs
b b s s m
FL
11
Fw P
15
rw rw mw rL rL rL mL
45 48.0 cm 0.480 m 10.0 kg 48.0 cm 2 24.0 cm 0.240 m 5.00 kg

w L
a)
m m
0 0
b s s s
rmFm sin
Fm Fm 0
w L
rbFb sin b rsFs sin rbFb sin b rsFs sin rm sin m

rbmb g sin b rsms g sin rm sin m
s
Fm Fm
(75
rg sin (mb rm sin

2
ms)
m
( rwFw sin 45) ( rLFL sin 45) (0.480 m)(10.0 kg)(9.8 N/kg) sin 45 (0.240 m)(5.00 kg) (9.8 N/kg) sin 45 41.6 Nm [clockwise]
10 m)(9.8 N/kg) sin 75[(0.57)85 kg 19.0 kg] (45 102 m) sin 11
Fm
5.57
103 N (tension)
20
Reaction forces: 0 Fpy Fmy Fby Fsy Fpy Fmy Fby Fsy Fpy ( 5.57 103 N)(sin 4) (19.0 kg)( 9.8 N/kg) (0.57)(85 kg)( 9.8 N/kg) Fpy 1049.6 N Fpy 1.05 103 N [up] 0 Fpx Fmx Fbx Fsx Fpx Fmx Fbx Fsx Fpx (5.57 103 N)(cos 4) 0 0 Fpx 5.55 103 N [right] Horizontal force: 1.49 103 N [right]; vertical force: 7.65 102 N [up]
Three-wheeled ATV:
Top View
1.25 m
0.6 m
0.55 m
Section 3.7
1. a) sin 43 34.0 cm htipped 34.0 cm htipped sin 43 htipped 49.8 cm 34.0 cm b) tan 43 hstraight 34.0 cm hstraight tan 43 hstraight 36.5 cm 2. Four-wheeled ATV:
m
0.7 m
0.6 m
Back View
1.0 m
1.0
x T
0.6 m
tan
0.60 m 1.0 m 31.0
tan
sin x x tan tan

T T
0.60 m 1.25 m 25.64 x 0.55 m (0.55 m)(sin 25.64) 0.237 m 0.237 m 1.00 m 13.3
21
Section 3.8
1. k 16.0 N/m x 30.0 cm x 30.0 10 2 m a) F kx F (16.0 N/m)(30.0 F 4.80 N b) F ma F a m 4.80 N a 2.7 10 3 kg a 2. Fg Fg F k k 1.78 103 m/s2 (67.5 kg)(9.8 N/m) 661.5 N kx F x 661.5 N 1.0 10 2 m A
10
m)
d 2 4 F A L L
E F
FL A L AE L L d 2 E L 2 4L
0.29 10 2
3
(200
109 N/m2)(0.22
10
m)
4(0.90 m)
k 66150 N/m k 6.61 104 N/m Fg-truck mg Fg-truck (2.15 103 kg)(9.8 N/kg) Fg-truck 2.1 104 N This weight is distributed equally over four springs. 2.1 104 N Fs 4 springs Fs 5267.5 N/spring Fs x k 5267.5 N/spring x 6.6150 104 N/m x 0.0796 m x 8.0 10 2 m 3. F kx F (120 N/m)(30.0 10 2 m) F 36 N
F 0.807 N For nylon, Enylon 5 109 N/m2 4FL d 2 E L 4(0.807 N)(0.90 m) d 2 (5 109 N/m2)(0.22 10
m)
Section 3.9
1. d 0.29 mm L 0.90 m L 0.22 mm Esteel 200 109 N/m2
d 1.83 mm d 1.83 10 3 m 2. Emarble 50 109 N/m2 A 3.0 m2 m 3.0 104 kg F a) Stress A (3.0 104 kg)(9.8 N/kg) Stress 3.0 m2 Stress 9.8 104 N/m2 Stress b) E Strain Stress Strain E 9.8 104 N/m2 Strain 50 109 N/m2 Strain 2.0 10 6
22
c) L 15 m L ? L L L L(Strain) L (15 m)(2.0 10 6) L 3.0 10 5 m 3. a) Compressive strength of bone 17 107 N/m2 dbone 4.0 10 2 m Bone cross-sectional area is: A r2 A (2.0 10 2 m)2 A 1.26 10 3 m2 Strain
200 kg
Fg 2
Fg 2
Fb Fb
Fg 2 mg 2 Fb A Strength
Breakage occurs if mg 2 A Strength
Fb A mg 2 A m m m
2(Strength)A g 2(17 107 N/m2)(1.26 9.8 N/kg 4 4.4 10 kg
10
m2)
23
Section 4.2
1. p p p p 2. p v v m m m 3. a) mv (8 kg)(16 m/s [W20N]) 128 kgm/s [W20N] 1.3 102 kgm/s [W20N] 9.0 104 kgm/s [E] 1000 m 1h (72 km/h [E]) 1 km 3600 s 20 m/s [E] p v 9.0 104 kgm/s 20 m/s 4.5 103 kg p mv p (0.5 kg)(32 m/s [S]) p 16 kgm/s [S] Using a scale factor of 1 mm 1 kgm/s,
p = 16 kgm/s [S]
Section 4.3
1. a) J J J J b) J J J J J J c) J J J J J 2. p p p p p p p F t (3257 N [forward])(1.3 s) 4234.1 Ns [forward] 4.2 103 Ns [forward] F t ma t v v1 m 2 t t
b) p p p
mv (0.5 kg)(45 m/s [N]) 22.5 kgm/s [N]
p = 22.5 kgm/s [N]
c)
p p p p
p2 p1 22.5 kgm/s [N] 22.5 kgm/s [N] 38.5 kgm/s [N]
16 kgm/s [S] 16 kgm/s [N]
p = 38.5 kgm/s [N]
m(v2 v1) (0.030 kg)(200 m/s 0 m/s) 6.0 Ns [out of gun] F t ma t (0.500 kg)(9.8 N/kg [down])(3.0 s) 14.7 Ns [down] 15 Ns [down] p2 p1 mv2 mv1 m(v2 v1) (54 kg)(20 m/s [up] 25 m/s [down]) (54 kg)(20 m/s [up] 25 m/s [up]) (54 kg)(45 m/s [up]) 2.4 103 Ns [up] J 3. a) F t 2.5 103 Ns F 0.2 s F 1.3 104 N b) v1 0 v2 120 km/h v2 33.3 m/s v2 v1 a t 33.3 m/s 0 m/s a 0.2 s a 166.7 m/s2 1 d v1 t a t2 2 1 d (0 m/s)(0.2 s) (166.7 m/s2)(0.2 s)2 2 d 3.3 m
24
4. a) J
1 bh 2 1 J (5 s)(25 N [S]) 2 J 62.5 Ns [S] b) J Area under triangle rectangle 1 (500 250 N [W])(3 s) J 2 (250 N [W])(6 s) J 1875 Ns [W] c) J Area above area below (counting the squares: approximately) J (13 squares above) (4 squares below) J 9 squares Multiplying 9 by the length and width of each square, J 9(0.05 s)(100 N [E]) J 45 Ns [E]
Section 4.4
1. m1 m2 1.2 kg, v1o 6.4 m/s, v1f 1.2 m/s, 3.6 kg, v2o 0, v2f ? po pf m1v1o m2v2o m1v1f m2v2f (1.2 kg)(6.4 m/s) (1.2 kg)( 1.2 m/s) (3.6 kg)v2f v2f 2.5 m/s [forward] 2. m1 30 g 0.03 kg, v1o 0, v1f 750 m/s, m2 1.9 kg, v2o 0, v2f ? po pf m1v1o m2v2o m1v1f m2v2f m1v1o m2v2o m1v1f v2f m2 v2f
(0.03 kg)(0) (1.9 kg)(0) (0.03 kg)(750 m/s) 1.9 kg
v2f 2.0 m/s [forward] 4. m1 m, m2 80m, m(1 2) 81m, v(1 2)o ?, 1.5 106 m/s, v2f 4.5 103 m/s, v1f 7.9 10 17 kgm/s po po pf po m1v1f m2v2f 7.9 10 17 kgm/s m( 1.5 106 m/s) 80m(4.5 103 m/s) 7.9 10 17 kgm/s m[ 1.5 106 m/s 80(4.5 103 m/s)] 7.9 10 17 kgm/s m 1.5 106 m/s 80(4.5 103 m/s) m 6.9 10 23 kg 5. m1 5m, v1o v, v(1 2)f ?, m2 4m, v2o 0 po pf m1v1 m2v2 (m1 m2)v(1 2)f (5m)(v) (4m)(0) (5m 4m)v(1 2)f 5mv 9mv(1 2)f 5 v(1 2)f v 9
Section 4.5
1. m1 v1f p1o p1o p1f p1f p1o m2 2.0 kg, v1o 5.0 m/s [W], v2o 3.0 m/s [N35W], v2f ? (2.0 kg)(5.0 m/s [W]) 10 kgm/s [W] (2.0 kg)(3.0 m/s [N35W]) 6.0 kgm/s [N35W] po pf p2o p1f p2f, where p2o 0 p1o p1f p2f
0,
p2f
p1f = 6.0 kgm/s

35
v2f 11.8 m/s [back] 3. m1 400 g 0.400 kg, v1o 3.0 m/s [forward], v1f 1.0 m/s [forward], m2 0.400 kg, v2o 0, v2f ? po pf m1v1o m2v2o m1v1f m2v2f m1v1o m2v2o m1v1f v2f m2 v2f
(0.400 kg)(3.0 m/s [forward]) (0.400 kg)(0) 0.400 kg (0.400 kg)(1.0 m/s [forward])
p1o = 10 kgm/s
Using the cosine law, p2f2 (10 kgm/s)2 (6.0 kgm/s)2 2(10 kgm/s)(6.0 kgm/s) cos 55 p2f 8.2 kgm/s p mv 8.2 kgm/s v2f 2 kg v2f 4.1 m/s
25
Using the sine law to find direction, sin sin 55 8.2 kgm/s 6.0 kgm/s 37 v2f 4.1 m/s [W37S] 2. m1 85 kg, v1o 15 m/s [N], p1o 1275 kgm/s [N], m2 70 kg, v2o 5 m/s [E], p2o 350 kgm/s [E] po pf p1o p2o pf
p2o = 350 kgm/s
p1o = 1275 kgm/s
pf
0.17 kgm/s 0.2 kg v3f 0.87 m/s Using the sine law to find direction, sin 10 sin 0.1743 kgm/s 1.0 kgm/s 85 v3f 0.87 m/s [S85W] or 0.87 m/s [W5S] 4. m1 0.5 kg, v1o 2.0 m/s [R], p1o 1.0 kgm/s [R], m2 0.30 kg, v2o 0, p2o 0, v1f 1.5 m/s [R30U], p1f 0.75 kgm/s [R30U], v2f ?, p2f ? pTo pTf p1o p2o p1f p2f , where p2o 0 p1o p1f p2f Using the cosine law, v3f
p1f = 0.75 kgm/s
30
Using Pythagoras theorem to solve for pf, pf2 (1275 kgm/s)2 (350 kgm/s)2 pf 1322 kgm/s 350 kgm/s tan 1275 kgm/s 15.4 pf mfvf 1322 kgm/s [N15E] vf 85 kg 70 kg vf 8.5 m/s [N15E] 3. m1 0.10 kg, v1f 10 m/s [N], p1f 1.0 kgm/s [N], m2 0.20 kg, v2f 5.0 m/s [S10E], p2f 1.0 kgm/s [S10E], m3 0.20 kg, v3f ? pTo 0 pTo pTf 0 p1f p2f p3f Using the cosine law,
p2f
p1o = 1.0 kgm/s
(1.0 kgm/s)2 (0.75 kgm/s)2 2(1.0 kgm/s)(0.75 kgm/s)cos 30 p2f 0.513 kgm/s p mv 0.513 kgm/s v2f 0.30 kg v2f 1.7 m/s Using the sine law to find direction, sin sin 30 0.513 kgm/s 0.75 kgm/s 47 v2f 1.7 m/s [R47D] or 1.7 m/s [D43R]
p2f2
Section 4.6
1. a) 3.0 m 2 1.5 m from both objects 2.0 kg (60 cm) 5.0 kg 2.0 kg 17.1 cm from the larger mass 200 (20 km) 600 6.67 km from the larger satellite
10
b)
p1f = 1.0 kgm/s p2f = 1.0 kgm/s
c)
p3f
p3f2 p3f
26
(1.0 kgm/s)2 (1.0 kgm/s)2 2(1.0 kgm/s)(1.0 kgm/s)(cos 10) 0.1743 kgm/s
2. a) p1o p1o p2o p2o p1f p1f p2f p2f pcm pcm b) i)
0.011 m 0.1 s 0.22 kgm/s [S20E] 0.017 m (1.0 kg) 0.1 s 0.17 kgm/s [S10W] 0.013 m (2.0 kg) 0.1 s 0.26 kgm/s [S5W] 0.015 m (1.0 kg) 0.1 s 0.15 kgm/s [S30E] 0.013 m (3.0 kg) 0.1 s 0.39 kgm/s [S8E] (2.0 kg)
70
p1o
10
p To p2o
ii)
5
p1f
p Tf
30
p2f
c) The total momentum before and after collision is the same as the momentum of the centre of mass. The total momentum vectors have the same length and direction as the momentum of the centre of mass.
27
Section 5.2
1. a) W F d W (40 N)(0.15 m) W 6.0 J b) W F d W mg d W (50 kg)(9.8 N/kg)(1.95 m) W 9.6 102 J c) W F d cos W (120 N)(4 m)(cos 25) W 4.4 102 J 2. 45 km/h 12.5 m/s To find d, v22 v12 2a d (v22 v12) d 2a (12.5 m/s)2 0 d 2(2.5 m/s2) d 31.25 m W F d W (5000 N)(31.25 m) W 1.6 105 J 3. W F d cos W (78 N)(10 m)(cos 55) W 4.5 102 J (v2 v1) 4. a t (14 m/s 25 m/s) a 5.0 s a 2.2 m/s2 F ma F (52 000 kg)( 2.2 m/s2) F 114 400 N (v22 v12) d 2a [(14 m/s)2 (25 m/s)2] d 2( 2.2 m/s2) d 97.5 m W F d W ( 114 400 N)(97.5 m) W 1.1 107 J 5. a) W F d W (175 N)(55 m) W 9625 J
b) The triangular areas above and below the axis are identical and cancel out, therefore, W (0.040 m)(20 N) W 0.80 J 6. F ma F (3 kg)(9.8 N/kg) F 29.4 N W d F 480 J d 29.4 N d 16 m
Section 5.3
1. a) Ek 1 2 mv 2 1 Ek (20 000 kg)(7500 m/s)2 2 Ek 5.6 1011 J b) 20 km/h 5.6 m/s 1 2 mv Ek 2 1 Ek (1.0 kg)(5.6 m/s)2 2 Ek 15.4 J 1 2 c) Ek mv 2 1 Ek (0.030 kg)(400 m/s)2 2 Ek 2.4 103 J 1 2 2. Ek mv 2 1 3900 J (245 kg)v2 2 v (3900 J)(2) 245 kg 5.6 m/s
3. Ek m m
m 4. p p 2(9.11 10 31 kg)(6000 eV)(1.6 p 4.2 10 23 Ns
v 1 2 mv 2 2Ek v2 2(729 J) (15 m/s)2 6.5 kg 2mEk
10
19
J/eV)
28
5.
Ek2 Ek1 1 1 Ek (60 kg)(5.0 m/s)2 (60 kg)(14 m/s)2 2 2 Ek 5.1 103 J 1 2 6. a) Ek mv 2 1 Ek (0.350 kg)(25.0 m/s)2 2 Ek 1.1 102 J (v22 v12) b) a 2 d 0 (25.0 m/s)2 a 2(0.024 m) a 1.3 104 m/s2 F ma F (0.350 kg)( 1.3 104 m/s2) F 4557 N W F d W ( 4557 N)(0.024 m) W 1.1 102 J c) Favg ma 4557 N Favg 4.6 103 N Favg
Ek
Section 5.4
1. a) Eg Eg Eg b) Eg Eg Eg c) Eg Eg Eg 2. a) v22 mgh (3.5 kg)(9.8 N/kg)(1.2 m) 4.1 101 J mgh (2000 kg)(9.8 N/kg)(0) 0J mgh (2000 kg)(9.8 N/kg)(1.9 m) 3.7 104 J v12 2a d (or use the conservation of energy) 2 (0) 2(9.8 m/s2)(27 m) v2 23 m/s v2 b) Efinal Einitial Ekf Ego Eko 1 (65 kg)vf2 (65 kg)(9.8 N/kg)(27 m) 2 1 (65 kg)(3.0 m/s)2 2 vf 23 m/s
3. a) Using the law of conservation of energy, Etotal 5460 J 1 2 mv mgh 5460 J 2 1 (3.0 kg)v2 (3.0 kg)(9.8 N/kg)(5.0 m) 5460 J 2 v 60 m/s b) Eg mgh 5460 J (3.0 kg)(9.8 N/kg)h h 185.7 m from the ground h 180.7 m from the pad c) v2 v1 a t v2 (60 m/s) (9.8 N/kg)(2.0 s) v2 40.4 m/s 1 2 Ek mv 2 1 Ek (3.0 kg)(40.4 m/s)2 2 Ek 2.4 103 J Ep Etotal Ek Ep 5460 J 2448.24 J Ep 3.0 103 J 4. F kx F k x mg k x (5000 kg)(9.8 N/kg) k 0.04 m k 1.2 106 N/m For only one spring: 1 225 000 N/m k 4 k 3.0 105 N/m
Section 5.5
1. a) k k k k rise run 20 N 0.1 m 200 N/m 2.0 102 N/m
29
2.
3.
4.
5.
b) Maximum elastic potential energy occurs at x 0.1 m. 1 2 kx Ep 2 1 Ep (200 N/m)(0.1 m)2 2 Ep 1.0 J c) Ee Ee2 Ee1 1 E (200 N/m)(0.04 m)2 2 1 (200 N/m)(0.03 m)2 2 Ee 7.0 10 2 J Fg Fe mg kx (0.500 kg)(9.8 N/kg) k(0.04 m) k 122.5 N/m a) W E W E2 E1 where E1 0 W E2 1 2 W kx 2 1 W (55 N/m)( 0.04 m)2 2 W 4.4 10 2 J b) W E W E2 E1 where E1 0 W E2 1 2 W kx 2 1 W (85 N/m)(0.08 m)2 2 W 2.7 10 1 J Ee Ek 1 2 1 2 kx mv 2 2 (200 N/m)(0.08 m)2 (0.02 kg)v2 v 8.0 m/s Ee Ek 1 2 1 2 kx mv 2 2 (5 106 N/m)x2 (2000 kg)(4.5 m/s)2 x 9 cm
6. The loss in elastic potential energy is equal to the gain in kinetic energy. Ek Ee Let the subscript 1 represent the initial compressed spring and subscript 2 represent the moment after the spring has been released when the cart has a velocity of 0.42 m/s. (Ee2 Ee1) Ek2 Ek1 1 1 1 kx12 kx22 mv22 0 2 2 2 x2 x2 kx12 k mv22
(65 N/m)(0.08 m)2 (1.2 kg)(0.42 m/s)2 65 N/m
x2 x2
0.056 m 5.6 cm
Section 5.6
1. The energy required to heat the water is Ew (4.2 103 J/C/L)(65C 10C)(2.3 L) Ew 5.31 105 J The energy expended by the stove is E P t Es P t Es (1000 W)(600 s) Es 6.0 105 J The energy lost to the environment is E Es E w E 6.9 104 J 2. a) Ep mgh Ep (83.0 kg)(9.8 N/m)(13.0 m) Ep 1.057 104 J E P t 1.057 104 J P 18.0 s P 590 W b) Ep 1.057 104 J Ep 10 600 J 3. Once the radiation of the Sun reaches Earth, it has spread out into a sphere surrounding the Sun. This sphere has a surface area of: SA 4 r2 SA 4 (1.49 1011 m)2 SA 2.79 1023 m2
30
The ratio of this area to the area of Earth exposed to the radiation will be equal to the ratio of the power radiated by the Sun to the power absorbed by Earth. SASun Suns radiation absorbed radiation AEarth 23 2 3.9 1026 W 2.79 10 m dEarth 2 x ( ) 2 2.79 1023 m2 3.9 1026 W (6.87 106 m)2 x 26 (3.9 10 W)(1.48 1014 m2) x 2.79 1023 m2 x 2 1017 W Therefore, Earth intercepts 2 1017 J of energy from the Sun each second. 4. The total time is 3(20 min)(60 s/min) 3600 s The time the player spends on ice is (3600 s)(0.25) 900 s E P t E P t E (215 W)(900 s) E 1.935 105 J While sitting on the bench, the player expends 100 W of power. He spends 3600 s 900 s 2700 s on the bench. E (100 W)(2700 s) E 2.7 105 J ET (1.935 105 J) (2.7 105 J) ET 4.6 105 J
Section 5.7
3. a) m1 v1o v1f m2 v2o v2f 3000 kg 20 m/s [W] 10 m/s [W] 1000 kg 0 ? pTf m1v1f m2v2f (3000 kg)(10 m/s) (1000 kg)v2f 30 m/s
pTo m1v1o m2v2o (3000 kg)(20 m/s) 0 v2f
b) Since Eko Ekf, the collision is elastic (EkTotal 6 105 J). c) W Ek truck 1 W (3000 kg)(10 m/s)2 2 1 (3000 kg)(20 m/s)2 2 W 4.5 105 J 4. mp 0.5 kg mg 75 kg dp 0.03 m vpo 33.0 m/s vgo 0 vgf 0.30 m/s a) pgo mv pgo (75 kg)(0) pgo 0 Ekgo 0 ppo mv ppo (0.5 kg)(33.0 m/s) ppo 16.5 kgm/s 1 Ekpo (0.5 kg)(33.0 m/s)2 2 Ekpo 272.25 J b) po pf ppo pgo ppf pgf mpvpo 0 mpvpf mgvgf (0.500 kg)(33.0 m/s) (0.500 kg)vpf (75 kg)(0.30 m/s) 12 m/s vpf 1 c) Ek p mpvpf2 2 1 Ek p (0.500 kg)(12 m/s)2 2 Ek p 36 J 1 Ek g mgvgf2 2 1 Ek g (75 kg)(0.30 m/s)2 2 Ek g 3.4 J d) The collision is inelastic due to the loss of kinetic energy.
31
5. m1 m2 v1o v2o v1f v1f
10 g 50 g 5 m/s 0 m v1o 1 m1 (5 m/s)
m2 m2
10 g 50 g 10 g 50 g 3.3 m/s v1f 2m1 v2f v1o m1 m2 2(10 g) v2f (5 m/s) 10 g 50 g v2f 1.7 m/s 6. m1 0.2 kg m2 0.3 kg v1o 0.32 m/s 0.52 m/s v2o Changing the frame of reference, v1o 0.84 m/s v2o 0 m/s 0.2 kg 0.3 kg v1f (0.84 m/s) 0.2 kg 0.3 kg 0.168 m/s v1f 2(0.2 kg) v2f (0.84 m/s) 0.2 kg 0.3 kg v2f 0.672 m/s Returning to the original frame of reference, 0.168 m/s 0.52 m/s v1f 0.69 m/s v1f v2f 0.672 m/s 0.52 m/s v2f 0.15 m/s 1 8. a) Estored bh 2 1 Estored (0.06 m 0.02 m)(50 N) 2 Estored 1.0 J 1 b) Elost 1.0 J (0.005 m)(30 N) 2 (0.005 m)(20 N) 1 (0.035 m)(20 N) 2 Elost 1.0 J 0.075 J 0.1 J 0.35 J Elost 0.475 J
9. a) Counting the squares below the top curve, there are about 16.5 squares, each with an area of (0.01 m)(166.7 N) 1.6667 J. The amount of energy going into the shock absorber is (16.5)(1.6667 J) 27.5 J. b) There are roughly 6 squares below the lower curve. The energy returned to the shock absorber is (6)(1.6667 J) 10 J 27.5 J 10 J c) % energy lost 100 27.5 J % energy lost 64%
32
Section 6.1
1. mE 5.98 10 kg, mS r 1.50 1011 m GMm a) Ek 2r Ek Ek b) Ep Ep
(6.67 10
11
24
1.99
10 kg,
30
r2 1.8 r2
1.8
GM 107 J
(6.67 107 J 10 (6.67
11
GM r1
Nm2/kg2)(5.98
11 2 2
1024 kg)
10 6.38
Nm /kg )(5.98 1024 kg) 106 m 1 106 m
Nm2/kg2)(1.99 1030 kg)(5.98 2(1.50 1011 m)
1024 kg)
2.65 1033 J GMm r

(6.67 10
11
r2 1.1 107 m hmax r2 rE hmax 1.1 107 m hmax 4.7 106 m
6.38
106 m
Nm2/kg2)(1.99 1030 kg)(5.98 (1.50 1011 m)
1024 kg)
Section 6.2
1. a) MSun 1.99 1030 kg, T 76.1 a 2.4 109 s T 2 ka3 (2.4 109 s)2 a 4 2 GM
1 3
5.29 1033 J Ep c) ET Ek Ep ET 2.65 1033 J ( 5.29 1033 J) 2.65 1033 J ET GM 2. ag r2 (6.67 10 11 Nm2/kg2)(5.98 1024 kg) ag (6.38 106 m 1 106 m)2 ag 7.32 m/s2 3. v1000 km 6.0 km/s 6.0 103 m/s, h 1000 km 1 106 m a) vesc vesc 2GM r
2(6.67 10 (6.38
11
a
(6.67 10
11
(2.4
109 s)2 1030 kg)
1 3
4 2 Nm2/kg2)(1.99
Nm2/kg2)(5.98 1024 kg) 106 m 1 106 m)
vesc 10 397 m/s Since the rocket has only achieved 6000 m/s, it will not escape Earth. 1 2 mv b) Ek 1000 km 2 1 Ek 1000 km m(6000 m/s)2 2 Ek 1000 km 1.8 107m J Since all kinetic energy is converted to gravitational potential energy at maximum height, Ep Ek Ek E2 E1 GMm GMm 1.8 107m J r2 r1
a 2.7 1012 m b) 0.97 d c) v t 2 (2.69 1012 m) v 2.4 109 s v 7031 m/s 2. raltitude 10 000 km 1 107 m, rJupiter 7.15 107 m, mJupiter 1.9 vesc vesc 2GM r
2(6.67 10 7.15
11
1027 kg
Nm2/kg2)(1.9 1027 kg) 107 m 1 107 m
vesc 56 000 m/s 3. mMoon 7.36 1022 kg, mEarth 5.98 1024 kg, r a) vesc vesc vesc 2GM r
2(6.67 10
11
3.82
108 m
Nm2/kg2)(5.98 3.82 108 m
1024 kg)
1445 m/s
33
To find the current speed of the Moon, 1 GMm mv2 2 2r v v GM r

(6.67 10
11
To find the period, T2 T ka3, where k 4 2 GM

1024 kg)
(6.67
4 2(3.19 106 m)3 10 11 Nm2/kg2)(5.98
Nm2/kg2)(5.98 3.82 108 m
1024 kg)
1792 s
v 1022 m/s To find the additional speed required for escape, vadd esc 1445 m/s 1022 m/s vadd esc 423 m/s 1 1 b) Ek mvesc2 mv 2 2 2 1 Ek (7.36 1022 kg)[(1445 m/s)2 2 (1022 m/s)2] Ek 3.84 1028 J c) This value is comparable to a 900-MW nuclear power plant (e.g., Darlington) running for 2.35 1011 years! 4. Geostationary Earth satellites orbit constantly above the same point on Earth because their period is the same as that of Earth. 5. M 5.98 1024 kg, r 6.378 106 m, v 25 m/s To find the semimajor axis, ET Ep Ek GMm GMm 1 mv2 2 2a r GM 2GM v2 a r 1 2 v2 a r GM 1 2GM v2r a GMr GMr a 2GM v2r a
2(6.67 (6.67 10
11
Section 6.3
1. a) At the equilibrium point, the bobs kinetic energy accounts for all the energy in the system. This total energy is the same as the maximum elastic potential energy. Ek equil ET Ek equil Epmax 1 2 Ek equil kx 2 1 Ek equil (33 N/m)(0.23 m)2 2 Ek equil 0.87 J b) 0 1 2 mv c) Ek 2 v v 2Ek m
2(0.87 J) 0.485 kg v 1.9 m/s 2. a) To find the period of an object in simple harmonic motion, T T 2 2 m k
10 11 Nm2/kg2)(5.98 1024 kg)(6.378 106 m) Nm2/kg2)(5.98 1024 kg) (25 m/s)2(6.378 106 m)
3.19
106 m
0.485 kg 33 N/m T 0.76 s b) At 0.16 m, the elastic potential energy of the bob is 1 2 kx Ep 0.16m 2 1 Ep 0.16m (33 N/m)(0.16 m)2 2 Ep 0.16m 0.42 J ET Ek Ep Ek ET Ep Ek 0.87 J 0.42 J Ek 0.45 J
34
Ek v v c) Ek 3.
Displacement (m)
0.4 0.2 0
1 2 mv 2 2Ek m
2(0.45 J) 0.485 kg v 1.36 m/s 0.45 J, from part b

Position vs. Time
0.2 0.4 0.6 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4
Time (s)
35
Section 7.2
1. a) b) c) d) e) 2. a) b) c) d) e) 3. a) 10 0.17 rad 57.3/rad 60 1.0 rad 57.3/rad 90 1.6 rad 57.3/rad 176 3.07 rad 57.3/rad 256 4.47 rad 57.3/rad ( rad)(57.3/rad) 180 rad (57.3/rad) 45 4 (3.75 rad)(57.3/rad) 675 (11.15 rad)(57.3/rad) 639 (40 rad)(57.3/rad) 2.3 103 Earth rotates 2 radians every 24 h. 2 rad 6.0 h 1.57 rad 24 h Earth moves 2 rad every 365 days. 2 rad 265 d 4.56 rad 365 d The second hand moves 2 rad every 60 s. 2 rad 25 s 2.62 rad 60 s A runner moves 2 rad for every lap. 2 rad 25.6 laps 161 rad 1 lap
3. a)
1 min 2 rad 1.2 rev 1 min 60 s 1 rev 0.12566 rad/s 0.13 rad/s b) r 1500 m ac r 2 ac (1500 m)(0.12566 rad/s)2 ac 24 m/s2 c) The angular acceleration is zero because the angular velocity is constant. d) ac-space-station 24 m/s2 ac-Earth 9.8 m/s2 24 m/s2 2.4 9.8 m/s2
Section 7.4
1. a) t t (3.35 rev/s)(2 rad/rev) 21.0 rad/s 60 s 2 min (50 sec) 1 min 170 s t t (21.0 rad/s)(170 s) 3.58 103 rad b) t (22.0 rad/s 0.5 s 44 rad/s2 t t (0
b)
c)
d)
0)
Section 7.3
2. a) ac v2 r acr v v (9.8 m/s2)(1200 m) v 108 m/s v 1.1 102 m/s v b) r 108 m/s 1200 m 0.090 rad/s The angular acceleration is zero because the angular velocity is constant. 2. a)
1.75 rad/s) 0.21 rad/s2 t 8.3 s ( 1 2) b) t 2 (1.75 rad/s 0) (8.3 s) 2 7.3 rad c) There are 2 radians in one cycle. 7.3 rad number of cycles 2 rad/cycle number of cycles 1.16 number of cycles 1.2
36
d)
1.16 cycles 0.58 cycles 2 (0.58 cycles)(2 rad/cycle) 3.6 rad 1 t2 2 t 2 1 3.6 rad 0 ( 0.21 rad/s2) t2 2 t 5.9 s t ( 2
1 2
2 2 2
2
1 2
2 (4.7 rad/s)2 0 2( 1.90 rad/s2) 5.813 rad 5.8 rad number of turns 5.813 rad 2 rad/turn 0.93
3. a)
2 t t t b) 92.2 rad (16.1 rad/s 14.5 rad/s) 6.026 s 6.03 s t 14.5 rad/s 16.1 rad/s 6.026 s 0.266 rad/s2
Section 7.5
2. a) I (0.045 kgm2)( 1.90 rad/s2) 0.086 Nm b) For 78 rpm: 0 1 1 min 2 rad 78 rev 2 1 min 60 s 1 rev 8.2 rad/s 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 ( 22 1 ) 2 (8.2 rad/s)2 0 2( 1.90 rad/s2) 17.69 rad 18 rad 17.69 rad number of turns 2 rad/turn number of turns 2.8 For 45 rpm: 0 1 1 min 2 rad 45 rev 2 1 min 60 s 1 rev 4.7 rad/s 2
number of turns 1 For 33 rpm: 3 0 1 100 rev 1 min 2 rad 3 2 60 s 1 min 1 rev 3.5 rad/s 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 ( 2 1 ) 2 (3.5 rad/s)2 0 2( 1.90 rad/s2) 3.223 rad 3.2 rad 3.223 rad number of turns 2 rad/turn number of turns 0.51 3. I 8.45 Nm 12.2 rad/s2 I 0.693 kgm2 1 2 4. a) I mr (moment of inertia for a disk) 2 1 I (5.55 kg)(1.22 m)2 2 I 4.13 kgm2 b) rF (1.22 m)(15.1 N) 18.4 Nm I c) I 18.4 Nm 4.13 kgm2 4.46 rad/s2
37
Section 7.6
1. a) rF (0.20 m)(23.1 N) 4.62 Nm 4.6 Nm
b) v v v Ek Ek Ek
WR WR (4.62 Nm)(2 rad) WR 29 J b) WR WR (4.62 Nm)(1.5 rad) WR 6.9 J c) 95 1.66 rad WR WR (4.62 Nm)(1.66 rad) WR 7.7 J 2. a) 45 4 WR WR WR rad rF (0.556 m)(12.2 N) 4 rad
r (0.320 m)(33.3 rad/s) 10.7 m/s 1 2 mv 2 1 (1000 kg)(10.7 m/s)2 2 5.7 104 J
Section 7.8
1. a) v r 25 m/s 0.320 m 78 rad/s 1 4 I 2 2 2(0.900 kgm2)(78 rad/s)2 1.1 104 J 1 2 mv 2 1 (1300 kg)(25 m/s)2 2 4.1 105 J Ek Erot (4.1 105 J) (1.1 104 J) 4.2 105 J
Erot Erot Erot b) Ek Ek
WR 5.3 J b) The work done does not change.
Section 7.7
1. I 2 2 mr 5 2 I (0.0350 kg)(0.035 m)2 5 I 1.7 10 5 kgm2 1 2 Erot I 2 1 Erot (1.7 10 5 kgm2)(165 rad/s)2 2 Erot 0.23 J 2. a) (5.3 rev/s)(2 rad/rev) 33.3 rad/s 1 Erot 4 I 2 2 Erot Erot 1 (0.900 kgm2)(33.3 rad/s)2 2 2.0 103 J 4
Ek c) ET ET ET 2. v1 0 0 1 h1 12.0 m m 2.2 kg r 0.056 m I mr2 (moment of inertia for a hollow cylinder) a) ET mgh1 ET (2.2 kg)(9.8 m/s2)(12.0 m) ET 2.6 102 J b) To find the gravitational potential energy halfway down: Eg mgh2 h Eg mg 1 2 Eg Eg (2.2 kg)(9.8 m/s2) 1.29 102 J 12.0 m 2
38
To find the velocity halfway down: ET1 ET2 1 1 2 mgh1 mv22 I mgh2 2 2 1 1 2 v2 2 mgh1 mv22 mr mgh2 r 2 2 mgh1 mv22 mgh2 mv22 mgh1 mgh2 h v22 gh1 g 1 2 2 2v2 2gh1 gh1 2 2v2 gh1 v2 v2 gh1 2 (9.8 m/s2)(12.0 m) 2 7.67 m/s
c)
v2 v r 10.8 m/s 0.056 m 1.9 102 rad/s
Section 7.9
1. 1 rev 1d 2 rad 1h 365 d 24 h 3600 s 1 rev 7 1.99 10 rad/s 2 2 mr (moment of inertia for a sphere) 5 I 2 2 mr 5 2 (5.98 1024 kg)(6.38 106 m)2 5 (1.99 10 7 rad/s) 1.94 1031 kgm2/s 2 rad 4.5 cycles 1.1 s 1 cycle 25.7 rad/s 1.8 m 2 0.9 m 2 2 mr (moment of inertia for a sphere) 5
I L L L L 2.
I 2 2 L mr 5 2 L (85 kg)(0.9 m)2(25.7 rad/s) 5 L 7.1 102 kgm2/s 3. At perihelion, v 5472.3 m/s r 4.4630 1012 m m 1.027 1026 kg v r 5472.3 m/s 4.4630 1012 m 1.2261 10 9 rad/s L I 2 2 mr L 5 2 L (1.027 1026 kg)(4.4630 1012 m)2 5 (1.2261 10 9 rad/s) L 1.003 1042 kgm2/s At aphelion: v 5383.3 m/s r 4.5368 1012 m m 1.027 1026 kg v r 5383.3 m/s 4.5368 1012 m 1.1866 10 9 rad/s L I 2 2 mr L 5 2 L (1.027 1026 kg)(4.5368 1012 m)2 5 (1.1866 10 9 rad/s) L 1.003 1042 kgm2/s
r r I
Section 7.10
2.
1
t 2 rad 2.14 106 s 2.94 10 6 rad/s
39
I1 2 mr12 5 r12
1 1
1 2
I2 2 2 mr22 5 r22 2 r12 1 r22

(6.95
108 m)2(2.94 10 (5500 m)2
rad/s)
T2 T2
4.69 104 rad/s 2 rad

2
2 rad 4.69 104 rad/s T2 1.34 10 4 s 3. ra 1.52 1011 m rp 1.47 1011 m vp 30 272 m/s Ia a Ip p v v mra2 a mrp2 p ra rp rava rpvp rpvp va ra (1.47 1011 m)(30 272 m/s) va 1.52 1011 m va 2.93 104 m/s va 29.3 km/s
Section 7.1 1
3. R r a 0.040 m 0.0070 m g I 1 mr2 g 1 mR2 2 1 mr2 9.8 m/s2 1 (0.040 m)2 2 (0.0070 m)2 0.64 m/s2
40
Section 8.4
1. q1 d F F F F 2. F F r r 3.7 10 C, q2 3.7 10 C, 2 5.0 10 m, k 9.0 109 Nm2/C2 kq1q2 d2
(9.0 109 Nm2/C2)(3.7 10 6 C)( 3.7 (5.0 10 2 m)2 10
6
C)
49 N 49 N (attraction) 2( 49 N) 98 N kq1q2 F
(9.0 109 Nm2/C2)(3.7 10 98 N
6
From the force vector diagram we see that, Fe tan mg Fe mg tan kq1q2 mg tan r2 r2mg tan q1 kq2 q1
(0.20 m)2(2.0 10 10 kg)(9.8 N/kg)(tan 21) (9.0 109 Nm2/C2)(3.0 10 6 C)
q1 1.1 10 15 C The dust balls are 0.20 m apart, and the charge on the tethered dust ball is 1.1 10 15 C.
C)( 3.7 10
6
C)
r 3.5 3. a) T
10
Section 8.5
1. a)
Fe
mg
b)
Fe
b)
mg
c) How close do the dust balls get and what is the charge on the tethered dust ball? m 2.0 10 10 kg , l 0.42 m, 21 dwall-1 0.35 m, q 3.0 10 6 C, dwall-2 0.35 m 0.42 m(sin 21) dwall-2 0.35 m 0.15 m dwall-2 0.20 m
c)
41
Section 8.6
1. a) q 1.0 10 C, 1.7 106 N/C [right] Let right be the positive direction. Fe q Fe ( 1.0 10 6 C)(1.7 106 N/C) 1.7 N Fe Fe 1.7 N [left]
6
At 4 cm away: kq r2 (9.0 109 Nm2/C2)(3.0 (4.0 10 2 m)2 1.7 107 N/C At 6 cm away: kq r2 (9.0 109 Nm2/C2)(3.0 (6.0 10 2 m)2
10
C)
b) q
1.0 10 6 C, 2(1.7 106 N/C) [right] If right is still the positive direction, Fe q Fe (1.0 10 6 C)[2(1.7 106 N/C)] Fe 3.4 N Fe 3.4 N [right]
T
10
C)
2.
Fe
Stationary charge creating a field
mg
q Fe Fe 3. a)
1.0 10 6 C, mg tan 1.7 N [left]
1.7
106 N/C [right]
7.5 106 N/C c) Doubling the distance, kq 1 (2r)2 1 1 4 Tripling the distance, kq 2 (3r)2 1 2 9 1 1 and 2 decreases to of 1 decreases to 4 9 the original strength. 1 d) . The field strength varies as the r2 inverse square of the distance away from the charge. e) q1 1.0 10 6 C, q2 3.0 10 6 C, r 8.0 10 2 m kq1 r2 (9.0 109 Nm2/C2)(3.0 10 6 C) (8.0 10 2 m)2 4.22 106 N/C Fe q Fe (1.0 10 6 C)(4.22 106 N/C) Fe 4.22 N [right] 4. a) q1 q2 1.0 10 6 C, r 0.20 m Let the positive direction be left. At point A: r1 0.05 m, r2 0.25 m
The field lines radiate outward, away from the charge. b) k 9.0 109 Nm2/C2, q 3.0 10 6 C At 2 cm away from the charge: kq r2 (9.0 109 Nm2/C2)(3.0 10 6 C) (2.0 10 2 m)2 6.8 107 N/C
42
TA
kq2 TA r2 2 9 10 Nm2/C2)(1.0 10 6 C) TA 1 1 (0.05 m)2 (0.25 m)2 3.7 106 N/C [left] TA At point B: 0.10 m, r2 0.10 m r1 The addition of these two distances as was done in the previous question will yield a zero quantity. 0 N/C TB At point C: 0.15 m, r2 0.05 m r1
TC TC 1 2
kq1 r2 1 (9.0
V V2 V1 V 9.0 105 V ( 4.5 105 V) V 4.5 105 V 2. a) m1 m2 5.0 10 9 g 5.0 10 12 kg, q1 4.0 10 10 C, q2 1.0 10 10 C On particle 1: W1 qV W1 (4.0 10 10 C)(50 V) W1 2.0 10 8 J On particle 2: W2 qV W2 (1.0 10 10 C)(50 V) W2 5.0 10 9 J b) W Ek 1 W mv2 2 v 2W m 2W1 m1 The similar masses cancel. 2W2 m2 W1 W2 2.0 5.0 10 10
8 9
kq1 r2 1 109 Nm2/C2)(1.0 10 6 C) TC 1 1 (0.05 m)2 (0.15 m)2 3.2 106 N/C [left] TC b) At the centre point, 1 is equal in magnitude but opposite in direction to 2, therefore there is no net field strength as the fields cancel out. c) For all field strengths to cancel out, the q magnitudes of the ratio of 2 must be r equal and pointing in opposite directions.
kq2 r2 2 (9.0
v1 v2 v1 v2 v1 v2
J J
Section 8.7
1. a) Ee Ee Ee b) V V V c) V V V kq1q2 r
(9.0 109 Nm2/C2)( 5.0 10 10 10 2 m
6
C)(1.5
10
C)
6.8
10
Ee q 6.8 10 1 J 1.5 10 6 C 4.5 kq r (9.0 9.0 105 V
109 Nm2/C2)( 5.0 5.0 10 2 m 105 V
10
C)
v1 2 v2 3. a) Extensive: electric force, potential energy Intensive: field strength, electric potential b) Electric force Charge and the field strength Potential energy Charge and the electric potential c) Extensive properties Product cost (per package) Mass Volume Length Force of gravity Etc. Intensive properties Unit product cost (per unit weight or measure) Density Heat capacity
43
Indices of refraction Gravitational field strength Etc.
Section 8.8
1. qA Ek 2e, qB 79e, 7.7 MeV (7.7 106 eV)(1.602 Ek Ee kqAqB Ee r kqAqB r Ee r r r 3. q 1 2 mv 2 v v
(9.0
10
19
J)
5. a) V 20 kV 2.0 104 V, q 1.602 10 19 C, m 9.11 Ek Ee Ek Vq Ek (2.0 104 V)(1.602 10 Ek 3.2 10 15 J 1 2 b) Ek mv 2 v v v 2Ek m 2(3.2 9.11 8.4 10 15 J) 10 31 kg
10
31
kg
19
C)
109 Nm2/C2)(1.602 10 19 C)2(2)(79) (7.7 106 eV)(1.602 10 19 J)
107 m/s
2.96 10 14 m 3.0 10 14 m 1.5 10 5 C q(V2 V1)
Section 8.9
1. W V V V 2. d 2.4 10 4 J, q W q 2.4 10 4 J 6.5 10 7 C 3.7 102 V 7.5 10 3 m, V V d 350 V 7.5 10 3 m 6.5 10
7
2q(V2 V1) m 2( 1.5 10 5 C)( 12 V) (1.0 10 5 kg) 10

27
350 V,
v 6.0 m/s [left] 4. a) V 1.5 103 V, m 6.68 q 2e 3.204 10 19 C Ek Ee 1 2 mv Vq 2 v v v b) 1 2 mv 2 v v v 2Vq m

2(1.5 103 V)(3.204 10 6.68 10 27 kg
kg,
19
C)
4.7 104 N/C 3. m 2.166 10 15 kg, V d 1.2 10 2 m Fe Fg qV mg d mgd q V q q

(2.166 10
15
530 V,
3.8 105 m/s 1 Vq 2 Vq m (1.5 2.7 103 V)(3.204 10 6.68 10 27 kg

19
kg)(9.8 N/kg)(1.2 530 V
10
m)
4.8
10
19
C)
105 m/s
44
Section 9.5
1. L I B F F F 2. L F B I I 0.30 m 12 A 0.25 T 90 BIL sin (0.25 T)(12 A)(0.30 m) sin 90 0.90 N 0.15 m 9.2 10 2 N 3.5 10 2 T 90 F BL sin (9.2 10 2 N) (3.5 10 2 T)(0.15 m) sin 90
5. a) I L B r r
100 A 50 m 3.0 10 5 T 45 I 2 B (4 10 7 Tm/A)(100 A) 2 (3.0 10 5 T)
I 18 A 3. a) L 50 m I 100 A F 0.25 N 45 F B IL sin B B b) (0.25 N) (100 A)(50 m) sin 45 7.1 10 5 T

Wire (cross-section) 45 45
r 0.67 m b) Referring to the diagram in question 3, Earths field lies in a line that is crossing the wire at 45 below the horizontal. The magnetic field would form a circular ring in the clockwise direction (rising on the south side of the wire, descending on the north with a radius of 0.67 m). Therefore, the field will cancel that of Earth on the south side below the wire, as shown in the diagram.
0.67 m 45 x x N
Earth's Magnetic Field
Direction of Force
Tower
4. B L N I I I
3.0 10 5 T 0.20 m 200 4 10 7 Tm/A BL N (3.0 10 5 T)(0.20 m) (4 10 7 Tm/A)(200) 2.4 10

2
(0.67 m) 2x x 0.47 m The fields will cancel 4.7 10 1 m south and 4.7 10 1 m below the wire. 6. a) r 2.4 10 3 m I 13.0 A L 1m I2L F 2 r (4 10 7 Tm/A)(13.0 A)2(1 m) F 2 (2.4 10 3 m) 7. q B v F F F F 1.4 10 2 N/m 20 C 4.5 10 5 T 400 m/s 90 qvB sin (20 C)(400 m/s)(4.5 0.36 N
10 5 T) sin 90
45
8. q v B F F F
1.602 10 19 C 4.3 104 m/s 1.5 T 90 qvB sin

(1.602 10
19
C)(4.3
104 m/s)(1.5 T) sin 90
1.0
10
14
N [south]
46
Section 10.2
1. a) T t cycles 375 min T 5 T 75 min 6.7 s T 10 T 0.67 s 60 s T 33.3 T 1.80 s 57 s T 68 T 0.838 s cycles f t 120 f 2.0 s f 60 Hz 45 f 60 s f 0.75 Hz 40 f 1.2 60 60 s f 0.009 26 Hz 65 f 48 s f 1.35 Hz 1 i) f T 1 f 75 60 s f 2.22 10 4 Hz 1 ii) f 0.67 s f 1.49 Hz 1 iii) f 1.80 s f 0.556 Hz 1 iv) f 0.838 s f 1.19 Hz
b) i)
T T
1 f
b)
c)
d)
2. a)
b)
1 60 Hz T 0.0167 s 1 ii) T 0.75 Hz T 1.33 s 1 iii) T 0.009 26 Hz T 108 s 1 iv) T 1.35 Hz T 0.74 s 5. a) x (30 cm) cos x (30 cm) cos 30 x 26 cm b) x (30 cm) cos 180 x 30 cm c) x (30 cm) cos 270 x 0 cm (equilibrium) d) x (30 cm) cos 360 x 30 cm e) x x (30 cm) cos 21 cm 4
c)
d)
Section 10.3
4. a) v f f f b) f f c) f f 5. a) v f v 3.0 640 4.7 3.0 108 m/s 10 9 m
3. a)
1014 Hz 108 m/s 1.2 m 2.5 108 Hz 3.0 108 m/s 2 10 9 m 1.5 1017 Hz f v f 3.0 108 m/s 1.5 1013 Hz 2.0 10 5 m
47
b)
c)
3.0 108 m/s 2.0 109 Hz 0.15 m 3.0 108 m/s 3.0 1022 Hz 1.0 10 14 m
Section 10.5
5. a) n vo ray vo ray vo ray ve ray ve ray c v c no ray 3.0 108 m/s 1.658 1.81 108 m/s c ne ray 3.0 108 m/s 1.486 2.02 108 m/s 2.02 108 m/s 1.81 108 m/s
Section 10.4
4. a) n v v v b) v v c) v v c v c n 3.0 2.26 3.0 1.24 3.0
5. a)
b)
c)
6. a)
1.99 c n v 3.0 108 m/s n 2.1 108 m/s n 1.43 3.0 108 m/s n 1.5 108 m/s n 2.0 3.0 108 m/s n 0.79(3.0 108 m/s) n 1.27 n1 sin 1 n2 sin 2 n sin 1 sin 1 1 2 n2
2
108 m/s 1.33 108 m/s 108 m/s 2.42 108 m/s 108 m/s 1.51 108 m/s
ve ray v b) e ray 100% vo ray ve ray 111.6% vo ray Therefore, the speed of the e ray is 11.6% greater than the speed of the o ray.
sin
sin 25 1.33
b)
sin
18.5 sin 25 2.42 sin 25 1.51
10.1 sin
1
c)
16.3
48
Section 1 1.4
2. d x2 L m 5.6 m 28 cm 1.1 m 2 dxm mL (5.6 10 6 m)(0.28 m) (2)(1.1 m) 7.13 10 7 m 713 nm 3. 510 nm d 5.6 m L 1.1 m L x d (5.10 10 7 m)(1.1 m) x 5.6 10 6 m
Section 1 1.6
2. m t t t t 3. t 22 625 nm m 2 (22)(6.25 2
10
m)
6.87 10 6 m 6.9 m 1.75 10 5 m 625 nm 1 m 2t 2 2t 1 m 2 2(1.75 10 5 m) m (6.25 10 7 m) m m 55.5 55
1 2
x 0.10 m x 10 cm 4. m 3 d 5.6 m L 1.1 m 713 nm m L xm d (3)(7.13 10 7 m)(1.1 m) x3 (5.6 10 6 m) x3 x3 0.42 m 42 cm
Section 1 1.8
1. w 5.5 10 6 m 550 nm L 1.10 m m 2 m a) sin m w (2)(5.50 10 7 m) sin 2 5.5 10 6 m sin b) xm xm xm xm 2. a) x x x x 0.2 11.5 2 L sin m (1.10 m)(0.2) 0.22 m 22 cm 2 L w 2(5.50 10 7 m)(1.10 m) (5.5 10 6 m)
2
Section 1 1.5
2. PD 3 ng 1.52 624 nm PD t 2(ng 1) t t t 10 7 m)(3) 2(0.52) 1.8 10 6 m 1.8 m (6.24
0.22 m 22 cm
49
b) sin
1 2
w 5.50 5.5 0.1 11.5 10 7 m 10 6 m
sin sin sin sin sin sin
1 sin 2 1 sin 2 3. x x x x
m d 2(5.30 2.59 0.410 24 m d 3(5.30 2.59 0.614 38 d 2.59 6.50 4 d 2.59 5.50 4.7 4 d 2.59 4.50 5.7 5 10 10 10 10 10 10
10 7 m) 10 6 m
2 2 m
L w (5.50 10 7 m)(1.10 m) (5.5 10 6 m)
10 7 m) 10 6 m
3 3
0.11 m 11 cm 6. R 1 10 7 rad d 2.4 m Rd a) 1.22 (1 10 7 rad)(2.4 m) 1.22 1.97 10 197 nm b) sin = x L

7
2. a) m m m b) m m m m c) m m m m 3. m
6 7
m m
6 7
m m
L L L
1 (1.0 10 3 m) 2 sin(1 10 7 rad) 5000 m 5 km
6 7
m m
Section 1 1.9
1. N w 8500 2.2 cm 530 nm w d N 2.2 10 2 m d 8500 d 2.59 10 6 m m sin m d 5.30 10 sin 1 2.59 10 sin
1 1
2 8.41o 2 614 nm m a) d sin d d d b) w N
(2)(6.14 10 7 m) sin 8.41 8.396 10 6 m 8.40 m 1.96 cm w d 1.96 10 2 m 8.396 10 6 m 2334 slits
7 6
m m
N N
0.205 12
50
Section 1 1.10
1. 3000 lines 1 cm 20 000 lines 20 cm 100 cm 1m 100 cm 1m 300 000 lines/m
6. sin 100 000 lines/m sin sin
Therefore, 3000 lines/cm produces the best resolution. m 3. sin Red d sin sin sin sin sin sin sin sin
Red
2d sin m m 2d (5.2 10 11 m)(2) 2(2.5 10 10 m) 0.208 168, 192
(1)(7.30 10 7 m) 1.89 10 6 m 0.386 22.7 m d (1)(4.00 10 7 m) 1.89 10 6 m 0.211 12.2 m d (1)(5.10 10 7 m) 1.89 10 6 m
Red Red Violet
Violet
Violet Violet Green
Green
0.269 15.6 Green This can be similarly proven for the next 3 orders using the appropriate m. The sequence is violet, green, red. At the fourth order, green and red maxima are no longer visible. 5. d 2.5 10 10 m 12o m 2 2d sin m
Green
2(2.5 5.198 52 pm
10 10
10
m) sin 12 m
2
11
51
Section 12.2
1. T 12 000 K a) The maximum wavelength can be found using Wiens law: 2.898 10 3 max T 2.898 10 3 max 12 000 K 2.4 10 7 m max The peak wavelength of Rigel is 2.4 10 7 m. It is in the ultraviolet spectrum. b) It would appear violet. c) No: the living cells would be damaged by the highly energetic UV photons. 2. T 900 K a) The maximum wavelength can be found using Wiens law: 2.898 10 3 max T 2.898 10 3 max 900 K 3.2 10 6 m max The peak wavelength of the light is 3.2 10 6 m. b) It would appear in the infrared spectrum. c) Since the peak is in infrared, more energy is required to produce the light in the visual spectrum.
3 2
Vstop vs. f0
Vstop (V)
10 11 12 f0 (1014 Hz)
13
2. a) Increasing the work function by 1.5 would cause a vertical shift of the line. Hence, potential would have to be greater, but the frequencies would not change. h b) The term is constant and hence the e slope would not change. 3. 230 nm 2.3 10 7 m The energy can be found as follows: hc W0 E E (8 4.64 5.79 10 Js)(3.0 108 m/s) 2.3 10 7 m
19 19 34
10 10
J J
Section 12.4
2. E 85 eV, 214 nm 2.14 10 7 m a) Momentum of the original electron can be found using: E p c (85 eV)(1.6 10 19 C) p 3.0 108 m/s p 4.53 10 26 Ns b) Momentum of the resultant electron can be found using: h p p 6.626 2.14 10 10
34 7
Section 12.3
1. h W0 f0 e e eV hf0 W0 Choosing two pairs of values from the table and subtracting, (1.6 10 19 C)(0.95 V) h(7.7 1014 Hz) W0 (1.6 10 19 C)(0.7 V) h(7.2 1014 Hz) W0 (1.6 10 19 C)(0.25 V) h(0.5 1014 Hz) h 8 10 34 Js W0 4.64 10 19 J W0 2.9 eV V
Js m
p 3.1 10 27 Ns c) The energy imparted can be found by: hc E E
52
(85 eV)(1.6
10
19
C)
(6.626
10 34 Js)(3.0 108 m/s) 2.14 10 7 m
The wavelength of the spectral lines is: hc 8 1 E8 1 (6.626

8 1
E 1.27 10 17 J The energy imparted to the electron was 1.27 10 17 J. d) The energy imparted increased the speed of the electron. Hence, it can be found using: 2E v m v 2(1.27 10 17 J) 9.11 10 31 kg
10 34 Js)(3.0 108 m/s) 2.15 10 18 J
9.25 10 8 m Similarly, the energy change when the electron transfers from 7 to 2 is: E7 2 E7 E2 2.18 10 18 J 2.18 10 E7 2 72 22 E7 2 5 10 19 J hc 7 2 E7 2
8 1
18
v 5.27 106 m/s The speed increase of the electron is 5.27 106 m/s.
(6.26
7 2 7 2
10
Js)(3.0 5 10 19 J
34
108 m/s)
Section 12.5
1. v 1 km/s 1000 m/s The wavelength can be found using de Broglies equation: h mv 6.626 (9.11 10 10 34 Js 31 kg)(1000 m/s)
7.27 10 7 m Hence, the wavelength of the electron is 7.27 10 7 m.
Section 12.6
2. We shall first compute the change in energies and the wavelength of spectral lines emitted in each case. From that, the wavelength separation can be computed. The energy change when the electron transfers from 8 to 1 is: E8 1 E8 E1 2.18 10 18 J 2.18 10 18 J E8 1 82 12 E8 1 2.15 10 18 J
3.98 10 7 m Hence the wavelength separation is 7 2 8 1 3.98 10 7 m 9.25 10 8 m 3.05 10 7 m 3. The change in energy can be computed using: E Ef Ei 13.6 eV 13.6 eV E nf2 ni2 For the Lyman series, the lower boundary is when the electron jumps from the second to the first orbital: 13.6 eV 13.6 eV Emin 2 12 2 Emin 10.2 eV The higher boundary for the Lyman series is when the electron jumps from infinity to the first orbital: 13.6 eV 13.6 eV Emax 2 12 Emax 13.6 eV For the Balmer series, the lower boundary is when the electron jumps from the third to the second orbital: 13.6 eV 13.6 eV Emin 22 32 Emin 1.89 eV
53
The higher boundary for the Balmer series is when the electron jumps from infinity to the second orbital: 13.6 eV 13.6 eV Emax 2 22 Emax 3.4 eV For the Paschen series, the lower boundary is when the electron jumps from the fourth to the third orbital: 13.6 eV 13.6 eV Emin 32 42 Emin 0.66 eV The higher boundary for the Paschen series is when the electron jumps from infinity to the third orbital: 13.6 eV 13.6 eV Emax 2 32 Emax 1.51 eV For the Brackett series, the lower boundary is when the electron jumps from the fifth to the fourth orbital: 13.6 eV 13.6 eV Emin 2 42 5 Emin 0.31 eV The higher boundary for the Brackett series is when the electron jumps from infinity to the fourth orbital: 13.6 eV 13.6 eV Emax 2 42 Emax 0.85 eV Thus, the boundaries for the four series are: Lyman: 10.2 eV to 13.6 eV Balmer: 1.89 eV to 3.4 eV Paschen: 0.66 eV to 1.51 eV Brackett: 0.31 eV to 0.85 eV
Hence, the uncertainty in position is 6.3 10 2 m. 2. In the equation Et , the units are Js. h h This coincides with the units of h in h , 2 where 2 is a constant. 6. Ek 1.2 keV 1.92 10 16 J, mp 1.673 10 27 kg First we shall find the velocity using: 2Ek v mp v 2(1.92 1.673 10 16 J) 10 27 kg
v 4.8 105 m/s The uncertainty in position can be found using: h y m v 1.0546 10 34 Js y (1.673 10 27 kg)(4.8 105 m/s) y 1.32 10 13 m The uncertainty in the position is 1.32 10 13 m. 7. The uncertainty does not affect the object at a macroscopic level.
Section 12.8
1. v 1 m/s 1 10 6 m/s, mp 1.673 10 27 kg The uncertainty in position can be found using: h y m v 1.0546 10 34 Js y (1.673 10 27 kg)(1 10 6 m/s) y 6.3 10
2
54
Section 13.1
1. For Nadia: mR Lv0 (6 kg)(0 m/s) 0 kgm/s For Jerry: mR Lv0 (6 kg)( 2 m/s) 12 kgm/s mRvR2 mLvR2 (3 kg)(2 m/s) (3 kg)( 2 m/s) 0 kgm/s mRvR2 mLvR2 (3 kg)( 2 2 m/s) (3 kg)(2 2 m/s) 12 kgm/s
Section 13.2
1. v 0.5c or 1.5 108 m/s 2. The classical addition of velocities gives: kvp kvu uvp 0.5c [R] 0.6c [R] kvp vp 1.1c k This answer violates the second postulate of special relativity. 3. Ek-gained Ee-lost 1 2 mv Vq 2 2Vq v m v 2(1.00 106 V)(1.6 10 (9.11 10 31 kg)
19
2. For Phillip, at rest relative to the experiment: d t v 2h t0 c 2(3.0 m) t0 3.0 108 m/s t0 2.0 10 8 s For Barb, the stationary observer watching the experiment travel by at v 0.6c: t0 t v2 1 c2 2.0 10 8 s t (0.6c)2 1 c2 t 2.5 10 8 s 3. For Marc, the time for one beat is: 60 s/min 1.1538 s 52 beats/min The dilated time for the earthly observers is: t0 t v2 1 c2 1.1538 s (0.28c)2 1 c2 t 1.2019 s The new rate is: 60 s/min 49.9 bpm 1.20 s/beat 4. The contracted distance L, measured by Katrina, is given by: L 0.5L0 v2 L L0 1 c2 t 0.5L0 0.25 v c v v L0 1 1 v2 c2 0.75 0.866c 2.60 108 m/s v2 c2
C)
v 5.93 108 m/s This value is almost double the speed of light.
Section 13.3
1. The muon travels farther due to the time dilation from 2.2 s to 3.1 s that occurs at its speed of v 0.7c. The extra path length is: d d2 d1 d vt2 vt1 d v(t2 t1) d (0.7c)(3.1 s 2.2 s) d 189 m
55
6. L0 5.75 1012 m The time you take: distance measured t0 velocity L0 1 t0 (vt0)2 ct0 2 2 v L0 v 1 v L02 1 c2 c2 ct0 L0 (3.0 108 m/s)2 (3.0 108 m/s)(3600 s) (5.75 1012 m) 108 m/s v2 c2 v2 v2 c2
3. L0 200 ca v 0.9986c L0 1 t0 t0 v 200 ca v2 c2 1 (0.9986)2 0.9986c
v 1 v 2.95
t0 10.59 a 6. For Rashad: (s)2 c2(t)2 (x)2 (s)2 (3 108 m/s)2(1.5 s)2 02 (s)2 2.05 1017 m2 For Kareem: ( s)2 c2( t)2 ( x)2 x c2( t)2 ( s)2 x (3 108 m/s)2(2 s)2 (2.025 1017 m2) x 3.97 108 m
Section 13.5
1. m0 5.98 1024 kg v 2.96 104 m/s m0 m v2 1 c2 5.98 1024 kg (2.96 104 m/s)2 1 (3.0 10 8 m/s)2 m 5.980 000 03 1024 kg m0 2. m v2 1 c2 At 0.9c: m0 m 1 (0.9)2 m 2.294m0 At 0.99c: m0 m 1 (0.99)2 m 7.089m0 At 0.999c: m0 m 1 (0.999)2 m 22.366m0 Therefore, there is a much greater increase in mass when accelerating from 0.99c to 0.999c. m
Section 13.4
1. L0 7 ca t L0 v 7 ca 7a 3a v 7 ca v 10 a v 0.7c 2. The age or time difference for the twins is: 5 a tS tT dS dT 5a v v v2 2L0 1 c2 2L0 5a v v v2 10 ca 1 c2 10 ca 5a v v v v v2 4vc v(5v 2c 4c2 4c) v 2c 2c 1 v2 c2 v2 c2
2c 1 4c2 4v2 0 0.8c
since v 0
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3. Using the low-speed mass dilation approximation, 1 m0v2 m 2 c2 1 (60 kg)(10 m/s)2 m 2 (3.0 108 m/s)2 m 3.3 10 14 kg 4. Since cost, C, is proportional to energy3, E3, C2 E2 3 C1 E1 C2 ($100 million) 5000 MeV 500 MeV
3
C2 $100 billion 5. The radius for charges moving at right angles mv . The ratio of the to a magnetic field is r Bq r mfvf radius of a fast to slow electron is f . rs msvs Assuming ms m0 (its rest mass), and m0 vf mf , the ratio becomes . 2 v v2 1 vs 1 c2 c2 6. As in question 5, the ratio of radii is: rp mpvp and since vp ve: re meve rp rp mpre me (1.67 9.11
3. The speed of the bullet relative to Earth is: bvc cvE bvE vc cvE b 1 c2 c c 3 2 bvE c c 3 2 1 c2 5c 6 bvE 1 1 6 5c bvE 7 0.714c bvE Therefore, the bullet will never reach the bandits because its speed is less than 0.75c. 4. Putting the limiting velocity v c into Hubbles law: v Hr gives the limiting case of: c r H 3.0 108 m/s r 1.7 10 2 m/s/ca r 1.76 1010 ca
10 27 kg)re 10 31 kg
rp 1833re 7. m0 1.67 10 27 kg v 0.996c B 5.0 10 5 T m0v r v2 qB 1 c2 r r

(1.6 (1.67 10 27 kg)(0.996c) 10 19 C)(5.0 10 5 T) 1 (0.996)2
Section 13.7
1. For momentum dilation, m0v p v2 1 c2 At v 0.2c: m0(0.2c) p (0.2c)2 1 c2 p 0.204m0c At v 0.5c: m0(0.5c) p (0.5c)2 1 c2 p 0.577m0c At v 0.8c: m0(0.8c) p (0.8c)2 1 c2 p 1.33m0c
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6.98
105 m
Section 13.6
2. Using the relativistic formula for velocity addition: vN NvL vL vN NvL 1 c2 c 0.999c vL (c)(0.999c) 1 c2 vL c
2. E m0c2 Ek Case A: 125 J m0c2 87 J m0 38c 2 J Case B: 54 J m0c2 15 J m0 39c 2 J Therefore, B has the greater rest mass. 3. The energy used by the bulb is: E mc2 E Pt Pt m c2 (80 W)(365 24 60 60 s) m (3.0 108 m/s)2 m 2.80 10 8 kg m 2.80 10 5 g 4. E mc2 E (65 kg)(3 108 m/s)2 E 5.85 1018 J
Section 13.8
1. E E E mc2 (106 MeV/c 2)c 2 106 MeV 1.6 10 1 106 eV E 106 MeV 1 MeV 1 eV 11 E 1.696 10 J The equivalent mass is: E m c2 1.696 10 11 J m (3.0 108 m/s)2 m 1.88 10 28 kg 2. A mass, m, is equivalent to an energy: E mc2 E (1.67 10 27 kg)(3 108 m/s)2 E 1.503 10 10 J 1 eV 1.6 10 19 J 1.503 10 10 J m 1.6 10 19 J/eV m m 939.37 106 eV/c 2 939.4 MeV/c 2
19
E2 (pc)2 (m0c)2 (mvc)2 (mc2)2 (m0c)2 mc2 (m0c2 Ek) mc2 m0c2 5m0c2 mc2 6m0c2 (mvc)2 (6m0c2)2 (m0c2)2 (mvc)2 35m02c4 m2v2 35m02c2 m0 Since m , v2 1 c2 2 v 2 v2 35 1 c c2 v2 35c 2 35v2 36v2 35c 2 35 2 v c 36 v 0.986c v 2.96 108 m/s 4. Given the dilated mass of the proton, m 4 106m0 m0 m v2 1 c2 1 4 106 v2 1 c2 2 2 Since v c , we can use the high-speed approximation: v v2 2 1 1 2 c c 1 4 106 v 2 1 c 1 v 1 (4 106) 2 c v 1 3.13 10 14 c c v 3.13 10 14c c v 9.38 10 6 m/s The protons are travelling 9.38 10 6 m/s slower than c. 3.
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Section 14.1
3. a) Binding energy is: B [Zm(1H) Nmn m(2H)]c2 B 938.78 MeV 939.57 MeV 1876.12 MeV B 2.23 MeV 2.23 MeV B b) 1.12 MeV/nucleon A 2 nucleons 4. Average atomic mass of Cl is 0.758(35 u) 0.242(37 u) 35.48 u, compared to 35.453 u in the periodic table.
3. T235
7.04
235 238
108 a, T238 N N N N
4.45 109 a, N 0.0044, 238 0.030 N 0

235
235 238
0.0044 log 0.0044 0.030 t t
1 2 1 (238N)0 2 1 t( (0.030) 2 (235N)0 t(1.196
t T235
t T238
1 7.04 108 a 4.45
1 109 a
) 1 2
10
a 1) log
9
Section 14.2
4 2. Since AX A 2 Y : Z Z a) 234Th b) 244Pu c) 219 Po d) 240 U e) 60 Co 90 94 84 92 27 A A 3. Since Z X Z 1Y e : a) 32S b) 23Na c) 35Cl d) 45Sc e) 64Zn 11 21 16 17 30 4. Since A X A 1Y e : Z Z a) 19F b) 22Ne c) 46V d) 239U e) 64 Ni 10 9 23 92 28
0.8337 ( 0.3010)(1.196 10
a 1)
2.3
109 a
Section 14.4
1. Bismuth or 209 Bi 83 360 mSv unobservable annual dosage 2. dosage per dental x-ray 0.20 mSv 1800 doses 4. annual dose dose equivalent activity time 6 D (1.3 10 eV)(1.602 10 19 J/eV)(1) (29 000 Bq/kg) (365 24 60 60 s) D 0.1905 J/kg D 191 mSv
Section 14.3
1. The amount eaten is: 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 4 8 16 32 128 255 255 . The amount left is 1 256 256 or 2. T
1 2
1 256 1 256
1 2
. 109 a, N0 N0 t T
1 2
Section 14.5
5 mg, N 1 mg 1 2 log log t T
1 2
1.28 N
t T
1 2
2. In a head-on elastic collision with the target, 3 H at rest, the recoil velocity is: mn mx v v mn mx 1u 3u 1u 3u v 0.5v Tritium is 50% effective in slowing down the fast neutrons. 4. power amount of energy/mole number of moles used/12 h (12 3600) 1 h/s 400 g 600 g P (1699 GJ/mol) or 2 g/mol 3 g/mol 1 43200 s P 7.87 GW v v
log
N N0
1 2
N N0 1 log 2 log 109 a) 109 a 1 mg 5 mg 1 log 2
t t
(1.28 2.97
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5. Since 1 neutrino is created along with 1 deuterium atom, and 2 deuterium atoms are needed to create an 4He ion, 2 neutrinos are created.
b) r r r
Section 14.6
1. Using Einsteins energy triangle: (mvc)2 (m0c2 Ek)2 (m0c2)2 mvc (0.511 MeV 3100 MeV)2 (0.511 MeV)2 mvc (3100.5 MeV)(1.602 10 13 J/MeV) 4.9670 10 10 J mv 3.0 108 m/s mv 1.6557 10 18 Ns The de Broglie wavelength is: h mv 6.63 10 34 Js 1.6557 10 18 Ns 4.0 10 16 m v 2. f 2 r 3.0 108 m/s f 2 (4300 m) f 11 kHz 3. a) In Einsteins energy triangle, (mc2)2 (m0c2)2 (mvc)2 [see Chapter 13] m0c2 938.27 MeV mc2 m0c2 Ek mc2 938.27 MeV 10 MeV mc2 948.27 MeV In the triangle, m0c2 cos mc2 938.27 MeV cos 948.27 MeV 8.328 mvc sin mc2 v sin 8.328 c v 0.1448c v 4.35 107 m/s
v 2 f 4.35 107 m/s 2 (32 106 Hz) 0.216 m
Section 14.7
2. a) uud b) u u d c) ud 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 1 3 1 3 1 1
2 1 1 3 3 2 1 1 d) udd 0 3 3 3 2 1 e) su 1 3 3 3. a) proton (baryon) b) antiproton (baryon) c) pion (meson) d) neutron (baryon) e) kaon (meson) 2 1 1 4. udd 0 3 3 3 5. The mass defect of a 0 meson is: (8 4700 5279) MeV/c 2 md mb m 571 MeV/c 2
Section 14.8
1. i) An electron and a positron annihilate each other, releasing two gamma rays. decay to an ii) A neutron undergoes antineutrino, a positron, and an electron. iii)A planet orbits the Sun via the exchange of a graviton.
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PART 2 Answers to End-of-chapter Conceptual Questions Chapter 1

1. It is possible for an object to be accelerating and at rest at the same time. For example, consider an object that is thrown straight up in the air. During its entire trajectory it is accelerating downward. At its maximum height it has a speed of zero. Therefore, at that point it is both accelerating and at rest. 2. A speedometer measures a cars speed, not its velocity, since the speedometer gives no indication as to the direction of the cars motion. 3. Position-Time m
Position in Metres
5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 t
Time in Seconds Time in Seconds

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 t
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 m
4. Displacement, velocity, and acceleration are all vector quantities. Therefore, a negative displacement, velocity, or acceleration is a negative vector quantity, which indicates that the vectors direction is opposite to the direction designated as positive. 5. The seconds are squared in the standard SI unit for acceleration, m/s2, because acceleration is the change in velocity per unit of time. Therefore, the standard SI unit for acceleration is (m/s)/s, which is more conveniently written as m/s2.
6. Assume for all cases that north is positive and south is negative. a) Position time graph: The object sits motionless south of the designated zero point. The object then moves northward with a constant velocity, crossing the zero point and ending up in a position north of the zero point. Velocity time graph: The object moves southward with a constant velocity. The object then slows down while still moving southward, stops, changes direction, and speeds up northward with a constant acceleration. b) Position time graph: The object starts at the zero point and speeds up while moving northward, then continues to move northward with a constant velocity. Velocity time graph: The object starts at rest and speeds up with an increasing acceleration while moving northward. The object then continues to speed up with a constant acceleration northward. c) Position time graph: The object starts north of the zero point and moves southward past the zero point with a constant velocity. The object then abruptly slows down and continues to move southward with a new constant velocity. Velocity time graph: The object slows down while moving northward, stops, changes direction, and speeds up southward with a constant acceleration. The object then abruptly reduces the magnitude of its acceleration and continues to speed up southward with a new constant acceleration. d) Position time graph: The object starts at the zero point and moves northward and slows down to a stop, where it sits motionless for a period of time. The object then quickly speeds up southward and moves
Velocity in Metres per Second
Answers to End-of-chapter Conceptual Questions
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southward with a constant velocity, going past the zero point. Velocity time graph: The object starts at rest and speeds up while moving northward. The acceleration in this time period is decreasing. The object then continues to move northward with a constant velocity. The object then slows down while moving northward, stops, changes direction, and speeds up southward with a constant acceleration. dtot 7. a) vavg ttot 1000 m (5)(60 s) 3.3 m s dtot b) vavg ttot 1000 m (4)(60 s) 4.2 m s dtot c) vavg ttot 2000 m (9)(60 s) 3.7 m s d) The answer for c) is the average speed of the bus over the whole trip, whereas half the sum of its speed up the hill and its speed down the hill is an average of the average speeds up and down the hill. 8. In flying from planet A to planet B, you would need to burn your spacecrafts engines while leaving planet A in order to escape its gravitational pull and then to make any necessary course corrections, and while arriving at planet B in order to slow down and stop. Assuming there were no forces acting on the craft in between, it would travel with constant velocity once the engines were turned off. 9. A free-body diagram shows the forces acting on an object, as these are the only forces that can cause the body to accelerate. Since, by Newtons third law, for every action force there is a reaction force, equal in magnitude and opposite in direction, then each of the
forces acting on an object is half of an action reaction pair. If both the action forces and the reaction forces were included in a free-body diagram, then all the forces would cancel. For example, a free-body diagram for a ball being kicked must not include the reaction force provided by the ball on the foot, or else the forces would cancel and the ball would not accelerate. 10.
Fn
Fm
Motorcycle
Ff
Fg
11. Dear Cousin, You asked me to explain Newtons first law of motion to you. Newtons first law of motion states that an object will keep moving at a constant speed in the same direction unless a force makes it slow down, speed up, or change direction. Heres an example. Suppose youre pushing a hockey puck across the carpet. When you let go, the puck quickly stops moving. This is because the carpet is not very slippery; we say that it has a lot of friction. The force of friction is making the puck slow down. What if you slide the puck across a surface with less friction, like ice? The puck will take longer to stop moving, because the force of friction is much less than on the carpet. Now suppose you slide the puck across an air hockey table. The force of friction is so small that the puck will slide for a much, much longer time. So, you can imagine sliding a puck on a surface with no friction at all. The puck never stops, because there is no force to slow it down! Perhaps youre wondering about a motionless object that isnt experiencing a force why isnt it moving at a constant speed in the same direction? But it is! Zero is a constant speed.
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Fn
Fn
Puck on carpet
Ff
Puck on ice
Ff
Fg Fn
Fg Fn
Puck on air table
Ff
Puck on frictionless surface
Fg
Fg
12. The gravitational force applied by the Moon on Earth does not cancel with the gravitational force applied by Earth on the Moon because these forces act on different bodies. Only forces applied on the same body can possibly cancel one another. 13. When you fire a rifle, the forces applied to the bullet and the rifle make up an action reaction pair. By Newtons third law, the force applied to the bullet is equal and opposite to its reaction force, the force applied to the rifle. This reaction force causes the rifle and you to recoil in the opposite direction. 14. While in the air, the balls vertical acceleration is constant and equal to g 9.8 m/s2. The ball travels the same distance upward as downward, and therefore the balls speed is the same when it reaches the ground as when it leaves the ground, since its acceleration is constant. Suppose the lengths of time it takes the ball to travel upward and downward are t1 and t2, respectively. We can use the equations t2(v2i v2f) t1(v1i v1f) d1 and d2 2 2 for the distances travelled upward and downward, respectively, where v1i and v1f are the initial and final velocities during the upward
flight, respectively, and v2i and v2f are the initial and final velocities downward, respecd2, we can write the tively. Since d1 following equation: t2(v2i v2f) t1(v1i v1f) 2 2 On the left side, the final velocity upward, v1f, is equal to zero. On the right side, the initial velocity downward, v2i, is equal to zero. The equation simplifies: t1(v1i) t2(v2f) 2 2 But v1i is equal to v2f and is not zero, and therefore t1 t2. 15. The ball is undergoing uniform circular motion, as it is travelling in a circle at a constant speed. Because its trajectory is curved, it cannot be undergoing uniform motion, which requires an object to be travelling at a constant speed in a straight line.
Chapter 2
1. Frictional forces are forces that oppose motion. A frictional force will only try to prevent an object from moving, it will not actually cause an object to move. 2. It is not possible to swing a mass in a horizontal circle above your head. Since gravity is always pulling down on the mass, an upward component of the tension force is required to balance gravity. As the speed of rotation increases, the angle relative to the horizontal may approach 0 but will never reach 0. 3. If the gravitational force downward and the normal force upward are the only two vertical forces acting on an object, we can be certain that they are balanced if the object is not accelerating. If one of these forces were greater than the other, the object would accelerate in the direction of the greater force. 4. The most common way to describe directions in three dimensions is by the use of three unit vectors (and their opposites). Traditionally, the three unit vectors used are labelled as i, j, and k. One of these unit vectors will represent right, one will represent up, and one will
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represent coming out of the plane of the page toward you. 5. The bullets reach the ground in the same amount of time. Recall that the horizontal and vertical motions of each bullet are independent of each other. Since both identical objects are accelerating downward at the acceleration due to gravity and they are both dropped from the same height, it takes the same time for them to reach the ground. 6. Dear Wolfgang, You asked whether the time it takes to paddle a canoe across a river depends on the strength of the current. When you are paddling a canoe across a river, the variables that determine how long it takes are the width of the river and the forward velocity of the canoe due to your paddling. The canoes forward velocity and the current velocity are perpendicular to each other, so they dont affect each other. As a result, the current does not affect the length of time required to cross the river. The only effect of the current on the motion of the canoe is to cause it to move downstream from where it would otherwise have landed. 7. The student who wants to apply the force above the horizontal has the better idea. The horizontal component of the applied force in the direction of motion will be the same regardless of whether the force is applied above or below the horizontal. It is in the students best interest to minimize the amount of friction. Recall that the frictional force is directly proportional to the normal force. If they apply the force above the horizontal, this will reduce the magnitude of the normal force needed to be supplied by the floor on the sofa, which will therefore reduce the frictional force and make it easier to move the sofa. On the other hand, if they apply the force below the horizontal, this will increase the normal force required and thereby increase the frictional force, making it harder to move the sofa.
8. a) The baseballs velocity will be upward with a magnitude less than its initial velocity. The acceleration will be downward at 9.8 m/s2. b) The baseballs velocity will be zero. The acceleration will be downward at 9.8 m/s2. c) The baseballs velocity will be downward with the same magnitude as in a). The acceleration will be downward at 9.8 m/s2. 9. You would still need a pitchers mound on the Moon because the ball would still accelerate downward due to gravity. Since the Moon has a smaller mass than Earth, the acceleration due to gravity on the Moon is less than that on Earth. As a result, the height of the mound would not have to be as great as that on Earth. 10. She could jump twice as far on a planet that has one-half the gravity of Earth. If we assume that her initial speed and the direction for launch are the same, and that her initial vertical displacement is zero, we can write the following. 1 ay t2 dy v1 t 2 1 0 v1 ay t 2 2v1 t ay If the acceleration, ay, is halved, then the time in flight, t, will be doubled. Therefore, the horizontal distance travelled will also be doubled, assuming that her horizontal speed is constant. 11. As your bicycles rear tire spins, it takes water with it due to adhesion. Inertia causes the water to try to move in a straight line. As a result, the water leaves the wheel with a velocity tangential to the tire and may spray your back if your bicycle does not have a protective rear fender. 12. Inertia causes the water in your clothing to try to move in a straight line. If the drum in the washing machine were solid, it would apply a centripetal force on the water, which would keep it moving in a circle. Since the drum has holes in it, however, the water is able to leave the drum as it spins.
y y y
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13. The aircraft can be flown in one of two ways, or a combination of these, to provide weightlessness. If the aircraft accelerates downward at the acceleration due to gravity, the astronauts inside the aircraft will experience weightlessness. The other possibility is to travel in a vertical arc. If the aircraft flies in a vertical arc at such a speed that at the top of the arc the gravitational force provides all the centripetal force required to keep the aircraft and its occupants travelling in a circle, they will experience weightlessness.
Chapter 3
1. Hydro lines and telephone cables cannot be run completely horizontally because the force of gravity acts downward on the entire wire and there is very little means of counterbalancing this force using supports. 2. a) The ladder is pushing directly into the wall on which it is resting, normal to the surface of the wall. With no friction, there is no force to prevent the ladder from sliding down the wall. b) The force exerted by the ladder on the ground is exactly equal to the force of gravity (weight) of the ladder because there is no vertical force due to friction. The only force that acts vertically, upward or downward, is the force of gravity. 3. Standing with your feet together or wide apart makes no difference to the condition of static equilibrium, since in both cases all forces are balanced. In terms of stability, the wider stance is more stable. A wider stance means a lower centre of mass and a wider footprint. This means there is a greater tipping angle for this wider stance. 4. High-heeled shoes force the centre of mass of the person wearing to move forward from its normal position. To maintain balance, the person must move the centre of mass back again, usually by leaning the shoulders backward. This effort can cause fatigue in the back muscles.
5. Line installers allow a droop in their lines when installing them because the droop allows a moderate upward vertical application of force as the wire curves upward to the support standards. This allows an upward force to support the wire when loaded with freezing rain and ice buildup. This droop means that the tension to support the load can be much less because of the greater angle. 6. A wrench can be made to more easily open a rusty bolt by adapting the wrench so as to apply more torque. More torque can be applied by the same force by adding length to the wrench handle. 7. The higher up on a ladder a person is, the farther he is from the pivot point, which is the point where the ladder touches the ground. Therefore, the ladder will be more likely to slide down the wall if the person stands on a higher rung. 8. The torque varies as sin , where is the angle between the pedal arm and the applied force. The torque is at a minimum (zero) when the pedals are vertical (one on top of the other), because the force (weight) is applied at 0 to the pedal arm, and sin 0 0. The maximum torque is applied when the pedals are horizontal, because the angle between the pedal arm and the applied force is 90, and sin 90 1. 9. There is no extra benefit for curls to be done to their highest position. As the forearm is raised, the angle of the force of gravity vector decreases at the same rate as the angle between the muscle of effort and the arm. As the forearm is raised, the effort required to lift the arm decreases, but so does the muscles ability to provide the effort. 10. Your textbook is sitting in stable equilibrium when flat on your desk. When the book is balanced on its corner, it is in unstable equilibrium. Motion in any direction will cause a lowering of the centre of mass and a release of gravitational potential energy, making the tipping motion continue and thus making the book fall.
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11. In terms of stability, a walking cane provides a wider base (footprint) over which the person is balancing. It is harder to force the persons centre of mass outside this wider support base. 12. When standing up from a sitting position, we first must lean forward to move our centre of mass over our feet to maintain stability. Unless we first lean forward, our centre of mass is already outside our support base and it is impossible to stand up. 13. A five-legged chair base is more stable because of the wider support base (footprint). The extra leg effectively increases the tipping angle, making the chair more stable. 14. Tall fluted champagne glasses must have a wide base to improve the stability of the glass. Recall that the tipping angle is given by the (0.5)(width of base) . expression tan 1 height of centre of mass Therefore, the taller the glass, the greater the height of the centre of mass, and the smaller the tipping angle. A wider base increases the tipping angle by compensating for the taller glass. 15. The extra mass helps to mimic the mass of the cargo and lowers the centre of mass of the ship. Without this extra mass, the ship would be top-heavy and more prone to capsizing, especially in rough weather. 16. This figure is so stable because the design of the toy places the effective centre of mass below the balance point. A gentle push actually raises the centre of mass like a pendulum, which increases the gravitational potential energy, which tends to return the toy to its stable equilibrium position. 17. The bone that has the smaller length will fracture first if the same twisting stress is applied to two bones of equal radius but different lengths. This is due to the fact that the strain L on the longer bone will be much L smaller than that on the shorter bone, because the length term appears in the denominator of the expression for strain.
18. Lumber is used this way to support greater spans because of the greater dimensions of wood in the vertical direction. More wood provides a means of supporting a greater weight through a tension force throughout the wood. 19. Concrete would not be an ideal material for a cantilevered structure because of the difference in the way that this material deals with tension and compression forces. A cantilever would require a great tensile strength in the upper layer and a great compressive strength in the lower layer. Concrete has great compressive strength but poor tensile strength.
Chapter 4
1. Momentum is the product of mass and velocity; p mv. Since velocity is a vector quantity, so is momentum. 2. A system represents all the objects involved in a collision. In a closed system, the boundary is closed (that is, there are no interactions with the external environment) and therefore the net external force acting on the systems objects as a group is zero. In an open isolated system, the boundary is not closed but the net external force acting on the system is zero. 3. The net force is used in the calculation of impulse; J Ft. 4. Impulse is the change in momentum; J p. 5. In an isolated system, the net external force, F, acting on the system is zero. Therefore, the impulse, J, is zero (J Ft), and the change in momentum, p, is zero (J p). 6. The law of conservation of (linear) momentum states that the total momentum of an isolated system before a collision is equal to the total momentum of the system after the collision. This can be expressed algebraically as ptotalinitial ptotalfinal. Equivalently, in an isolated system the change in momentum is zero; p 0. 7. Yes, a ball thrown upward loses momentum as it rises because there is a net external force downward (gravity) acting on the ball, slowing it down.
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8. Assuming that the net external force acting on the grenade during the explosion is zero (ignoring gravity), the sum of the 45 momentum vectors after the explosion is equal to the momentum vector of the grenade before the explosion, since ptotalinitial ptotalfinal. 9. Assume that the astronauts initial momentum is zero as he floats in space. By throwing the monkey wrench in the opposite direction of the space station, he would be propelled toward the space station. This is an example of Newtons third law: The total momentum of the astronautwrench system would still be zero after he threw the wrench. 10. A rocket can change its course in space by ejecting any object or matter such as a gas. Assuming that the total momentum of the rocketgas system is conserved, the momentum of the rocket will change as the gas is ejected. This change in momentum will correspond to an impulse, which will change the course of the rocket. 11. Assume that the total momentum of the system is conserved: pTo pTf p1o p2o p1f p2f mv1o mv2o mv1f mv2f mv1o m(v1o) mv1f mv2f (substituting v2o v1o) 0 m(v1f v2f) Therefore, the general equation for the total momentum before and after the collision is pTo 0 m(v1f v2f) pTf. 12. As rain falls into the open-top freight car, the car will slow down. Assuming that momentum is conserved as the rain falls into the car, the combined mass of the car and the water will move along the track at a slower speed. 13. Object A is moving faster before the collision. Assuming that the momentum of the A-B system is conserved, the final velocity of the objects, vf, is equal to the average of their initial velocities, vAo and vBo:
pTo pTf mvAo mvBo mvAf mvBf vAo vBo vf vf vAo vBo vf 2 Since the angle between vBo and vf is greater than the angle between vAo and vf, the magnitude of vAo is greater than the magnitude of vBo. 14. The component method would be preferred for solving momentum problems in which trigonometry could not be used readily for instance, problems involving more than two objects colliding, or non-linear problems. 15. a) Grocery clerks lean back when carrying heavy boxes so that their centres of mass stay in line with their feet. b) The centre of mass of a system of masses is the point where the masses could be considered to be concentrated or balanced for analyzing their motion. This concept can simplify momentum problems since the momentum of the centre of mass is equal to the total momentum before, and after, a collision, and is conserved during the collision.
Chapter 5
1. When you are holding your physics book steady in your outstretched arm, there is no work done because there is no displacement (W Fd). 2. The momentum, p, of an object with mass m is related to its kinetic energy, Ek, according to 2mEk. If a golf ball and a the equation p football have the same kinetic energy then the football has the greater momentum, since the mass of the football is greater than the mass of the golf ball. 3. A negative area under a forcedisplacement graph represents negative work, which means that the displacement is in the opposite direction of the force applied. For example, when friction is slowing down a car, there is a positive displacement but a negative force. 4. After work is done on an object, it has gained energy.
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5. When a spring diving board is compressed by a diver jumping on it, the diving board possesses elastic potential energy. As the diving board straightens out, it transfers its elastic potential energy to the diver, who gains kinetic and gravitational potential energy. As the diver rises in the air, her kinetic energy is transformed into potential energy until she only has gravitational potential energy as she reaches her highest point. As she descends toward the pool, her potential energy is transformed into kinetic energy and she increases her speed as she falls. As she enters the pool and slows down in the water, her kinetic energy is transferred to the water as kinetic energy, potential energy, and heat energy. 1 mv2 6. Ek 2 ( J) (kg)[(m s)2] ( J) (kgm2 s2) ( J) (kgm s2m) ( J) (Nm) ( J) ( J) 7. The equation Ee Ek means that a loss of elastic potential energy becomes a gain in kinetic energy. 8. Yes, since gravitational potential energy is measured relative to a point which could change. That point could be the ground level, the basement level, or any other arbitrary point. 9. In an elastic collision the total kinetic energy is conserved, whereas in an inelastic collision the total kinetic energy is not conserved. An example of an (almost) elastic collision is a collision between two billiard balls. An example of an inelastic collision is a collision between two vehicles in which their kinetic energy is transferred to heat energy, sound energy, and energy used to permanently deform the vehicles.
10. No, the equation Ek
p2 shows that if an 2m object has momentum then it must have kinetic energy. The converse is also true, as the equation also shows.
Chapter 6
1. We do not require the more general form of Newtons law of universal gravitation because for situations on or near the surface of Earth, the values of G, M, and r can be assumed to be specified constants. After these simplifications are made, the general form becomes equivalent to the simpler form. 2. Due to the direction in which Earth rotates, more energy would be required to reach the same orbit if a spacecraft was launched westward, since an eastward launch aids the spacecraft. 3. The near side of the Moon is more massive than the far side, possibly due to impacted meteors. Over time this side was more attracted to Earth, so that eventually the more massive side came to face Earth all the time. This is also true for the moons of Jupiter and Saturn relative to their planets. 4. The force of gravity is the derivative of gravitational potential energy, Ep. Equivalently, the force of gravity is the slope of the graph of Ep versus x. 5. Assuming that the spacecraft is initially in orbit and that jettisoning a large piece of itself does not significantly alter its momentum, it will continue in the same orbit. 6. The velocity of a spacecraft in orbit is constantly changing due to the centripetal force acting on it. Therefore, if one spacecraft points toward another and rockets in that direction, the two spacecraft will not meet because the added velocity vector of the first spacecraft does not change as is required for convergence. 7. a) The escape speed required to leave Earth is approximately 11 km/s. The necessary upward acceleration, a, of a spacecraft during firing from an 80-m cannon is given
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(11 000 m/s)2 756 250 m/s2. 2(80 m) This is more than 77 000 times the magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity, and would be experienced for about 11 000 m/s t 0.015 s. The 756 250 m/s2 mission would not be survivable. b) The downward force of the guns recoil would be roughly equal to the upward force on the spacecraft. If the spacecraft had a mass of 5000 kg, the force of the recoil would be approximately (5000 kg)(756 250 m/s2) 3.781 109 N. 8. Given: hmax 2 m k 500 N/m xmax 0.45 m m 80 kg First, calculate the maximum energy that our knees can absorb without damage. Vg mgh Vg (80 kg)(9.8 m/s2)(2 m) Vg 1568 J Next, calculate the maximum energy that the springs can absorb. 1 2 kx Ve 2 1 Ve (500 N/m)(0.45 m2) 2 Ve 51 J Finally, calculate the maximum height from which we could survive a fall without damage. Vg mgh Vg h mg 1568 J 51 J h (80 kg)(9.8 m/s2) h 2.07 m With the springs attached, we could survive a fall of at most 2.07 m without damage. 9. The force of gravity would be (9.8 m/s2)(80 kg) 1837 N downward, whereas the force of the springs would be only (500 N/m)(0.45 m) 225 N upward. The net force acting on us would act downward, so we would not bounce off the ground. by a
10. Three everyday examples of SHM are: an idling engine, as periodic power from combustion keeps piston movement in a state of SHM; someone rocking in a rocking chair, where periodic foot pushes or shifts in the centre of mass counteract dampening; the motion of a toy bird that drinks water, provided that there is a constant supply of water. 11. Three examples of damping in oscillatory systems are: engine braking (desired) as the fuel supply to the cylinders is lessened, so is the power, which dampens piston movement; swinging on a swing (undesired) the height of successive swings becomes smaller and smaller due to friction and air resistance; air bags (desired) when deployed, they gradually dampen the effects of a collision on a persons body, as opposed to a steering wheel or dashboard, which do so almost instantaneously.
Chapter 7
1. All objects on Earth that are stationary relative to Earths surface have the same angular velocity, since they all complete one rotation about Earths axis in the same amount of time. However, they do not all have the same tangential velocity, since they are not all the same distance from Earths axis of rotation. If is the angular velocity of an object on Earths surface and r is the objects distance from Earths axis of rotation then the objects tangential velocity, v, is given by v r . 2. A differential mechanism is necessary to allow a car to turn smoothly. The wheels on the inside of a turn move through a smaller radius than the wheels on the outside, thus travelling a smaller arc distance in the same amount of time. Therefore, the inside wheels rotate at a smaller angular speed. In the absence of a differential, however, the inside and outside drive wheels (connected to the motor) must rotate at the same angular speed. To turn, you would have to lock up the inside drive wheel, causing an uncontrolled turn.
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3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
The differential allows the drive wheels to turn at different angular speeds. The top of the CN Tower, with the tower located at the highest altitude on the equator, would have the greatest tangential speed, because in that case the top of the tower would be the greatest distance from the axis of rotation of Earth. However, since the height of the CN Tower is negligible compared to the radius of Earth, the variation in tangential speed among different parts of the tower is negligible. A larger car tire has a greater moment of inertia (greater radius and mass), thus in principle more energy would be needed to start turning the tire. Once the tire was moving, the law of inertia would apply and a greater force would be needed to slow and stop the tire, thus less energy would be needed to keep the tire moving. a) Yes, changing the tire size affects the odometer reading. For example, a tire with a larger radius than the calibrating tire covers a greater distance in the same number of turns. In that case, the car will travel a greater distance than what the odometer indicates. b) Yes, the speedometer reading is affected, for the same reason. For example, a car with larger tires will travel at a greater speed than what the speedometer indicates. The angular equivalents to force and displacement are torque and angular displacement. No linear work is done on an object if an applied force does not change the displacement of the object in the direction that the force is applied. No rotational work is done if an applied torque does not result in a change in angular displacement. No, angular momentum is conserved because the diver is in fact still rotating as she enters the water. There is no external torque applied to the diver after she leaves the diving board. Because the diver increases her moment of inertia by extending out straight from a tuck, her angular spin decreases. This is
8.
9.
10.
11.
not visually apparent as the diver then enters the water out of sight of the spectators and judges. No, the centripetal force acting on a rider varies depending on the radius of turn: the larger the radius, the larger the centripetal force. The riders on the outer part of the ride swing out farther than the inner riders because of the larger centripetal force. According to the law of conservation of angular momentum, the total angular momentum before the tape recorder was turned on high speed was equal to the total angular momentum after. When the tape recorder was turned on high speed, the angular momentum of the system had an added component in the angular direction of the turning tape. Voyager 2 rotated in the opposite direction to compensate, although not as fast, since its moment of inertia was much larger than the tape recorders. a) The hollow cylinder has a greater moment of inertia than the solid one because the hollow cylinders mass is concentrated farther from the axis of rotation. However, since there is no friction, there is no force available to create the torque necessary to turn the cylinders. Translational motion does not depend on the distribution of mass, so both objects accelerate at the same rate and reach the base of the incline at the same time. b) As in part a), in the absence of friction the cylinder does not roll. Therefore, both objects slide down the ramp, accelerating at the same rate (ignoring the effect of wind resistance on the different shapes). Translational motion does not depend on the distribution of mass, so both objects reach the ground at the same time. A spinning projectile behaves like a gyroscope. The spin means that the object possesses angular momentum about its axis of rotation. This allows the object to resist forces acting on it as it travels, which in turn allows the object to maintain its projectile motion.
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12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Without the spin, uneven airflow over the surface of the object would make it tumble, experience greater air resistance, and travel a shorter distance. If the wheel does not slip as it rolls then the translational distance, d, that the axle moves is equal to the arc length, s, along the outside of the wheel. This is not true in the case of squealing your tires. Rotation axes can be anywhere, but for simplicitys sake consider only some symmetric ones. Ranked from least to greatest moment of inertia, the rotation axis can pass through the centre of the top and bottom (shown), through the centre of the spine, through the centre of the front and back cover, or run diagonally from one corner to another. The angular momentum of a Sunplanet system is conserved. The force acting on the planet is that of gravity due to the Sun. At any instant in time, this force acts through the axis about which the planet instantaneously rotates. This means that the moment arm is zero and no torque acts on the planet. Therefore, the angular momentum of the planet remains constant and the total momentum of the system does not change. It is easier to balance on a moving bike than on a stationary one because of a combination of the aspect called trail and gyroscopic action. The law of conservation of angular momentum applies when a motorcycle is in mid-air. In the absence of an external torque, the increased angular momentum of the fasterspinning rear wheel causes the entire motorcycle to rotate in the other direction in order to keep the total angular momentum the same as it was when the motorcycle left the ground.
on whether the charged object has a negative or positive charge, inducing an opposite charge which acts to attract the two objects by way of the law of electric forces. 2. The function of an electroscope is to detect an electric field. An electric field will cause the movement of electrons within an electroscope, inducing similar charges to cluster at each of the two pieces of dangling foil. The two pieces of foil will repel each other, indicating the presence of the electric field. 3. Rubbing the balloon against your dry hair charges the balloon electrostatically. When the balloon approaches the wall, the negative charge forces the electrons in the ceiling away, leaving the positive charges close to the surface. The result is that the negatively charged balloon attracts the now positively charged ceiling surface.
+ + + Ceiling + + + + + +
Force of Attraction Balloon + + +
Chapter 8
1. A neutral object is attracted to a charged object because the charged object induces a charge separation in the neutral object. The electrons in the neutral object are forced away from or toward the charged object, depending
4. The electrostatic series identifies silk as having a greater affinity for electrons than acetate does. When acetate and silk are rubbed together, electrons move from the acetate to the silk because of the different affinity the materials have for electrons. 5. Choose two materials listed at either end of the electrostatic series, such as acetate and silk, and rub them together to place the predictable negative charge on the silk. Neutralize the acetate and then rub it with the mystery substance. Place the mystery substance next to the silk and judge whether the mystery substance has a negative charge (repulsion) or a positive charge (attraction). A negative charge would place the mystery substance below acetate in the electrostatic series. Similarly, rubbing the mystery substance with silk would help to place the
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mystery substance in the series compared to silk. By selectively choosing different substances, you could narrow down the appropriate spot for the mystery substance in the electrostatic series. 6. Computer technicians touch the metallic part of a computer before repair, assuming it is still plugged into the wall outlet, so that they ground themselves from any excess charge. Otherwise, a static electric discharge could damage the computers micro-circuitry. Newtons law Coulombs law 7. Criterion
of universal gravitation
F G Gm1m2 r2 6.67 10
11
of electrostatic forces
F kq1q2 r2 9.0
Equation Constant of proportionality Type of force(s) Conditions for use
Nm2/kg2
109 Nm2/C2
field lines. Otherwise, the rod will tend to rotate 180 and point in the opposite direction (still parallel to the field lines). 11. Each point charge experiences an identical force of repulsion from all of the other point charges, so that they are all repelled symmetrically outward from the centre of the orientation. A test charge placed outside of the circle would experience a net force directed along radial lines inward to the centre of the circle, as shown in the diagram. A test charge placed inside of the circle would experience no net force, and therefore there would be no electric field inside the circle at all.
Attraction only Acts between any two masses
Attraction and repulsion Acts between any two electrostatic charges
8. Field lines show the direction of the net force on a test charge in an electric field. Two crossed field lines would mean that there would be two net forces acting on a test charge in two different directions at the same time. This is impossible, since there is only one net force at any point, which is only one force in one direction by definition. 9. In an electric field, charges always move along the direction described by the field lines. The direction in which a charge moves along a field line depends on the sign of the charge. A positive charge will move in the direction described by the arrows in a field diagram, whereas a negative charge will move in the opposite direction. 10. a) When a polar charged rod is placed perpendicular to electric field lines, the rod will tend to rotate such that it will become parallel to the field lines. The positive end of the rod will point in the same direction in which the field lines are oriented. b) When a polar charged rod is placed parallel to electric field lines, the rod will tend to stay in the same orientation if its positive end is pointing in the same direction as the
This charge distribution models the electric field inside a coaxial cable because the outer braided conductor in a coaxial cable acts as the site modelled by the ring of charge described above. This ring acts to eliminate the field within the entire cable. 12. By definition, the electric potential is the same at any point along an equipotential line. Therefore, no force is required, and no work is done, to move a test charge along this line. In a situation like this, a constant force causes the constant acceleration of the test charge. 13. We use the term point charge to imply that the charge has no larger physical dimensions. Larger dimensions would mean that the charge would exist within a region of space instead of at a specific location. This implication reduces the number of variables and simplifies questions that deal with the distribution of charges within a three-dimensional space. Any other approach would require some way of accounting for the variability of distances between charges.
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14. Statement: In each case the field gets stronger as you proceed from left to right. False Reasoning: The field lines remain the same distance apart as you move from left to right in the field in (b), so the field does not change in strength. Statement: The field strength in (a) increases from left to right but in (b) it remains the same everywhere. True Reasoning: The field lines become closer together as you move from left to right in the field in (a), so the field does increase in strength, whereas the field lines in (b) are parallel, so the field strength does not change. Statement: Both fields could be created by a series of positive charges on the left and negative ones on the right. False Reasoning: Although true for (b), (a) must be created by a single positive point charge at the base of the four arrows. Statement: Both fields could be created by a single positive point charge placed on the right. False Reasoning: As described above, a point charge could be responsible for (a), but (b) would require rows of parallel opposites such as those in oppositely charged parallel plates. 15. Electric fields are more complicated to work with because the forces that charges exert on each other are all significant. In contrast, the gravitational force between small masses is negligible compared with the gravitational force exerted on them by large masses like Earth. 16. The field shape around a single negative point charge is exactly like that around a single positive point charge with the exception that for a negative point charge, the arrows are all pointing inward instead of outward, as shown in the following diagram.
17. Doubling the value of the test charge will do nothing to the measurement of the strength of the electric field. The force on the test charge will double because of the change to the test charge, but the field strength is measured as F . the force experienced per unit charge, qt Therefore, the doubling of the test charge and the doubling of the force will cancel, leaving the measurement of the field strength unchanged. 18. The stronger an electric field is, the closer together the field lines are. Therefore, a weak electric field has field lines that are farther apart than the field lines of a strong electric field. 19. Both gravitational fields and electric fields are made up of lines of force that are directed in a way that a test item would be forced. Gravitational fields are created by and influence masses, whereas electric fields involve charges. Gravitational fields are always attractive. Electric fields can be attractive or repulsive, since they can exert forces in opposite directions depending on the charge of the object that is experiencing the field. 20. The direction of an electric field between a positive charge and a negative charge is from the positive charge toward the negative charge, since electric fields are always directed the way that a positive test charge would be forced. 21. The electric potential energy is greater between two like charges than between two unlike charges the same distance apart because of the differing sign of the electric potential energy. The calculation of the
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22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
electric potential energy involves multiplying the two charges. The product of two like charges is positive and therefore greater than the product of two unlike charges, which is negative. A high-voltage wire falling onto a car produces a situation in which there is a highpotential source (the wire) very close to a low-potential region (the ground). The people in the car will be safe from electrocution as long as they do not complete a circuit between this high and low electric potential. They should not open the car door, for example, and step to the ground while maintaining contact with the car. Although opposite electric charges occur at the two plates of a parallel-plate apparatus when it is connected to a power supply, the overall charge on the apparatus remains zero. For every charge at one plate, there is an opposite charge at the other plate, which balances the overall charge to zero. a) If the distance between the plates is doubled then the field strength between the plates will be halved. b) If the charge on each plate is doubled then the field strength will double. c) If the plates are totally discharged and neutral then the field strength will drop to zero. Two point charges of like charge and equal magnitude should be placed side by side so that both the electric field strength and the electric potential will be zero at the midpoint between the charges. If one of the two like charges were doubled, the field strength and the potential would both be zero at a point two-thirds the separation distance away from the doubled charge. In the presence of electric fields, a field strength and a potential of zero would exist at a point where the sum of all electric forces was zero. In question 25, the sum of the repulsive forces from each of the two like charges is zero at some point between the two charges.
27. If a proton and an electron were released at a distance and accelerated toward one another, the electron would reach the greater speed just before impact. The reason is that both particles would be acted upon by the same force of attraction, but the electron has less mass. The acceleration of each particle is F , which described by the formula a m shows that for the same force, the smaller mass would have the greater acceleration over the same time period and therefore the greater final speed. 28.
q
This type of motion is like upside-down projectile motion, since the charge moves in a parabolic path. This is the type of motion that an object would take if it were thrown horizontally in Earths gravitational field. The only difference here is that this charge appears to be falling upward instead of downward. 29. No, a parallel-plate capacitor does not have uniform electric potential. It does have uniform field strength between the two plates, but the potential varies in a linear fashion from one plate to the other. By definition, the electric potential is uniform along any equipotential line, which in this case is any line parallel to the two plates. 30. Charge Distribution Equipotential Lines
(a) (b) (c) (iii) (i) (ii)
31. a) The electrostatic interaction responsible for the large potential energy increase at very close distances is the repulsion between the two positive nuclei. b) This repulsion of the nuclei, and the associated increase in electric potential energy, is one of the main stumbling blocks for generating energy through nuclear fusion. This repulsion between nuclei means that
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a very large amount of energy is required to begin the reaction process. c) The smaller increase in electric potential energy upon separation of the two atoms is caused by the attraction between the positively charged nucleus in each atom and the negatively charged electron in the other atom. d) A stable bond is formed when two hydrogen atoms are about 75 pm apart because this is the distance at which the electric potential energy is minimized any closer and the repulsion between nuclei pushes the atoms apart, any farther away and the nucleus-electron attraction draws the atoms closer together. 32. A positive test charge moving along a line between two identical negative point charges would experience a topography similar to a vehicle moving up a hill (away from one charge), increasing the vehicles gravitational potential energy, and then rolling down the other side of the hill (toward the other charge). a) If the two identical point charges were both positive, the hill would change to a valley with the lowest part in the middle. b) If a negative test charge was placed between the two identical positive charges, the topography would still resemble a valley but now there would be a very deep crater at the lowest part of the valley.
3. A material that is attracted to a magnet or that can be magnetized is called ferromagnetic. Examples of ferromagnetic materials include materials made from iron, nickel, or cobalt. These materials are ferromagnetic because they have internal domains that can be readily aligned, due to the fact that these materials have unpaired electrons in their outermost electron energy level. 4. Magnets can lose their strength over time because their domains, which initially are aligned (pointing in the same direction), can become randomized and point in other directions. This randomizing of the domains reduces the overall strength of the entire magnet. 5. When a magnet is dropped or heated up, the domains of the magnet, which initially are aligned (pointing in the same direction), can be disrupted and forced to point in other, random directions. This randomizing of the domains reduces the overall strength of the entire magnet. 6. a)
F T F
Currents in the same direction wires forced together
b)
F T x F
Chapter 9
1. The law of magnetic forces states that like (similar) magnetic poles repel one another and different (dissimilar) poles attract one another, even at a distance. 2. A magnet can attract non-magnetic materials as long as they are ferromagnetic in nature. The magnet causes the internal domains (small magnets) of a ferromagnetic substance to line up in such a way that a new magnet is induced in the substance such that there are opposite magnetic poles which attract one another.
Currents in opposite directions wires forced apart
7. The electrons in the beam that is illuminating your computer monitors screen are directed from the back of the monitor forward to the front of the screen, toward your face. Therefore, conventional (positive) current points in the opposite direction, away from your face and back into the computer monitor. This is the direction of the thumb of the right
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8.
9.
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11.
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hand when applying right-hand rule #1 for current flow. From your perspective, the magnetic field forms circular formations in the clockwise direction in and around the computer monitor. Relative to the direction of the electron beam, the magnetic field is directed in the counterclockwise direction around the beam. A wire possessing an eastbound conventional (positive) current has an associated circular magnetic field that points upward on the north side of the wire and downward on the south side. The magnetic field strength of a coil (an insulated spring) varies inversely with the length of the coil. Therefore, a reduction in the coil length to half its original length will cause a doubling of the magnetic field strength. This all depends on the assumption that the length of the coil is considerably larger than its diameter. a) For the force applied to a current-carrying conductor to be at a maximum, the magnetic field must cross the conductor at an angle of 90. b) For the force applied to a current-carrying conductor to be at a minimum, the magnetic field must cross the conductor at an angle of 0. According to right-hand rule #3 for the motor principle, the direction of the force on the conductor will be to the north. An electron moving vertically downward that enters a northbound magnetic field will be forced toward the west. A current-carrying solenoid produces a magnetic field coming directly out of one end of the coil and into the other end. An electron passing by either end of this coil experiences a force that is at right angles to its motion. As this force changes the direction of motion (a centripetal force), the electron takes on a curved path (circular motion). Application of the appropriate right-hand rules predicts that the electrons motion will curve in the same
14.
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direction as the direction of conventional current flow through the coil. The cathode rays will be deflected away from the current-carrying wire, moving in a plane that contains the wire. Current passing through a helical spring will produce a situation very similar to having two parallel conductors with a current flowing in the same direction. Application of the appropriate right-hand rules predicts that the magnetic field interaction between each pair of the helical loops will force the spring to compress, reducing its length. Current passing through a highly flexible wire loop will tend to result in magnetic field interactions that will force apart nearby sections of the wire, so that the wire loop will most likely (if the proper conditions exist) straighten out. Faradays principle states that a magnetic field that is moving or changing in intensity in the region around a conductor causes or induces electrons to flow in the conductor. To improve the electromotive force induced in a conductor, we can increase the magnetic field strength, the length of the conductor, and the strength of the current flowing through the conductor. Current can be induced to flow in a conductor if the conductor is moving with respect to a magnetic field. The maximum induced current occurs if the conductor and the field cross each other at right angles. Lenzs law states that the direction of the induced current creates an induced magnetic field that opposes the motion of the inducing magnetic field. Lenz derived this law by reasoning that a decrease in kinetic energy in the inducing magnetic field must compensate for the increase in the electric potential energy of the charges in the induced current, according to the law of conservation of energy. This decrease in kinetic energy is felt as an opposition to the inducing magnetic field by an induced magnetic field.
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20. The induced current can only create a magnetic field that opposes the action of movement (conductor or field) in order to follow the law of conservation of energy and Lenzs law. If the motion were not opposed and the induced magnetic field instead boosted the motion, this would increase the kinetic energy of the moving conductor or magnet, which would violate the law of conservation of energy. 21. a) Electromagnetic brakes might work by using the undesirable motion of the vehicle to provide the energy to induce current flow in a conductor. The resulting creation of electrical energy would be at the expense of the kinetic energy of the vehicle, which would slow down. This would be a case of energy being transformed from one form to another, following the law of conservation of energy. b) Electromagnetic induction brakes would be capable of recovering some of the kinetic energy of a vehicle that is normally lost as heat in conventional brakes, thereby saving money. The electrical energy generated could be used to recharge the battery for an electric vehicle/hybrid.
4.
Normal
Chapter 10
1. The motion of a vibrating spring can be modelled mathematically by a sine wave, which resembles (visually) an electromagnetic wave. As well, both waves are periodic. 2. The magnetic field is induced by the electric field and thus they would both decrease. If one component vanishes then the electromagnetic radiation ceases to exist. 3. Visible light is relative to the human being perceiving it. Also, some other animals see in other regions such as the infrared and ultraviolet.
5. When metallic objects are placed in a microwave oven, they can absorb electromagnetic microwaves, which dislocate loose electrons in the metal and allow charges to build up on the surfaces, until the cumulative charge is large enough to jump across an air gap to another conductive material in the oven, causing a spark. 6. Simple harmonic motion refers to a physical state where the restoring force, acting on an object when it is pulled away from some equilibrium position, is proportional to the displacement of the object from the equilibrium position. Since there is a net force acting on the object, it experiences an acceleration, and thus the speed cannot be constant. 7. If a circle is viewed edge-on, with a dot painted on the edge, and the circle is spun, the dot will seem to exhibit simple harmonic motion as it moves around the circle. From the edge it will seem as if the dot is moving back and forth, constantly passing the equilibrium position. 8. Electron oscillators absorb energy from the incoming wave, causing it to be retarded. When this secondary wave interferes with the incident wave, a phase lag is created retarding the wavefront, slowing it down. 9. Newtons theory of refraction predicts that light speeds up as it changes direction. This is incorrect since light decreases its speed when bending toward the normal. You can show his theory by rolling a marble across a boundary between a flat area and an incline. As the marble crosses the boundary, it bends toward a line drawn perpendicular to the edge but it speeds up.
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10. One example of an invisible medium is a vacuum. The refractive index of a vacuum is 1.00. When the refractive index is 1.00, there is no component of an incoming light ray that is reflected. Since no light is reflected, the medium is invisible. Another possibility is that the medium is of the same refractive index as the environment. 11. Using a laser, which is a powerful coherent source of visible light, you can measure the refraction of the ray as it enters a medium, or the extent of polarization upon reflection and/or transmission, all of which can be combined to calculate the optical density of the medium. 12. Because the refractive index is wavelength dependent, when white light refracts through a material, each component of light bends slightly differently. This separates the light. If the separation is great enough, dispersion occurs. 13. As light passes through a prism, both refractions cause the light to refract in the same spatial direction. This accentuates the spreading of the colours. 14. No, sound waves cannot be polarized. Sound waves are mechanical waves and refer to compressions and rarefactions within a medium. Sound waves have only one component, not two like electromagnetic waves, and thus polarization is impossible. 15. A polarizer and an analyzer are both thin pieces of film. They are given different names based on the order in which a wave enters them. If two pieces of thin film are positioned side by side, the first one struck by the wave is known as the polarizer and the second one the analyzer. If the two are flipped, the analyzer will become the polarizer and the polarizer will become the analyzer. 16. The lenses in polarized sunglasses are normally oriented in such a way as to restrict the passage of plane-polarized light reflecting off the surface of the ground and water (glare). If the lenses are rotated, they will no longer block the glare.
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17. Yes, the effectiveness of Polaroid sunglasses varies as the relative positions of the Sun and the horizon vary, since the distribution of scattered angles varies as well. The amount of polarization is angle dependent, hence the effectiveness of the glasses varies. 18. No, Polaroid sunglasses are not effective on circularly polarized light, which is composed of the two polarization directions combined in a specific phase relationship causing the direction of the electric field vector to rotate around. The linear polarizer cannot block out both components, hence light is transmitted. 19. With a powerful light source, you can easily notice that light reflects off dust particles in the air. Sometimes, depending on the size of the particles, certain frequencies of the electromagnetic spectrum are deflected/reflected more than others. This effect causes a certain colour to appear in the medium (for example, the blue colour of the sky). By noting the colour, you can determine the frequency and thus the wavelength of light associated with that colour. Once you know the wavelength, you can calculate the approximate size of the particles that would deflect waves of those frequencies. Also, you can use the intensity of the colour to estimate the density of the particles in the air. 20. Polarization: Electric fields of electromagnetic radiation behave sinusoidally. The direction of these fields is randomly oriented in any direction for unpolarized light. Two components are obtained by using plane polarizers. The two components can be combined using the wave equation ( sin t) to form circularly or elliptically polarized light. Scattering: The wavelength of light, , comparable to the size of particles in the air creates the maximum scattering. The extent of scattering of light by air molecules is proportional to 4. Refraction: Using wavefronts, Snells law of refraction is derived. Based on phase relationships between the incident wave and the
transmitted wave, light is bent and slowed down in different mediums.
Chapter 1 1
1. Refraction, polarization, interference, and diffraction 2. Refraction, diffraction, and interference can be demonstrated using water waves in ripple tanks. Polarization cannot. 3. The film on a soap bubble is thicker at the bottom than at the top, forming a wedge shape, since gravity pulls the soap down. As the films thickness changes, the interference changes (destroys some wavelengths) and the colours change. 4. As the gasoline evaporates, it becomes thinner, changing the interference pattern and the colours. 5. A camera lens has a thickness and material designed to block out certain colours, whereas a car windshield does not. These properties of a lens produce interference patterns and a colour change. Camera lenses are designed to correct chromatic aberration caused by different wavelengths bending at different angles while being refracted. 6. a) Newton believed that light was a particle. b) Changing peoples environments through innovation can leave people feeling not in control, especially in cases where a new technology has the possibility of replacing people in jobs. c) Accepting theories prematurely hinders progress, since it discourages research. 8. No, there are no interference patterns because the two car headlights are not coherent light sources and do not form a double slit. 9. Any imperfections are in the order of magnitude of the wavelengths of light used for the experiment. This washes out the effect with its own random interference patterns. 10. Sound waves are comparable in wavelength size to the openings, increasing the diffractive effect. Light waves have much smaller wavelengths and hence do not show these effects.
11. The resolving power of your eyes restricts your ability to distinguish between objects at great distances. This is because your pupils are circular, allowing diffraction to occur. 12. No, diffraction patterns place a limit on resolving power as well as the magnitude of the wavelength of light used. 13. Both spectroscopes separate white light into its colour components, but the prism spectroscope uses refraction and dispersion while the grating spectroscope uses diffraction. 14. Continuous spectra involve an extensive range of frequencies (example: sunlight spectrum). With line spectra, on the other hand, discrete frequencies are observed (example: molecular gas spectrum). 15. Each piece of a hologram contains the complete interference pattern of the object from which the hologram was created, whereas a piece of a normal photograph contains only local information and nothing about the complete photograph. 16. Diffraction gratings and interference gratings are really the same thing. Diffraction gratings actually use the interference superposition formula. Gratings show both effectsthose due to the width of a single opening and the combination of all the openings. 17. Close spacing in a grating provides strong mutual coupling, increasing the effect of interference. The separation of the maxima increases. 18. Gratings with many slits have high resolving power. This means that the individual maxima become sharper. 19. Yes, because increasing the number of slits decreases the slit separation. If the slit separation is reduced beyond what is comparable to the wavelength of light, no light will get through. 20. A single slit has a double central maximum, with the intensities of the maxima dropping off dramatically with order number. A diffraction grating has a single central maximum and the intensities do not drop off as dramatically.
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21. Diffraction occurs as light enters the pupil. This places a limit on the eyes resolving power. As you move away from the picture, sooner or later you cannot distinguish between the dots and they blend together to form a continuous picture. 22. Electrons have a smaller wavelength to that of visible light, and therefore have a higher resolution. This also minimizes diffraction. In fact, the beams of electrons have an effective wavelength that is 10 5 times that of visible light. This is a 100 000-fold increase in resolution.
Chapter 12
1. A photon is a unit particle (as opposed to wave) of electromagnetic radiation that moves at the speed of light. Its energy is proportional to the frequency of the radiation. 2. Ultraviolet radiation from the Sun is very energetic due to its high frequency. The photons that possess this energy are the cause of sunburn. These photons are energetic enough to remove electrons from our body cells, causing a change in our skin biology and in severe cases causing cancer. 3. Visual light is mostly in the infrared-visual spectrum. The energy of these photons is not sufficient to damage skin cells. 4. If h 0, quantization would not exist. There would be no energy levels in atoms. Electrons in atoms would therefore not attain any real value for energy, resulting in the absence of orbitals in atoms. 5. The electron volt (eV) corresponds to the energy of an electron at a potential of one volt. Hence, one electron volt is the energy equalling the charge of an electron multiplied by the potential of one volt: 1 eV qe 1 V. 6. Wiens law relates the wavelength of photons to the temperature of the black body. 7. W0, the work function, is the amount of energy required to produce the photoelectric effect in a given metal. It is the minimum energy required to liberate electrons from a metal.
8. Since the photons have detectable linear momentum, their mass equivalence can be computed. Momentum is an intrinsic property of matter, therefore we can assume that mass equivalency is correct. 9. An empirical relationship is a relationship that is determined experimentally. It is not backed up by theory. 10. Determinacy is a condition of a measurement being characterized definitely. An example of an everyday event could be a repetitive measurement of the length of a table. Each time the measurement is made, errors are encountered. If determinacy existed at the macroscopic level, we would get the same length every time. 11. The computation of uncertainties using Heisenbergs uncertainty principle yields minute values for speed and position. The limitations of human perception prevent us from experiencing such minute variances at the macroscopic level. 12. Another device besides the STM that operates using the principle of quantum tunnelling is the electron tunnelling transistor, which is an on-off switch that uses the ability of an electron to pass through impenetrable energy obstacles. 13. The energy of an orbital varies as the inverse square of the radius. Hence, the spectral lines are closer together farther away from the nucleus. 14. a) The peak wavelength emitted by a mercury lamp lies in the visual spectrum. However, this implies that there is a tail in the ultraviolet spectrum. The ultraviolet photons are energetic enough to damage skin cells. b) An appropriate shielding that blocks ultraviolet light but allows photons in the visual spectrum to pass through could be used. 15. Consider two particles that have the same de Broglie wavelength and masses m1 and m2 such that m1 m2. According to de Broglies h h equation, and , where v1 m1v1 m2v2 and v2 are the velocities of the two particles.
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Since is the same for both particles, the following equation can be written: h h m1v1 m2v2 This equation can be simplified: m1v1 m2v2 Since m1 m2, it follows that v2 v1. If the mass of the first particle is much greater than that of the second particle, the velocity of the second particle must be much greater than that of the first particle. 16. According to Planck, the energy is quantized. The angular momentum is certainly related to the energy. Hence, the angular momentum needs to be quantized as well. To quantize L, Bohr had to quantize both the velocity, v, and the radius, r. 17. Although the initial and the final speed and the scatter angles are known, the manner in which the actual collision occurs cannot be precisely predicted, and the exact position of the particles during the collision is not known. Hence, the uncertainty principle is not violated.
5.
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Chapter 13
1. Your car is in an inertial frame when it is stopped, or when it is moving at a steady speed in a straight line. Your car is in a non-inertial frame when it is accelerating, such as when you are braking, or when you are making a turn. 2. Donovans reference frame is inertial because the 100-m dash is in a straight line. Leahs frame is non-inertial because the 400-m oval requires her to constantly change direction. 3. No, without reference to the outside world, it would be difficult to determine whether the cruise ship was at rest or moving with a constant velocity. 4. Suppose v swim speed and w water speed. To swim upstream and back down, it would take a total time of: d 2dv d . v w v w v2 w2
9.
10.
To swim straight across the stream (perpendicular to the current) and back, it would take a total time of: d 2d v2 w2 . 2 2 2 v2 w2 v w v2 w2, so But v 2dv 2d v2 w2 . 2 2 v w v2 w2 Therefore it would take longer to swim upstream and back down than to swim across the stream and back. The Michelson-Morley null result led to the development of special relativity, a tool needed in the understanding of high-energy physics. Analogous to the Doppler shift of sound, the constant speed of light in a vacuum, c, requires the wavelength of the approaching amber light to shorten or become more yellowish. In terms of Einsteins first postulate involving relative motion, the two situations are equivalent. The same physics occurs whether a magnet is moved into a stationary coil or a coil is moved around a stationary magnet. Proper time is the time measured by one watch between the beginning and the end of the experiment. This is the time measured by a watch moving with the muon. The scientists of Earth would require at least two watches, one at the birth of the muon and the other at its disintegration. The relativity equation for length is v2 v2 . If v > c, then 1 is L L0 1 c2 c2 negative and L becomes imaginary, which is not physically reasonable. Since the electrons would have a greater relative velocity than the protons, the space between the electrons would be more contracted. As a result, the concentration of electrons would exceed that of the protons, and the wire would seem negatively charged. For this reason magnetism is a result of special relativity.
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11. No, you have not travelled faster than the speed of light. Instead, you have measured the Earth star distance to be contracted and thus it took less time to travel at your speed of v 0.98c. 12. No, although time is dilated (events seem longer at relativistic speeds), it cannot slow to a complete standstill unless v c. 13. In both cases of the Doppler shift for sound, there is a shift to higher frequencies. However the physics of sound waves generated by a moving vibrating source colliding with air molecules and perceived by a stationary receiver is different from that of sound created by a stationary source and perceived by a moving source. For light, the frequency shift depends only on the relative speed of the source and receiver because the speed of light is always c, according to the second postulate. 14. Only Barb is correct in saying that Phillips clock ran slow, because his time was the proper time that was at the beginning and finish of his experiment. If Phillip observed stationary Barb doing a similar experiment beside the train, he would be correct in saying that her clock ran slow. 15. If the charge of an electron depended on its speed then the neutrality of atoms would be upset by the motion of electrons within the atoms. Experiments have shown that the charge on an electron is the same at all speeds. 16. The radius of the orbit becomes smaller as the magnetic field is increased because the radius mv , where B is the magnetic field is equal to qB strength. v2 , but 17. No, because mass dilates as 1 c2 mass , and volume contracts as density volume 1 1 v2 . Therefore, density dilates as c2 v2 . c2
18. The starlight will pass you at a speed of c according to the second postulate of special relativity. 19. The occupants of the spacecraft would say that they observed the same things about us, due to relative motion. 20. No, according to the second postulate of special relativity, the light leaving the receding mirror travels with speed c relative to you. 21. Tachyons or particles that travel with a speed greater than c would seem to require infinite energy. Experiments do not support their existence. 22. Particle A would have the greater speed because its total energy due to mass dilation (mc2) is three times its rest energy, whereas particle B has a total energy dilated by a factor of only two. 23. Since the ice and the water have the same mass, they have the same total energy (m0c2 Ek). However, the kinetic energy, Ek, of the water is higher than that of the ice and for that reason the rest energy of the water is less than that of the ice. 24. If you consider that energy is equivalent to mass (E mc2), then electromagnetic energy in the form of light could be considered to have an equivalent mass. 25. A 100-eV electron has a dilated mass according to: mc2 m0c2 qV mc2 (0.511 0.000 100) MeV mc2 0.5111 MeV This means that its mass is less than 0.02% greater than its rest mass. A 100-MeV electron has a mass equivalent to (0.511 100) MeV of energy, which means that its mass is about 197 times its rest mass. 26. When we say that the rest mass of a muon is 106 MeV/c2, we mean that its rest energy is equivalent to the kinetic energy of an electron accelerated from rest through 106 million volts. 27. When a particle is travelling at an extremely high speed, say 90% of the speed of light, a lot of energy is needed to increase the particles velocity by a few percent. As a result, the
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mass of the particle increases by a large amount. Therefore, it may be more accurate to say that a particle accelerator increases the mass of electrons rather than their speed.
Chapter 14
1. Every atom of the same element has the same number of protons, and the number of protons in the nucleus, Z, determines the chemical properties of the atom. However, atoms of different isotopes of the same element have different numbers of neutrons (and thus different A values), which results in different physical properties such as nuclear stability or decay. 2. Many elements are composed of several naturally occurring isotopes, each with a different atomic mass number, A. The weighted average of the isotopes mass numbers often results in a non-integral value for the atomic mass of that element. 3. Each nuclear isotope has a unique total binding energy determined by its nuclear structure. This binding energy is equivalent to the mass difference between the nucleus and its constituent nucleons (protons and neutrons) according to E mc2. 4. The missing mass was converted to energy of various forms such as gamma radiation emitted during the formation of the deuterium atom. 5. Your body, composed of many elements, likely has more neutrons than protons, since stable atoms with A > 20 have more neutrons than protons. 6. During a nuclear reaction, nucleons may be converted from one type to another, such as neutrons to protons in beta decay. However, the total nucleon number is conserved or remains constant. On the other hand, various forms of energy may be absorbed or emitted, resulting in an equivalent change in mass. 7. The average binding energy per nucleon is greater in the more stable isotopes because it is the glue holding the nucleons together, or the average amount of energy needed to break them apart.
8. During alpha decay of a uranium-238 nucleus, N ratio of the parent nucleus for example, the Z 146 or about 1.59, and the ratio of the is 92 144 N 2 daughter nucleus, , is or about 90 Z 2 1.60. This leads to greater nuclear stability by reducing the electrical repulsion of the protons relative to the nuclear attraction of N ratio of nucleons. During beta decay, the Z 146 or about 1.59, is the parent nucleus, 92 greater than the ratio of the daughter nucleus, N 1 145 , which is or about 1.56. 93 Z 1 Although the greater ratio of protons to neutrons in the daughter tends to increase the electrical repulsive forces, the beta-decay process can lead to greater nuclear stability through the pairing of previously unpaired neutrons or protons in the nuclear shells. 9. During alpha decay, the daughter nucleus has a mass, M, that is much larger than the mass of the alpha particle, m. Since momentum is conserved, the velocity of the daughter nucleus, v, is much smaller than the velocity of the alpha particle, V (Mv mV). Therefore, the kinetic energy of the alpha particle, 0.5mV2, is much greater than that of the daughter nucleus, 0.5Mv2. 10. If an alpha particle had enough initial kinetic energy to contact a gold nucleus then a nuclear process such as fusion or fission could occur, because at that closeness the shortrange nuclear force would overpower the electrical force of proton repulsion that is responsible for scattering. 11. a) p b) c) d) e) 12. The strong nuclear force differs from the electrical force in that: (i) the strong nuclear force is very short-range, acting over distances of only a few femtometres (10 15 m); (ii) the strong nuclear force is much stronger than the electrical force over nuclear distances of 1 or 2 fm; (iii) the strong nuclear force does
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not vary with distance r as
13.
14.
15. 16.
17. 18.
19.
1 as does the r2 electrical force; and (iv) the strong nuclear force is attractive only, acting between all nucleons (proton proton, proton neutron, and neutron neutron). The rate of decay of radioactive isotopes was not affected by combining them in different molecules or by changing the temperature. These changes usually affect the rate of chemical reactions, thus radioactivity must be found deeper within the atom (in the nucleus). The nuclear force only binds nucleons that are neighbours. This short-range energy is proportional to the number of nucleons, A, in the nucleus. On the other hand, the electrical repulsion of protons is long-range and acts between all proton pairs in the nucleus. The electrical energy is therefore proportional to Z2. Repulsion would overcome attraction in a larger nucleus if there were not more neutrons than protons to keep the forces balanced and the nucleus stable. Alpha particles are ions, since they are helium atoms stripped of their electrons. If human life expectancy were a random process like radioactive decay then you would expect 25% of the population to live to 152 years. However, this is not the case. As humans age, their expected number of years left to live decreases. Carbon-14 undergoing beta decay results in the daughter isotope nitrogen-14. Industrialization and automobile emissions have effected changes in our atmosphere such as global warming and ozone-layer depletion. Such changes in the past 100 years may be altering the 14C:12C ratio in the air. Potassium salts are rapidly absorbed by brain tumours, making them detectable. The short half-life of potassium-42 means that the dosage decays to a safe, insignificant level quickly. The transmutation to a stable calcium salt by beta decay is not harmful to the body.
20. Aquatic creatures do not respire or breathe atmospheric gases directly. The 14C:12C ratio in the ocean is different than in the air. 21. Relics that are more than 60 000 years old have lasted more than 10.5 half-lives of carbon-14. The 14C:12C ratio in these relics is about 1500 times smaller now and is difficult to determine. 22. The more massive lead atoms scatter the radiation particles more effectively than do the less massive water molecules, and may also present a larger target for a high-speed electron or alpha particle. 23. Transmutation involves a change in the proton number, Z. This occurs during alpha and beta decay but does not occur during gamma decay, in which a nucleus merely becomes less energized. 24. Alpha particles are more massive than beta or gamma particles and transfer more energy to a molecule of the body during a collision. This has a much more disastrous effect upon the cells of the body. 25. Yes, 4.2 MeV of kinetic energy is sufficient for an alpha particle to overcome the electrical repulsion of the positively charged nuclei (see problem 72) and contact the nitrogen-14 nucleus, thus a nuclear interaction or process is possible. 26. The matches are as follows: gases wind; liquids water; plasmas fire; and solids earth. 27. For fission to occur in naturally occurring deposits of uranium, a minimum concentration of uranium would be needed in order to sustain a source of slow neutrons necessary to maintain the fission process. This concentration is not present in uranium deposits. 28. The huge inward pull of the Suns gravitational field confines the solar plasma. Lacking this huge confining force on our less massive Earth, scientists instead use strong electromagnetic fields to confine plasmas. 29. In a fusion reactor, the major problem is to create the exact and difficult conditions of high temperatures and plasma concentrations
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30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
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needed to initiate a fusion process. The moment these conditions are not met, the process stops. The high temperature in fusion means that the ions have a very high speed, which allows them to approach one another very closely during collisions. If the ions kinetic energy is sufficient to overcome the electrical repulsion of the nuclei, and the nuclei touch, then fusion is possible. Critical mass in fission involves the existence of enough fuel so that the fast neutrons emitted during fission are slowed and absorbed within the fuel itself before they escape. In this way the reaction is sustained by a continual source of slow neutrons. Natural uranium is not concentrated enough (its too wet) to provide the critical mass needed to slow down any fast neutrons (the spark needed) and capture them to create a sustainable reaction. A bubble chamber is superheated almost to the point of instability. When a charged particle passes through, it triggers the formation of a fine stream of bubbles in its wake. Neutral particles such as neutrons carry no electric field and leave no visible tracks in the chamber. High-energy accelerators provide ions with enough kinetic energy that each ions total energy, E mc2, becomes many times greater than its rest mass. In a collision there is a probability that this energy could be converted to a massive elementary particle. In the high-energy accelerator at UBC, the strong nuclear force, acting over a very brief period of time (10 23 s) during collisions, produces pi-mesons or pions. The weak nuclear force is usually masked by the stronger (by a factor of 103) electromagnetic force or (by a factor of 105) strong nuclear force, unless these forces are forbidden. Any process involving the neutrino, such as beta decay, involves the weak force. The neutrino reacts rarely, or weakly, with other elementary particles over a longer time span (10 8 s) compared with the shorter interaction
37.
38.
39. 40.
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times (10 23 s) of the strong nuclear force. Gravitational interactions are the weakest of the four forces. At elementary particle distances the gravitational force is 10 40 times as great as the strong nuclear force. For this reason the graviton or messenger of the gravitational force is extremely difficult to detect. The weak force is 10 3 times as great as the electromagnetic force at elementary particle distances. The weak force is mainly involved in neutrino interactions or processes where the electric and strong forces are forbidden. The exchange bosons of the weak force are W and Z bosons of mass 80 GeV/c 2 and 91 GeV/c 2 respectively, as compared to the photons of the electric force. The range of the weak force is about 10 18 m, compared to infinity for electromagnetism. The weak force acts on both leptons (particles not affected by the strong force, such as electrons) and hadrons (particles affected by the strong force), whereas electromagnetism acts only on charged particles. Strong nuclear processes are the fastest (or shortest), with a lifetime of about 10 23 s. A high-energy particle travels close to the speed of light, c 3 108 m/s. Thus, in a strong nuclear interaction of 10 23 s, the cloud-chamber track would be 3 10 15 m, too small to measure. No, a heavier, unstable version of the electron, the tauon or tau, , has a mass of 1777 MeV/c 2, greater than the mass of the proton or neutron (931.5 MeV/c 2). Since gluons, the quanta of the quark force field, carry one colour and one anti-colour, there should be 32 9 possible combinations (rR, rB, rG, bR, bB, bG, gR, gB, and gG). However, the three colour-neutral gluons (rR, bB, and gG) must be handled differently because of what are known as symmetry laws. For this reason only two possible neutral couplings exist, not three, making a total of eight colour gluons to act as the source of quark quark interactions.
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PART 3 Solutions to End-of-chapter Problems Chapter 1

16. a) Distance is a scalar, so your total distance travelled would be 10 20 m 200 m. b) Displacement is a vector, and since you end up 0 m from where you started, your displacement is 0 m. 17. a) Since distance is a scalar, his total distance travelled would be: d |15 m [E]| |6.0 m [W]| |2.0 m [E]| d 15 m 6.0 m 2.0 m d 23 m b) Since displacement is a vector, his total displacement would be: d 15 m [E] 6.0 m [E] 2.0 m [E] d 11 m [E] 9.8 m 100 cm 0.394 in 0.083 ft 18. g 1 s2 1m 1 cm 1 in 2 g 32 ft/s 10 nm 6080 ft 12 in 19. a) 10 knots 1h 1 nm 1 ft 5 1.0 10 km 2.54 cm 1 in 1 cm 10 knots 18.5 km/h 18.5 km 1000 m 1h 1 km 4 2.78 10 h 1s 10 knots 5.14 m/s 20. To find the number of centimetres in one light year, simply express the speed of light in centimetres per year: 3.0 108 m 100 cm 60 s 1m 1 min 1s 60 min 24 h 365 d 1h 1d 1y 17 9.5 10 cm/y Therefore, there are 9.5 1017 cm in one light year. b) from a), 10 knots 21. Catwoman: d vavg t 100 m vavg 15.4 s vavg 6.5 m/s Robin: d vavg t 200 m vavg 28.0 s vavg 7.1 m/s 22. a) The speed of the sweep second hand at the 6 oclock position is the same as anywhere else on the clock: d vavg t 2 r vavg t 2 (0.02 m) vavg 60 s vavg 2.1 10 3 m/s b) The velocity of the second hand at the 6 oclock position is 2.1 10 3 m/s [left] because the velocity is always tangent to the face and perpendicular to the hand. 23. a) The time it would take the shopper to walk up the moving escalator is: d t vt where vt is the sum of the velocity of the escalator and the woman: d d vt 15 s 8.0 s 23d vt 120 s d Therefore, t 23d 120 s t 5.2 s
Solutions to End-of-chapter Problems
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b) In this case, vt is equal to her walking speed minus the speed of the escalator: d d vt 8.0 s 15 s 7d vt 120 s Since this velocity is positive, she could walk down the escalator. Also, intuitively, if the escalator takes 15 s to go the same distance that the woman can in 8 s, then she is faster and will therefore make it down the escalator. To find how long it will take her, solve for time: d t 7d 120 s t 17 s 24. Because the rabbit accelerates at a constant rate, v2 v1 a t v2 (0.5 m/s) (1.5 m/s2)(3.0 s) v2 5.0 m/s 25. Mach 1 332 m/s Mach 2 2(332 m/s) Mach 2 664 m/s Because the jet accelerates at a constant rate: v2 v1 a t (v2 v1) t a (664 m/s 332 m/s) t 50 m/s2 t 6.6 s (v2 v1) 26. a t (25 m/s [E] 15 m/s [W]) a 0.10 s (25 m/s [E] 15 m/s [E]) a 0.10 s 2 a 400 m/s [E] 27. Let t be the time when the two friends meet. Let x be the distance travelled by the second friend to reach the first friend. For the first friend: d v t d v t
and d 50 x Therefore: x 50 v t For the second friend: a t2 x v1 t 2 a t2 x 2 Now we set these two expressions for x equal to each other and solve for time: a t2 50 v t 2 2 t t 100 0 1 1 4( 100) t 2 t 9.5 s 28. a) v2 v1 a t and v1 equals zero, so v2 a t v2 t a 60 km/h t 10 km/h/s t 6.0 s b) To find Batmans distance travelled, we must first convert his acceleration into standard SI units: 1000 m 10 km 1h 1hs 3600 s 1 km 2.78 m/s2 Now: a t2 d 2 (2.78 m/s)(6.0 s)2 d 2 d 50 m c) Robins speed in SI units is: 60 km 1h 1000 m 1h 3600 s 1 km 16.7 m/s When Batman catches up with Robin, Robin will have travelled: d v1 t d (16.7 m/s) t relative to Batmans initial position.
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Similarly, Batman will have travelled: a t2 d 2 d (1.39 m/s2) t2 Setting these two expressions equal and solving for t gives: ( 16.7 m/s) t (1.39 m/s2) t2 0 t 12.0 s 29. If the child catches the truck, she will have travelled 20 m d, and the truck will have travelled d in the same amount of time, t. For the truck: a t2 d 2 d (0.5 m/s2) t2 For the child: ( d 20 m) vavg t d (4.0 m/s) t 20 m Setting these two equations equal and solving for t gives: (4.0 m/s) t 20 m (0.5 m/s2) t2 t2 8 t 40 0 This expression has no real roots, therefore the child will not catch the truck. 30. a) After ten minutes, the runner has gone (4000 m 800 m) 3200 m, at a speed of: d vavg t 3200 m vavg 600 s vavg 5.33 m/s If she then accelerates at 0.40 m/s2 for the final 800 m, it will take: a t2 d v1 t 2 800 m (5.33 m/s) t (0.20 m/s2) t2 (5.33)2 4(0.20)( 800) 5.33 t 2(0.20) t 51 s b) Since she had two minutes to go, she will finish under her desired time. 31. We can use the information given to find the speed of the flower pot at the top of the window, and then use the speed to find the height
above the window from which the pot must have been dropped. Since the pot accelerates at a constant rate of 9.8 m/s2, we can write: a t2 d v1 t 2 d a t v1 t 2 (9.8 m/s2)(0.20 s) 19 m v1 0.20 s 2 v1 8.5 m/s Now we can find the distance above the window: v12 vo2 2a d (v12 vo2) d 2a ((8.5 m/s)2 (0 m/s)2) d 2(9.8 m/s2) d 3.7 m 32. a) The only force acting on the ball while it is falling is that of gravity, so its acceleration is 9.8 m/s2 downward. b) Since the ball is being constantly accelerated downward, it cannot slow down. a t2 c) d v1 t 2 d (8.0 m/s)(0.25 s) (9.8 m/s2)(0.25 s)2 2 d 2.3 m a t2 33. d v1 t 2 ( 4.0 m) (4.0 m/s) t ( 9.8 m/s2) t2 2 2 2 (4.0 m/s) t 4.0 m 0 (4.9 m/s ) t 16 4(4.9)( 4) 4 t 9.8 t 1.4 s 34. For the first stone, the distance it falls before reaching the second stone is: a t2 h d 2 d (4.9 m/s2) t2 h
89
For the second stone, its distance travelled is given by: a t2 d vi t 2 d vi t 4.9 t2 Setting these expressions equal to each other and solving for t gives: 4.9 t2 h vi t 4.9 t2 h t vi 35. a) Because the jackrabbits distance vs. time is changing at a constant rate during segments B, C, and D, he is undergoing uniform motion at these times. b) Because the jackrabbits distance vs. time is not changing at a constant rate during segment A but is increasing exponentially, his velocity vs. time must be increasing at a constant rate, and he is undergoing uniform acceleration during this segment. c) The average velocity during segment B is: d vavg t 150 m 100 m vavg 20 s 10 s vavg 5 m/s During segment C: d vavg t 150 m 150 m vavg 30 s 20 s vavg 0 m/s During segment D: d vavg t 50 m 150 m vavg 50 s 30 s 10 m/s vavg d d) vavg t 150 m 0 m vavg 17.5 s 1.0 s vavg 9.1 m/s
e) Since the jackrabbits displacement is not changing between 20 s and 30 s, his velocity over this interval, and at 25 s, is 0 m/s. f) The jackrabbit is running in the opposite direction. g) The jackrabbits displacement is: d 100 m 50 m 0 m 120 m d 30 m 36. a) The cars acceleration for each segment can be found by taking the slope of the graph during that segment: During segment A: v a1 t (5 m/s 0 m/s) a1 (5 s 0 s) a1 1 m/s2 During segment B: v a2 t (13 m/s 5 m/s) a2 (9 s 5 s) a2 2 m/s2 During segment C: v a3 t (1 m/s 13 m/s) a3 (15 s 9 s) 2 m/s2 a3 b) The car is slowing down, or decelerating. c) To find the distance travelled by the car, we must find the area under the graph, which can be approximated by the sum of rectangles and triangles: v t A: d1 2 (5 m/s 0 m/s)(5 s 0 s) d1 2 d1 B: d2 d2 d2 12.5 m v t v1 t 2 (12.5 m/s 5 m/s)(9 s 2 (5 m/s)(9 s 5 s) 35 m
5 s)
90
C: d3 d3
12.5 m/s)(15 s 9 s) 2 (1 m/s)(15 s 9 s) d3 40.5 m dtotal d1 d2 d3 dtotal 12.5 m 35 m 40.5 m dtotal 88 m NOTE: The solutions to problem 37 are based on the velocity axis of the graph reading 60, 40, 20, 0, 20, 40, 60. 37. a) Because the skateboarder has a positive velocity between 0 and 5 seconds, this portion of the graph must describe his upward motion. b) Since the skateboarder has a negative velocity from 5 to 10 seconds on the graph, he must be descending during this portion of the graph. c) The skateboarder is undergoing uniform acceleration. d) The skateboarder is at rest when his velocity equals zero, at t 5 s. When his velocity equals zero, he is at the top of the side of the swimming pool, or ground level. e) The skateboarders acceleration can be found from the slope of the graph. It should be equal to g: v a t ( 50 m/s 50 m/s) a (10 s 0 s) a 10 m/s2 38. a) At t 4.0 s, each Stooges acceleration is: Curly: v a t a 0 m/s2 Larry: v a t (10 m/s 0 m/s) a (4.0 s 0 s) a 2.5 m/s2 Moe:
v t 2 (1 m/s
v2 t
v t (20 m/s 0 m/s) a (4.0 s 0 s) a 5.0 m/s2 b) To find their distance travelled, we take the area under the graph for each Stooge: Curly: d v t d (25 m/s)(4.0 s) d 100 m Larry: v t d 2 (10 m/s)(4.0 s) d 2 d 20 m Moe: v t d 2 (20 m/s)(4.0 s) d 2 d 40 m c) Since Curly is travelling at a constant velocity: d v t d t v (600 m) t (25 m/s) t 24 s Larry accelerates for the first 18 s of the race. His distance travelled at this point is: v t d 2 (45 m/s)(18 s) d 2 d 405 m a
91
Then, travelling at a constant velocity of 45 m/s, he will traverse the last 195 m in: d t v (195 m) t (45 m/s) t 4.3 s His total time is: 18 s 4.3 s 22.3 s Moe accelerates for the first 8 s of the race. His distance travelled in this time is: v t d 2 (40 m/s)(8.0 s) d 2 d 160 m Then, travelling at a constant velocity of 40 m/s, he will traverse the last 440 m in: d t v (440 m) t (40 m/s) t 11 s His total time is: 8 s 11 s 19.0 s Therefore, Moe wins with the fastest time of 19.0 s. 39.
Ball F bat
Fn
Ff
Box #2
F 2,1
Fg
41.
F support
Baby
Fg
42.
Fn
Textbook
Ff
Fg
43. a)
F tension
The gravitational force downward is equal in magnitude to the tension in the elevator cable.
Fg
Elevator
40.
Fn Fg Ff F 1,2 Box #1 F applied
b)
F tension
The gravitational force downward is equal in magnitude to the tension in the elevator cable.
Fg
Elevator
Fg
92
c)
The acceleration downward is 2 Elevator 9.8 m/s .
Fg
d)
Fn
The gravitational force downward is equal in magnitude to the normal force upward.
Car
Fg
e)
Fn
F-14
F catapult
The gravitational force is equal in magnitude to the normal force, and the force due to the catapult must be large in order to accelerate the jet.
Fg
44. The drivers initial velocity is the same as that of the car: 1000 m 50 km 1h 1 min v1 1h 60 min 60 s km v1 13.9 m/s His final velocity is zero, and the distance he travels is 0.6 m: v22 v12 2a d (v22 v12) a 2 d ((0 m/s)2 (13.9 m/s)2) a 2(0.6) a 161 m/s2 a 16.4 g
ma, and (v22 v12) a , so 2 d m(v22 v12) Fnet 2 d (10 000 kg)[(150 m/s)2 (100 m s)2] Fnet 2(1000 m) 4 Fnet 6.2 10 N 46. Fnet ma Fnet a m 400 N a 200 kg a 2.0 m/s2 We also know that: (v2 v1) t a (0 m/s 0.5 m/s) t 2.0 m/s2 t 0.25 s 47. Since F ma(6.0 m/s2) and F mb(8.0 m/s2), it follows that: ma(6.0 m/s2) mb(8.0 m/s2) mb 0.75ma If the same force were used to accelerate both masses together, we would have: F (ma mb)a F (ma 0.75ma)a F 1.75ama But we already know that F ma(6.0 m/s2), so we now have: ma(6.0 m/s2) 1.75ama a 3.4 m/s2 48. The force applied by the hammer is given by: Fnet ma But we also know that: a t2 d 2 2 d a t2 45. Fnet
93
Therefore: 2m d Fnet t2 2(1.8 kg)(0.013 m) Fnet (0.10 s)2 Fnet 4.7 N Therefore, the force applied to the nail by the hammer is 4.7 N and the force applied to the hammer by the nail is 4.7 N. 49. The force due to the cows on the plate is: Fnet (m1 m2 m3 m4 m5)g Fnet 5(200 kg)( 9.8 m/s2) 9800 N Fnet From Newtons third law, the steel plate exerts a force of 9800 N upward. 50. a) The acceleration of the water skiers can be found using: Fnet ma Fnet a (m1 m2 m3) 10 000 N a (75 kg 80 kg 100 kg) a 39.2 m/s2 b) The force applied by the first skier on the second two skiers is equal to the sum of their masses times their acceleration: Fnet mt a Fnet (75 kg 80 kg)(39.2 m/s2) Fnet 6.1 103 N The force applied by the third skier on the first two skiers is equal to his mass times his acceleration: Fnet mt a Fnet (75 kg)(39.2 m/s2) Fnet 2.9 103 N From Newtons third law, the forces applied by the second skier on the first and third skiers are 6.1 103 N and 2.9 103 N, respectively.
51. The forces in the vertical direction are balanced: Fg mg Fg Fn, therefore: Fn Ff Ff mg Ff (0.16)(2.0 kg)( 9.8 m/s2) 3.1 N Ff 52. Fnet Ff Fnet ma Fn Fnet (v22 v12) We also know that a , therefore: 2 d m(v22 v12) Fn 2 d m(v22 v12) mg 2 d (v22 v12) d 2 g [(0 m/s)2 (2.0 m/s)2] d 2(3.0)( 9.8 m/s2) d 6.8 10 2 m 53. Fnet Fengine Ffriction Fengine Fnet Ffriction Fnet ma Fn Ffriction Fengine ma Fn Fengine ma mg (v2 v1) a , therefore: t m(v2 v1) Fengine mg t (800 kg)(27.8 m/s 13.9 m/s) Fengine 6.0 s (0.3)(800 kg)( 9.8 m/s2) Fengine 4.2 103 N Gm1m2 54. Fg r2 (6.67 10 11 N m2/kg2)(300 000 kg)2 Fg (1000 m)2 Fg 6.0 10 6 N Their acceleration would be: Fg a m (6.0 10 6 N) a (300 000 kg) a 2.0 10 11 m/s2
94
55. If the mass of Earth where doubled, the acceleration due to gravity would be: Gm12mE Fg r2 Gm12mE m1 g r2 G2mE g r2 g
2(6.67 10
11
Chapter 2
14. a) Horizontal: dx (25 km) cos 20 dx 23 km [E] Vertical: dy (25 km) sin 20 dy 8.6 km [N] b) Horizontal: Fx (10 N) sin 30 Fx 5.0 N [E] Vertical: Fy (10 N) cos 30 Fy 8.7 N [S] c) Horizontal: ax (30 m/s) cos 45 ax 21 m/s2 [W] Vertical: ay (30 m/s) sin 45 ay 21 m/s2 [S] d) Horizontal: px (42 kgm/s) sin 3 px 2.2 kgm/s [W] Vertical: py (42 kgm/s) cos 3 py 42 kgm/s [N] 15. a) l (10 m) cos 40 l 7.7 m b) h (10 m) sin 40 h 6.4 m 16. Horizontal: ax (4.0 m/s2) cos 35 ax 3.3 m/s2 Vertical: ay ( 4.0 m/s2) sin 35 2.3 m/s2 ay 17. Adding by components: dx dx dy dy d d ( 2.0 km) 4.8 km [W] (3.0 km) sin 20 1.0 km [N] (4.8 km)2 (1.0 km)2 4.9 km tan 12 Therefore, d 18. |vi| |vi| 4.9 km [W12N]. (10 m/s)2 (20 m/s)2 22 m/s 20 m/s tan 1 10 m/s 63 Therefore, vi 22 m/s inclined 63 to the horizontal.
95
1
N m2/kg2)(5.97 (6.38 106 m)2
1024 kg)
g 19.6 m/s2 56. The net gravitational force on planet Z would be equal to the sum of the gravitational forces caused by each planet: Fnet Fx Fy Gmzmx Gmzmy Fnet rzx2 rzy2 Fnet (6.67 10 11 N m2/kg2)(5.0 1024 kg) 3.0 1024 kg (6.0 1010 m 5.0 1010 m)2 4.0 1024 kg (5.0 1010 m)2 Fnet 6.16 1017 N 57. The astronauts weight, or his mass times the acceleration due to gravity, is: GmAmE W rAE2 W W
(6.67 10 11 N m2/kg2)(100 kg)(5.98 1024 kg) (6.38 106 m 3.0 105 m)2
(3.0 km) cos 20
894 N
1.0 km 4.8 km
19. Adding by components: dx dx dy dy d d (50 cm) sin 35 67.9 cm (20 cm) (50 cm) cos 35 (100 cm) sin 15 46.8 cm (67.9 cm)2 (46.8 cm)2 82 cm tan 55 Therefore, d 82 cm [S55W]. 20. v vf vi v 28 m/s [N30W] 30 m/s [S] v 28 m/s [N30W] 30 m/s [N] Adding the vectors by components, v 56 m/s [N15W] 21. v vf vi v 1.8 m/s [N30E] 2.0 m/s [S30E] v 1.8 m/s [N30E] 2.0 m/s [N30W] Adding the vectors by components, v 3.3 m/s [N2W] v a t 3.3 m/s [N2W] a 0.10 s a 33 m/s2 [N2W] 22. a) The current velocity has no effect on the vertical component of the swimmers velocity, which is needed for crossing the river. Therefore: d t vs 0.80 km t 1.8 km/h t 0.44 h b) The current velocity determines how far the swimmer travels downstream, therefore: dd (vc)(t) dd (0.50 km/h)(0.44 h) dd 0.22 km
1
(100 cm) cos 15
c) vg vg vg
vs2 vc2 (1.8 km/h)2 1.9 km/h vc tan vs tan

1
(0.5 km/h)2
0.5 km/h 1.8 km/h
67.9 cm 46.8 cm
16 The ground velocity is vg 1.9 km/h [N16E]. 23. a) In order to go north, his ground velocity must be north.
vc
vs
vg
Since vs and vc are known, vc sin vs sin

1
0.5 km/h 1.8 km/h
16 The swimmer must swim [N16W] in order to go straight north. vs2 vc2 b) vg vg (1.8 km/h)2 (0.5 km/h)2 vg 1.7 km/h His ground velocity is vg 1.7 km/h [N]. d c) t vg 0.8 km t 1.7 km/h t 0.46 h
96
24. The time it takes the sandwich to reach the road is: dp t vs 10 m t 2.0 m/s t 5.0 s The distance of the pick-up truck when the sandwich is released is: dt (vt)(t) dt (60 km/h)(5.0 s) dt (17 m/s)(5.0 s) dt 83 m 25. v
g
27. a) Since the velocities are given relative to the deck, they are the velocities relative to the ship. Walking towards stern: v 0.5 m/s [S]; walking towards port, v 0.5 m/s [W]. b) velocity of velocity of velocity of
pass. relative to water pass. relative to ship ship relative to water
vw
vh
cos
vw vh cos
1
20 km/h 150 km/h
82 The pilot must fly [N82E] or [E7.7N]. 26.

v c
vps vsw vpw Walking towards stern: vpw vps vsw vpw 0.5 m/s [S] 10 km/h [N] 0.5 m/s [N] 2.78 m/s [N] vpw vpw 2.3 m/s [N] Walking towards port: vpw vps vsw vpw 0.5 m/s [W] 2.78 m/s [N] vps2 vsw2 vpw vpw (0.5 m/s)2 (2.78 m/s)2 vpw 2.8 m/s vps tan vsw tan
1
0.5 m/s 2.78 m/s
vs vg
45
Use the sine law to find : sin sin vc vs sin

1
vc sin vs
6.8 Use the sum of the interior angles of a triangle to find : 180 180 180 135 6.8 38 The ships required heading is [N38E].
10 Walking towards stern, v 2.3 m/s [N]; walking towards port, v 2.8 m/s [N10W]. dg 28. a) vf t dg t vf 6.0 m t 5.0 m/s t 1.2 s To reach the pail, the quarterback must be 1.2 s away from reaching the garbage pail, therefore: dqg (vq)(t) dqg (4.0 m/s)(1.2 s) dqg 4.8 m The quarterback must release the ball 4.8 m in advance. b) 1.2 s as calculated in part a. vf2 vq2 c) vg vg (5.0 m/s)2 (4.0 m/s)2 vg 6.4 m/s
97
tan
vf vg tan
1
5.0 m/s 4.0 m/s
51 The ground velocity is vg 6.4 m/s [E51N]. 29. a) In order for the football to reach the garbage pail, the footballs ground velocity must be pointing north at the time of release. vq cos vf 4.0 m/s cos 1 5.0 m/s 37 The ball must be thrown [W37N]. b) Calculate the magnitude of vg: vf2 vg2 vq2 vg2 vf2 vq2 vg vf2 vq2 vg (5.0 m/s)2 (4.0 m/s)2 vg 3.0 m/s d vg t d t vg 10 m t 3.0 m/s t 3.3 s c) The ball is thrown such that its direction is north. The ground velocity is vg 3.0 m/s [N]. 30. The time it takes the ball to reach the ground is: 1 2 ayt h vi t 2 1 10 m (0 m/s)t ( 9.8 m/s2)t2 2 t 1.4 s The horizontal distance travelled in 1.4 s is: 1 2 axt dx vi t 2 1 dx (3.0 m/s)(1.4 s) (0 m/s2)(1.4 s)2 2 dx 4.2 m The friend must be 4.2 m away to catch the ball at ground level.
y x
31. a) Find the time it takes the rock to reach the ground: 1 2 axt dx vi t 2 1 20.0 m (10.0 m/s)t (0 m/s2)t2 2 t 2.00 s Find the height of the water tower: 1 2 ayt h vi t 2 1 h (0 m/s)(2.00 s) ( 9.8 m/s2)(2.00 s)2 2 h 19.6 m b) In the horizontal direction, vi axt vf 10.0 m/s (0 m/s2)(2.00 s) vf 10.0 m/s vf In the vertical direction, vi ayt vf 0 m/s ( 9.8 m/s2)(2.00 s) vf 19.6 m/s vf vf 2 vf 2 vf vf (10.0 m/s)2 (19.6 m/s)2 vf 22.0 m/s vf tan vf
x y x x x x y y y y x y y x
tan
19.6 m/s 10.0 m/s
63.0 The rocks final velocity is 22.0 m/s, 63 below the horizontal. 32. Find the time it takes the mail to reach the second building: 1 2 axt dx vi t 2 1 100 m [(20 m/s) cos 15]t (0 m/s2)t2 2 t 5.2 s Find the drop in height during the 5.2 s: 1 2 ayt h vi t 2 h [(20.0 m/s) sin 15](5.2 s) 1 ( 9.8 m/s2)(5.2 s)2 2 h 26.9 m 132.5 m h 105 m
x y
98
Find the height of the second building: h h2nd building h1st building h2nd building 200 m 105 m h2nd building 95 m The second building is 95 m high. 1 2 ayt 33. a) h vi t 2 1 1.3 m (0 m/s)t ( 9.8 m/s2)t2 2 t 0.52 s b) The cup lands at the tourists feet, since both the cup of coffee and tourist are not moving horizontally relative to the train. c) dx (vtrain)(t) dx (180 km/h)(0.52 s) dx (50 m/s)(0.52 s) dx 26 m The train is 26 m closer to Montreal. 34. Find the time it takes the Humvee to drop down to the other ramp: 1 2 ayt h vi t 2 Since both ramps are the same height, h 0 m. 0 m [(30 m/s) sin 20]t 1 ( 9.8 m/s2)t2 2 1 [( 30 m/s) sin 20]t ( 9.8 m/s2)t2 2 t 2.1 s Find the maximum horizontal distance the Humvee can travel in 2.1 s: 1 2 axt dx vi t 2 dx [(30 m/s) cos 20](2.1 s) 1 (0 m/s2)(2.1 s)2 2 dx 59 m The maximum width of the pool is 59 m. 35. Find the time required to reach maximum height: 1 2 ayt h vi t 2 1 2 h (vi sin )t ayt (eq. 1) 2
y y x y
Since the balls motion is symmetrical, it will take twice the time for the soccer ball to reach the ground: 1 ay(2t)2 0 m (vi sin )2t 2 ay2t2 (vi sin )2t ayt vi sin vi sin ay (eq. 2) t For the range, R: 1 R vi 2t ax(2t)2 2 1 R vi 2t (0 m/s2)(2t)2 2 R vi 2t R (vi cos )2t R t (eq. 3) 2vi cos Substitute equation 1 into equation 2: vi sin 1 h (vi sin )t t2 t 2 1 h (vi sin )t (vi sin )t 2 1 h (vi sin )t (eq. 4) 2 Substitute equation 3 into equation 4, 1 R h (vi sin ) 2vi cos 2
x x x
1 sin R 4 cos 1 h (tan )R 4 h 0.25R tan 36. If the ball clears the 3.0-m wall 130 m from home plate, then the ball rises (3.0 m 1.3 m) 1.7 m during this time. Thus, for the vertical height: 1 2 ayt h vi t 2 1 1.7 m vi (sin 45)t ( 9.8 m/s2)t2 (eq. 1) 2 Find the time it takes the ball to clear the wall: 1 2 dx vi t axt 2 130 m vi (cos 45)t 130 m t (eq. 2) vi cos 45 h
y x
99
Substitute equation 2 into equation 1: 130 m 1.7 m (vi sin 45) vi cos 45 130 m 2 1 ( 9.8 m/s2) vi cos 45 2 1.7 m (tan 45)(130 m) 33 800 m (4.9 m/s2) vi2 vi 36 m/s The player strikes the ball at 36 m/s, 45 above the horizontal. (30 N)2 (10 N)2 37. a) Fnet Fnet 32 N 30 N tan 1 10 N 72 So Fnet 32 N [N72E] b) Horizontal components: Fx Fx Fy Fy Fnet Fx Fx Fy Fy (60 N) sin 40 38.6 N [W] (60 N) cos 40 34.0 N [S] 51 N [S49W] (50 N) cos 60 15 N [E] (50 N) sin 60 16.7 N [S] 60 N 10 N 80 N
Fa Fa Fa
Fa 2 Fa 2 (59 N)2 (394 N)2 399 N Fa tan Fa

x y x y
tan
394 N 59 N
Vertical components:
c) Horizontal components:
Vertical components:
Fnet 22 N [S42E] 38. a) Fnet Fa Ff The sum of the x components is: F1 F2 F3 Fa Fa (100 N) cos 20 [W] (200 N) cos 40 [E] 59 N [E] Fa The sum of the y components is: F1 F2 F3 Fa Fa (100 N) sin 20 [N] (200 N) sin 40 [S] 300 N [S] 394 N [S] Fa
x x x x x x y y y y y y
8.5 Fa 399 N [S8.5E] Ff kFn Ff kmg Ff (0.10)(300 kg)(9.8 m/s2) Ff 294 N Ff 294 N [N8.5W] Fnet Fa Ff Fnet 399 N [S8.5E] 294 N [N8.5W] Fnet 399 N [S8.5E] 294 N [S8.5E] Fnet 105 N [S8.5E] The net force is Fnet 105 N [S8.5E] b) Fnet ma Fnet a m 105 N [S8.5E] a 300 kg a 0.35 m/s2 [S8.5E] 39. Fnet Fapplied force in the x direction Fkinetic friction Fnet Fa Fk Find the kinetic frictional force, Fk: Fk kFn Fk (0.30)(Fg Fa sin 50) Fk (0.30)[(20 kg)(9.8 m/s2) (100 N) sin 50] Fk 36 N Fnet (100 N) cos 50 36 N Fnet 28 N Fnet ma 28 N ma 28 N a 20 kg a 1.4 m/s2
x
100
40. The hockey stick provides the only force on the puck, therefore it is the net force acting on the puck: Fs Fnet F net ma Fnet a m 300 N [N25E] a 0.25 kg a 1200 m/s2 [N25E] Find vf : vf vi a t at vf vi vf at vi vf (1200 m/s2 [N25E])(0.20 s) 12 m/s [S] vf 240 m/s [N25E] 12 m/s [S] The vector sum of the x components is: vfx (240 m/s) sin 25 [E] vfx 101 m/s [E] The vector sum of the y components is: vfy (240 m/s) cos 25 [N] 12 m/s [N] vfy 206 m/s [N] Ff 2 Ff 2 vf vf (101 m/s)2 (206 m/s)2 vf 229 m/s vf tan vf
x y x y
Find vi: vf a at vi vi
vi t
vi ( 4.9 m/s2)(1.3 s) 6.4 m/s
tan
206 m/s 101 m/s
26 The final velocity is vf 229 m/s [N26E]. 41. a) Fk kFn Fk (0.50)(100 kg)(9.8 m/s2) Fk 4.9 102 N b) The frictional force is the only force acting on the baseball player, therefore it is also the net force. Fnet Fk ma Fk 490 N a 100 kg a 4.9 m/s2
42. Fnet Fk ma k Fn ma k mg a kg a (0.3)( 9.8 m/s2) a 2.94 m/s2 Find distance, d: vf2 vi2 2ad vi2 2ad vi2 d 2a (2.0 m/s)2 d 2( 2.94 m/s2) d 0.68 m The key will slide 0.68 m across the dresser. 43. Fnet Fa Fk The horizontal acceleration of 1.0 m/s2 is the net acceleration of the mop, therefore: Fnet max max Fa kFn max (30 N) cos 45 [(0.1)(Fg Fa sin 45)] max 21.2 N [(0.1)(mg 21.2 N)] max 19.09 N 0.1mg (1.0 m/s2)m 19.09 N 0.1mg m(1.0 m/s2 0.1g) 19.09 N m(1.98 m/s2) 19.09 N m 9.6 kg 44. Let be the angle of the inclined plane when the box starts to slide. At this angle, Fs sFn Fs (0.35)(mg cos ) (eq. 1) (eq. 2) Fx mg sin
x
101
Set equation 1 equal to equation 2: (0.35)(mg cos ) mg sin sin 0.35 cos tan 0.35 tan 1 (0.35) 19 The minimum angle required is 19. 45. a) The acceleration for child 1: Fnet Fx m1a1 m1 g sin a1 g sin a1 (9.8 m/s2) sin 30 a1 4.9 m/s2 The acceleration for child 2: Fnet Fx m2a2 m2 g sin a2 g sin a2 4.9 m/s2 Both children accelerate downhill at 4.9 m/s2. b) They reach the bottom at the same time. 46. a) Fnet Fx Fk ma mg sin kFn ma mg sin k(mg cos ) a g sin k g cos 2 a (9.8 m/s ) sin 25 (0.45)(9.8 m/s2)cos 25 a 0.14 m/s2 The acceleration of the box is 0.14 m/s2. b) vf2 vi2 2ad vf2 2(0.14 m/s2)(200 m) vf 7.6 m/s The box reaches the bottom of the hill at 7.6 m/s2. vf vi c) a t vf t a 7.6 m/s t 0.14 m/s2 t 53 s It takes the box 53 s to reach the bottom of the hill.
47. Find his final speed, vf, at the bottom of the ramp by first finding his acceleration: Fnet Fx ma mg sin a g sin a (9.8 m/s2) sin 35 a 5.6 m/s2 His final speed at the bottom of the ramp is: vf2 vi2 2ad vf2 2(5.6 m/s2)(50 m) vf 23.6 m/s vf will be the initial speed, vi2, for the horizontal distance to the wall of snow. Find the deceleration caused by the snow: Fnet Fk ma kFn ma (0.50)( 9.8 m/s2)m a 4.9 m/s2 Find the distance Boom-Boom will go into the wall of snow: vf2 vi2 2ad 0 vi2 2ad vi2 2ad vi2 d 2a (23.6 m/s)2 d 2( 4.9 m/s2) d 57 m Boom-Boom will go 57 m into the wall of snow. 48. Find the net force on Spot, then solve for the net acceleration: Fnet Fr Fx Fnet 2000 N mg sin ma 2000 N (250 kg)(9.8 m/s2)(sin 20) ma 2000 N 838 N ma 1162 N 1162 N a 250 kg a 4.6 m/s2
102
Find time, t: d d vit 1 2 at 2
Find T1: m1a T1 T1 Find T2: m3a T2 T2 (c) For m1: Fnet1 m1a For m2:
1 2 at 2 1 250 m (4.6 m/s2)t2 2 t2 108 s2 t 10 s 49. a) (a) For m1: Fnet1 T (eq. 1) T m1a For m2: Fnet2 Fg T (eq. 2) m2a m2 g T Substitute equation 1 into equation 2: m2a m2 g m1a (m1 m2)a m2 g (40 kg)a (20 kg)(9.8 m/s2) a 4.9 m/s2 [left] For tension T, substitute acceleration into equation 1: T m1a T (20 kg)(4.9 m/s2) T 98 N (b) Assume the system moves towards m3: For m1: Fnet1 T1 F1g m1a T1 m1 g (eq. 1) For m2: Fnet2 T2 T1 m2a T2 T1 (eq. 2) For m3: Fnet3 F3g T2 m3a m3 g T2 (eq. 3) Add equations 1, 2, and 3: m1a T1 m1 g (eq. 1) (eq. 2) m2a T2 T1 m3a m3 g T2 (eq. 3) (m1 m2 m3)a m3 g m1 g (10 kg 10 kg 30 kg)a (30 kg)(9.8 m/s2) (10 kg)(9.8 m/s2) (50 kg)a 196 N a 3.9 m/s2 [right]
T 1 m1 g (eq. 1) 2 (10 kg)(3.9 m/s ) (10 kg)(9.8 m/s2) 137 N m3 g T2 (eq. 3) 2 (30 kg)(9.8 m/s ) (30 kg)(3.9 m/s2) 176 N T T Fx mg sin
(eq. 1)
Fnet2 F2g T (eq. 2) m2a m2 g T Add equations 1 and 2: (eq. 1) m1a T mg sin (eq. 2) m2a m2 g T (m1 m2)a m2 g m1 g sin (25 kg)a (15 kg)(9.8 m/s2) (10 kg)(9.8 m/s2) sin 25 a 4.2 m/s2 [right] For tension T, substitute acceleration into equation 2: m2a m2 g T T (15 kg)(9.8 m/s2) (15 kg)(4.2 m/s2) T 84 N b) (a) For m1: Fnet1 T Fk m1a T (eq. 1) km1 g For m2: Fnet2 Fg T (eq. 2) m2a m2 g T Add equations 1 and 2: m1a T km1 g (eq. 1) (eq. 2) m2a m2 g T m1a m2a m2 g km1 g a(m1 m2) g(m2 km1) 2 (20 kg 20 kg)a 9.8 m/s [20 kg 0.2(20 kg)] a 3.9 m/s2 [left]
103
For tension T, substitute acceleration into equation 2: m2a m2 g T T (20 kg)(9.8 m/s2) (20 kg)(3.9 m/s2) T 118 N (b) Assume the system moves towards m3: For m1: Fnet1 T1 F1g m1a T1 m1 g (eq. 1) For m2: Fnet2 T2 T1 Fk m2a T2 T1 km2 g (eq. 2) For m3: Fnet3 F3g T2 m3a m3 g T2 (eq. 3) Add equations 1, 2, and 3: T1 m1 g (eq. 1) m1a T2 T1 m2a (eq. 2) km2 g m3 g T2 (eq. 3) m3a m3 g (m1 m2 m3)a km2 g m1 g (10 kg 10 kg 30 kg)a 9.8 m/s2[30 kg 0.2(10 kg) 10 kg] 3.5 m/s2 [right] a Find T1: (eq. 1) m1a T1 m1 g 2 T1 (10 kg)(3.5 m/s ) (10 kg) (9.8 m/s2) T1 133 N Find T2: (eq. 3) m3a m3 g T2 2 T2 (30 kg)(9.8 m/s ) (30 kg)(3.5 m/s2) T2 188 N (c) For m1: Fnet1 T Fx Fk m1a T m1 g sin (eq. 1) km1 g cos For m2: Fnet2 F2g T (eq. 2) m2a m2 g T
Add equations 1 and 2: m1a T m1 g sin (eq. 1) km1 g cos (eq. 2) m2a m2 g T (m1 m2)a m2 g m1 g sin km1 g cos (25 kg)a (9.8 m/s2)[15 kg (10 kg) sin 25 0.2(10 kg) cos 25] a 3.5 m/s2 [right] For tension T, substitute acceleration into equation 2: m2a m2 g T T (15 kg)(9.8 m/s2) (15 kg)(3.5 m/s2) T 94 N 50. For m1: Fnet1 m1a m1a For m2: Fnet2 F2g T1 m2a m2 g T1 (eq. 2) Add equations 1 and 2: (eq. 1) m1a T km1 g (eq. 2) m2a m2 g T (eq. 3) (m1 m2)a m2 g km1 g 2 (9.0 kg)a (4.0 kg)(9.8 m/s ) (0.10)(5.0 kg)(9.8 m/s2) a 3.8 m/s2 [right] 51. For the system to be NOT moving, the acceleration of the whole system must be 0. Using equation 3: (eq. 3) (m1 m2)a m2 g km1 g 0 m2 g km1 g m2 g km1 g 4.0 kg k(5.0 kg) 0.80 k 52. First find the systems acceleration: For Tarzana: FnetTA T (eq. 1) mTAa T For Tarzan: FnetTZ FTZg T (eq. 2) mTZa mTZ g T T T T Ff1 kFn km1 g
(eq. 1)
104
Add equations 1 and 2: (eq. 1) mTAa T (eq. 2) mTZa mTZ g T (mTA mTZ)a mTZ g (65 kg 80 kg)a (80 kg)(9.8 m/s2) (80 kg)(9.8 m/s2) a (65 kg 80 kg) a 5.4 m/s2 To find time t: 1 2 d vit at 2 1 2 15 m at 2 30 m t2 a t 30 m 5.4 m/s2 2.4 s
53. ac T a) b) 54. a)
t 4 2r Assuming ac is a constant, T2 4 2r ac If the radius is doubled, the period increases by a factor of 2. If the radius is halved, the period decreases by a factor of 2. 4 2r ac T2 4 2(0.35 m) ac (0.42 s)2 ac 78 m/s2 The clothes do not fly towards the centre because the wall of the drum applies the normal force that provides the centripetal force. When the clothes are not in contact with the wall, there is no force acting on them. The clothes have inertia and would continue moving at a constant velocity tangential to the drum. The centripetal force acts to constantly change the direction of this velocity. 4 2r T2 365 days 3.15 104 s 4 2(1.5 1011 m) (3.15 107 s) 6.0 10 3 m/s2
b)
55. ac T ac ac
Fc Ff mac Fn mv 2 mg r gr v v 21 m/s It is not necessary to know the mass. mac 57. Vertically: Fn cos mg Fn cos Horizontally: Fc Fn sin mac Fn sin mg sin mac cos v2 g tan r rg tan 25 v v 19 m/s 58. Fc Fg mac mg v2 g r v gr v 9.9 m/s 59. a) T mg T (0.5 kg)g T 4.9 N mv2 b) T mg r mv2 T mg r (0.5 kg)(2.4 m/s)2 T (0.6 m) (0.5 kg)(9.8 m/s2) T 9.7 N 60. Maximum tension occurs when the mass is at its lowest position. Tension acts upward, and gravity acts downward. The difference between these forces is the centripetal force: mv2 Tmax mg r 2 mv Tmax mg r (2.0 kg)(6.6 m/s)2 Tmax (2.0 kg)(9.8 m/s2) 3.0 m Tmax 49 N
56.
105
The tension is minimized when the mass is at the top of its arc. Tension and gravity both act downward, and their sum is the centripetal force: mv2 Tmin mg r mv2 Tmin mg r (2.0 kg)(6.6 m/s)2 Tmin 3.0 m (2.0 kg)(9.8 m/s2) Tmin 9.4 N 61. a) Fnet ma Fn mg m(9g) Fn 9mg mg Fn 10mg Fn 5.9 103 N v2 b) ac r v2 9g r v2 r 9g (91.67 m/s)2 r 9(9.8 m/s2) r 95 m 62. a) G 6.67 10 11 Nm2/kg2, T 365 days 3.15 107 s GmEmS 4 2r mE 2 r T2 4 2r 3 mS GT 2 mS mS
(6.67 4 2(1.5 1011 m)3 10 11 Nm2/kg2)(3.15 107 s)2
63. On mass 2: 4 2r Fc m2 T2 T2 T2 m2 m2 4 2r T2
4 2(L1 L2) T2 On mass 1: 4 2r Fc m1 T2 T1 T1 T1 T2 m1 m1 4 2r T2 m2 4 2(L1 L2) T2 L2))
4 2L1 T2
4 2 (m1L1 T2
m2(L1
1030 kg m b) Density of the Sun V 2.0 2.0 1030 kg 4 3 r 3 1.4 103 kg/m3 24 mEarth 5.98 10 kg 5.98 1024 kg Density of Earth 4 3 r 3 5.5 103 kg/m3 1 The Sun is about as dense as Earth. 4
106
Chapter 3
21.
Tcable
30
24.
60 2500 N 60
Fs = 2500 N
m
Fstrut Fg
flower pot
Fg
T
30
T mg
Fs Fs = 2500 N
30 60 mg
sin 30 T T T T 22. tan Fs Fs Fs Fs 23.

30 30
Fg T Fg sin 30 mg sin 30 (10 kg)(9.8 N/kg) sin 30 196 N Fg Fs Fg tan 98 N tan 30 169.7 N 170 N 25. sin 30 m m m
mg Fs Fs sin 30 g (2500 N) sin 30 9.8 N/kg 128 kg
Tcable
12
mg
12
Tcable
500 kg
30
Trope T1 Fg Trope
T1
T2
60
Fg Fg
2
cos 12 Tcable Tcable
30
T2
T1
T2
T Fg 2 T Fg 2 (cos 30) (100 kg)(9.8 N/kg) 2
cos 30
Tcable Tcable tan 12 Frope Frope Frope
mg Tcable mg cos 12 (500 kg)(9.8 N/kg) cos 12 5009.5 N 5.01 103 N Frope mg mg tan 12 (500 kg)(9.8 N/kg) tan 12 1.04 103 N
T T 566 N
(cos 30)
107
26. a)
Fn Ff
27.
1.5 m
Fapp
Fapp
100 kg
25.0 m
1.5 m 425 N
25.0 m 2
Fn
mg
Fapp Fapp Fapp Fapp Fapp Fapp b)
0.63 Ff 0 Ff Fn mg 0.63(100 kg)(9.8 N/kg) 617.4 N
car
tan tan
1.5 m 25.0 m 2
L = 10 m
250 kg d
10 m
mg
250 kg
Fapp
0.12 6.8 Fapp sin T Fapp T sin 425 N T sin 6.8 T 3.59 103 N The rope pulls with a force of 3.59
103 N.
28.
T T
Fapp = 617 N
Bird
mg
Using similar triangles, find T first: T 2 (mg)2 Fapp2 T [(250 kg)(9.8 N/kg)]2 (617.4 N)2 T 2526.6 N T 2.53 103 N d Fapp L T FappL d T (617.4 N)(10 m) d 2526.6 N d 2.4 m
mBg 18.0 m
9.0 m 0.52 m
tan tan
0.52 m 9.0 m 0.058 3.3
108
30.
Th
Pulley
Ff
mBg
= 3.3
Tv T
sin mB mB mB 29.
mBg 2 T 2T sin g 2(90 N) sin 3.3 9.8 N/kg 1.1 kg

T1
T mg Th
L 2 x 2
mLg
80
40 40
L 2
T2
T1
Leg
T2
T T
(5.0 kg)(9.8 N/kg) 49 N

40
T2 T1
Th Ff 0 With left taken to be the positive direction, Th Ff 0 Th Ff Th Fn mg Th 2 From Pythagoras theorem: mg 2 T2 Th2 2 T2
2
mg 2
2
mg 2
2
40
Fapp
T2 T
mg 2
1)
Fapp
T1
cos 40 Fapp Fapp Fapp Fapp
T2 Fapp 2 T 2(T cos 40) 2mg cos 40 2(5.0 kg)(9.8 N/kg) cos 40 75 N [left]
mg ( 2 1) 2 From similar triangles: x 2 Th L T 2 x Th L T ThL x T

109
Substituting for Th and T, mgL 2 x mg 2 1 2 L x 2 1 L x 2 1 31. a)

+
b)
mT = m1 + m2
mTg
P 1 3 kg 2.0 m
2 1 kg
centre of mass ? 0 net With clockwise as the positive rotation, 0 1 2

1 2
T ? If up is positive, T mTg T (4.0 kg)(9.8 N/kg) T 39.2 N [up] 32. T 0 The pivot is the left support. 0 1 0 2 Board Duck
2 2 2 B D
r1m1 g sin r1 r1 r1
r2m2 g sin m2g r2 m1g r2 r2 3 m2 m1 F2
rBFgB rDFgD rBmBg rDmDg (2.0 m)(50 kg) (9.8 N/kg) (4.0 m) (8.5 kg)(9.8 N/kg) 1313.2 N/m
But r2 r1 rT 3r1 rT r1 4r1 rT rT r1 4 2.0 m r1 4 r1 0.5 m The centre of mass is 0.5 m from m1 and 1.5 m from m2.
1313.2 Nm 0.8 m 1641.5 N F2 F2 1.6 103 N [up] For F1: FT 0 With down as positive, 0 F 1 F2 FB FD F1 FB FD F2 F1 (mBg) (mDg) F2 F1 (50 kg)(9.8 N/kg) (8.5 kg)(9.8 N/kg) 1.6 1068.2 N F1 F1 1.1 103 N [down] and F2 1.6 103 N [up]
103 N
110
y2 = 0.5 m
33.
y1 = 1.0 m
x x 35.
T man
5.0 m 3.75 m 1.25 m 0

L(left) L(right) rock
X1 = 0.5 m X2 = 2.5 m
0 With clockwise as the positive direction of rotation, 0 man L(left) L(right)

rock man L(left) L(right)
rock
xcm xcm
x1
x2 2.5 m
2 0.5 m
rrockmrock g sin
2 xcm 1.5 m [right] y1 y2 ycm 2 0.5 m 1.0 m ycm 2 ycm 0.75 m [up] Centre of mass 1.5 m [right], 0.75 m [up] 34.
rrockmrock
rmanmman g sin rL(left)mL(left) g sin rL(right)mL(right) g sin [(1.90 m)(86 kg)] 1.90 m 2 (2.0 kg) 1.90 m 2.40 m
rrockmrock rrockmrock
x 5.0 m
mrock mrock mrock
0.5 m 0.50 m (2.0 kg) 2 2.40 m 163.4 kgm 1.504 kgm 0.104 kgm 164.8 kgm 164.8 kgm 0.50 m 329.6 kg 3.3 102 kg
27 kg 2 +
F23 x Fg
2.5 m P
F1
36. a)
17 kg 1
20 kg 3
3.8 kg
Let F1 be the pivot. 0 T 0 2 3 L With clockwise as positive, 0 2 23 L 2 r23 m g rLmg 3 3rL r23 2 5.0 m 3 2 r23 2 r23 r23 15.0 m 4 3.75 m
0 0 1 2 3 TL TR With clockwise as the positive rotation, 0 1 2 3 TL TR

T 3 2 1
r3m3 g r3m3
r2m2 g r1m1 g 3.8 m (27 kg) 2 3.8 m (17 kg) 2
r3m3 r3m3 r3 r3
51.3 kgm 19 kgm 19 kgm 20 kg 0.95 m
32.3 kgm
111
The third child of mass 20 kg must sit 0.95 m from the centre of the teeter-totter and on the same side as the 17.0-kg child. b) No, the mass of the teeter-totter does not matter. 37.
F1 F2
Let clockwise be positive. 0 D Back

Back D
5.0 kg
mp = 2.0 kg
rB FB rB FB rB FB rB FB FB FB FB
1.5 m 2.5 m
rD FgD rDmD g (0.30 m)(30 kg)(9.8 N/kg) 88.2 Nm 88.2 Nm 1.0 m 88.2 N 8.8 101 N
Let F2 be pivot. 0 0 1 B C With clockwise as the positive rotation, 0 1 p c

net 1 p c
r1F1 F1 F1
rpFgp rpFgp r1
rcFgc rcFgc
[(2.5 m 2.5 m 1.5 m)(5.0 kg)(9.8 N/kg)]
2.5 m (2.0 kg)(9.8 N kg) 2
But Fnet 0 FF FD FB 0 Let up be positive. 0 F F FD FB FF FD FB FF mDg FB FF (30 kg)(9.8 N/kg) 88.2 N FF 205.8 N FF 2.1 102 N Front legs: 1.05 102 N each; back legs: 4.4 101 N each (each divided by 2). 39. a) P
F1 29.4 N But Fnet 0 F1 FgB FgC F2 0 With up as the positive direction, 0 F1 FgB FgC F2 F2 FgB FgC F1 F2 mB g mC g F1 F2 (2.0 kg)(9.8 N/kg) (5.0 kg)(9.8 N/kg) 29.4 N F2 39.2 N The man farthest from the cement bag (F1) lifts with 29.4 N and the second man lifts with 39.2 N of force. 38. Take front two and back two legs as single supports. 0 with front legs as pivot net 0 D Back
C of m 2.4 m 20 kg
0.8 m
Fnet 0 FT FD 0 Taking up to be positive, 0 F T FD FT mD g FT (20 kg)(9.8 N/kg) FT 196 N [up]
112
b)
41. a)
rD
1.0 m
1.2 m D
75 kg
1.6 m
0.4 m C of m C of m
tan
0.4 m 1.2 m
18.4 Assume the upper hinge is the pivot. 0 B door 0 B door

B door
rB FB sin
FB 40.
1.2 m 72 kg p
rDmD g sin D rDmD g sin D FB rB sin B (1.26 m)(20 kg)(9.8 N/kg) sin 18.4 (2.4 m) sin (90 18.4) FB 34.2 N [out horizontally]
B
Fnet 0 Fapp-h Ff 0 Taking the direction of force application to be positive, Fapp-h Ff Fapp-h Fn Fapp-h mg Fapp-h 0.42(75 kg)(9.8 N/kg) Fapp-h 308.7 N [horizontally] Fapp-h 3.1 102 N [horizontally] b)
box a P
7.0 m
Just to the tip the box, 0 net 0 a box Taking the direction of force application to be positive, 0 a box
P
a box
65
p
90 65 25 p Choose bottom as pivot. 0 net 0 wall p Taking right (horizontally) as positive, 0 wall p
wall p
Take bottom corner as pivot. 1.6 m 2 tan a 1.0 m 2 58 a rboxmbox g sin box raFa sin a rboxmbox g sin box ra Fa sin a ra
(0.8 m)2 (0.5 m)2(75 kg)(9.8 N/kg) sin (90 (308.7 N) sin 58 58)
rw Fw sin
Fw Fw Fw Fw
rpmp g sin rpmp g sin rw sin w

[(7.0 m
p p
ra
1.40 m
1.2 m)(72 kg)(9.8 N/kg)(sin 25)] (7.0 m) sin 65
272.6 N [horizontal] 2.7 102 N Fh(top) so 2.7 102 N is But Fh(bottom) required to keep the ladder from sliding.
But: h ra sin 58 h 1.2 m
113
42.
+ P 5.0 cm 16 cm 10 kg
Let the contact point of F2 be the pivot P. 0 1 w With clockwise being the positive torque direction, 0 1 w
1 w
35 cm
net muscle
0
arm water
0 With clockwise as the direction of positive rotation, 0 m a w

m a w
rmFm sin Fm Fm
ramag sin rwmwg sin ramag rwmwg rm 45.
rwmg rwmg F1 r1 (0.12 m)(65 kg)(9.8 N/kg) F1 0.04 m F1 1911 N F1 1.9 103 N [up] Fnet 0 F1 F2 Fg 0 With up taken to be the positive direction, F1 F g F2 F2 1911 N (65.0 kg)(9.8 N/kg) 2548 N F2 F2 2.5 103 N [down]
F = 0.5 N
0.01 m
r1F1
(0.16 m)(3.0 kg)(9.8 N/kg) (0.35 m)(10 kg)(9.8 N/kg) 0.050 m
Fm Fm 43.
0.15 m 1.9 kg
780.1 N 7.8 102 N [up]

1.2 kg 0.4 kg
P
+
0.40 m 0.60 m
0.02 m
The total of all three torques must be equivalent to the total torque through the centre of mass.
cm ua fa hand
F2
rcmm T g rcm rcm 44.
ruamua g ruamua
rfamfa g rhandmhand g rfamfa rhandmhand mT

(0.40 m)(1.2 kg) 3.5 kg (0.60 m)(0.4 kg)
(0.15 m)(1.9 kg)
Use pivot P as the point of contact of F1. 0 net 0 F2 F With clockwise taken to be the positive torque direction, 0 F2 F
F2 F
rcm
F1
4.0 cm
0.29 m from shoulder

P
12 cm
rF2F2
+
F2 F2 F2
rFF rFF rF2 (0.01 m)(0.5 N) 0.02 m 0.25 N
114
Fnet 0 F2 0 F F With right taken to be the positive direction, F1 F F2 F1 0.5 N 0.25 N F1 0.75 N F1 0.75 N [left], and F2 0.25 N [right]
1
48.
h hcm
L 2
1.00 m 1.00 m
46.
11 cm 2.4 cm P
28 cm 7.25 kg
tan
L 2 hcm L 2 tan 1.00 m 2 tan 30 0.8660 m
C of m
FT
hcm
Set P at elbow joint. 0 net 0 T arm sp With clockwise taken to be the positive torque direction, 0 T arm sp
T arm sp
hcm
rTFT FT FT 47.
rarmFg(arm) rspFg(sp) rarmmarmg rspmspg rT 49.
hcm But: h 2hcm h 2(0.8660 m) h 1.73 m NOTE: The solution to problem 49 is based on the pivot point of the glass being at the corner of the base.
d x
(0.11 m)(2.7 kg)(9.8 N/kg) (0.280 m)(7.25 kg)(9.8 N/kg) 0.024 m
FT
9.5
102 N
0.14 m
0.6 m
0.050 m
0.020 m
0.3 m
0.3 m 0.6 m 26 The tipping angle is 26 from the horizontal. tan
tan
sin x x d d d
0.020 m 0.050 m 21.8 x h 0.050 m (0.14 m 0.050 m) sin 21.8 0.033 m x r 0.033 m 0.020 m 0.053 m
115
50.
2.5 m
2.5 m
Use hinge as pivot. 0 net 0 s m With clockwise taken to be the positive torque direction, 0 s m
s m
tan
base 2 hcm 2.5 m 2 2.5 m 26.6
rs Fs sin
Fs Fs Fs But: Fs kx Fs k x k
tan 51.
rm Fm sin 90 rmmm g rs sin s (1.0 m)(10.0 kg)(9.8 N/kg) (0.75 m) sin 10 752.5 N
Fs
752.5 N 4.0 10 2 m 1.88 104 N/m
nails
k 53.
Fg
x2 x1
45 0.50 m 0.50 m 0.50 m
1.5 m
Fs Fg 0 With up taken to be the positive direction, Fs mg But: Fs kx So: kx mg mg k x (3.0 kg)(9.8 N/kg) k 1.8 10 2 m k 52.
+
x1 x1 x2 x2
1.6
103 N/m
(0.50 m)2 (0.50 m)2 0.7071 m (0.50 m)2 (1.50 m)2 1.58 m 1.50 m tan 0.50 m 71.56 x 1.58 m 0.7071 m x 0.874 m
T
bar
Fs
10
P
0.75 m 1.0 m 10 kg
Fgm
Fg
116
T T T T
Fs kx (1.5 102 N/m)(0.874 m) 1.311 102 N
55. a) A
mg
2
sin m m
mg 2 T 2T sin g 2(1.311
102 N) sin 71.56 9.8 N/kg
m 25.4 kg 54. L 20 m r 2.0 10 3 m Limit FL 6.0 107 N/m2 F a) Stress A F A(Stress) F r2(Stress) F (2.0 10 3 m)2(6.0 F 753.6 N F 7.5 102 N b) E for Al is: EAl 70 109 N/m2 Stress E Strain F A E L L F A E (20 m)(6.0 107 N/m2) 70 109 N/m2 0.017 m 1.7 10 2 m L
107 N/m2)
L L L L
0.1 m2 F Stress A (100 kg)(9.8 N/kg) Stress 0.1 m2 Stress 9.8 103 N/m2 Strain Eiron 100 109 N/m2 Stress E Strain Stress Strain E 9.8 103 N/m2 Strain 100 109 N/m2 Strain 9.8 10 8 b) L ? L 2.0 m L L(Strain) L (2.0 m)(9.8 10 8) L 1.96 10 7 m L 2.0 10 7 m c) Maximum stress is 17 107 N/m2. Fmax Stress(A) Fmax (17 107 N/m2)(0.1 m2) Fmax 1.7 107 N mg Fmax 1.7 107 N m 9.8 N/kg m 1.7 106 kg 56. Maximum stress for femur is 13 107 N/m2. A 6.40 10 4 m2 F Stress A Fmax A(Stress) Fmax (6.40 10 4 m2)(13 107 N/m2) Fmax 8.32 104 N 57. Fc 200 N A 1 10 5 m2 L 0.38 m E 15 109 N/m2 F A E L L FL L AE (200 N)(0.38 m) L (1 10 3 m2)(15 109 N/m2) L 5.067 10
6
m
117
k k k 58.
F x 200 N 5.067 10 3.95

7 6
10 N/m
2.0 m
Gsteel 80 109 N/m2 rF C 2 r C 2 (20 m) C 125.6 m 2.0 m 125.6 m 360 (360)(2 m) 125.6 m 5.73 R cos R L R R L cos 20 m R L cos 5.73 R L 20.1005 m L 20.1005 m L 20.1005 m L 0.1005 m F A G L L Arod
59. Stress is 10% of Tmax. Stress 0.10(50 107 N/m2) Stress 5.0 107 N/m2 a) A ? F Stress A F A Stress mg A Stress (1.00 104 kg)(9.8 N/kg) A 5.0 107 N/m2 A 1.96 10 3 m2 r r A 1.96 10
3
m2
R 20 m
r 0.025 m r 2.5 10 2 m b) a 2.0 m/s2 Fnet Fapp mg Fnet ma mg Fnet m(a g) Esteel 200 109 N/m2 Stress E Strain Stress Strain E F A Strain E [m(a g)] Strain A E Strain
[(1.00 104 kg)(2.0 m/s2 9.8 m/s2)] 1.96 10 3 m2 200 10 9 N/m2
4
(0.01 m)2 G LA F L (80 109 N/m2)(0.1005 m)[ (0.01 m)2] F 2.0 m F 1 262 920 N F 1.26 106 N rF sin rod 2.0 m(1 262 920 N) sin 90 rod 2.52 106 Nm rod The torque on rod is 2.5 106 Nm.
Strain 3.01 10 60. L ? Epine 10 109 N/m2 L 3.0 m A (10 10 2 m)(15 A 1.5 10 3 m2 Fg 1000 N
10 2 m)
118
a)
E Stress Stress Stress
F A L L Stress Strain F A 1000 N 1.5 10 3 m2
For column 2: Strain Stress E F Stress A2E Stress 2.45 105 N (0.5024 m2)(50 109 N/m2) 9.75 10 6
6.67 105 N/m2 Stress Strain E 6.67 105 N/m2 Strain 10 109 N/m2 Strain 6.67 10 5 b) L L(Strain) L (3.0 m)(6.67 10 5) L 2.0 10 4 m 61. m 2.5 104 kg Fapp (2.5 104 kg)(9.8 N/kg) Fapp 2.45 105 N r2 A1 1.00 m 2 A1 2 A1 0.785 m2 A2 r22 0.80 m 2 A2 2 A2 0.5024 m2 Emarble 50 109 N/m2 L1 ? L1 Stress L1 E L1 L1 L1 F A1 E
Stress L2 9.75 10 6 L2 L2 L2 (9.75 10 6) L2 But: L2 6 L2 L2(9.75 10 m) L2
21.999 863 m 21.999 863 m 21.999 863 m 1 9.75 10 6 m
L2 22.000 0775 m The narrower column needs to be only 7.8 10 5 m longer than the wider column.
FL1 A1E (2.45 105 N)(22.0 m) L1 (0.785 m2)(50 109 N/m2) L1 1.37 10 4 m Column 1 final loaded: Loaded 22.0 m L1 Loaded 22.0 m 1.37 10 4 m Loaded 21.999863 m
119
Chapter 4
16. p mv p (7500 kg)(120 m/s) p 9.0 105 kgm/s 17. p mv p (0.025 kg)(3 m/s) p 0.075 kgm/s 18. 90 km/h 25 m/s, m 25 g 0.025 kg p mv p (0.025 kg)(25 m/s) p 0.63 kgm/s 19. v 500 km/h 138.89 m/s, p 23 000 kgm/s p m v 23 000 kgm/s m 138.89 m/s m 165.6 kg p 20. v m 1.00 kgm/s v 1.6726 10 27 kg v 6.00 1026 m/s, which is much greater than the speed of light. 21. p mv p (0.050 g)(10 m/s [down]) p 0.5 kgm/s [down]
p = 0.5 kgm/s [down]
23. m t
24.
25.
22. v p p p
(300 km/h)
1000 m 1 km
1h 3600 s
26.
83.3 m/s mv (6000 kg)(83.3 m/s [NW]) 5 105 kgm/s [NW]

p = 5 x 105 kgm/s [NW]
27.
45
28.
250 N [forward], 0 F t m v (250 N [forward])(3.0 s) (50 kg)(v2 v1) 740 N [forward] v2 50 kg v2 15 m/s [forward] m 150 kg, v1 0, a 2.0 m/s2, t 4.0 s a) v2 v1 at v2 0 (2.0 m/s2)(4.0 s) v2 8.0 m/s p mv p (150 kg)(8.0 m/s) p 1200 kgm/s b) J p J m2v2 m1v1 J (150 kg)(8.0 m/s) (150 kg)(0) J 1200 kgm/s m 1.5 kg, h 17 m, v1 0, a 9.8 N/kg 1 a t2 a) h v1 t 2 1 17 m 0 ( 9.8 m/s2) t2 2 t 1.86 s b) F ma F (1.5 kg)( 9.8 N/kg) F 14.7 N c) J Ft J ( 14.7 N)(1.86 s) J 27.3 kgm/s F 700 N, t 0.095 s a) J Ft J (700 N)(0.095 s) J 66.5 kgm/s b) J p p 66.5 kgm/s 25 m/s, v2 20 m/s m 0.20 kg, v1 p m2v2 m1v1 p (0.2 kg)(20 m/s) (0.2 kg)( 25 m/s) p 9.0 kgm/s Ft mv (N)(s) (kg)(m/s) (kgm/s2)(s) (kg)(m/s) kgm/s kgm/s 50 kg, F 3.0 s, v1
120
29.
p2
p1
p
c) F F F d) a t
p2
33
p1
t t e) J J J J f)
F (104 N)
30. v1 0, v2 250 m/s, m 3.0 kg, F 2.0 104 N a) J p J m2v2 m1v1 J (3.0 kg)(250 m/s) 0 J 750 kgm/s b) J F t J t F 750 kgm/s t 2 104 N t 0.038 s 31. m 7000 kg, v1 110 km/h 30.56 m/s, t 0.40 s, v2 0 p a) F t m2v2 m1v1 F t 0 (7000 kg)(30.56 m/s) F 0.40 s F 5.3 105 N p b) F t m2v2 m1v1 F t 0 (7000 kg)(30.56 m/s) F 8.0 s 4 F 2.7 10 N 32. m 30 g 0.03 kg, v1 360 m/s, d 5 cm 0.05 m a) p mv p (0.03 kg)(360 m/s) p 11 kgm/s b) v22 v12 2ad 02 (360 m/s)2 2a(0.05 m) a 1.3 106 m/s2
ma (0.03 kg)( 1.3 106 m/s2) 3.9 104 N v2 v1 t v2 v1 a 0 360 m/s 1.3 106 m/s2 2.8 10 4 s p m2v2 m1v1 (0.03 kg)(0) (0.03 kg)(360 m/s) 11 kgm/s
t (104 s)
0 1 2 3 4 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 5 10 15 t (s) 1 2 3
33. a)
F (106 N )
1 h(a b) 2 1 (15 s)(5 106 N 8 106 N) J 2 J 9.8 107 Ns 34. J area under the curve 1 ( 90 N)(0.3 s) (120 N)(0.2 s) J 2 1 (75 N)(0.4 s) 2 J ( 13.5 Ns) (24 Ns) (15 Ns) J 25.5 Ns 35. J area under the graph Counting roughly 56 squares, J 56(0.5 103 N)(0.05 s) J 1.4 103 Ns b) Area
121
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
p mv2 mv1, where v1 0, (0.250 kg)(v2) 1.4 5.6 103 m/s pTo pTf m1v1o m2v2o (m1 m2)vf, where v2o 0 (5000 kg)(5 m/s [S]) (10 000 kg)(vf) vf 2.5 m/s [S] pTo pTf m1v1o m2v2o (m1 m2)vf, where v2o 0 (45 kg)(5 m/s) (47 kg)(vf) vf 4.8 m/s [in the same direction as v1o] pTo pTf m1v1o m2v2o m1v1f m2v2f (65 kg)(15 m/s) (100 kg)( 5 m/s) 1 (65 kg) (15 m/s) (100 kg)(v2f) 3 (975 500 325) kgm/s (100 kg)(v2f) v2f 1.5 m/s pTo pTf m1v1o m2v2o (m1 m2)vf, where v2o 0 (0.5 kg)(20 m/s) 0 (30.5 kg)(vf) vf 0.33 m/s pTo pTf m1v1o m2v2o m1v1f m2v2f (0.2 kg)(3 m/s) (0.2 kg)( 1 m/s) (0.2 kg)(2 m/s) (0.2 kg)(v2f) 0.4 kgm/s 0.4 kgm/s (0.2 kg)(v2f) v2f 0 v1o 90 km/h 25 m/s, vf 80 km/h 22.2 m/s pTo pTf m1v1o m2v2o (m1 m2)vf, where v2o 0 m1(25 m/s) 0 (m1 6000 kg) (22.2 m/s) m1(25 m/s) m1(22.2 m/s) 133 333.3 kgm/s m1(25 m/s 22.2 m/s) 133 333.3 kgm/s J J 103 Ns v2 m1 m1
133 333.3 kgm/s 2.8 m/s
43. v1f
44.
45.
46.
47.
v2o t m(v1f v1o) m(v2f v2o) mv2f mv2o mv1f mv1o mv1f mv2f mv1o mv2o pTf pTo pTf pTo 0 p 0 m1 1.67 10 27 kg, m2 4m1, v1 2.2 107 m/s pTo pTf m1v1o m2v2o (m1 m2)vf, where v2o 0 m1(2.2 107 m/s) (5m1)vf 2.2 107 m/s vf 5 vf 4.4 106 m/s m1 3m, m2 4m, v1o v pTo pTf m1v1o m2v2o (m1 m2)vf, where v2o 0 (3m)v (7m)vf 3 vf v 7 m1 99.5 kg, m2 0.5 kg, v1f ?, 20 m/s v2f pTo pTf 0 (99.5 kg)(v1f) (0.5 kg)( 20 m/s) 10 kgm/s v1f 99.5 kg v1f 0.1 m/s d t v 200 m t 0.1 m/s t 2 103 s p1o 375 kgm/s [E], p2o 450 kgm/s [N45E] a) pTo p1o p2o m t
pTo p1o = 375 kgm /s 45 p2o = 450 kgm /s
F1 ma1 v1o
F2 ma2 v m 2f
4.8
104 kg
122
b) pTf pTo Using the cosine and sine laws, pTo 2 (375 kgm/s)2 (450 kgm/s)2 2(375 kgm/s)(450 kgm/s) cos 135 762.7 kgm/s pTo 762.7 kgm/s pTf sin 135 sin 762.7 kgm/s 450 kgm/s 24.7 Therefore, pTf 763 kgm/s [E24.7N] 48. m1 3.2 kg, v1o 20 m/s [N], p1o 64 kgm/s [N], m2 0.5 kg, v2o 5 m/s [W], p2o 2.5 kgm/s [W] pTo pTf p1o p2o pTf m1v1o m2v2o (m1 m2)vf Using the diagram and Pythagoras theorem,
p2o = 2.5 kgm /s
pTf p1o = 64 kgm /s
p2o 60 000 kgm/s p2o (60 000 kgm/s)(tan 60) p2o 103 923 kgm/s m2v2o 103 923 kgm/s 103 923 kgm/s v2o 5000 kg v2o 20.8 m/s [E] 50. mo 1.2 10 24 kg, vo 0, po 0, m1 3.0 10 25 kg, v1 2.0 107 m/s [E], p1 6 10 18 kgm/s [E], m2 2.3 10 25 kg, v2 4.2 107 m/s [N], p2 9.66 10 18 kgm/s [N] m3 1.2 10 24 kg 3.0 10 25 kg 2.3 10 25 kg m3 6.7 10 25 kg pTo 0 pTo pTf 0 p1 p2 p3 Drawing a momentum vector diagram and using Pythagoras theorem, tan 60
p3 = m3v3 p2o = 9.66 1018 kgm /s p1o = 6.0 10 18 kgm /s
(2.5 kgm/s)2 (64 kg m/s)2 64.05 kgm/s 2.5 kgm/s tan 64 kgm/s 2.2 pT (m1 m2)vf 64.05 kgm/s [N2.2W] (3.7 kg)vf vf 17 m/s [N2.2W] 49. m1 3000 kg, v1o 20 m/s [N], p1o 60 000 kgm/s [N], m2 5000 kg, v2o ? [E], p2o ? [E], vf ? [E30N], pf ? [E30N] pTo pTf p1o p2o pTf Using the following momentum diagram, pTf pTf
p2o = m2 v2o p1o = 60 000 kgm /s 30
p3 2 p3 v3 v3 v3 tan
(9.66 10 18 kgm/s)2 (6 10 18 kgm/s)2 1.1372 10 17 kgm/s p3 m3 1.1372 6.7 1.7 10 17 kgm/s 10 25 kg
107 m/s 6 10 18 kgm/s 9.66 10 18 kgm/s 1.7
p Tf
107 m/s [S32W] 60 m 51. m1 m2 m, v1o 12.5 m/s 4.8 s [R], v2o 0, v2f 1.5 m/s [R25U] pTo pTf m1v1o m2v2o m1v1f m2v2f Since m1 m2 and v2o 0, v1o v1f v2f
31.8 Therefore, v3
123
Drawing a vector diagram and using trigonometry,

v2f = 1.5 m/s 25 v1f v1o = 12.5 m /s
Using the vector diagram and trigonometry,

v1f v1o = 6.0 m / s v2f = 4.0 m / s 25
(1.5 m/s)2 (12.5 m/s)2 2(1.5 m/s)(12.5 m/s) cos 25 11.16 m/s v1f sin sin 25 11.6 m/s 1.5 m/s 3.3 Therefore, the first stone is deflected 3.3 or [R3.3D]. 52. m1 10 000 kg, v1 3000 km/h [E] 833.3 m/s [E], p1 8.333 106 kgm/s [E], m2 ?, v2 5000 km/h [S] 1388.9 m/s [S], p2 m2(1388.9 m/s) [S], m3 10 000 kg m2, v3 ? [E10N], p3 (10 000 kg m2)(v3) [E10N] p1 p2 p3 Drawing a momentum diagram and using trigonometry,
p1 = 8.33 106 kgm /s p2 10 p3
v1f 2
(6.0 m/s)2 (4.0 m/s)2 2(6.0 m/s)(4.0 m/s) cos 65 5.63 m/s v1f sin sin 65 5.63 m/s 4.0 m/s 40 Therefore v1f 5.63 m/s [U40R] 54. 2m1 m2, v1o 6.0 m/s [U], v2o 0, v2f 4 m/s [L25U], v1f ? pTo pTf m1v1o m2v2o m1v1f m2v2f, since 2m1 m2 and v2o 0 v1o v1f 2v2f Using the vector diagram and trigonometry,
v1f V1o = 6.0 m /s v2f = 8.0 m /s 25
v1f 2
p2 p1 p2 (8.33 106 kgm/s)(tan 10) 1.47 106 kgm/s p2 p2 m2(1388.9 m/s) [S] 1.47 106 kgm/s m2 1388.8 m/s m2 1057.6 kg The mass of the ejected object is 1.058 103 kg. 53. m1 m2 m, v1o 6.0 m/s [U], v2o 0, v2f 4 m/s [L25U], v1f ? pTo pTf m1v1o m2v2o m1v1f m2v2f Since m1 m2 and v2o 0, v1o v1f v2f tan 10
(6.0 m/s)2 (8.0 m/s)2 2(6.0 m/s)(8.0 m/s) cos 65 7.7 m/s v1f sin 65 sin 7.7 m/s 8.0 m/s 70 Therefore, v1f 7.7 m/s [R20U] 55. Counting ten dots for a one-second interval and measuring the distance with a ruler and the angle with a protractor gives: 33 mm a) v1o 1s 0.033 m/s v1o 0 v2o 33 mm v1f 1s 0.033 m/s v1f 33 mm v2f 1s 0.033 m/s v2f v1f
124
b) v1o 0.033 m/s [E] v2o 0 v1f 0.033 m/s [E45S] v2f 0.033 m/s [E45N] c) p1o (0.3 kg)(0.033 m/s [E]) p1o 9.9 10 3 kgm/s [E] p2o (0.3 kg)(0) 0 pTo 9.9 10 3 kgm/s [E] p1f (0.3 kg)(0.033 m/s [E45S]) p1f 9.9 10 3 kgm/s [E45S] p2f (0.3 kg)(0.033 m/s [E45N]) p2f 9.9 10 3 kgm/s [E45N] The vector diagram for the final situation is shown below.
p1f = 9.9 103 kgm /s 45 p Tf 45 p2f = 9.9 103 kgm /s
Drawing a vector diagram and using trigonometry,

A B p3 = 7.5 kgm /s
p4
p2 = 5.4 kgm /s
C p = 4.80 kgm /s 1
Using Pythagoras theorem, pTf 2 (9.9 10 3 kgm/s)2 (9.9 10 3 kgm/s)2 pTf 1.4 10 2 kgm/s [E] 9.9 10 3 kgm/s d) p1oh p1ov 0 p2oh 0 p2ov 0 (9.9 10 3 kgm/s)(cos 45) p1fh p1fh 7.0 10 3 kgm/s (9.9 10 3 kgm/s)(sin 45) p1fv 7.0 10 3 kgm/s p1fv (9.9 10 3 kgm/s)(cos 45) p2fh p2fh 7.0 10 3 kgm/s (9.9 10 3 kgm/s)(sin 45) p2fv p2fv 7.0 10 3 kgm/s e) Momentum is not conserved in this collision. The total final momentum is about 1.4 times the initial momentum. 56. m1 0.2 kg, v1 24 m/s [E], p1 4.8 kgm/s [E], m2 0.3 kg, v2 18 m/s [N], p2 5.4 kgm/s [N], m3 0.25 kg, v3 30 m/s [W], p3 7.5 kgm/s [W], m4 0.25 kg, v4 ?, p4 ? pTo 0 p1 p2 p3 p4 0
Using triangle ABC, 2.7 kgm/s tan 5.4 kgm/s 26.6 2 (2.7 kgm/s)2 (5.4 kgm/s)2 p4 p4 6.037 kgm/s 6.037 kgm/s v4 0.25 kg 24.1 m/s v4 Therefore, v4 24.1 m/s [S26.6E] 57. a) Masstotal 5000 kg 10 000 kg Masstotal 15 000 kg 5000 kg 1 b) the distance to the larger 15 000 kg 3 1 truck, or (400 m) 133.3 m from the 3 larger truck. 58. a) m1 2000 kg, v1o 200 m/s [E], p1o 4 105 kgm/s [E]
p1o = 4 105 kgm /s [E]
b) m2 p2o
1000 kg, v2o 200 m/s [S30E], 2 105 kgm/s [S30E]
p2o = 2 105 kgm /s [S30E] 30
c) pcmo
p1o
p1o
p2o pcmo
p2o
d) pcmf
pcmf
pcmo
59. a) pcmo pcmo b) pcmf pcmf
pTo 9.9 10 3 kgm/s [E] (see 55c) pTf 1.4 10 2 kgm/s [E] (see vector diagram for 55c)
125
Chapter 5
11. a) W W W b) W W c) W W W W W 12. a) W W W b) W W W c) W W 13. F d (4000 N)(5.0 m) 2.0 104 J (570 N)(0.08 m) 46 J Ek Ek2 Ek1 1 2 mv 0 2 1 (9.1 10 31 kg)(1.6 108 m/s)2 2 1.2 10 14 J F d (500 N)(5.3 m) 2.7 103 J F d cos (500 N)(5.3 m) cos 20 2.5 103 J (500 N)(5.3 m) cos 70 9.1 102 J
The force that the plow applies in 1 s is: Fapp Fg Fapp mg Fapp (3556 kg)(9.8 N/kg) Fapp 34 848.8 N This force is applied over a distance of 5 m: W F d W (34 848.8 N)(5.0 m) W 174 244 J To find the number of seconds it takes to plow the road: d t v 8000 m t 10 m/s t 800 s WT (800 s)(174 244 J/s) WT 1.4 108 J 15. The two campers must overcome 84 N of friction, or 42 N each in the horizontal direction since both are at the same 45 angle.
45
25.0 m h
Fc
45
W Eg F d mg h (350 N)(25.0 m) (50.0 kg)(9.8 N/kg)h h 18 m h sin 25.0 m 18 m sin 25.0 m 46 14. Using the plows speed, in 1 s, the plow will push a block of snow that is 0.35 m deep, 4.0 m wide and 10.0 m long. This snow has a mass of: (0.35 m)(4.0 m)(10.0 m)(254 kg/m3) 3556 kg
Fh
The horizontal component of Fc, called Fh, must be equal to 42 N. W Fh d W (42 N)(50 m) W 2.1 103 Nm Each camper must do 2.1 103 J of work to overcome friction. 16. W F d ,where d for each revolution is zero. Therefore, W 0 J. 17. 350 J indicates that the force and the displacement are in the opposite direction. An example would be a car slowing down because of friction. Negative work represents a flow or transfer of energy out of an object or system.
126
dramp 5 m m 35 kg dheight 1.7 m a) F ma F (35 kg)(9.8 N/kg) F 343 N F 3.4 102 N b) W F d W (3.4 102 N)(1.7 m) W 583.1 J W 5.8 102 N c) W F dramp 583.1 J F(5 m) F 116.62 N F 1.2 102 N 19. W Area under the graph (20 m)(200 N) W (10 m)(200 N) 2 (20 m)(600 N) (20 m)(200 N) 2 (20 m)(400 N) (10 m)(800 N) 2 (20 m)(800 N) (10 m)(1200 N) W 5.4 104 J 20. a) W area under the graph (1 m)(100 N) (1 m)(200 N) W 2 2 (1 m)(100 N) (2 m)(300 N) W 8.5 102 J b) The wagon now has kinetic energy (and may also have gained gravitational potential energy). c) W Ek 1 2 Ek mv 2 1 850 J (120 kg)v2 2 v 3.8 m/s 1 2 21. a) Ek mv 2 1 Ek (45 kg)(10 m/s)2 2 Ek 2.3 103 J
18.
2 r t 2 (0.1 m) v 1s v 0.628 m/s 1 2 Ek mv 2 1 Ek (0.002 kg)(0.628 m/s)2 2 Ek 3.9 10 4 J 100 km 1h 1000 m c) v 1h 3600 s 1 km v 27.7778 m/s 1 2 Ek mv 2 1 Ek (15 000 kg)(27.7778 m/s)2 2 Ek 5.8 106 J d 22. v t 5.0 m v 2.0 s v 2.5 m/s 1 2 Ek mv 2 1 450 J m(2.5 m/s)2 2 m 1.4 102 kg 1 2 23. Ek mv 2 1 5.5 108 J (1.2 kg)v2 2 b) v v v 24. Ek-gained Ek-gained Ek-gained Ek-gained Ek-gained 25. p kgm/s kgm/s kgm/s kgm/s kgm/s 2(5.5 108 J) 1.2 kg 3.0 104 m/s
Eg mgh2 mgh1 mg(h2 h1) (15 kg)(9.8 N/kg)(200 m 2.9 104 J 2mEk (kg)(J) (kg)(Nm) kg(kg m/s2)m kg2 m2/s2 kgm/s
1 m)
127
1000 eV 1.6 10 19 J 26. 5 keV 1 keV 1 eV 8 10 16 J 1 2 Ek mv 2 1 8 10 16 J (9.1 10 31 kg)v2 2 v 4.2 107 m/s As a percentage of the speed of light: 4.2 107 m/s 100 14% 3 108 m/s (v22 v12) 27. a) a 2d 0 (350 m/s)2 a 2(0.0033 m) a 1.86 107 m/s2 F ma F (0.015 kg)( 1.86 107 m/s2) F 2.8 105 N b) F force of bullet F 2.8 105 N 28. For 1 m: W (50 N)(1 m) W 50 J W Ek 1 2 Ek mv 2 1 50 J (1.5 kg)v2 2 v 8 m/s For 2 m: 1 (250 N)(1 m) W 50 J (50 N)(1 m) 2 W 225 J 1 2 mv Ek 2 1 225 J (1.5 kg)v2 2 v 17.3 m/s For 3 m: 1 1 m W 225 J (50 N) 2 6 (300 N) W 425 J 1 m 6 5 1 (350 N) m 2 6
1 2 mv 2 1 425 J (1.5 kg)v2 2 v 23.8 m/s 2mEk 29. p p 2(5 kg)(3.0 102 J) p 55 Ns 30. m1 0.2 kg m2 1 kg v1o 125 m/s v1f 100 m/s v2o 0 v2f ? d2 3 m a) pTo pTf m1v1o m2v2o m1v1f m2v2f (0.2 kg)(125 m/s) 0 (0.2 kg)(100 m/s) (1 kg)v2f v2f 5 m/s 1 2 b) Ek mv 2 1 Ek (1 kg)(5 m/s)2 2 Ek 12.5 J c) This collision is not elastic since some kinetic energy is not conserved. Some energy may be lost due to the deformation of the apple. d) v22 v12 2a d 0 (5 m/s)2 2a(3.0 m) a 4.1667 m/s2 F ma F (1.0 kg)( 4.1667 m/s2) F 4.2 N 31. a) Eg mg h Eg (2.0 kg)(9.8 N/kg)(1.3 m) Eg 25 J b) Eg mg h Eg (0.05 kg)(9.8 N/kg)(3.0 m) Eg 1.5 J c) Eg mg h Eg (200 kg)(9.8 N/kg)(469 m) Eg 9.2 105 J d) Eg mg h Eg (5000 kg)(9.8 N/kg)(0) Eg 0 J Ek
128
32. a) m
F a 4410 N m 9.8 N/kg m 4.5 102 kg b) W F d W (4410 N)(3.5 m) W 1.5 104 J 33. Using conservation of energy: ETo mgh (9.8 m/s2)(1.8 m) 17.64 m2 s2 34. Ee 1 2 kx 2 1 mvo2 2 ETf 1 mvf2 2 1 2 v 2 1 2 v 2 7.6 m/s
1 (4.7 m/s)2 2 11.045 m2 s2 v Eg mg h
1 (1200 N/m)x2 (3.0 kg)(9.8 N/kg)(0.80 m) 2 x 0.2 m x 20 cm 35. m 0.005 kg h 2.0 m Initial: E mg h E (0.005 kg)(9.8 N/kg)(2.0 m) E 0.098 J At half the height: E (0.005 kg)(9.8 N/kg)(1.0 m) E 0.049 J After the first bounce: E (0.80)(0.098 J) E 0.0784 J After the second bounce: E (0.80)(0.0784 J) E 0.062 72 J After the third bounce: E (0.80)(0.062 72 J) E 0.050 176 J After the fourth bounce: E (0.80)(0.050 176 J) E 0.040 140 9 J Therefore, after the fourth bounce, the ball loses over half of its original height.
36. a) The greatest potential energy is at point A (highest point) and point F represents the lowest amount of potential energy (lowest point). b) Maximum speed occurs at F when most of the potential energy has been converted to kinetic energy. Eg-lost Ek-gained 1 mg h mv2 2 1 (1000 kg)(9.8 N/kg)(75 m) (1000 kg)v2 2 v 38 m/s c) At point E, 18 m of Ep is converted to Ek. 1 mg h mv2 2 1 (1000 kg)(9.8 N/kg)(18 m) (1000 kg)v2 2 v 19 m/s d) Find the acceleration, then use F ma. v22 v12 2a d 0 (38 m/s)2 2a(5 m) a 144.4 m/s2 F ma F (1000 kg)(144.4 m/s2) F 1.4 105 N 37. Ee Ek 1 2 1 kx m v2 2 2 (890 N/m)x2 (10 005 kg)(5 m/s)2 x 16.8 m x 17 m v12 sin 2 38. dh g 15 m v12 sin 90 9.8 m/s2 v1 12.1 m/s Ek 1 2 mv 2 (0.008 kg)(12.1 m/s) x x
Ee 1 2 kx 2 (350 N/m)x2 0.058 m 5.8 cm
129
39. 85% of the original energy is left after the first bounce, therefore, (0.85)mg htree mg hbounce (0.85)(2 m) hbounce h 1.7 m 40. Ee Ek 1 2 1 2 kx mv 2 2 (35 000 N/m)(4.5 m)2 (65 kg)v2 v 104.4 m/s 2 v1 sin 2 dh g (104.4 m/s)2 sin 90 dh 9.8 m/s2 dh 1.1 103 m 41. k slope rise k run F k x 120 N k 0.225 m k 5.3 102 N/m 42. W area under the graph 1 (0.05 m)(2 103 N) a) W 2 W 50 J b) W 50 J (0.02 m)(2 103 N) 1 (0.02 m)(4.5 103 N) 2 W 135 J W 1.4 102 J 43. Ek Ee 1 2 1 2 mv kx 2 2 (0.05 kg)v2 (400 N/m)(0.03 m)2 v 2.7 m/s 44. Ek Ee 1 2 1 2 mv kx 2 2 (2.5 103 kg)(95 m/s)2 k(35 m)2 k 1.8 104 N/m 45. Ee Ek 1 1 2 kx mv2 2 2 (5 107 N/m)(0.15 m)2 (1000 kg)v2 v 34 m/s
130
46. a)
47.
48.
49.
50.
Ek Ee 1 2 1 2 mv kx 2 2 (3 kg)v2 (125 N/m)(0.12 m)2 v 0.77 m/s Fn b) Ff Ff (0.1)(3 kg)( 9.8 N/kg) 2.94 N Ff F ma F a m 2.94 N a 3 kg a 0.98 m/s2 2 v2 v12 2a d 0 (0.77 m/s)2 2( 0.98 m/s2) d d 0.3 m d 30 cm Ek Ee 1 1 2 mv2 kx 2 2 (3.0 kg)v2 (350 N/m)(0.1 m)2 v 1.1 m/s F kx F (4000 N/m)(0.15 m) F 600 N F ma F (100 kg)(9.8 N/kg) F 980 N Divided into 20 springs: 980 N F 20 F 49 N per spring F kx 49 N k(0.035 m) k 1.4 103 N/m F kx mg kx (10 kg)(9.8 N/kg) k(1.3 m) k 75.3846 N/m 1 2 kx Ee 2 1 2 106 J (75.3846 N/m)x2 2 x 2.3 102 m
60 s 259 200 s 1 min 60 s 8h 28 800 s 1 min 60 s 15 min 900 s 1 min t 259 200 s 28 800 s 900 s t 288 900 s E P t E P t E (60 W)(288 900 s) E 1.7 107 J 1 kWh 1.7 104 kJ 4.8 kWh 3600 kJ 52. a) E Eg E mgh E (3500 kg)(9.8 m/s2)(13.4 m) E 459 620 J E P t 459 620 J P 23 s P 19 983 W 19 983 W PE 0.46 PE 4.3 104 W 1 hp b) 4.3 104 W 58 hp 746 W 54. a) P Fv P Fgv P mgv P (4400 kg 2200 kg)(9.8 m/s2)(2.4 m/s) P 1.6 105 W 55. Since the cyclists speed is 2.78 m/s, the cyclist travels 2.78 m up the hill per second. The cyclists change in height per second is: h d sin h (2.78 m) sin 7.2 h 0.348 m The increase in potenial energy is: Ep mgh Ep (75 kg)(9.8 m/s2)(0.348 m) Ep 255.78 J 51. 3 d
24 h 1d
60 min 1h 60 min 1h
In 1 s: 255.78 J P 1.0 s P 256 W 56. Using the conservation of momentum: m1v1o m2v2o m1v1f m2v2f m1v1o m1v1f m2v2f m1(v1o v1f) m2v2f (eq. 1) Using the conservation of kinetic energy: (eq. 2) m1(v1o2 v1f2) m2v2f2 Dividing equation 2 by equation 1: m1(v1o2 v1f2) m2v2f2 m1(v1o v1f) m2v2f v1o v1f v2f v1f v2f v1o (eq. 3) Substituting equation 3 into equation 1: m1(v1o v1f) m2v2f m1(v1o v2f v1o) m2v2f m1(2v1o v2f) m2(v2f) v1o(2m1) v2f(m1 m2) 2m1v1o v2f m1 m2 m2 m 57. a) v1f v1o 1 m1 m2 v1f v1f (3 m/s) 15 kg 15 kg 3 kg 3 kg
2 m/s 2m1 v2f v1o m1 m2 2(15 kg) v2f (3 m/s) 15 kg 3 kg v2f 5 m/s 1 2 b) Ek mv 2 1 Ek (3 kg)(5 m/s)2 2 Ek 37.5 J Ek 38 J 58. pTf pTo (m1 m2)vf m1v1o m2v2o (0.037 kg)vf (0.035 kg)(8 m s) (0.002 kg)( 12 m/s) vf 6.9 m/s
131
m1v1o m2v2o (3.2 kg)(2.2 m/s) (3.2 kg)(0) 7.0 kgm/s 1 2 Ek-To mv 2 1 Ek-To (3.2 kg)(2.2 m/s)2 2 Ek-To 7.7 J b) Using the conservation of momentum and m1 m2: m1v1o m2v2o m1v1f m2v2f 2.2 m/s 0 1.1 m/s v2f v2f 1.1 m/s 1 1 c) Ek-Tf mv1f2 mv2f2 2 2 1 Ek-Tf (3.2 kg)(1.1 m/s)2 2 1 (3.2 kg)(1.1 m/s)2 2 Ek-Tf 3.8 J d) The collision is not elastic since there was a loss of kinetic energy from 7.7 J to 3.8 J. 60. pTo pTf m1v1o m2v2o m1v1f m2v2f (0.015 kg)(375 m/s) 0 (0.015 kg)(300 m/s) (2.5 kg)v2f v2f 0.45 m/s 61. m1 6m v1o 5 m/s m2 10m 3 m/s v2o Changing the frame of reference so that v2f 0: v1o 8 m/s m2 m v1f v1o 1 m1 m2 v1f v1f (8 m/s) 6m 6m 10m 10m
59. a) pTo pTo pTo
62. a) v1f v1f v1f
v1o
m1 m1
m2 m2 3m2 3m2 m2 m2
(5 m/s)
2 m/s 2m1 v2f v1o m1 m2 2(6m) v2f (8 m/s) 6m 10m v2f 6 m/s Returning to our original frame of reference (subtract 3 m/s): 2 m/s 3 m/s 5 m/s, v1f v2f 6 m/s 3 m/s 3 m/s
132
2.5 m/s 2m1 b) v2f v1o m1 m2 2(3m2) v2f (5 m/s) 3m2 m2 v2f 7.5 m/s 63. mw 0.750 kg k 300 N/m mb 0.03 kg x 0.102 m a) Ee-gained Ek-lost 1 1 2 kx mv2 2 2 (300 N/m)(0.102 m)2 (0.78 kg)v2 v 2 m/s Using the conservation of momentum: pTo pTf mbvbo mwvwo m(b w)vf (0.03 kg)vbo 0 (0.78 kg)(2.0 m/s) vbo 52 m/s b) The collision is inelastic since: 1 (0.03 kg)(52 m/s)2 Eko 2 Eko 40.56 J and Ekf 0 The kinetic energy is not conserved. 1 2 mv 64. a) mgh 2 1 (2.05 kg)( 9.8 m/s)(0.15 m) (2.05 kg)v2 2 v 1.7 m/s b) m1v1 v2(m1 m2) (0.05 kg)v1 (1.71 m/s)(2.05 kg) v1 70 m/s 65. Using the conservation of momentum and m1 m2 m: pTo pTf mv1o mv2o mv1f mv2f v1o 0 v1f v1f (eq. 1)
Using the conservation of kinetic energy: Ek To Ek Tf 1 1 1 1 mv1o2 mv2o2 mv1f2 mv2f2 2 2 2 2 v1o2 0 v1f2 v2f2 v1o2 v1f2 v2f2 (eq. 2) Equation 1 can be represented by the vector diagram:
v1o
v1f
v2f
The angle is the angle between the final velocity of the eight ball and the cue ball after the collision. Using the cosine law and equation 2: v1o2 v1f2 v2f2 2(v1f)(v2f) cos v1o2 v1o2 2(v1f)(v2f) cos 0 2(v1f)(v2f) cos 0 cos 90 Therefore, the angle between the two balls after collision is 90.
133
Chapter 6
13. vi 4 km/s 4 103 m/s, vf 80 m/s 1 1 E mvi2 mvf2 2 2 1 E (100 000 kg)[(80 m/s)2 (4000 m/s)2] 2 E 7.9968 1011 J It has released 7.9968 1011 J of energy to the atmosphere. The shuttles initial height was 100 km, and it landed on Earths surface, therefore its change in height is 100 km. 14. mE 5.98 1024 kg, msat 920 kg, Ek 7.0 109 J a) At the start, the height is rE 6.38 106 m. Therefore, the total energy is ET Eki Epi GMm ET 7.0 109 J r 9 ET 7.0 10 J
(6.67 10
11
1 2 mv 2 1 E (920 kg)(1.12 104 m/s)2 2 E 5.75 1010 J c) The initial speed needed to keep going indefinitely should be greater than the escape speed, i.e., greater than 11.2 km/s. 15. ms 550 kg, mE 5.98 1024 kg, h 6000 km 6 106 m, rE 6.38 106 m GMm GMm a) Ep r h r E Ep Ep GMm (6.67 (5.98 6.38 1 6.38 106 m Ep 1.67 1010 J b) At the maximum height of 6000 km, the kinetic energy is 0 since the velocity is zero. Therefore, the change in Ep is the initial kinetic energy, i.e., Eki 1.67 1010 J. 16. mE 5.98 1024 kg, rE 6.38 106 m, mm 20 000 kg, vi 3.0 km/s 3.0 103 m/s, h 200 km 2.0 105 m Since the meteorite is headed from outer space, 1 2 mvi Epi 0 and Eki 2 1 2 Therefore, ET mvi 2 At 200 km, ET Ekf Epf 1 1 2 GMm mvi mvf2 2 h r 2 GM 1 2 1 2 vi vf 2 h r 2 1 (3.0 2 103 m/s)2 1 2 vf 2
(6.67 10
11
1 1 r h 11 10 Nm2/kg2) 1024 kg)(550 kg) 1 106 m 6 106 m
Nm2/kg2)(5.98 1024 kg)(920 kg) 6.38 106 m
ET 5.051 672 1010 J Since velocity is 0 at maximum height, total energy at maximum height Epf GMm ET r h ET ET
(6.67 10
11
Nm2/kg2)(5.98 1024 kg)(920 kg) 6.38 106 m h
3.67 1017 Nm2 6.38 106 m h The total energy is constant, therefore, 3.67 1017 Nm2 5.051 672 1010 J 6.38 106 m h h 884.1 km b) Escape velocity from Earths surface is given by: 2GM vesc r vesc
2(6.67 10
11
Nm2/kg2)(5.98 (6.38 106 m)
1024 kg)
vesc 1.12 104 m/s Therefore, the initial kinetic energy required for the escape should be greater than:
Nm2/kg2)(5.98 6.58 106 m
1024 kg)
vf 11 412.1 m/s The meteorites speed 200 km above Earths surface is approximately 11.4 km/s.
134
17. vesc vesc r r
2.99
108 m/s, mE
5.98
1024 kg
2GM r 2GM (vesc)2

2(6.67 10
11 Nm2/kg2)(5.98 (2.99 108 m/s)2
20. mE 5.98 1024 kg, rE 6.38 h 400 km 4.0 105 m Orbital speed is given by: v GM r h
(6.67 10 6.38
11
106 m,
1024 kg)
Nm2/kg2)(5.98 1024 kg) 106 m 4.0 105 m
r 8.92 10 3 m 18. Given: dE M 3.82 108 m, mMoon 7.35 1022 kg, mEarth 5.98 1024 kg Equating the forces of gravity between Earth and the Moon, using the distance from Earth as r, GMMoonm GMEarthm (3.82 108 m r)2 r2 MEarth MMoon 8 2 (3.82 10 m r) r2 2 MEarth(3.82 108 m r)2 MMoonr 0 MEarth(1.46 1017 m 7.64 108r r2) MMoonr2 0 8.73 1041 m 4.57 1033r 5.98 1024r2 7.36 1022r2 0 5.91 1024r2 4.57 1033r 8.73 1041 m r 4.29 108 m, 3.45 108 m The forces of gravity from Earth and the Moon are equal at both 4.43 108 m and 3.45 108 m from Earths centre. 19. mEarth 5.98 1024 kg, mMoon 7.35 1022 kg, rE 6.38 106 m, rM 1.738 106 m Let m be the mass of the payload. GMMoonm GMEarthm r R 11 2 E (6.67 10 Nm /kg2) 5.98 1024 kg 7.35 1022 kg 6 1.738 10 m 6.38 106 m E 5.97 107 J The energy required to move a payload from Earths surface to the Moons surface is 5.97 107 J/kg. E
v 7.67 km/s The period of the orbit is the time required by the satellite to complete one rotation around Earth. Therefore, the distance travelled, d, is the circumference of the circular orbit. Therefore, d 2(r h) d 2(3.14)(6.38 106 m 4.0 105 m) d 42 599 996 m Hence, speed is given by, d v T d T v 42 599 996 m T 7670 m/s T 5552 s The period of the orbit is 5552 s or 92.5 min. 21. mE 5.98 1024 kg, rE 6.37 106 m Since the orbit is geostationary, it has a period of 24 h 86 400 s. Using Keplers third law, GM r3 2 4 2 T r r GMT2 4 2
(6.67 10
1 3
11
Nm2/kg2)(5.98 4(3.14)2
1024 kg)(86 400 s)2
1 3
r 4.22 107 m Subtracting Earths radius, r 4.22 107 m 6.37 106 m r 3.59 107 m The satellite has an altitude of 3.59 104 km. 22. mE 5.98 1024 kg, rE 6.37 106 m, r1 320 km 3.2 105 m, r2 350 km 3.5 105 m
135
Energy added to the stations orbit is given by: GMm GMm E r2 rE r1 rE 1 1 r2 rE r1 rE E (6.67 10 11 Nm2/kg2) (5.98 1024 kg)m 1 1 6.73 106 m 6.70 106 m E 2.65 105m J The shuttle has added 2.65 105m J of energy to the stations orbit. 23. a) The total energy of a satellite in an orbit is the sum of its kinetic and potential energies. In all cases, total energy remains constant. Therefore, when r is increased, the gravitational potential energy increases as GMm . As r increases, the energy Ep r increases as it becomes less negative. Thus, when potential energy increases, kinetic energy decreases to maintain the total 1 2 mv , if energy a constant. Since Ek 2 kinetic energy decreases, v also decreases and when r increases, v decreases. r3 b) In Keplers third law equation 2 K, T r is directly proportional to T. Therefore, as r increases, T also increases. 24. mE 5.98 1024 kg, mM 7.35 1022 kg, r 3.82 108 m The Moons total energy in its orbit around Earth is given by: 1 Ep ET 2 1 GMm ET 2 r 1 (6.67 10 Nm /kg )(5.98 10 kg)(7.35 10 kg) ET 3.82 10 m 2 28 ET 3.84 10 J E GMm
11 2 2 24 22 8
25. mSaturn 5.7 1026 kg, rSaturn 6.0 107 m Equating two equations for kinetic energy, 1 GMm mv2 2 2r v v GM r
(6.67 10
11
Nm2/kg2)(5.7 6 107 m
1026 kg)
v 2.5 104 m/s If an object is orbiting Saturn, it must have a minimum speed of 2.5 104 m/s. 26. mM 7.35 1022 kg, r rM 100 km r 1.738 106 m 1 105 m r 1.838 106 m vesc vesc 2GmMoon r
2(6.67 10
11
Nm2/kg2)(7.35 1.838 106 m
1022 kg)
vesc 2.31 103 m/s The escape speed from the Moon at a height of 100 km is 2.31 km/s. 27. According to Keplers third law, GM r3 2 4 2 T 4 2r3 T2 GmMoon T
(6.67 4(3.14)2(1.838 106 m)3 10 11 Nm2/kg2)(7.35 1022 kg)
T 7071 s It would take the Apollo spacecraft 7071 s or 1 h 58 min to complete one orbit around the Moon. 28. dM S 2.28 1011 m, rM 3.43 106 m, mM 6.37 1023 kg, mS 2.0 1030 kg a) Orbital speed is given by: v v v GM r
(6.67 10
11
Nm2/kg2)(2.0 2.28 1011 m
1030 kg)
24.2 km/s
136
b) h v v
80 km Gm r h
(6.67
104 m
10 11 Nm2/kg2)(6.37 1023 kg) 3.43 106 m 8 104 m
v 3.48 km/s The speed required to orbit Mars at an altitude of 80 km is 3.48 km/s. 29. mM 7.35 1022 kg, rM 1.738 106 m Escape speed is given by: vesc vesc 2GM r
2(6.67 10
11
Nm2/kg2)(7.35 1.738 106 m
1022 kg)
vesc 2.38 km/s 30. Three waves pass in every 12 s, with 2.4 m between wave crests. number of waves f time 3 f 12 s f 0.25 Hz 31. k 12 N/m, m 230 g 0.23 kg, A 26 cm 0.26 m At the maximum distance, i.e., A, v 0, therefore the total energy is: 1 2 kA E 2 Also, at the equilibrium point, the displacement is zero, therefore the total energy is the kinetic energy: 1 2 mv E 2 Hence, 1 2 1 2 kA mv 2 2 v v kA2 m
(12 N/m)(0.26 m)2 0.23 m v 1.88 m/s The speed of the mass at the equilibrium point is 1.88 m/s.
2.0 kg, x 0.3 m, k 65 N/m 1 2 kx a) E 2 1 E (65 N/m)(0.3 m)2 2 E 2.925 J Initial potential energy of the spring is 2.925 J. b) Maximum speed is achieved when the total energy is equal to kinetic energy only. Therefore, 1 2 mv E 2 1 2.925 J (2.0 kg)v2 2 v 2.925 v 1.71 m/s The mass reaches a maximum speed of 1.71 m/s. c) x 0.20 m Total energy of the mass at this location is given by: 1 2 1 2 mv kx E 2 2 1 2.925 J (2.0 kg)v2 2 1 (65 N/m)(0.2 m)2 2 v 1.625 v 1.275 m/s The speed of the mass when the displacement is 0.20 m is 1.275 m/s. 33. Given the information in problem 32, a) Maximum acceleration is achieved when the displacement is maximum since F kx and F ma Therefore, maximum displacement is x 0.30 m Hence, ma kx kx a m (65 N/m)(0.30 m) a (2.0 kg) a 9.75 m/s2 The mass maximum acceleration is 9.75 m/s2.
137
32. m
0.2 m kx a m (65 N/m)(0.2 m) a 2.0 kg a 6.5 m/s2 The mass acceleration when the displacement is 0.2 m is 6.5 m/s2. 34. dtide 15 m, mfloats m, spanfloats 10 km, Ttide 12 h 32 min 45 120 s a) Finding the work done by the upward movement of the floats, Wup Fg d Wup m(9.8 m/s2)(15 m) Wup 147m J Since there is a downward movement as well, Wup, down 2Wup Wup, down 294m J Since the linkages are only 29% efficient, Wactual 0.29(294m J) Wactual 85.26m J To find power: W P t 85.26m J P 45 120 s P 1.89 10 3m W P 1.89m mW The power produced would be 1.89m mW. b) 1.89m mW from the hydroelectric linkages is not even comparable to 900 MW from a reactor at Darlington Nuclear Power Station. In order for the linkages to produce the same power, the total mass of the floats would have to be 4.76 1011 kg, or 476 million tonnes. 35. m 100 kg, d 12 m, x 0.64 cm 0.0064 m First, we must find the speed at which the mass first makes contact with the spring. Using kinematics, 2 v2 vo 2ad 2 vo 2ad v v 0 2(9.8 m/s2)(12 m) v 15.34 m/s
138
b) x
Finding the maximum kinetic energy of the mass (instant before compression of spring), 1 2 mv Ekmax 2 1 Ekmax (100 kg)(15.34 m/s)2 2 Ekmax 11 760 J Since kinetic energy is fully converted to elastic potential energy when the spring is fully compressed, 1 2 kx Epmax 2 2Epmax k x2 2(11 760 J) k (0.0064 m)2 k 5.7 108 N/m The spring constant is 5.7 108 N/m. 36. k 16 N/m, A 3.7 cm Since total energy is equal to maximum potential energy, maximum amplitude x at the point of maximum potential energy: Ep Etotal 1 2 Ep kx 2 1 Ep (16 N/m)(0.037 m)2 2 Ep 0.011 J The total energy of the system is 0.011 J. 37. mbullet 5 g 0.005 kg, mmass 10 kg, k 150 N/m, vo bullet 350 m/s To find the final velocity, use the law of conservation of linear momentum: p o pf (0.005 kg)(350 m/s) 0 (10.005 kg)v v 0.175 m/s Therefore, the mass and bullets kinetic energy is: 1 2 mv Ek 2 1 Ek (10.005 kg)(0.175 m/s)2 2 Ek 0.153 J
Since all of this energy is transferred to elastic potential energy, Ep Ek 1 2 kx 0.153 J 2 x 38. b 2(0.153 J) 150 N/m x 0.045 m 0.080 kg/s, m 0.30 kg, xo
bt 2m
8.5 cm,
x xoe a) t 0.1 s x x b) t x x c) t x x d) t x x e) t x x 39. x (8.5 cm)e 8.39 cm 1.5 s (8.5 cm)e 6.96 cm 15.5 s
(0.080 kg/s)(0.1 s) 2(0.30 kg)
(0.080 kg/s)(1.5 s) 2(0.30 kg)
(8.5 cm)e 1.076 cm 3.0 min 180 s
(0.080 kg/s)(15.5 s) 2(0.30 kg)
(8.5 cm)e 3.21 10 10 cm 5.2 h 18 720 s (8.5 cm)e 0 cm
(0.080 kg/s)(180 s) 2(0.30 kg)
(0.080 kg/s)(18 720 s) 2(0.30 kg)
1 xo 2 Hence, x 1 xo 2 0.5 ln 0.5 xoe xoe e

bt 2m
bt 2m
(0.080 kg/s)t 2(0.30 kg)
(0.080 kg/s)t 0.30 kg t 5.2 s Therefore, the time required for the amplitude to reach one-half its initial value is 5.2 s. 40. k 100 N/m 1 2 kxo e E 2
bt m
a) Initial energy: 1 2 Eo kxo e (t 0 s) 2 1 20 Eo kxo e 2 1 2 Eo kxo 2 One-half of the initial energy is: 1 1 2 1 2 kxo kxo 2 2 4 Therefore, the time required for the energy to reach this value is: 1 2 kxo e Ef 2 1 2 1 2 kxo kxo e 4 2 1 e 2 1 bt ln 2 m (0.080 kg/s)t 1 ln 0.3 kg 2 t 2.6 s Therefore, it takes 2.6 s for the mechanical energy to drop to one-half of its initial value. b) i) t 0.1 s 1 (100 N/m)(0.085 m)2e E 2 E 0.352 J ii) t 22.3 s 1 (100 N/m)(0.085 m)2e E 2 E 9.45 10 4 J iii) t 2.5 min 150 s 1 (100 N/m)(0.085 m)2e E 2 E 1.53 10 18 J iv) t 5.6 a 176 601 600 s 1 (100 N/m)(0.085 m)2e E 2 E 0J
bt m bt m bt m bt m (0.080 kg/s)(0.1 s) 0.30 kg (0.080 kg/s)(22.3 s) 0.30 kg (0.080 kg/s)(150 s) 0.30 kg (0.080 kg/s)(176 601 600 s) 0.30 kg
139
Chapter 7
17. a) 1 0.0175 rad 57.3/rad 1 b) 90 2 rad 4 rad 2 220 3.84 rad 57.3/rad 459 8.01 rad 57.3/rad 1200 20.9 rad 57.3/rad (15.3 rev)(2 rad/rev) 96.1 rad 3 2 rad 3 turn rad 4 turn 2 2 rad 4.4 h 2.3 rad 12 h 2 rad 28.5 h 7.46 rad 24 h 0 rad 0 2 rad (57.3/rad) 120 3 (20 rad)(57.3/rad) 3600 (466.6 rad)(57.3/rad) 2.67 104 3.5 rad 0.56 cycles 2 rad/cycle 1 rad cycle 2 1 cycle 50 0.14 cycle 360 1 cycle 450 1.25 cycles 360 s r s (40 m)(2 rad) s 80 m s r s (40 m)(6.7 rad) s 268 m 124 2.16 rad 57.3/rad s r s (40 m)(2.16 rad) s 86 m 90
c) d) e) 18. a) b) c) d) 19. a) b) c) d) 20. a) b) c) d) 21. a)
560 9.77 rad 57.3/rad s r s (40 m)(9.77 rad) s 3.9 102 m 22. a) (15 cycles)(2 rad/cycle) 30 rad b) t 3.5 s d) t 30 rad 0 3.5 s 27 rad/s c) and become negative. 23. t 26 s (4 cycles)(2 rad/cycle) 8 rad t 8 rad 0 26 s 0.97 rad/s 2 rad 1700 rev 1 min rev 178.0 rad/s t
24. a)
1 min 60 s
b)
b)
c)
t (178.0 rad/s)(0.56 s) 1.0 102 rad 25. a) 1 0 2.55 rad/s 2 t 115 s ( 2 1) t 2.55 rad/s 0 115 s 0.0222 rad/s2 2.55 rad/s b) fmax 2 rad/cycle fmax 0.406 Hz 2 rad 45 rev 60 s 26. 1 1 min 1 min 1 rev 4.7 rad/s 1 0 2 t 22.5 s
140
( 0
t 4.7 rad/s 22.5 s 0.21 rad/s2 27. 1 18.0 rad/s 0 2 t 22.0 s ( 2 1) a) t (0 18.0 rad/s) 22.0 s 0.818 rad/s2 2 b) 22 2 1
1 2
2 (18.0 rad/s)2 2( 0.818 rad/s2) 198 rad 198 rad number of cycles 2 rad/cycle number of cycles 31.5 t 2 1 18.0 rad/s ( 0.818 rad/s2)(8.7 s) 2 11 rad/s 2 0.95 rad/s2 1.2 rad/s t 0.30 s t 2 1 1.2 rad/s (0.95 rad/s2)(0.30 s) 2 0.92 rad/s 2 t 1.26 s t 2 1 1.2 rad/s (0.95 rad/s2)(1.26 s) 2 3.0 10 3 rad/s 2 t 13.5 s t 2 1 1.2 rad/s (0.95 rad/s2)(13.5 s) 2 12 rad/s 2 0.028 m 0.12 m/s r v r 0.12 m/s 0.028 m 4.3 rad/s
c) d)
28.
1
a)
b)
c)
29. r v v
Therefore, the angular speed of the reel is approximately 4.3 rad/s. 30. r 0.50 m (3.5 rev/s)(2 rad/rev) 22 rad/s ac r 2 ac (0.50 m)(22 rad/s)2 ac 2.4 102 m/s2 31. ac 7.98 m/s2 2.50 103 m r 2 r 1.25 103 m v2 a) ac r acr v v (7.98 m/s2)(1.25 103 m) v 99.9 m/s b) 0 v c) r 99.9 m/s 1.25 103 m 0.0799 rad/s number of revolutions 0.0799 rad/s 3600 s 24 h 2 rad/rev 1h number of revolutions 1.10 103 60 s 0.0799 rad d) 45 min 1s 1 min 216 rad s r s (1.25 103 m)(216 rad) s 2.70 105 m 32. c 3.0 108 m/s r 0.80 m d 2(10.0 km) d 20 000 m d a) t c 20 000 m t 3.0 108 m/s t 6.7 10 5 s 1 57.3/rad 0.0174 rad
141
b) t 0.0174 rad 6.7 10 5 s 2.6 102 rad/s b) v r v (0.80 m)(2.6 102 rad/s) v 2.1 102 m/s 33. Both people are travelling at the same angular speed but in the opposite direction. Therefore, they will meet halfway, after each person has travelled t t rad 2 1.3 rad/s 1.2 s 1.3 rad/s 1.6(1.3 rad/s) 2.08 rad/s
A B B A
36.
1 2
t a)
1 t2 2 (4.2 rad/s)(2.8 s) 1 (1.8 rad/s2)(2.8 s)2 2 19 rad 190 rad/s 80 rad/s 6.4 s
1
rad.
t t 34.
A B B
t 80 rad/s 190 rad/s 6.4 s 42 rad/s2 ( 2 1) b) t 2 ( 80 rad/s 190 rad/s) (6.4 s) 2 3.5 102 rad c) (3.5 102 rad)(57.3/rad) 2.0 104 d) 2 0 42 rad/s2 t t 0
2 1
tA
A A A
tB
B B A
1.3 rad/s (2.08 rad/s) A

A
2.08 rad/s (1.3 rad/s) 1.208 rad
(1.3 rad/s)
t t
tA
A A
1.208 rad t 1.3 rad/s t 0.93 s 35. 1 4.2 rad/s 1.80 rad/s2 t 2.8 s t a) 2 1 4.2 rad/s 2 9.2 rad/s 2
(1.80 rad/s2)(2.8 s)
190 rad/s 42 rad/s2 t 4.5 s 37. 3.8 rad/s2 t 3.5 s 110 rad 1 t2 a) 1 t 2 1 t2 2 1 t 1 (3.8 rad/s2)(3.5 s)2 110 rad 2 1 3.5 s 24.77 rad/s 1 25 rad/s 1 2 2 2 b) 2 1 (25 rad/s)2 2(3.8 rad/s2)(110 rad) 2 38.22 rad/s 2 38 rad/s 2
142
c)
d)
38.
t a) b)
t 38.22 rad/s 24.77 rad/s 3.5 s 2 3.8 rad/s ( 2 1) t 2 (38.22 rad/s 24.77 rad/s) (3.5 s) 2 110 rad 1 t2 2 t 2 (38.22 rad/s)(3.5 s) 1 (3.8 rad/s2)(3.5 s)2 2 110 rad 1 min 2 rad 400 rev 1 min 60 s rev 41.9 rad/s 1.2 s (10 turns)(2 rad/turn) 20 rad ( 1 2) t 2 2 2 1 t 2(20 rad) 41.9 rad/s 2 1.2 s 62.8 rad/s 2 63 rad/s 2
2 1
b)
t 104 rad/s) (3.5 103 rad/s) 1.4 s 4 2 1.5 10 rad/s 1.5 104 rad/s2 (from 39b) 0 3.5 104 rad/s (2.5
2 1
40.
1 2
t t t 41.
2
t a)
3.5 104 rad/s 0 1.5 104 rad/s2 2.3 s 15 rad/s 3.4 s 2.3 rad/s2 1 t2 2 t 2 (15 rad/s)(3.4 s) 38 rad 1 (2.3 rad/s2)(3.4 s)2 2
b)
1
t 2 15 rad/s (2.3 rad/s2)(3.4 s) 1 7.2 rad/s 1 42. TM 5.94 107 s TE 3.16 107 s headstart 30 headstart 6 t rad 6
M M
c)
6 t
rad
E
39.
1 2
a)
t 62.8 rad/s 41.9 rad/s 1.2 s 2 17 rad/s 2.0 104 rad 3.5 103 rad/s 2.5 104 rad/s ( 1 2) t 2 2 t
1 2
rad
E
6 2 rad 5.94 107 s 5.63 106 s 0.380 rad/s 0.400 rad/s 0.080 rad/s2 0
rad 2 rad 3.16 107 s
t 43.
A B A B
t t
(3.5
2(2.0 10 rad) 103 rad/s) (2.5 104 rad/s)
1.4 s
143
headstart headstart t 1 2
25 57.3/rad 0.436 rad 0.436 rad A

A
B B
t2
0.436 rad
1 2 0.436 rad A t A t B t 2 1 0 (0.080 rad/s2) t2 (0.380 rad/s) t 2 (0.400 rad/s) t 0.436 rad 0 (0.040 rad/s2) t2 (0.020 rad/s) t 0.436 rad Use the quadratic formula: t t
0.020 rad/s ( 0.020 rad/s)2 4(0.040 rad/s2)( 0.436 rad) 2(0.040 rad/s2)
3.56 s 1 2 mr 44. I 2 Ia 14 kgm2 Ib 4.8 kgm2 Ic 6.8 kgm2 The order is a, c, b. 45. Ia mr2 1 2 Ib mr 2 1 2 Ic mr 2 1 Id (3m)l2 12 1 Id (3m)(2r)2 12 Id mr2 2 2 Ie mr 5 2 1 2 Ie (2m) r 5 2 1 2 Ie mr 5 The order is a and d, b and c, e. 46. m 4200 kg r 0.3 m 1 2 mr I 2 1 I (4200 kg)(0.3 m)2 2 I 189 kgm2
47. m 3.5 kg a) I mr2 I (3.5 kg)(0.21 m)2 I 0.15 kgm2 1 2 b) I mr 2 1 I (3.5 kg)(0.21 m)2 2 I 0.077 kgm2 2 2 c) I mr 5 2 I (3.5 kg)(0.25 m)2 5 I 0.088 kgm2 1 2 d) I mr 2 1 I (3.5 kg)(0.50 m)2 2 I 0.44 kgm2 48. m 1.4 kg r 0.12 m 1 2 mr a) I 2 1 I (1.4 kg)(0.12 m)2 2 I 0.010 kgm2 b) (60 rev/s)(2 rad/rev) 120 rad/s 377 rad/s 49. m 10.0 kg 1 (0.54 m) ri 2 ri 0.27 m 1 re (0.54 m)(1.4) 2 re 0.378 m 1 I m(ri2 re2) 2 1 (10.0 kg)[(0.27 m)2 (0.378 m)2] I 2 I 1.08 kgm2 50. m 2.0 kg r 1.5 m 2 2 mr a) I 3 2 I (2.0 kg)(1.5 m)2 3 I 3.0 kgm2
144
1 min 2 rad 200 rev 1 min 60 s 1 rev 20.9 rad/s 2 2 c) I mr 5 2 I (2.0 kg)(1.5 m)2 5 I 1.8 kgm2 51. m 20 kg r 0.9 m 0 2 (12.3 rev/s)(2 rad/rev) 1 77.3 rad/s 1 WR WR I ( 1 2) WR (mr2) t t 2 1 2 WR mr (0 0) 1)( 1 2 1 WR (20 kg)(0.9 m)2(77.3 rad/s)2 2 WR 4.8 104 J 52. m 1450 kg 1.35 m r 2 r 0.675 m 1.40 rad/s 1 2 mr a) I 2 1 I (1450 kg)(0.675 m)2 2 I 330 kgm2 1 2 b) Erot I 2 1 Erot (330 kgm2)(1.40 rad/s)2 2 Erot 3.24 102 J c) v r v (0.675 m)(1.40 rad/s) v 0.945 m/s b) d) t t (1.40 rad/s)(6.5 s) 9.1 rad
number of turns
number of turns 53. m 5.98 1024 kg r 6.38 106 m t 3.16 107 s 2 rad 1 2 I a) Erot 2 1 2 2 2 Erot mr 2 5 2 1 2 Erot mr t 5 1 Erot (5.98 1024 kg)(6.38 106 m)2 5 2 2 rad 7 3.16 10 s Erot 1.92 1024 J b) v r 2 rad v (6.38 106 m) 3.16 107 s v 1.27 m/s 54. m 8.30 10 25 kg r 3.5 m a) Ie mr2 Ie (8.30 10 25 kg)(3.5 m)2 Ie 1.0 10 23 kgm2 (1000 cycles)(2 rad/cycle) b) 1.0 s 3 6.3 10 rad/s 1 2 c) Ek mv 2 1 Ek m(r )2 2 1 Ek (8.30 10 25 kg)(3.5 m)2 2 (6.3 103 rad/s)2 Ek 2.0 10 16 J 55. me 9.11 10 31 kg mn 1.67 10 27 kg r 5.0 10 11 m L 1.05 10 34 kgm2/s a) I mer2 I (9.11 10 31 kg)(5.0 10 11 m)2 I 2.3 10 51 kgm2
9.1 rad 2 rad/turn 1.4
145
b) L
I L I 1.05 2.3
a) mgh1
1 mv12 2 mgh2
1 I 2
10 10
34
kgm2 s 51 kgm2
mgh1 gh1 gh1 gh1 v2 v2 v2 b)

2
c)
56. r h1 h2 v1
1
a)
4.6 1016 rad/s 1 2 Erot I 2 1 Erot (2.3 10 51 kgm2) 2 (4.6 1016 rad/s)2 Erot 2.4 10 18 J 0.20 m 2.5 m 0 0 0 1 1 2 mgh1 mv12 I 1 2 2 1 1 2 mgh2 mv22 I 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 mgh1 mv22 mr 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 v2 2 gh1 v2 r r 2 4 1 2 1 2 gh1 v2 v2 2 4 3 2 gh1 v2 4 v2 v2 v2 4 gh1 3 4 (9.8 m/s2)(2.5 m) 3 5.7 m/s
1 mv22 2 1 2 v2 2 1 2 v2 2 v22 gh1 (9.8 m/s2)(2.5 m) 4.9 m/s
1 1 mv22 I 2 2 1 (mr2) 22 2 1 2 v2 2 r r 2 1 2 v2 2
b)
57. r h1 h2 v1
1
v2 r 5.7 m/s 2 0.20 m 29 rad/s 2 0.20 m 2.5 m 0 0 0

2
v2 r 4.9 m/s 2 0.20 m 25 rad/s 2 1 1 2 58. mgh1 mv12 I 1 2 2 1 1 2 mgh2 mv22 I 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 v2 2 mgh1 mv22 mr r 2 2 5 1 2 1 2 gh1 v2 v2 2 5 10 v2 gh1 7 59. l 2.8 m r 2.8 m h1 2.8 m h2 0 v1 0 0 1 1 1 2 mgh1 mv12 I 1 2 2 1 1 2 mgh2 mv22 I 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 v2 2 mgh1 mv22 ml r 2 2 3 1 2 1 2 gh1 v2 v2 2 6 2 2 gh1 v2 3 3 v2 gh1 2 v2 v2 3 (9.8 m/s2)(2.8 m) 2 6.4 m/s
146
60. m 3.9 kg r 0.13 m 150 rad/s 2 2 mr a) I 5 2 I (3.9 kg)(0.13 m)2 5 I 0.0264 kgm2 b) L I L (0.0264 kgm2)(150 rad/s) L 4.0 kgm2/s 61. m 2.4 kg r 0.30 m 0 1 250 rad/s 2 t 3.5 s 1 2 mr a) I 2 1 I (2.4 kg)(0.30 m)2 2 I 0.108 kgm2 b) 2 1 250 rad/s 0 250 rad/s c) L L2 L1 L I L (0.108 kgm2)(250 rad/s) L 27 kgm2/s t 250 rad/s 3.5 s 71.4 rad/s2 e) I (0.108 kgm2)(71.4 rad/s2) 7.7 Nm 62. I 1.50 10 3 kgm2 d 4.5 m (3.0 turns)(2 rad/turn) 6.0 rad a) v 17.0 m/s d t v 4.5 m t 17.0 m/s t 0.2647 s t 0.26 s d)
b)
c)
63. l m t r
a)
b)
64. l m t
a)
b)
65. m l1 l2 l2
t 6.0 rad 0.2647 s 71 rad/s L I L (1.50 10 3 kgm2)(71 rad/s) L 0.11 kgm2/s 2.5 m 3.2 kg 13 s 0.010 m (28 turns)(2 rad/turn) 56 rad 1 2 mr I 2 1 I (3.2 kg)(0.010 m)2 2 I 1.6 10 4 kgm2 L I 56 rad L (1.6 10 4 kgm2) 13 s L 2.2 10 3 kgm2 s 2.5 m 3.2 kg 13 s (28 turns)(2 rad/turn) 56 rad 1 ml2 I 12 1 I (3.2 kg)(2.5 m)2 12 I 1.667 kgm2 I 1.7 kgm2 L I 56 rad L (1.667 kgm2) 13 s 2 L 22 kgm s 3.2 kg 2.5 m 2.5 m 0.5 m 2 0.75 m
147
I I I I 66. I
1 2 1
Icm ml22 1 ml12 ml22 12 1.7 kgm2 (3.2 kg)(0.75 m)2 3.5 kgm2 6.85 rad/s 4.40 rad/s xI 2 where x is the factor by which the moment of inertia changes.
1 2
x x x 67. I1 I1
1 1 1
6.85 rad/s 4.40 rad/s 1.56 I2 2 1 I1 2 2 1 2 2
2 1 2 Therefore, the angular speed will increase by a factor of 2. 68. Im 1.5 10 3 kgm2 Is 8.5 kgm2 10 rad/s s a) Is s Im m Is s m Im
m
69. rp 4.3 m rt 4.3 m mp 600 kg 6.4 rad/s p mt 35 kg a) Ip p (Ip It) f Ip p f (Ip It) 1 mprp2 p 2 f 1 m r 2 mtrt2 2 p p 1 (600 kg)(4.3 m)2(6.4 rad/s) 2 f 1 (600 kg)(4.3 m)2 (35 kg)(4.3 m)2 2 5.7 rad/s f b) t 3.1 rad/s Ip p It t (Ip It) f Ip p It t f (Ip It) 1 mprp2 p mtrt2 2 1 m r 2 + mtrt2 2 p p
1 (600 kg)(4.3 m)2 2
t
1 (600 kg)(4.3 m)2(6.4 rad/s) + (35 kg)(4.3 m)2(3.1 rad/s) 2

f
(35 kg)(4.3 m)2
(8.5 kgm2)(10 rad/s) (1.5 10 3 kgm2)

4
c)
t f
5.7 10 rad/s b) (10 rad)(57.3/rad) 573 c) (5.7 104 rad)(57.3/rad) 3.3

m
106
f
d) 45 t
4
s s
rad
6.0 rad/s 6.4 rad/s Ip p It t (Ip It) 1 mprp2 p mtrt2 2 1 m r 2 mtrt2 2 p p

1 (600 kg)(4.3 m)2(6.4 rad/s) 2 1 (600 kg)(4.3 m)2 2
(35 kg)(4.3 m)2( 6.4 rad/s) (35 kg)(4.3 m)2
4 t 10 rad/s t 0.0785 s m m t (5.7 104 rad/s)(0.0785 s) m 4.45 103 rad m 4.45 103 rad number of rotations 2 rad/rotation number of rotations 7.1 102
148
rad
70. m1 r1 m2 r2
1
5.0 rad/s 30 kg 1.5 m 20 kg 1.0 m 12 rad/s
a) I1
f
b) I1
f
1-i
(I1 I2) f I1 1 (I1 I2) m1r12 1 (m1r12 m2r22) (30 kg)(1.5 m)2( 12 rad/s) ((30 kg)(1.5 m)2 (20 kg)(1.0 m)2) 9.2 rad/s I2 2-i (I1 I2) f I1 1-i I2 2-i (I1 I2) m1r12 1-i (m1r12 m2r22 2-i m2r22)
(20 kg)(1.0 m)2( 12 rad/s) (20 kg)(1.0 m)2)
73. m 0.135 kg I 8.50 10 5 kgm2 r 0.0030 m d 1.10 m 0 1 v1 0 g a) a I 1 mr2 a 1 a 9.8 m/s2 8.50 10 5 kgm2 (0.135 kg)(0.0030 m)2
(30 kg)(1.5 m)2( 12 rad/s) ((30 kg)(1.5 m)2

f
c)
12 rad/s I1 1-i I2 2-i (I1 I2) m1r12 1-i (m1r12 m2r22 2-i m2r22)
0.138 m/s2 1 b) d v1 t a t2 2 2 d t a 2(1.10 m) 0.138 m/s2 t 3.99 s (v2 v1) a t v2 v1 a t v2 0 (0.138 m/s2)(3.99 s) v2 0.551 m/s v2 r 2 v2 2 r 0.551 m/s 2 0.0030 m 184 rad/s 2 1 Ek(final) mv22 2 1 Ek(final) (0.135 kg)(0.551 m/s)2 2 Ek(final) 0.0205 J 1 2 Erot(final) I 2 2 1 Erot(final) (8.50 10 5 kgm2)(184 rad/s)2 2 Erot(final) 1.43 J ETotal(initial) mgh1 ETotal(initial) (0.135 kg)(9.80 m/s2)(1.10 m) ETotal(initial) 1.46 J t
(30 kg)(1.5 m)2( 12 rad/s) (20 kg)(1.0 m)2(12 rad/s) ((30 kg)(1.5 m)2 (20 kg)(1.0 m)2)
f
c)
d) I1
1-i
6.5 rad/s I2 2-i (I1

2-i
I2) I1 I2
1-i
2-i
m1r12 m2r22
d)
1-i
2-i
(30 kg)(1.5 m)2( 12 rad/s) (20 kg)(1.0 m)2
71. I r1 r2
250 kgm 2.5 m 1.5 m 2.0 rad/s t-1 md 40 kg I1 1 I2 2 I1 1 2 I2 (I mdr12) 1 2 (I mdr22)

2
2-i 2
40 rad/s e)
f)
[250 kgm2 (40 kg)(2.5 m)2](2.0 rad/s) (250 kgm2 (40 kg)(1.5 m)2)
g)
2.9 rad/s
149
74. m 0.135 kg I 8.50 10 5 kgm2 r 0.0030 m d 1.10 m v1 1.0 m/s g a) a I 1 mr2 a 1 a 9.8 m/s2 8.50 10 5 kgm2 (0.135 kg)(0.0030 m)2
g) ETotal(initial) ETotal(initial)
ETotal(initial)
1 1 2 mv12 I 1 2 2 (0.135 kg)(9.80 m/s2)(1.10 m) 1 (0.135 kg)(1.0 m/s)2 2 1 (8.50 10 5 kgm2) 2 1.0 m/s 2 0.0030 m 6.24 J mgh1
0.138 m/s2 1 b) d v1 t a t2 2 1 0 a t2 v1 t d 2 1 0 (0.138 m/s2) t2 2 (1.0 m/s) t (1.10 m) 0 (0.0690 m/s2) t2 (1.0 m/s) t (1.10 m) Use the quadratic formula: t t
1.0 m/s (1.0 m/s)2 4(0.0690 m/s2)( 2(0.0690 m/s2) 1.10 m)
c)
d)
e)
f)
1.03 s (v2 v1) a t v2 v1 a t v2 1.0 m/s (0.138 m/s2)(1.03 s) v2 1.14 m/s v2 r 2 v2 2 r 1.14 m/s 2 0.0030 m 380 rad/s 2 1 Ek(final) mv22 2 1 Ek(final) (0.135 kg)(1.14 m/s)2 2 Ek(final) 0.088 J 1 2 Erot(final) I 2 2 1 Erot(final) (8.50 10 5 kgm2)(380 rad/s)2 2 Erot(final) 6.16 J
150
Chapter 8
33. Positive signs: protons Negative signs: electrons 34. a) No charge b) Negative c) Positive d) No charge e) Positive 35. a) Negative b) Positive c) Negative d) Positive 36. a) Negative b) Electrons 37. a) Glass: positive; silk: negative b) Since they have opposite charges, they will be attracted 38. a) Insulator (non-metallic) b) Conductor (conducts lightning to ground) c) Insulator (non-metallic) d) Insulator (non-metallic) e) Insulator (non-metallic) f) Insulator (non-metallic) 39. Dog hair is positive since a silk shirt rubbed with wool socks would have a negative charge. 40. a) The electroscope becomes positive because it gives up some electrons to the glass rod to reduce the rods deficit of electrons. This is called charging by contact. b) The leaves become positively charged as well. In charging by contact, the charged object receives the same charge as the charging rod. c) Negative charges will enter the leaves if the system is grounded. 41. 1 C 6.25 1018 e , q 15 C q (15 C)(6.25 1018 e /C) q 9.38 1019 e 42. q 1.1 C q 1.1 10 6 C q (1.1 10 6 C)(6.25 1018 e /C ) q 6.9 1012 e
43. The electroscope has an overall positive charge: q 4.0 1011 e q ( 4.0 1011 e )( 1.602 10 19 C/e ) q 6.4 10 8 C 1 44. q ( 5.4 108 e ) 2 1 q ( 5.4 108 e )( 1.602 10 19 C/e ) 2 q 4.3 10 11 C 2.4 10 12 C 45. qn (2.4 10 12 C)(6.25 1018 e/C) 1.5 107 elementary charges This means that there are 1.5 107 protons in the nucleus, so the neutral atom must have an equal number of electrons: 1.5 107. kqq 46. Fe r2 kqq a) Fe1 (4r)2 kqq Fe1 16r2 1 Fe1 Fe 16 k(2q)(2q) b) Fe2 r2 4kqq Fe2 r2 Fe2 4Fe 4 c) Fe3 Fe 16 1 Fe2 Fe 4 47. Each sphere loses half of its charge to balance with its identical neutral sphere. 1 1 q1, q2 q2 q1 2 2 kq1q2 Fe1 r2 1 kq 1q 2 Fe2 r2 2 k Fe2 Fe2 1 1 q1 q2 2 2 r2 2 kq1q2 4r2 2
151
But Fe2 kq1q2 4r2 2 1 4r2 2 r

2 2
Fe1 kq1q2 r2 1 1 r2 1 r2 1 4
Fe2 Fe1 Fe2 Fe1 Fe2 Fe1 Fe2 Fe1
kq 1q 2 r2 kq1q2 r2 ( q)( q) ( q)( 3q) q2 3q2 1 3
1 Therefore, r2 r1 2 The spheres should be placed one-half their original distance apart to regain their original repulsion. 48. r 100 pm 100 10 12 m 1.00 10 10 m, q1 q2 1.602 10 19 C kq1q2 Fe r2 (9.0 109 Nm2/C2)(1.602 10 19 C)2 Fe (1.00 10 10 m)2 Fe 49. r q1 2.3 10
8
1 Fe1, and in the 3 opposite direction of Fe1. 51. a) The magnitude of Fe2 is
p
Fe
e
N 1.29 10
4
Fg
25.0 cm q2 q kqq r2 Fer2 k
0.250 m, Fe 2 qo 3
N,
a) Fe q
1.602 10 19 C, b) q1 1.602 10 19 C, q2 m 9.1 10 31 kg, g Fg Fe kq1q2 mg r2 r r r kq1q2 mg

(9.0
9.8 m/s2
(1.29 10 4 N)(0.25 m)2 q (9.0 109 Nm2/C2) q 3.00 10 8 C 2 b) q is the original charge on each sphere. 3 3 qo q 2 3 qo (3.00 10 8 C) 2 qo 4.5 10 8 C The type of charge, positive or negative, does not matter as long as they are both the same. (Like charges repel.) q, q2 3q 50. q1 2q qT q ( 3q) 2q So q1 q2 q 2
109 Nm2/C2)(1.602 10 (9.1 10 31 kg)( 9.8 m/s2)
19
C)2
5.1 m 2.0 10 6 C, q2 3.8 52. q1 6 2.3 10 C q3 a) r1 0.10 m, r2 0.30 m kq1q3 1Fe3 r2 1

1
10
C,
Fe3
(9.0
109 Nm2/C2)(
2.0 10 (0.10 m)2
C)(2.3
10
C)
Fe3 1Fe3
1 2
Fe3 Fe3
4.14 N (attraction) 4.14 N [right] kq2q3 r2 2

(9.0 109 Nm2/C2)(3.8 10 (0.30 m)2
6
C)(2.3
10
C)
Fe3 2Fe3
2
0.87 N (repulsion) 0.87 N [left]
152
FeT 4.14 N [right] 0.87 N [left] FeT 3.3 N [right] b) r1 0.30 m, r2 0.10 m kq1q3 1Fe3 r2 1
1
Fe3
(9.0
109 Nm2/C2)(
2.0 10 (0.30 m)2
C)(2.3
10
C)
Fe3 1Fe3
1 2
Fe3 Fe3
0.46 N (attraction) 0.46 N [left] kq2q3 r2 2

(9.0 109 Nm2/C2)(3.8 10 (0.10 m)2
6
C)(2.3
10
C)
Fe3 7.86 N (repulsion) Fe3 7.86 N [right] 2 FeT 0.46 N [left] 7.86 N [right] FeT 7.4 N [right] 4.14 N (attraction) c) 1Fe3 Fe3 4.14 N [left] 1 7.86 N (repulsion) 2Fe3 7.86 N [left] 2Fe3 FeT 4.14 N [left] 7.86 N [left] FeT 12 N [left] d) The third charge could only be placed to the left or to the right of the two basic charges for the forces to balance and give a force of 0. For the charge to be placed a distance of rx metres to the left of the first charge: 1Fe3 2Fe3 kq1q3 kq2q3 2 rx (0.20 m rx)2 6 ( 2.0 10 C) (3.8 10 6 C) 2 rx (2.0 10 1 m rx)2 (3.8 10 6)rx2 (2.0 10 6)(4.0 10 2 4.0 10 1rx rx2) 2 6 8.0 10 8 8.0 (3.8 10 )rx 10 7rx 2.0 10 6rx2 Rearranging: 1.8 10 6rx2 8.0 10 7rx 8.0 10 8 0 Solve for rx using the quadratic formula.
2
Therefore, the charge must be placed 0.53 m to the left of the first charge. The other answer, 0.084 m, would place the charge between the two base charges and therefore is an inappropriate answer. For a charge placement to the right of the two charges, two inappropriate answers are calculated, meaning that the only possible placement for the charge is at 0.53 m to the left of the first charge. 53. The forces on the test charge from the repulsion by the other two charges must equal one another for the test charge to come to rest there. The force of charge 1 on the test charge (1Fqt) must equal the force of charge 2 on the test charge (2Fqt). 1Fqt 2Fqt kqqt k4qqt 1 2 2 2 r r 3 3 4r2 r2 9 4(9) 2 r r2 Therefore, the net force on the charge would 1 be 0 if it was placed of the distance 3 between the two charges. 1.0 10 4 C, 54. q2 q1 q3 r1 r2 r3 0.40 m
1
q
2 3
q q
30 120 30
q
40 cm
rx
( 8.0
10 7)
( 8.0 10 7)2 4(1.8 2(1.8 10 6)
10 6)( 8.0
10 8)
For q1: The force is the vector sum of two forces, 2Fe1 and 3Fe1. These two magnitudes must have the same value. kqq 2Fe1 r2 (9.0 109 Nm2/C2)(1.0 10 4 C)2 2Fe1 (0.40 m)2 5.6 102 N 3Fe1 2Fe1 2 2 F2 2(2Fe1)(2Fe1)(cos 120) 2Fe1 3Fe1 eT 2 2 2(5.6 10 C) 2(5.6 102 C)2(cos 120) FeT 2 FeT 9.7 10 N
So rx
0.53 m or
0.084 m.
153
From the isosceles triangle with angles of 30, the total angle is 30 60 90. FeT1 9.7 102 N [up] FeT2 9.7 102 N [left 30 down] FeT3 9.7 102 N [right 30 down] Each force is 9.7 102 N [at 90 from the line connecting the other two charges]. 55. a) l 2.0 10 2 m, 1.0 10 6 C q1 q2 q3 q4
2.0 cm
56.
q
2.0 cm
57. The field is similar to the one above, but is now asymmetrical and has its inflection points pushed farther to the right.
Fe1 Fe1
kqq r2 2
(9.0 109 Nm2/C2)( 1.0 (2.0 10 2 m)2 10
6
C)2
Fe1 4Fe1
2 3
Fe1 Fe1
22.5 N [left] 22.5 N [up] kqq r2 3

(9.0 109 Nm2/C2)( 1.0 10 2(2.0 10 2 m)2
6
58. Parallel plates:

+
Coaxial cable:
C)2
11.25 N [left 45 up] 3Fe1 From Pythagoras theorem: 2(22.5 N)2 2Fe1 4Fe1 31.82 N [left 45 up] 2Fe1 4Fe1 Therefore, FeT1 (31.82 N 11.25 N) [left 45 up] FeT1 43.1 N [left 45 up] FeT2 43.1 N [right 45 up] FeT3 43.1 N [right 45 down] FeT4 43.1 N [left 45 down] Each force is 43.1 N [symmetrically outward from the centre of the square]. b) The force on the fifth charge is 0 N because the forces from each charge are balanced. c) Sign has no effect. If the new fifth charge were either positive or negative, the attractive/repulsive forces would still balance one another.
59. q
2.2 10 6 C, Fe Fe q 0.40 N 2.2 10 6 C
0.40 N
60. Fe q q q
1.8 105 N/C 3.71 N, 170 N/C Fe 3.71 N 170 N/C 2.2 10 2 C
154
61. q1 r
4.0 2.0 m kq2 1 2 r 2 (9.0
10
C, q2
8.0
10
C,
kq1 1 2 r 2 109 Nm2/C2)(8.0 2.0 m 2 2 10

6
66. rT q2 r22
0.20 m, q1 1.5 6 3.0 10 C (0.20 r1)2

1 2
10
C,
C)
109 Nm2/C2)(4.0 10 6 C) 2.0 m 2 2 3.6 104 N/C Therefore, the field strength is 3.6 104 N/C towards the smaller charge. 62. a) q 2.0 10 6 C, Fe 7.5 N [left] Fe q 7.5 N [left] 2.0 10 6 C (9.0 3.8 10 N/C [left] 4.9 10 5 C b) q2 Take right to be positive. Fe q Fe ( 4.9 10 5 C)(3.8 106 N/C) 1.86 102 N Fe The force would be 1.86 102 N [left]. 63. r 0.5 m, q 1.0 10 2 C kq r2 (9.0 109 Nm2/C2)(1.0 10 2 C) (0.5 m)2 8 3.6 10 N/C [left] 1.0 10 6 C 64. q1 4.0 10 6 C, q2 Take right to be positive.
2 1 6
kq1 kq2 r2 r2 1 2 1.5 10 6 C 3.0 10 6 C r2 r2 1 2 r2 2r2 2 1 Substitute for r22 and rearrange: 0 r12 0.4r1 4.0 10 2 0.4 (0.4)2 4( 4.0 10 2) r1 2 2 r1 8.3 10 m, therefore, r2 1.17 10 1 m 1.2 10 1 m 0 at 1.2 10 1 m from the larger charge, or 8.3 10 2 m from the smaller charge. 1.0 10 6 C, r 0.5 m 67. q1 q2 q3 q4
0.5 m
q
0.5 m
Since the magnitudes of all four forces are equal, and they are paired with forces in the Fe4 and opposite direction (Fe2 Fe3), there is no net force. Therefore, Fe1 there is no net field strength. 0 N/C 2.0 10 5 C, r 0.50 m 68. q1 q2
1
q
P 2
q
0.50 m
(9.0 (9.0
109 Nm2/C2)(4.0 (0.40 m)2
10
C)
1
65. r
109 Nm2/C2)( 1.0 10 6 C) (0.30 m)2 3.25 105 N/C [right] 5.3 10 11 m, q 1.602 10 19 C kq r2 (9.0 109 Nm2/C2)(1.602 10 19 C) (5.3 10 11 m)2 5.1 1011 N/C
109 Nm2/C2)(2.0 10 5 C) (0.50 m)2 7.2 105 N/C 1 1 2 and T 1 2 Therefore, T 2( 1)2 2( 1)2(cos 120) 1.2 106 N/C [at 90 from the line conT necting the other two charges]
1
kq r2 (9.0
155
69. q 0.50 C, V 12 V W qV W (0.50 C)(12 V) W 6.0 J 70. W 7.0 102 J, V 6.0 V W q V 7.0 102 J q 6.0 V q 1.2 102 C 71. q 1.5 10 2 C, Fe 7.5 103 N, d 4.50 cm 4.50 10 2 m W V q Fe d V q (7.5 103 N)(4.5 10 2 m) V 1.5 10 2 C 2.3 104 V 72. 130 N/C, Fe 65 N, V V W q VFe W V W W 73. d V V V 74. a) 450 V
(450 V)(65 N) (130 N/C) 2.3 102 J 0.30 m, q 6.4 10 6 C kq d (9.0 109 Nm2/C2)(6.4 10 6 C) 0.30 m 5 1.9 10 V 1.0 10 6 C, q2 5.0 10 6 C, q1 r 0.25 m kq1q2 Ee r Ee Ee
(9.0 109 Nm2/C2)( 1.0 10 0.25 m
6
W Ee2 Ee1 W 0.18 J 0.045 J W 0.14 J 75. Position in the field has no bearing on the field strength. 5.0 103 N/C, d 5.0 cm 5.0 10 2 m V d V (5.0 10 2 m)(5.0 103 N/C) V 2.5 102 V 50 N/C 76. a) q 1 10 5 C, Fe q Fe (1 10 5 C)(50 N/C) Fe 5.0 10 4 N b) d 1.0 m Ek W Ek Fed Ek (5.0 10 4 N)(1.0 m) Ek 5.0 10 4 J c) v 2.5 104 m/s 1 Ek mv2 2 2Ek m v2 2(5.0 10 4 J) m (2.5 104 m/s)2 m 1.6 10 12 kg 77. d1 1.0 10 9 m, d2 1.0 10 8 m, 1.602 10 19 C, q1 q2 m1 m2 9.11 10 31 kg Ee E2 E1 kq1q2 kq1q2 Ee d2 d1 Ee kq1q2 1 d2 1 d1
C)(
5.0
10
C)
b) Ee1 Ee1 Ee1 W
0.18 J (repulsion) kq1q2 r

(9.0 109 Nm2/C2)( 1.0 10 1.00 m
6
Ee 2.08 10 19 J Therefore, the electric potential energy was reduced by 2.08 10 19 J, which was transferred to kinetic energy. The energy is spread over both electrons, so the energy for each electron is 1.04 10 19 J.
C)(
5.0
10
C)
0.045 J (repulsion) Ee
156
For one electron: 1 2 Ek mv 2 v v 2Ek m 2(1.04 10 19 J) 9.11 10 31 kg
ma a a a
qV d qV md (1.602 10 19 C)(7.5 103 V) (3.3 10 26 kg)(1.2 m)
v 4.78 105 m/s 78. V2 2V1 and Ek Ee qV With the same charge on each electron, the kinetic energy is also doubled, i.e., Ek2 2Ek1 Ek2 2Ek1 Ek1 Ek1 1 2 mv2 2 2 1 2 mv1 2 v2 2v2 2 1 v2 2v1 Therefore, the speed is 1.41 times greater. 79. a) V 15 kV 1.5 104 V, P 27 W, 1 C 6.25 1018 e number of electrons/s number of electrons/s
P(6.25 1018 e/C) V 1C 104 J
(27 J/s)
3.0 1010 m/s2 b) E Vq E (1.602 10 19 C)(7.5 103 V) E 1.202 10 15 J c) At this speed and energy, relativistic effects may be witnessed. Although the speed may not be what is predicted by simple mechanics, the total energy should be the same but may be partly contributing to a mass increase of the ion. 1.602 10 19 C, 81. q1 q2 m1 m2 1.67 10 27 kg, v1 v2 2.7 106 m/s Ek Ee The total energy for both ions is: kq1q2 1 (2) mv2 r 2 kq1q2 r mv2 r
(9.0 109 Nm2/C2)(1.602 10 19 C)2 (1.67 10 27 kg)(2.7 106 m/s)2
1.5
(6.25 1018 e/C) number of electrons/s 1.1 1016 b) q 1.602 10 19 C, m 9.11 10 31 kg Accelerating each electron from rest, Ee Ek 1 2 mv Vq 2 2Vq v m v
2(1.5 104 V)(1.602 10 9.11 10 31 kg
19
C)
80. a) d m Fe
v 7.3 107 m/s 1.2 m, V 7.5 103 V, 3.3 10 26 kg q
1.9 10 14 m 2e, m 6.696 10 27 kg, 82. a) q v1v 0 m/s, v1h 6.0 106 m/s, V 500 V, dv 0.03 m, dh 0.15 m Acceleration is toward the negative plate: Fe a m q a m qV a mdv 2(1.602 10 19 C)(500 V) a (6.696 10 27 kg)(3.0 10 2 m) r a 7.97 1011 m/s2
157
b)
83. d
84. d V V V 85. a)
Time between the plates is: dh t vh 0.15 m t 6.0 106 m/s t 2.5 10 8 s Therefore, 1 2 at dh 2 1 dh (7.97 1011 m/s2)(2.5 10 8 s)2 2 dh 2.5 10 4 m dh 0.025 cm The alpha particle is 3.0 cm 0.025 cm 2.975 cm from the negative plate if it enters at the positive plate or 1.475 cm from the negative plate if it enters directly between the two plates. v2v v1v at v2v 0 (7.97 1011 m/s2)(2.5 10 8 s) v2v 2.0 104 m/s From Pythagoras theorem, (6.0 106 m/s)2 (2.0 104 m/s)2 v2 v2 6.0 106 m/s 0.050 m, V 39.0 V V d 39.0 V 0.050 m 7.80 102 N/C 2.85 104 N/C, 6.35 cm 6.35 10 2 m d (6.35 10 2 m)(2.85 104 N/C) 1.81 103 V m 2mP 2mn 4(1.67 10 27 kg), g 9.80 N/kg, q 2e Fe Fg mg q 4(1.67 10 27 kg)(9.80 N/kg) 2(1.602 10 19 C) 2.04 10
7
b) d 3.0 cm 3.0 10 2 m V d V (3.0 10 2 m)(2.04 10 7 N/C) V 6.1 10 9 V 86. d 0.12 m, V 92 V V d 92 V 0.12 m 7.7 102 N/C 87. 3 106 N/C, d 1.0 10 3 m V d V (1.0 10 3 m)(3 106 N/C) V 3 103 V Therefore, 3.0 103 V is the maximum potential difference that can be applied. Exceeding it would cause a spark to occur between the plates. 88. V 50 V, 1 104 N/C V d d d 89. V d d 50 V 1 104 N/C 5.0 10 3 m 120 V, 450 N/C V
120 V 450 N/C d 2.67 10 1 m 90. a) m 2.2 10 15 kg, d 5.5 V 280 V, g 9.80 N/kg Fe Fg q mg qV mg d mgd q V q q b) N
(2.2 10
15
10
m,
kg)(9.80 N/kg)(5.5 280 V
10
m)
N/C
4.2 4.2 1.602
10 19 C 10 19 C 10 19 e/C
N 2.63 e 3 e The droplet has three excess electrons.
158
91. V 450 V, me 9.11 10 31 kg, e 1.602 10 19 C a) Ee qV Ee (1.602 10 19 C)(450 V) Ee 7.21 10 17 J Therefore, Ee Ek 1 2 mv Ee 2 2 Ee v m v v b) 1 2 mv 2 v v v 2(7.21 10 17 J) 9.11 10 31 kg 1.26 107 m/s 1 Ee 3 2 Ee 3m 2(7.21 3(9.11 10 17 J) 10 31 kg)
92. k x a)
b)
c) d)
7.26 106 m/s 6.0 10 3 N/m, d 0.10 m, V 450 V, 0.01 m V d 450 V 0.10 m 4.5 103 N/C The force to deform one spring is: F kx F (6.0 10 3 N/m)(0.01 m) F 6.0 10 5 N The force to deform both springs is: 2(6.0 10 5 N) 1.2 10 4 N The force on the pith ball must also be 1.2 10 4 N Fspring Fe Fspring q Fspring q q q 1.2 10 4 N 4.5 103 N/C 2.7 10 8 C
159
Chapter 9
22. I B B r r r 23. r I 12.5 A 3.1 10 5 T I 2 r I 2 B (4 10 7 Tm/A)(12.5 A) 2 (3.1 10 5 T)
B 1.8 10 2 T NOTE: The solutions to problem 27 are based on a distance between the two conductors of 1 cm. 27. a)
F F
8.1 10 2 m 12 m 4.50 103 A I B 2 r (4 10 7 Tm/A)(4.50 103 A) B 2 (12 m) 5 B 7.5 10 T 24. I 8.0 A B 1.2 10 3 T N 1 NI B 2r NI r 2B (4 10 7 Tm/A)(1)(8.0 A) r 2(1.2 10 3 T) r 4.2 10 3 m 25. N 12 r 0.025 m I 0.52 A NI B 2r (4 10 7 Tm/A)(12)(0.52 A) B 2(0.025 m) B 1.6 10 4 T N 35 turns 100 cm 26. L 1 cm 1m N 3500 turns/m L I 4.0 A NI B L N B I L B (4 10
7
Currents in the same direction wires forced together
Referring to the above diagram, the magnetic fields will cancel each other out because the field from each wire is of the same magnitude but is in the opposite direction. b)
F x F
Currents in opposite directions wires forced apart
I r B B
10 A 1.0 10 2 m I 2 r (4 10 7 Tm/A)(10 A) 2 (1.0 10 2 m)
Tm/A)
3500 turns (4.0 A) 1m
B 2.0 10 4 T But this field strength (2.0 10 4 T) is for each of the two wires. Referring to the above diagram, the two fields flow in the same direction when the current in the two wires moves in the opposite direction. The result is that the two fields will add to produce one field with double the strength (4.0 10 4 T). 28. Coil 1: N 400 L 0.1 m I 0.1 A Coil 2: N 200 L 0.1 m I 0.1 A
160
Bcoil1 Bcoil2 NI NI BTotal L L (4 10 7 Tm/A)(400)(0.1 A) BTotal (0.1 m) 7 (4 10 Tm/A)(200)(0.1 A) (0.1 m) 4 BTotal 2.5 10 T 29. The single loop: NI Bsingle 2r (4 10 7 Tm/A)(1)I Bsingle 2(0.02 m) Solenoid: L 2 rsingle loop L 2 (0.02 m) L 0.04 100 cm 15 turns N L 1 cm 1m N (1500 turns/m)(0.04 m) N 188 NI Bsol L (4 10 7 Tm/A)(188)(0.4 A) Bsol 0.04 4 Bsol 7.5 10 T To cancel the field, the magnitude of the two fields must be equal but opposite in direction. Bsol Bsingle (4 10 7 Tm/A)(1)I 7.5 10 4 T 2(0.02 m) (7.5 10 4 T)2(0.02 m) I 4 10 7 Tm/A I 30. a) 24 A 45 L 6.0 m B 0.03 T I 4.5 A F BIL sin F (0.03 T)(4.5 A)(6.0 m) sin 45 F 0.57 N The direction of this force is at 90 to the plane described by the direction of the current vector and that of the magnetic field, i.e., upwards.
BTotal
b) If the current through the wire was to be reversed, the magnitude and direction of the resultant force would be 0.57 N [downwards]. 31. a) d(linear density) 0.010 kg/m B 2.0 10 5 T 90 F dg L F (0.010 kg/m)(9.8 N/kg) L F 9.8 10 2 N/m (linear weight) L F BIL sin F I BL sin F L I B sin 9.8 10 2 N/m I (2.0 10 5 T) sin 90 I 4900 A b) This current would most likely melt the wire. 32. a) N 60 I 2.2 A B 0.12 T NI B L NI L B (4 10 7 Tm/A)(60)(2.2 A) L 0.12 T 3 L 1.38 10 m F BIL sin F (0.12 T)(2.2 A)(1.38 10 3 m) (sin 90) F 3.64 10 4 N b) F ma F a m 3.64 10 4 N a 0.025 kg a 1.46 10 2 m/s2 33. B 0.02 T v 1.5 107 m/s 90
161
q m
1.602 10 19 C 9.11 10 31 kg Fc FB mv2 qvB sin r mv r qB (9.11 10 31 kg)(1.5 107 m/s) r (1.602 10 19 C)(0.02 T) r
4.3 10 3 m 34. qalpha 2(1.602 10 19 C) qalpha 3.204 10 19 C v 2 106 m/s B 2.9 10 5 T malpha 2(protons) 2(neutrons) malpha 4(1.67 10 27 kg) malpha 6.68 10 27 kg mv r qB (6.68 10 27 kg)(2 106 m/s) r (3.204 10 19 C)(2.9 10 5 T) r 1.4 103 m 35. Fg mg Fg (9.11 10 31 kg)(9.8 N/kg) Fg 8.9 10 30 N Fmag Bqv sin Fmag (5.0 10 5 T)(1.602 10 19 C) (2.8 107 m/s) Fmag 2.24 10 16 N The magnetic force has considerably more influence on the electron. 36. q 1.5 10 6 C v 450 m/s r 0.15 m I 1.5 A 90 F Bqv sin I B 2 r Iqv sin F 2 r F F
(4 10
7
According to the right-hand rules #1 and #3, this charge would always be forced towards the wire. 37. a) v 5 107 m/s r 0.05 m I 35 A q 1.602 10 19 C F Bqv sin I B 2 r Iqv sin F 2 r F
(4 10
7
Tm/A)(35 A)( 1.602 10 2 (0.05)
19
C)(5
107 m/s) sin 90
F 1.12 10 15 N According to the right-hand rules #1 and #3, this charge would always be forced toward the wire. b) If the electron moved in the same direction as the current, then it would be forced away from the wire. 38. a) v 2.2 106 m/s r 5.3 10 11 m q 1.602 10 19 C m 9.11 10 31 kg At any given instant, the electron can be considered to be moving in a straight line tangentially around the proton. Fmag Fc mv2 qvB sin r mv B qr (9.11 10 31 kg)(2.2 106 m/s) B ( 1.602 10 19 C)(5.3 1011 m) B 2.36 105 T But this field would always be met by a field of the same magnitude but opposite direction when the electron was on the other side of its orbit. Therefore, the net field strength at the proton is zero. b) To keep an electron moving in a circular artificially simulated orbit, the scientist must apply a field strength of 2.36 105 T.
Tm/A)(1.5 A)(1.5 10 2 (0.15 m)

9
C)(450 m/s)sin 90
1.3
10
162
39.
475 V/m B 0.1 T The electron experiences no net force because the forces from both the electric and magnetic fields are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction. If all the directions are mutually perpendicular, both the electric and magnetic fields will move the electron in the same direction (based on the right-hand rule #3). Therefore, Fmag Fe qvB q v
43. a) v 5.0 106 m/s r 0.001 m q 1.602 10 19 C m 9.11 10 31 kg Fc Fmag mv2 qvB r vm B qr (5.0 106 m/s)(9.11 10 31 kg) B ( 1.602 10 19 C)(0.001 m) B b) Fc Fc mac ac ac ac 44. a) r B q m q m 2.8 mac qvB qvB qvB m
(1.602 10
19
10
B (475 V/m) v (0.1 T) v 4750 m/s 40. B 5.0 10 2 T d 0.01 m v 5 106 m/s q 1.602 10 19 C Fmag Fe qvB q V qvB q d V dvB V (0.01 m)(5 106 m/s)(5.0 V 2500 V 41. r 3.5 m I 1.5 104 A I1I2L F 2 r F
(4 10
7
C)(5.0 106 m/s)(0.028 T) 9.11 10 31 kg
10
T)
v v v b) Fc Fc Fc
2.5 1016 m/s2 0.22 m 0.35 T 1.602 10 19 C 1.67 10 27 kg v Br qBr m (1.602 10 19 C)(0.35 T)(0.22 m) (1.67 10 27 kg) 7.4 106 m/s mv2 r (1.67 10 27 kg)(7.4 0.22 m 13 4.2 10 N
Tm/A)(1.5 104 A)2(190 m) 2 (3.5 m)

3
106 m/s)2
F 2.44 10 N 42. L 0.65 m I 12 A B 0.20 T F BIL sin F (0.20 T)(12 A)(0.65 m)(sin 90) F 1.56 N [perpendicular to wire] At the angle shown, the force is: (1.56 N)sin 30 0.78 N
163
45.
e 5.7 108 C/kg m B 0.75 T q v m Br mv r Bq d v t 2 r v T 2 r T v mv 2 Bq T v T B T 2 q m 108 C/kg)
d) No, the results would be exactly the same. The induced current flow would be in the opposite direction if the poles of the magnet were reversed, but the reduction in speed would be the same. 49. The copper conductor is cutting through the magnetic field lines as it moves, and therefore experiences a force that opposes its motion. The induced and external magnetic fields are in opposite directions, which causes the opposition. Aluminum wire would make no difference as long as it conducts electricity.
2 (0.75 T)(5.7 T 1.5 10 8 s 46. m 6.0 10 8 kg q 7.2 10 6 C B 3.0 T 1 T t 2 1 2 m t 2 Bq t
(6.0 10 8 kg) (3.0 T)(7.2 10 6 C)
t 8.7 10 3 s 47. Falling through the top of the loop, the current is clockwise. Falling out of the bottom, the current is counterclockwise. 48. a) The conventional current flow is clockwise (looking down from top). b) The induced magnetic field is linear (down at the south end). c) Yes, the falling magnet would experience a magnetic force that is opposing its motion, as described by Lenzs law.
164
Chapter 10
21. a) b) A c) T 4m 5 cm 8s 1 d) f T 1 f 8s f 0.1 s 1 e) v f v (4 m)(0.1 s 1) v 0.4 m/s cycles f s 10 cycles f 3.2 s f 3.125 cycles/s 1 T f 1 T 3.125 cycles/s T 0.32 s/cycle cycles f s 72 cycles f 60 s f 1.2 cycles/s 1 T f 1 T 1.2 cycles/s T 0.83 s/cycle f 60 Hz 1 T f T 0.017 s/cycle 150 cycles a) f 60 s f 2.5 Hz 1 b) T f T 0.4 s/cycle For 78 rpm: 78 cycles f 60 s f 1.3 Hz
22.
23.
x(m)
24.
1 f T 0.77 s/cycle For 45 rpm: 45 cycles f 60 s f 0.75 Hz 1 T f T 1.33 s/cycle For 33 rpm: 100 f rpm 3 100 cycles f 180 s f 0.56 Hz 1 T f T 1.8 s/cycle 27. a) x A cos x 1 cos (10) x 0.98 m b) x A cos x 1 cos (95) x 0.087 m c) x A cos 3 rad x 1 cos 4 x 0.71 m d) x A cos x 1 cos (2 rad) x 1m 28. A T
1 3
180
360
A v(m/s) 360
25.
180
At equilibrium (x 0), v is a maximum (sin 90 1). When x A, v is a minimum (sin 0 0).

a(m/s2)
29.
26.
180
360
The object always accelerates toward equilibrium and slows down as it moves away from equilibrium.
165
a is a maximum when x A (cos 0); a is a minimum at equilibrium (cos 90). The a vector is always directed toward the equilibrium position. 30. a) T T T b) T T T c) T T T 31. a) i) 2 L g
iii) T T T 32. a) T T T b) T T T c) T T T 33. a) f k k k b) F F F 34. a) v f f f b) f f f c) f f f 2 2
2 2
L gJupiter
0.15 m 24.6 m/s2 0.49 s/cycle m k
2.1 m 2 9.8 m/s2 2.9 s/cycle 2 2 L g
0.30 kg 23.4 N/m 0.711 s/cycle 2 2 m k
80 m 9.8 m/s2 18 s/cycle 2 L g
0.40 kg 20 N/m 0.889 s/cycle 2 2 m k
0.15 m 2 9.8 m/s2 0.78 s/cycle T T T 2 2 L gMoon
2.1 m 1.6 m/s2 7.2 s/cycle 2 2 L gMoon
ii) T T T iii) T T T b) i) T T T ii) T T T

166
80 m 1.6 m/s2 44 s/cycle 2 2 L gMoon
0.21 kg 200 N/m 0.204 s/cycle 1 k 2 m 4 2f 2m 4 2(12 Hz)2(0.402 kg) 2.3 103 N/m kx (2.3 103 N/m)(0.35 m) 8.0 102 N f v 3.00 6.50 4.62 v 3.00 6.00 5.00 v 3.00 5.80 5.17 108 m/s 10 7 m 1014 Hz
0.15 m 1.6 m/s2 1.9 s/cycle 2 2 L gJupiter
2.1 m 24.6 m/s2 1.8 s/cycle 2 2 L gJupiter
108 m/s 10 7 m 1014 Hz
80 m 24.6 m/s2 11 s/cycle
108 m/s 10 7 m 1014 Hz
d) f f f e) f f f f) f f f 35. a)
v 3.00 5.20 5.77 v 3.00 4.75 6.32 v 3.00 4.00 108 m/s 10 7 m 1014 Hz
108 m/s 10 7 m 1014 Hz
108 m/s 10 7 m
b)
c)
d)
36. 1 a d
7.50 1014 Hz d t v 1.49 1011 m t 3.00 108 m/s t 497 s t 8.28 min t 0.138 h d t v 3.8 108 m t 3.00 108 m/s t 1.3 s t 2.1 10 2 min t 3.5 10 4 h d t v 5.8 1012 m t 3.00 108 m/s t 1.9 104 s t 3.2 102 min t 5.4 h d t v 9.1 1010 m t 3.00 108 m/s t 3.03 102 s t 5.1 min t 8.4 10 2 h (3600 s/h)(24 h/d)(365 d/a) 3.1536 107 s vt
(3.00 108 m/s)(3.1536 107 s) 9.46 1015 m 100 light years 9.46 1017 m, 3.00 108 m/s d t v t 3.15 109 s t 100 a d 38. t v 160 m t 3.00 108 m/s t 5.33 10 7 s 39. rEarth 6.38 106 m, cEarth 2(6.38 106 m) 4.01 107 m d t v 4.01 107 m t 3.00 108 m/s t 0.134 s 40. For the minimum frequency, 4 10 7 m v f d d 37. d v f 3.00 108 m/s 4 10 7 m 8 10
8
f 8 1014 Hz For the maximum frequency, v f f 3.00 108 m/s 8 10 8 m
f 4 1015 Hz Thus, the range is 8 1014 Hz to 4 1015 Hz. 41. For the car: tcar (50 h)(3600 s/h) tcar 180 000 s For light: d tlight v 4.00 106 m tlight 3.00 108 m/s tlight 0.01 s Comparing the two, tcar 180 000 s 1.8 107 times tlight 0.01 s
167
sin 30 0.5 sin 60 0.866 sin 45 0.707 sin 12.6 0.218 sin 74.4 0.963 sin 0 0 sin 90 1 sin 1 (0.342) 20 sin 1 (0.643) 40 sin 1 (0.700) 44.4 sin 1 (0.333) 19.5 sin 1 (1.00) 90 c 44. v n 3.00 108 m/s v 0.90 v 3.3 108 m/s This speed is impossible, since it is greater than the speed of light. 45. n1 1.00, n2 1.98, 1 2 2 n1 sin 1 n2 sin 2 sin 2 2 1.98 sin 2 2 sin 2 cos 2 1.98 sin 2 1.98 cos 2 2 8.1 2 46. 1.5 sin 30 n2 sin 50 n2 0.98 As in problem 44, this value is impossible. 47.
light ray wavefronts glass
42. a) b) c) d) e) f) g) 43. a) b) c) d) e)
c) v v v d) v v v 49. Use a) b) c) d) 50. v v v t t t 51. a)
108 m/s 1.33 2.26 108 m/s c n 3.00 108 m/s 1.30 2.31 108 m/s
c n 3.00
b)
n1 with n1 1.00: n2 0.413 0.658 0.752 0.769 c n 3.00 108 m/s 1.33 2.26 108 m/s d v 1200 m 2.26 108 m/s 5.31 10 5 s tan 1 tan B n2 tan 1 n1 tan 1 1.42 54.8 1 n1 sin 1 n2 sin 2
2
sin
1.00
sin 54.8 1.42
48. a) v v v b) v v v
108 m/s 2.42 1.24 108 m/s c n 3.00 108 m/s 1.52 1.97 108 m/s
c n 3.00
35.2 2 c) 54.8 ( i r) 52. Polaroid glasses are most effective when the light is most polarized. The light is 100% polarized at Brewsters angle, B. n2 tan B n1 1.33 tan B 1.00 53.1 B 90 53.1 elevation 36.9 elevation
168
53. a) I2 0.5Io cos2 I2 0.5Io cos2 30 I2 0.375Io I2 37.5% Io I b) 2 20.7% Io I c) 2 5.85% Io 54. When viewing something through a doubly refracting crystal, two images are seen, since two rays of polarized light are produced. If another crystal was laid over-top and rotated, nothing would be seen, since the two crystals now act as a polarizer analyzer pair, with an angle of 90 between their axes. 55. Use an analyzer (another polarizer, rotated). n2 56. tan B n1
B
tan 53
B
1.33 1.00
57. a) tan
n2 n1 tan
1
1.33 1.00
n2 tan 60 n2 1.73 59. The first Polaroid will remove exactly one component (50%) of the incident light. The third Polaroid, having been placed at any angle but 90 to the first one, will remove a fraction of the remaining light, allowing one component of the light to pass through. The second Polaroid will then remove only a single component of the residual light. Thus, a fraction of the incident light passes through all three Polaroids. 60. a) I2 0.5Io cos2 I2 0.5Io cos2 10 I2 0.485Io I2 48.5% Io I b) 2 37.5% Io I c) 2 5.85% Io I d) 2 0.380% Io 61. I2 0.4Io I2 0.5Io cos2 0.4Io 0.5Io cos2 cos 62. I2 I3 I3 I3 I3 Io
1
b) tan
53.1 n2 n1 tan
1
0.4 0.5
2
1.50 1.00
c) tan
56.3 n2 n1 tan
1
26.6 0.5Io cos2 1 and I3 I2 cos2 0.5Io cos2 1 cos2 2 0.5Io cos2 60 cos2 10 0.121Io 12.1%
1.33 1.50
d) tan
41.6 n2 n1 tan
1
1.33 1.30
58.
tan
tan 60
45.7 n2 n1 n2 1.00
169
Chapter 1 1
23. a) b) c) d) 24. constructive constructive partial destructive
1
b) d
1.0 m 10 500 slits d 9.52 10 5 m m sin m d (2)(5.50 10 7m) sin 2 9.52 10 5 m sin
2 2
0.01155 0.662
S1 0 S1
27. L
1.0 m dxm m L m L xm d 2(5.50 10 7 m)(1.0 m) x2 2.0 10 6 m x2 0.55 m

1 2 0 1 2 Maxima numbers
25.
28.
S1
S2
3 2
3 Minima numbers 2 1 1 2
26. m
2 550 nm a) d 2.0 10 6 m m sin m d (2)(5.50 10 7 m) sin 2 2.0 10 6 m sin

2 2
29.
0.55 33.4
560 nm d 4.5 10 6 m a) m 1 m sin m d (1)(5.60 10 7 m) sin 1 4.5 10 6 m sin

1 1
0.12444 7.14
170
m b) sin d
1 2
32. L m x d
sin sin c) sin sin sin
3 (5.60 10 7 m) 2 4.5 10 6 m 0.18667 10.8 m d (3)(5.60 10 7 m) 4.5 10 6 m 0.37333 21.9 1 m 2 d 7 (5.60 10 7 m) 2 4.5 10 6 m 33.
585 nm 1.25 m 9 3.0 cm 1 m 2 x
d d d d m
19 (5.85 10 7 m)(1.25 m) 2 3.0 10 2 m 2.3 10 4 m 0.23 mm 630 nm 3.0 105 m d sin 1.
3 3
d) sin
For maximization, sin d m m m 3.0 6.30 4.76 105 m 10 7 m 1011
sin sin 30. m

2
d d d d 31. d m x2 L
0.43556 25.8 3 610 nm 2 23o m sin m

3
34. a) The light now travels an extra
twice 4 between the original and the second positions. This produces an extra shift of . The observer therefore sees a dark 2 band and the fringe pattern moves by half a band.
(2)(6.10 10 7 m) sin 23 3.12 10 6 m 3.12 m 0.15 mm 2 7.7 m 1.2 m dxm mL (1.5 10 4 m)(7.7 m) (2)(1.2 m) 4.81 10 4 m 481 m
twice 2 between the original and the second positions. This produces an extra shift of . The observer therefore sees a bright band and the fringe pattern moves by a full band. 3 twice c) The light now travels an extra 4 between the original and the second positions. This produces an extra shift 3 of . The observer therefore sees neither 2 a bright nor a dark band and the fringe 3 pattern moves by of a band. 2
b) The light now travels an extra
171
d) The light now travels an extra twice between the original and the second positions. This produces an extra shift of 2 . The observer therefore sees a bright band and the fringe pattern moves by two full bands. 35. PD 4 n 1.42 600 nm PD t 2(n 1) (4)(6.00 10 7 m) t 2(0.42) t 2.857 10 6 m t 2.86 m 36. PD 12 t 3.60 microns 640 nm PD n 1 2t (12)(6.40 10 7 m) n 1 2(3.60 10 6 m) n 2.07 37. PD 10 vm 1.54 108 m/s t 2.80 microns c nm vm 3.0 108 m/s nm 1.54 108 m/s nm 1.948 nm 1.95 2t(n 1) PD 2(2.80 10 6 m)(0.948) 10 5.309 10 7 m 531 nm 38. t 364 nm 510 nm ng 1.40
g
Because there is a half-phase shift between air and gas, 1 2t g 2 m

g
2(3.64 m
10
m)
3.64
1 (3.64 2 10 7 m
10
m)
m 2.5 The interference is destructive. 1 3 39. a) 2 2 2 2 destructive 1 b) 2 2 4 constructive 5 1 3 c) 2 2 4 constructive 7 1 15 d) 2 2 2 2 destructive 40. ng 1.40 560 nm t 4.80 10 6 m
g
ng 5.60
10 7 m 1.40 4.00 10 7 m g Because there is a half-phase shift between air and gas, 1 2t g 2 m
g g
2(4.80 m
10
m)
4.00
1 (4.00 2 10 7 m
10
m)
m 24.5 The interference is destructive and a dark area will result.
ng 10 7 m 1.40 3.64 10 7 m 5.10

172
41.
500 nm a) nf 1.44
f
nf 5.00
10 7 m 1.44 3.47 10 7 m f Because there is a half-phase shift, 1 2t f 2 m

f f
b) Because of the phase shift and constructive interference, 1 m s 2 t 2 1 t t t 43. a) 1 (4.36 2 2

7
10
m)
m t 1 2
1 2
1.09 10 109 nm v f 350 m/s 250 Hz
t t t b) nf
f
1 (3.47 10 2 2 8.675 10 7 m 86.8 nm 1.23 nf 5.00
m) b)
1.40 m v f 2.50 4.81 108 m/s 1014 Hz

7
10 7 m 1.23 4.07 10 7 m f Because the shifts cancel, m f t 2 (1)(4.07 10 7 m) t 2 t 2.03 10 7 m t 203 nm 42. 580 nm ns 1.33
f s
c)
5.20 10 520 nm v f 3.0 1.2 2.5 m v 3.0 2.0
108 m/s 108 Hz
44. a) f f f b) v v f f f
108 m/s 10 12 m 1000 m 1 km
1.5 1020 Hz 14 km 1h 1h 3600 s 3.889 m/s v 3.889 m/s 1.2 m 3.2 Hz
10 7 m s 1.33 4.36 10 7 m s a) Because of the phase shift and destructive interference, m s t 2 (1)(4.36 10 7 m) t 2 t 2.18 10 7 m t 218 nm
ns 5.80
173
46. a) m
2 580 nm w 2.2 10 5 m 1 m 2 sin w 2 sin sin 1 (5.80 2 2.2 10 10

5 7
m)
Maximum: 1 m L 2 x w 1 2 (8.37 10 7 m)(1.0 m) 2 x 1.2 10 5 m x x 49. w 0.174 m 174 mm 1.1 10 5 m 620 nm m 2 a) Minimum: m sin m w (2)(6.20 10 7 m) sin 2 1.1 10 5 m 0.113 6.47 2 b) Maximum: 1 m 2 sin w sin
2
0.0659 3.78
b) m
2 550 nm w 2.2 10 5 m m sin m w (2)(5.50 10 7 m) sin 2 (2.2 10 5 m) sin

2 2
47. w m
1
1.2 1 4 w sin m m (1.2 10
0.05 2.87 10 2 mm
2
5
m) sin 4
sin sin
1 (6.20 2 1.1 10
10
5
m)
1 8.37 10 7 m 837 nm 48. L 1.0 m m 2 837 nm w 1.2 10 2 mm Minimum: m L xm w (2)(8.37 10 7 m)(1.0 m) x2 1.2 10 5 m x2 x2 0.1395 m 140 mm
0.141 8.10 50. Width of central maximum 400 nm w w w w 51. w L a)
6.6
sin 4.00 10 7 m sin 3.3 6.949 10 6 m 6.95 m 585 nm 1.23 10 3 cm 1.2 m m 3 m L xm w (3)(5.85 10 7 m)(1.2 m) x3 1.23 10 5 m x3 x3 0.171 m 171 mm
174
b) m x
2 m
1 2 w
d L d
2 x x x
1 (5.85 2 1.23
10 10
m)(1.2 m) m
0.1426 m 143 mm 52. w 1.10 10 3 cm 470 nm m 1 m sin 2 w sin sin 2 2 (1)(4.70 10 7 m) 1.10 10 5 m 0.0427
10 2 m 10 000 d 1 10 6 m m sin m d (1)(5.30 10 7 m) sin 1 1 10 6 m sin 56. N w

m
w N 1
d d d m m m 57. m d d L xm
4.90 53. 493 nm w 5.65 10 4 m L 3.5 m m 1 1 m L a) xm 2 w (1)(4.93 10 7 m)(3.5 m) x 2 (5.65 10 4 m) 6.1 10 6.1 mm m b) sin 2 w sin sin 2 2 x x
3
0.53 32 1 650 nm 2000 slits 1 cm 11.25 w N 1 10 2 m 2000 5.00 10 6 m d sin m 1 2 6 (5.00 10 m) sin 11.25 (6.50 10 7 m)
1
1 2
1 2 1 2.3 10 slits/mm 4.35 10 5 mm 0.95 m 610 nm m L d (2)(6.10 10 7 m)(0.95 m) (4.35 10 8 m) 27 m 10 000 slits 1.2 cm w N 1.2 10 2 m 10 000 1.2 10 6 m
4
(1)(4.93 10 m) (5.65 10 4 m) 8.73 10

4
x2 x2 58. N w d d d
0.10 54. 450 nm 55. 530 nm N 10 000 slits w 1 cm m 1
175
a) m m m b) m m
600 nm d 1.2 6.00 2 440 nm d 1.2 4.40 10 6 m 10 7 m 10 6 m 10 7 m
c) m m m m 61.
1 2
430 nm d 1.0 4.30 10 6 m 10 7 m
w N d d d
m 2.7 m 2 1 10 2 m 59. d 1000 d 1 10 5 m d m400 m400 m400 m700 m700 1 10 5 m 4.00 10 7 m 25 d 1 10 5 m 7.00 10 7 m
2.3 2 589 nm 589.59 nm 2.5 cm 104 w N 2.5 10 2 m 104 2.5 10 6 m m 2 sin 1 sin d
1
m 1 d
sin sin
5.8959 10 7 m 2.5 10 6 m 5.89 2.5 10 7 m 10 6 m
13.641 13.627 1.39 10 2 62.

avg 2 1
m700 14.3 m700 14 Orders needed: 25 14 11 60. d 1.0 microns a) 610 nm d m m m m b) m m m m 1.0 6.10 1.6 1 575 nm d 1.0 5.75 1.7 1 10 6 m 10 7 m 10 6 m 10 7 m
5.8959 10 7 m 5.9 10 10 m
1 2
5.89
10
2 (5.89 5.8930 2
avg
10 10
m)
7
avg
(5.8959 2
10
m)
avg
m N N N 63. N w d d d
m (5.8930 10 7 m) (5.9 10 10 m)(2) 500 106 2.5 cm 520 nm w N 2.5 10 106 2.5 10
m m
176
m m m m 64. N m
avg
d 2.5 5.20 10 8 m 10 7 m
0.0481 0 4000 1 (6.5648 10 7 m) 1.8 10 10 m

(6.5648 10
7
(6.5630
10
7
10
m)
m) 2
7
(6.5630
m)
avg
6.5639
avg
10
R R
6.5639 10 7 m 1.8 10 10 m
R 3647 Nm (4000)(1) Nm 4000 R Nm, therefore it will not be resolved. 65. 0.55 nm 1m d 2.5 106 d 4.0 10 7 m m 1 m sin d (1)(5.5 10 10 m) sin 4.0 10 7 m 1.375 10 3 7.9 10 2 Diffraction is not apparent. 66. d 0.40 nm 0.20 nm m 3 m sin 2d (3)(2.0 10 10 m) sin 2(4.0 10 10 m) sin sin 0.75 49
177
Chapter 12
19. 597 nm 5.97 10 m The temperature can be found using Wiens law: 2.898 10 3 max T 2.898 10 3 T
max max 7
T T T T 20. T
2.898 10 3 5.97 10 7 m
4854.27 K 4854.27 273C 4581.27C 2.7 K max can be found using Wiens law: 2.898 10 3 max T 2.898 10 3 max 2.7 K 1.07 10 3 m max 21. T 125 K max can be found using Wiens law: 2.898 10 3 max T 2.898 10 3 max 125 K 2.32 10 5 m max The peak wavelength of Jupiters cloud is 2.32 10 5 m. It belongs to the infrared part of the electromagnetic spectrum. 22. P 2 W, 632.4 nm 6.324 10 7 m We are to find the number of photons leaving the laser tube per second. Let us symbolize this quantity by N . Using Plancks equation, we can express the energy for a single photon: hc E The number of photons leaving the tube can be found as follows: P N E P N hc (2 W)(6.324 10 7 m) N (6.626 10 34 Js)(3.0 108 m/s) N 6.36 1018 photons/s
23. E 4.5 eV, W0(gold) 5.37 eV W0. The gold will absorb all of the E energy of the incident photons, hence there will be no photoelectric effect observed (see Figure 12.13). 24. 440 nm 4.4 10 7 m, W0(nickel) 5.15 eV First, we shall calculate the energy of the incident photons. Using Plancks equation: hc E E E E (6.626 10 34 Js)(3.0 4.4 10 7 m 108 m/s)
4.52 10 19 J 4.52 10 19 J 1.6 10 19 C
2.82 eV E W0, the photoelectric effect will Since E not be exhibited (see Figure 12.13). 25. P 30 W, 540 nm 5.4 10 7 m We are to find the number of photons radiated by the headlight per second. Let us symbolize this quantity by N . Using Plancks equation, we can express the energy for a single photon: hc E The number of photons radiated by the headlight can be found as follows: P N E P N hc (30 W)(5.4 10 7 m) N (6.626 10 34 Js)(3.0 108 m/s) N 26. W0 8.15 1019 photons/s 3 eV 4.8 10 19 J, 219 nm 2.19 10 7 m a) The energy of photons with cut-off frequency is equal to the work function of the metal. Hence, W0 4.8 10 19 J E
178
The frequency can be found using Plancks equation: hf E E f h 4.8 10 19 J f 6.626 10 34 Js f 7.24 1014 Hz b) The maximum energy of the ejected photons can be found using the equation: W0 Ekmax E hc Ekmax W0 Ekmax
(6.626 10 34 Js)(3.0 108 m/s) 2.19 10 7 m
4.8 10 19 J Ekmax 4.28 10 19 J 27. a) To avoid unwanted electrical currents and change in bonding structure of the material of the satellite, the number of electrons ejected from the material should be minimal. The greater the work function of the metal, the more photon energy it will absorb and the fewer electrons will be ejected. Hence, the material selected should have a relatively high work function. b) The longest wavelength of the photons that could affect this satellite would have an energy equal to the work function of the material, i.e., W0 E hc Using Plancks equation E , hc (if W0 is in Joules) W0 hc (if W0 is in eV) max W0e 28. W0(platinum) 5.65 eV 9.04 10 19 J From problem 27, we know that: hc max W0 (6.626 10 34 Js)(3.0 108 m/s) max 9.04 10 19 J
max
29. a) For a material with a work function greater than zero, the typical photoelectric effect graph has a positive x intercept. If the graph passes through the origin, the work function of the material is zero, which means that the photoelectric effect would be observed with incident photons having any wavelength. b) If the graph has a positive y intercept, we would observe the photoelectric effect without the presence of incident photons. 30. 400 pm 4.0 10 10 m a) The frequency of the photon can be found using the wave equation: c f f 3.0 4.0 108 m/s 10 10 m
f 7.5 1017 Hz b) The momentum of the photon can be computed using de Broglies equation: h p p 6.626 4.0 10 34 Js 10 10 m
p 1.66 10 24 Ns c) The mass equivalence can be found using de Broglies equation: p mv p m c 1.66 10 24 Ns m 3.0 108 m/s m 5.53 10 33 kg 31. mproton 1.673 10 27 kg First, we have to express the rest energy of the proton. It can be found using: Eproton mc 2 The energy of the photon, which is equal to the rest energy of the proton, can be expressed using Plancks equation: hc E
2.2 10 7 m The maximum wavelength of the photon that could generate the photoelectric effect on the platinum surface is 2.2 10 7 m.
max
179
Then, Eproton mc
2
To find the Compton shift, E hc h

f i
mc
Using de Broglies equation: h p Hence, p mc p (1.673 10 27 kg)(3.0 p 5.02 10 19 Ns 32. 10 m 1 10 5 m Using de Broglies equation: h p p p 6.626 10 34 Js 1 10 5 m
108 m/s)
1 10 9 m 9.9552 10 10 m 4.48 10 12 m The Compton shift is 4.48 10 12 m. 34. 180, vf 7.12 105 m/s From the conservation of energy, Ei Ef Ek hc 1 hc mvf2 (eq. 1) 2 i f From the conservation of momentum, pi pf pe h h mvf (eq. 2)
i f
6.63 10 29 Ns 33. f 1 nm 1 10 9 m Consider the following diagram:

y
(The negative sign signifies a scatter angle equal to 180.) Multiplying equation 2 by c and adding the result to equation 1, 2hc 1 mvf2 cmvf 2 i
i
2hc 1 2 m vf cvf 2
(9.11 10
31
e xf 43 xi C x
i
2(6.626 10 34 Js)(3.0 108 m/s) kg) 1 (7.12 105 m/s)2 (3.0 108 m/s)(7.12 2
105 m/s)
2.04 10 9 m 35. i 18 pm 1.8 10 11 m, energy loss is 67% The initial energy of the photon can be computed using Plancks equation: hc Ei
i
From the conservation of energy, Ei Ef Ek hc 1 hc mvf2 (eq. 1) 2 i f From the conservation of momentum, p i pf pe In the direction of the x axis: h h cos 43 mvf cos (eq. 2)
i f
Ei
(6.626
10 34 Js)(3.0 108 m/s) 1.8 10 11 m
In the direction of the y axis: h sin 43 mvf sin

i
(eq. 3)
Using math software to solve the system of equations that consists of equations 1, 2, and 3, the value for i 9.9552 10 10 m.
180
Ei 1.1 10 14 J Since 67% of the energy is lost, the final energy of the photon is: Ef 0.33Ei Ef 0.33(1.1 10 14 J) Ef 3.64 10 15 J The final wavelength can be calculated using Plancks equation: hc f Ef (6.626 10 34 Js)(3.0 108 m/s) f 3.64 10 15 J
f
5.45
10
11
The Compton shift as a percentage is: 5.45 10 11 m f 100% 1.8 10 11 m i

f i
v v
2Ek m 2(8 9.11 10 10

18 31
302%
J) kg
The wavelength of a photon increases by 302%. 36. m 45 g 0.045 kg, v 50 m/s Using de Broglies equation: h mv 6.626 10 34 Js (0.045 kg)(50 m/s) 2.9 10 34 m The wavelength associated with this ball is 2.9 10 34 m. 37. mn 1.68 10 27 kg, 0.117 nm 1.17 10 10 m Using de Broglies equation: h mv v v h m (1.68 6.626 10 34 Js 10 27 kg)(1.17 10
10
v 4.19 106 m/s Now can be found using de Broglies equation: h mv 6.626 10 34 Js (9.11 10 31 kg)(4.19 106 m/s) 1.73 10 10 m b) The Bohr radius is 5.29 10 11 m. The wavelength associated with an electron is longer than a hydrogen atom. 40. The photon transfers from n 5 to n 2. The energy at level n is given by: 13.6 eV En n2 The energy released when the photon transfers from n 5 to n 2 is: E E5 E2 13.6 eV 13.6 eV E 2 22 5 E 2.86 eV E 4.58 10 19 J To compute the wavelength: hc E (6.626 10 34 Js)(3.0 108 m/s) 4.58 10 19 J
m)
v 3371 m/s The velocity of the neutron is 3371 m/s. 2.9 10 34 m 38. mp 1.67 10 27 kg, Using de Broglies equation: h mv h v m 6.626 10 34 Js v (1.67 10 27 kg)(2.9 10 34 m) v 1.37 10 m/s The speed of the proton would have to be 1.37 1027 m/s. Since v is much greater than c, this speed is impossible. 39. Ek 50 eV 8 10 18 J, me 9.11 10 31 kg a) We shall first compute the velocity using the kinetic energy value: 1 2 mv Ek 2
27
4.34 10 7 m The wavelength released when the photon transfers from n 5 to n 2 is 4.34 10 It is in the visual spectrum and it would appear as violet. 41. a) The electron transfers from n 1 to n The energy of the electron is given by: 13.6 eV En n2
m.
4.
The energy needed to transfer the electron from n 1 to n 4 is: E E4 E1 13.6 eV 13.6 eV E 12 42 E 12.75 eV
181
b) The electron transfers from n 2 to n 4. Similarly, the energy needed to transfer the electron from n 2 to n 4 is: E E4 E2 13.6 eV 13.6 eV E 22 42 E 2.55 eV 42. We need to find the difference in the radius between the second and third energy levels. The radius at a level n is given by rn (5.29 10 11 m)n2 The difference in radii is: r r3 r2 r (5.29 10 11 m)(3)2 (5.29 10 11 m)(2)2 r 2.64 10 10 m 43. n 1 The radius of the first energy level can be found using: rn (5.29 10 11 m)n2 rn (5.29 10 11 m)(1)2 rn 5.29 10 11 m The centripetal force is equal to the electrostatic force of attraction: ke2 F r2 F (8.99 109 Nm2/C2)(1.6 10 (5.29 10 11 m)2
19
45. Consider an electron transferring from n 4 to n 1. As computed in problem 41, the energy released is equal to 12.75 eV 2.04 10 18 J. The frequency is then equal to: E f h f 2.04 6.626 10 18 J 10 34 Js
f 3.08 1015 Hz The frequency of the photon is 3.08 1015 Hz, or one-half the number of cycles per second completed by the electron in problem 44. 46. Bohr predicted a certain value for energy at a given energy level. From the quantization of energy, there can be only specific values for velocity, v, and radius, r. Thus, the path of the orbiting electron can attain a specific path (orbit) around the nucleus, which is an orbital. 48. v 1000 m/s, m 9.11 10 31 kg h py y p mv h y m v 1.0546 10 34 Js y (9.11 10 31 kg)(1000 m/s) y 1.16 10 7 m Hence, the position is uncertain to 1.16 10 7 m. 49. y 1 10 4 m The molecular mass of oxygen is 32 mol. The mass of one oxygen molecule is 32 mol 5.32 10 26 kg 6.02 1023 mol/g h From pyy and p mv, the maximum speed is: h v m v v v 1.0546 10 34 Js (5.32 10 26 kg)(1 10 1.98 10
5 4
C)2
F 8.22 10 8 N The centripetal force acting on the electron to keep it in the first energy level is 8.22 10 8 N. 44. F 8.22 10 8 N, r 5.29 10 11 m F m4 2rf 2 1 F f 2 mr f 1 2 (9.11
15
8.22 10 8 N 10 31 kg)(5.29 10
11
m)
f 6.56 10 Hz The electron is orbiting the nucleus 6.56 1015 times per second.
m)
m/s
182
Chapter 13
28. a) 3 cm 1m 1a 3 cm/a 1a 100 cm 365.25 d 1d 86400 s 9.5 10 10 m/s 9.5 10 10 m/s 3.16 10 18 3.0 108 m/s 0.1 mm 1m 0.1 mm/s 1s 1000 mm 4 1.0 10 m/s 1.0 10 4 m/s 3.3 10 13 3.0 108 m/s 10.8 m/s 3.6 10 8 3.0 108 m/s Mach 6.54 6.54 332 m/s Mach 6.54 2171.28 m/s 2171.28 m/s 7.24 10 7 3.0 108 m/s 2.2 106 m/s 7.33 10 3 3 108 m/s Snoopy must fly 50 km/h [N then E]. Let y resultant ground speed (130 km/h)2 (50 km/h)2 y y 120 km/h The Baron going west has a ground speed of: bvg bvw wvg vg 130 km/h 50 km/h b 180 km/h [W] bvg While going east, 130 km/h 50 km/h bvg vg 80 km/h [E] b The time for Snoopy: 200 km 3600 s 6000 s 120 km/h 1h Time for the Baron: 100 km 100 km 3600 s 180 km/h 80 km/h 1h 6500 s Therefore, Snoopy wins the race by 500 s or 0.139 h. t d) S tB
200 v2 w2 100 100 v w v w (v (v 200 w)(v w) 200v w)(v w)
tS tB tS tB tS tB tS tB tS tB
b)
(v w)(v w) v (v w)(v w) (v w)(v w) v v2 v v2 v

2
c) d)
w2 w2
e) 29. a)
b)
tS w2 1 tB v2 30. In our rest frame, we observe the contracted length: v2 L L0 1 c2 L (1.0 m) 1 (0.080)2 L 0.6 m 1 31. L L0 3 L 1 3 1 9 v2 c2 v v v 1 8 9 c 8 9 0.943c 2.83 108 m/s L0 1 1 v2 c2 v2 c2 v2 c2
c)
183
32. Length is contracted for the moving stopwatch. The time it measures is: L t v v2 L0 1 c2 t v (180 m) 1 (0.7)2 t 0.7(3 108 m/s) t 6.12 10 7 s 33. We observe the dilated half-life of the muon: t0 t v2 1 c2 2.6 10 8 s t 1 (0.998)2 t 4.11 10 7 s The distance travelled is: d vt d (0.998c)(4.11 10 7 s) d 123 m 34. Katrina measures a contracted distance: v2 L L0 1 c2 L (7.83 1010 m) 1 (0.25)2 L 7.58 1010 m 35. The time the girlfriend measures is: L0 tf 35 m/s The time Henry measures is: d th v v2 L0 1 c2 th 35 m/s Their time difference is: v2 L0 1 L0 c2 t 35 m/s 35 m/s
Using the low-speed approximation when v c: v2 v2 1 1 2c2 c2 L0 1 t 1 35 m/s 35 000 m v2 2c2
(35 m/s)2 2(3.0 108 m/s)2 t 35 m/s 12 t 6.81 10 s 36. Given the muons dilated half-life: t 2.8 10 6 s and its rest half-life: t0 2.2 10 6 s t0 t v2 1 c2 2.2 v2 1 2.8 c2 2 v 2.2 2 1 2.8 c2 2.2 2 v 2.8 1.856 108 m/s v d circumference d 2 r d vt vt r 2 (1.856 108 m/s)(2.8 10 6 s) r 2 r 82.7 m 37. Only the component of L0 in the direction of travel is contracted: Lx L0 cos 30 The contracted length seen by Tanya in the direction of travel (x) is: v2 Lx 1 Lx c2 c 1 v2 c2 The perpendicular length, Ly, is L0 sin 30 for both Katrina and Tanya. Lx L0 cos 30 1
184
Ly Lx Ly Lx Ly Lx
tan 45 1 L0 sin 30 L0 cos 30 1 v2 c2
Therefore: 1 L0 sin 30 L0 cos 30 1 1 1 v2 c2 tan 30 v2 c2
1 v2 2 3 c 2 v 1 1 3 c2 2 v 2 2 3 c v 0.816c v 2.45 108 m/s 38. The time to travel a circumference is: 2 r t v 2 (6.38 106 m) t0 300 m/s t0 1.336 105 s For the clocks on Earth, use the low-speed approximation for v c: t0 t v2 1 c2 v2 t t0 1 2c2 The difference in the flying clocks compared to the ones on Earth is: t t t0 v2 t t0 1 t0 c2 t t t 2 r 1 v (1.336 6.68 v2 2c2 105 s) 10
8
vt (3.0 108 m/s) (365.25 24 60 60 s) 1 ca 9.47 1015 m 40. Using spacetime invariance: (s2) c2(tJ)2 (xJ)2 and: (s2) c2(tT)2 (xT)2 For Ted, the distance between events is: c 2(1.0 10 6 s)2 (600 m)2 0 ( xT)2 9 104 m2 3.6 105 m2 ( xT)2 ( xT)2 2.7 105 m2 xT 5.20 102 m 41. Teds length, L, has contracted relative to Janes length, L0: v2 L L0 1 c2 520 m (600 m) 1 v2 c2
39. 1 ca 1 ca
1 (300 m/s)2 2(3.0 108 m/s)2
169 v2 1 225 c2 56 v2 2 225 c v 0.499c v 1.50 108 m/s 42. The dilated time of the stationary observer is: t0 t v2 1 c2 4.0 s v2 1 5.0 s c2 2 16 v 1 c2 25 3 v c 5 The distance travelled in the 5.0 s is: d vt 3 d (3.0 108 m/s)(5.0 s) 5 d 9.0 108 m 43. See problem 42: 3 v c 5 v 1.8 108 m/s
185
44. Trevors time is: d t0 v v2 2L0 1 c2 t0 v His sisters time is: 2L0 t v The time difference is: t 1a t t L0 2L0 v 2L0 1 v tv 2 1 1 2L0 1 v 1 v2 c2 v2 c2
46. The centripetal force is provided by the electrical coulomb force: mv2 kQq r2 r ke2 r mv2 v2 ke2 1 c2 r m0v2 r
(9.0 109 Nm2 C2)(1.602 10 19 C)2 1 (0.6)2 (9.11 10 31 kg)[0.6(3.0 108 m/s)]2
v2 c2 (1 a)(0.95c) L0 2(1 1 (0.95c)2) L0 0.691 ca 45. q 1.6 10 19 C v 0.8c B 1.5 T m0 m v2 1 c2 mv r qB m0v r v2 qB 1 c2 [9.11 10 31 kg][0.8(3.0 r (1.602 10 19 C)(1.5 T) r 1.52 10 3 m
r 6.26 10 15 m 47. The difference between the dilated and rest masses is: m m m0 Use the low-speed binomial approximation when v c: 1 v2 1 2 v 2c2 1 2 c v2 m0 m m0 1 2c2 m m m m0 1 m0 v2 2 c2 v2 2c2 1
(60 kg) (3.0 104 m/s)2 2 (3.0 108 m/s)2 m 3.0 10 7 kg 48. Use the high-speed approximation: v2 v 1 2 1 2 c c 108 m/s)] 1 (0.8)2 m m0 1 m v2 c2 m0 v c 9.11 10 31 kg 2(1 0.999 999 999 67) 9.11 10 31 kg 2(3.3 10 10) 3.55 10 26 kg 2 1
m m m
186
49. For a charge moving perpendicular to a magnetic field, the centripetal force equals the magnetic force: mv2 Bqv r Due to mass dilation, the magnetic field is: m0v B v2 qr 1 c2 B B
(9.1 (1.602 10 10
31 19
kg)(3.0
108 m/s)(0.999 999 986) 1 (0 .999 9 99 986 )2
C)(450 m)
10 2 T mass 50. density volume m density xyz where x, y, and z are the rectangular dimensions. Contraction occurs only in the direction of motion, so density is: m0 v2 1 c2 v2 x0 1 yz c2 2.26 v2 c2 When the density of an object is dilated twice : as much as its density at rest, 2 0 1 2
0 0 0
1 1 v2 c2 v2 c2 v v
v2 c2
1 2 1 2 0.7071c 2.1 108 m/s
51. Using the relativistic equation of velocity addition, the velocity of the light relative to the duck is: lvc cvd lvd lvc cvd 1 c2 c 0.2c lvd (c)(0.2c) 1 c2 1.2c lvd 1.2 c lvd 52. Using the relativistic equation of velocity addition, the velocity of star A relative to star B is: avE Evb avb avE Evb 1 c2 0.2c 0.3c avb 1 (0.2)(0.3) 0.472c avb 1.42 108 m/s avb 53. The speed of rocket A relative to Earth is: avb bvE avE avb bvE 1 c2 0.8c 0.7c avE 1 (0.8)(0.7) 0.962c avE 2.88 108 m/s avE 54. The speed of the positron relative to the electron is: pvg gve pve pvg gve 1 c2 0.95c 0.85c 1 (0.95)(0.85) 0.996c pve ve 2.988 108 m/s p 55. Bobs velocity relative to Earth, bvE 0.3c; Nicoles velocity relative to Earth, 0.9c pvE, the phaser bullets velocity nvE relative to Earth.
p e
187
The velocity of the phaser bullet relative to Bob, pvb, is: pvE Evb pvb pvE Evb 1 c2 0.9c 0.3c 1 (0.9)(0.3) 0.822c pvb vb 2.47 108 m/s p 56. Kirks velocity relative to Earth: kvE X the modules velocity relative to Kirk: mvk the modules velocity relative to Earth: 0.8c mvE mvk kvE mvE mvk kvE 1 c2 X X 0.8c X2 1 c2 2 0.8X 0.8c 2X c 0.8X2 2cX 0.8c2 0 2X2 5cX 2c2 0 (2X c)(X 2c) 0 The speed of the Enterprise is: c 1.5 108 m/s 2 57. The mass, m, equivalent to the chemical energy released is: E mc2 3.2 104 J m c2 m 3.56 10 13 kg 58. The mass, m, equivalent to the chemical energy released is: E mc2 9.2 1010 J m c2 m 1.02 10 6 kg 59.To find the energy equivalent of 1.0 kg of bananas: E mc2 E (1.0 kg)(3.0 108 m/s)2 E 9.0 1016 J 9.0 1016 J E 3.6 106 J/kWh E 2.5 1010 kWh
p b
At a typical consumer rate of $0.08/kWh, 1.0 kg of bananas is equivalent to: (2.5 1010 kWh)($0.08) $2 109 or $2 billion Conversely, the rate of relativistic banana power is: $1.29 $0.000 000 000 052/kWh 2.5 1010 kWh 60. E mc2 E (m0c2 Ek) The work done in increasing an electrons speed is: Ek Ek Ek 2 Ek (mc m0c2) (mc2 m0c2) mc2 Ek (mc2) 1 1 Ek m0c2 2 v v2 1 1 2 c c2 For v 0.5c to v 0.9c: 1 1 Ek m0c 2 2 1 (0.9) 1 (0.5)2 Ek 1.139m0c 2 For v 0.9c to v 0.95c: 1 1 Ek m0c 2 2 1 (0.95) 1 (0.9)2 2 Ek 0.908m0c It takes more work to increase from 0.5c to 0.9c. 61. To find the equivalent mass of the particle: E mc2 8.19 10 14 J m (3.0 108 m/s)2 m 9.1 10 31 kg m the mass of an electron 62. To find the difference between the dilated relativistic and the classical momentum, p p p0 p mv m0v 1 p m0v 1 v2 1 c2
188
Since v 75 103 m/s, or v c, use the low-speed binomial approximation: v2 1 1 2c2 v2 1 2 c v2 1 p m0v 1 2c2 m0v3 2c2 (125 kg)(75 000 m/s)3 p 2(3.0 108 m/s)2 p 0.29 kgm/s 63. Since v c, use the low-speed approximation: v2 1 1 2c2 v2 1 c2 The work done, Ek, in speeding Mercury from rest is given by: Ek mc2 m0c2 1 Ek m0c2 1 v2 1 c2 v2 Ek m0c2 1 1 2c2 p Ek Ek m0v2 2 (3.28
65. Accelerating the electron of mass, m0 9.1 10 31 kg, and charge, q 1.6 10 19 C, from rest, through a potential of V results in a new total energy: E m0c2 Vq E mpc2 mpc2 m0c2 Vq mpc2 m0c2 V q V
(3.0 108 m/s)2[(1.67 10 27 kg) 1.60 10 19 C (9.1 10
31
kg)]
1023 kg)(4.78 104 m/s)2 2 32 Ek 3.75 10 J The mass equivalent, m, to this amount of energy is: Ek m c2 3.75 1032 J m (3.0 108 m/s)2 m 4.16 1015 kg E 64. m c2 qV m c2 (1.602 10 19 C)(1.35 108 V) m (3.0 10 8 m/s)2 m 2.4 10
28
kg
V 9.38 108 V V 938 MV 66. Using the energy triangle, E2 (mvc)2 (m0c2)2 E2 (m0c2 Ek)2 For particle A: (21 J 8 J)2 (21 J)2 (mvc)2 (mvc)2 841 J2 441 J2 (mvc)2 400 J2 mvc 20 J To find the velocity of A, v mvc (where E mc2 m0c2 + Ek) c mc2 20 J v c 29 J v 0.69c For particle B: (22 J 7 J)2 (22 J)2 (mvc)2 (mvc)2 841 J2 484 J2 (mvc)2 357 J2 mvc 18.9 J To find the velocity of B, v mvc c mc2 18.9 J v c 29 J v 0.65c Particle A has the greater speed. 67. E2 (mvc)2 (m0c2)2 E2 (mvc)2 (938.3 MeV)2 E2 (0.996mc2)2 (938.3 MeV)2 E2(1 0.9962) 8.804 105 MeV2 E 1.05 104 MeV
189
68. E mc2 m0c2 Ek mc2 (0.511 MeV) (3.1 103 MeV) mc2 3100.511 MeV From the energy triangle: m0c cos E 0.511 MeV cos 3100.5 MeV 89.990557 mvc sin mc2 v sin c v c sin v (3.0 108 m/s) sin 89.990557 v 2.999 999 96 108 m/s 69. Using the energy triangle: mvc sin mc2 v mvc mc2 c mvc tan m0c2 For particle A: (4 10 8 Ns)(3 108 m/s) mvc 2 20 J m0c mvc 0.60 m0c2 tan 0.60 30.96 v sin (30.96) c v 0.514c For particle B: (5 10 8 Ns)(3 108 m/s) mvc 2 mc 30 J mvc 0.50 mc2 v 0.50c Particle A is faster.
190
Chapter 14
43. a) Cl b) Rn c) Be d) U e) Md 44. For A X, Z is the number of protons and A Z Z is the number of neutrons: a) 17 protons, 18 neutrons b) 86 protons, 136 neutrons c) 4 protons, 5 neutrons d) 92 protons, 146 neutrons e) 101 protons, 155 neutrons 45. Since 1 u 931.5 MeV/c 2, then 18.998 u 931.5 MeV/c 2/u 17 697 MeV/c 2. 106 MeV/c2 46. Conversely, 0.114 u. 931.5 MeV/c2/u 47. To find the weighted average of the two isotopes: 0.69(62.9296 u) 0.31(64.9278 u) 63.55 u This is closest to the mean atomic mass of Cu. 48. B [Zm(1H) Nmn m(14 C )]c 2 6 B [6(938.78) 8(939.57) (14.003 242 u)(931.5)] MeV B 105.22 MeV B 105.22 MeV 7.5 MeV/nucleon A 14 nucleons N 0 v, the ratio 49. Since 14C 14N 1e 6 7 Z 8 7 4 changes from to or from to the 6 7 3 1 more stable . 1 50. The binding energy is: B [m(3He) mn m(4He)]c 2 B [3.0160 u 1.008 665 u 4.002 60 u]c 2 931.5 MeV/c 2/u B 20.55 MeV 51. Since 232U 228 Th 4He Ek, 92 90 2 Ek [mU mTh m ]c 2 Ek [232.037 131 u 228.028 716 u 4.002 603 u]c2 931.5 MeV/c2/u Ek 5.41 MeV
52. Assuming the uranium nucleus is fixed at rest and the kinetic energy of the alpha particle becomes electrical potential, kq1q2 Ek r kq1q2 r Ek r
(8.99 109 Jm/C2)(1.6 (5.3 106 eV)(1.6 10 10
19 19
C)2(2)(92) J/eV)
53. 54.
55.
56.
57.
r 5.0 10 14 m 0 231 231 v 1e 90Th 91Pa 235 231 4 92U 90Th 2He The mass difference is: m mn (mp me) m [939.57 938.27 0.511] MeV/c 2 m 0.789 MeV/c2 From problem 54, the energy equivalent of 0.789 MeV/c2 is 0.789 MeV. 2 Thus (0.789 MeV) 0.526 MeV. 3 Since the total momentum before decay is equal to the total momentum after decay, and p 0 p , the three momentum vectors must form a right-angle triangle. From Pythagoras theorem: pC2 pe2 p 2 pC (2.64 10 21)2 (4.76 10 21)2 pC 5.44 10 21 Ns p2 Using Ek , the recoiling carbon nucleus 2m will have (5.44 10 21 Ns)2 Ek 2(12.011 u)(1.6605 10 27 kg/u)
Ek 7.42 10 16 J 58. For a fixed gold nucleus at rest, the kinetic energy of the 449-MeV alpha particle is converted to electrical potential. Thus, for the radius, kq1q2 Ek r kq1q2 r Ek r r
(8.99 109 Jm/C2)(1.6 (449 106 eV)(1.6 10 10
19 19
C)2(2)(79) J/eV)
5.07
10
16
191
59.
100 80 % radioactive 60 40 20 0
% of Original Dose still Radioactive vs. Time
62. If the amount of radioactive material is 23% of the original amount after 30 d, then, 1 Tt N N0 2 1 30 d T 0.23N0 N0 2 30 d 1 log (0.23) log T 2
1 2 1 2
1 2
(30 d) log
4 8 12 t (h) 16 20
T T
1 2
1 2 log (0.23)
When t 8 h, 39.7% of the original dose is still radioactive. 5730 a. Comparing the 60. For carbon-14, T relative amount, NR, of a 2000-a relic with the amount, NS, in a shroud suspected of being 2002 a 1350 a 650 a, yields: t 1 T 2 NR t 1 T NS 2
1 2
R
1 2
1 2
14 d 5.12 235 0.0218
63. The molar amount of 235U is and of 207Pb is
3.4 2 0.0165. The 207 original molar amount of 235U was 0.0218 0.0165 0.0383. Using the 7.1 108 a, decay formula where T
1 2
1 2
N 0.0218 log 0.0218 0.0383
N0
1 2
t T
1 2
NR 1 NS 2 NR 0.85 NS 61. The half-life of Po-210 is: 138 d 198 720 min T 3.1 min The half-life of Po-218 is T After 7.0 min, there will be: 1 Tt 1 210 Po: N N0 2 2 1 log N (3.5 10 5)log 2 N 100% 1 Tt 1 218 Po: N N0 2 2 1 log N (2.26)log 2 N 20.9% There will be a total of: 1(1 g) 0.209(1 g) 1.21 g Therefore, 1.21 10 6 g of radioactive Po remains.
2000 a 650 a 5730 a 1 2 1 2
1 2
0.0383 t 7.1 log
1 2
8
t T
1 2
10 a
log
1 2 108 a)
t t
7.0 min 198 720 min
0.0218 (7.1 0.0383 1 log 2 8 5.78 10 a
64. Using the activity decay formula where 5730 a for 14C decay, T
1 2
1 2
7.0 min 3.1 min
N 750 log 750 900 t t
1 Tt 2 1 900 2 t 1 log 5730 a 2 5 (5730 a) log 6 1 log 2 1507 a N0

1 2
t 5730 a
192
65. For an isotope to be doubly stable, its values for both Z and N A Z must be magic nuclear shell numbers, where the numbers are 2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82, and 126. The other doubly stable isotopes are 4He, 16O, 40Ca, 48Ca, 2 8 20 20 78 Ni, and 132 Sn. 28 50 0 Ek. To determine the 66. 137Cs 137Ba 1e v 55 56 maximum Ek available per disintegration, find the mass difference of the parent nucleon and the daughter plus the electron. Ek [136.9071 u (136.9058 u 0.000 549 u)]c 2 931.5 MeV/c 2/u Ek 0.6996 MeV 67. Dose Dose
activity time energy percentage absorbed mass
60 s)(1.0 70 kg 10 eV)(1.6
6
71. The separation distance of an alpha particle (A 4) and a nitrogen nucleus (AN 14) is given by: rN rs r 3 3 rs 1.2 A 1.2 AN 3 3 rs 1.2 4 1.2 14 rs 4.8 fm 72. Considering the nitrogen nuclei to be fixed at rest, the Ek of the incoming alpha particle is converted to electrical potential, or kq1q2 , where q1 2e and q2 7e Ek r Ek
(9.0 109 Jm/C2)(1.6 (4.8 10 15 m)(1.6 10 19 C)2(2)(7) 10 13 J/MeV)
(3700 Bq)(365
24
60
10
19
J/eV)(5%)
Ek 4.2 MeV 9.3 s. 73. The half-life of hassium-269 is T The original amount of hassium is
1 2
Dose 0.013 mGy 68. The pilots fly for 52 weeks 20 h/week 1040 h per year. Thus, their exposure is: (7.0 10 6 Sv/h)(1040 h/a) 7.28 10 3 Sv/a. Compared with the average of 2 mSv/a, this 7.28 3.64 times greater. value is about 2 69. Since 238U 206Pb, 238 206 32 nucleons 92 82 are lost through alpha decay in groups of 4 nucleons per decay. 32 8 alpha particles Thus, there are 4 emitted. The number of beta decays is equal to the number of neutrons changed into protons. N protons in Pb protons left after alpha decay N 82 (92 8 2) N 6 beta particles emitted 70. Four beta decays means that four neutrons were changed into protons, or 208Pb 82208 X. 4 82 Six alpha decays means that 208X came from 78 208 6 4 232 78 6 2Y 90Y. From the periodic table, this element is thorium-232 or 232Th.
mass of hassium Avogadros number mass per mole
Using the activity equation: 0.693N Activity T

1 2
0.693 Activity
(1.0
10
g)(6.022 1023 mol 1) 269 g/mol
9.3 s Activity 1.67 1017 Bq Using the decay formula for a time of 1 s: 1 Tt N N0 2 1 N 2 N 92.82% If 92.82% remains after 1 s, then 100% 92.82% 7.18% has decayed. This activity equals:
1 2
1s 9.3 s
Activity
(7.18%)
(1.0
10
g)(6.022 1023 mol 1) 269 g/mol
Activity 1.61 1017 Bq 74. The energy released is equivalent to the energy of the mass difference: E [m(1H) m(2H) m(3He)]c 2 E [1.007 825 u 2.014 102 u 3.016 029 u]c 2 931.5 MeV/c 2/u E 5.49 MeV
193
75. One mole of 235U releases 23 500 GJ of energy. mo 2(fuel used) mo 2(moles of U used)(mass/mol) power time mo 2 (0.235 kg/mol) energy mol (0.7 GW)(2)(3.1536 107 s) 23 500 GJ/mol (0.235 kg/mol) mo 883 kg electrical energy produced 76. %E fission energy released (electrical power) time %E mass of U (energy/mol) molar mass (0.7 GW)(86400 s) %E 2.5 kg (23 500 GJ/mol) 0.235 kg/mol %E 0.242 About 24.2% of the fission energy is transformed into electrical energy. 77. Since a mole of 235U releases 23 500 GJ of energy, the 50 kg releases (50 kg)(23 500 GJ/mol) 5 106 GJ 0.235 kg/mol 5 1015 J 78. Since the electron keeps only 10% of its kinetic energy with each collision, the energy remaining after x collisions is given by: Ex Eo(0.1)x 0.05 eV (5.0 106 eV)(0.1)x 0.05 eV log x log (0.1) 5.0 106 eV log (10 8) x log (10 1) mo 2 x 8 collisions 79. The incoming speed of a neutron with 3.5 MeV of kinetic energy is: 2Ek v m 2(3.5 106 eV)(1.602 10 19 J/eV) v (1.008 665 u)(1.6605 10 27 kg/u) v 2.5876 107 m/s For head-on elastic collisions, mn mx v, where v is the recoil v mn mx velocity of the neutron.
1.008 665 u 1.007 276 u 1.008 665 u 1.007 276 u (2.5876 107 m/s) v1 1.782 104 m/s 80. For the reaction 235U 1n 141Ba AY 31n, Z 92 0 56 0 conservation of atomic mass number for the reaction yields 235 1 141 A 3(1), or A 92. Conservation of atomic number yields 92 0 56 Z 3(0), or Z 36. The daughter isotope, from the periodic table, is 92Kr. 36 81. Working in MeVs, assume the rest mass of lead-207 is: m0 (207 u)(931.5 MeV/c 2/u) m0 1.928 105 MeV/c 2 Its total energy is: E m0c2 Ek E 1.928 105 MeV 7.000 106 MeV E 7.1928 TeV At relativistic speeds, use Einsteins energy triangle: (mvc)2 E2 (m0c2)2 (mvc)2 (7.1928 1012 eV)2 (1.928 1011 eV)2 mvc 7.1902 1012 eV Rearranging for v, v 7.1902 1012 eV c mc2 v 7.1902 1012 eV c 7.1928 1012 eV v 0.999639c v 2.9989 108 m/s 82. The de Broglie wavelength is: h mv hc mvc (6.626 10 34 Js)(3.0 108 m/s) (7.19 1012 eV)(1.6 10 19 J/eV) v1 1.73 10
19
194
83. At relativistic speeds, the mass becomes dilated: m0 m v2 1 c2 1.673 53 10 27 kg m 1 0.752 m 2.53 10 27 kg The de Broglie wavelength is: h mv 6.626 10 34 Js (2.53 10 27 kg)(0.75c) 1.16 10 15 m 1.16 fm qB 2 m 2 mf q 2 (2.53 10 27 kg)(23 106 Hz) (1.6 10 19 C)
The cyclotron frequency, f B B B 2 mf q 2 (2.3856
qB , yields: 2 m
10 27 kg)(20 1.6 10 19 C
106 Hz)
87.
84. f B B
88.
89. 90.
B 2.28 T 85. Electrons and protons with the same de Broglie wavelength have the same h . Using Einsteins momentum mv energy triangle and MeV units, for the electron: (mvc)2 (m0c2 Ek)2 (m0c2)2 (mvc)2 (0.511 MeV 9 103 MeV)2 (0.511 MeV)2 mvc 9.0005 GeV The proton has an equal mvc, so (9000.5 MeV)2 (938.27 MeV Ek)2 (938.27 MeV)2 938.27 MeV Ek (9000.5 MeV)2 (938.27 MeV)2 Ek 8951.47 MeV 938.27 MeV Ek 8.1 GeV 86. Using the energy equation mc2 m0c2 Ek to find the dilated mass of the proton, Ek m m0 c2 400 MeV m 938.27 MeV/c 2 c2 m 1338.27 MeV/c 2 m 2.3856 10 27 kg
91.
92.
93.
1.87 T 2 1 1 a) uds 0 3 3 3 2 1 b) ud 1 3 3 1 1 c) db 0 3 3 2 2 d) cc 0 3 3 a) lambda (baryon) b) pion or rho (mesons) c) b-zero (meson) d) eta-c (meson) A neutron consists of udd, therefore an antineutron is u d d . The mass of the top quark is 176 103 MeV/c2 188.94 u. The element 931.5 MeV/c2/u with the closest atomic mass is osmium (Os), with an atomic mass of 190.2 u. pion has a quark combination of ud The and a charge of e. Conversely, a pion has the combination u d, and its charge is 2 1 e e e. 3 3 d t v 2.4 10 15 m t 3 108 m/s t 8 10 24 s a) Two protons approach and exchange a virtual meson, then recoil from each other. b) An atom sits at rest, then one of its electrons drops to a lower energy level and emits a photon, so the atom is pushed in the opposite direction. c) A pion decays into a muon and a muon neutrino.
195
94. Antiproton decay: p n

t e v
W n
0 1
1 and 3 2 . the charge of the anticharm quark, c, is 3 1 2 The charge of the meson is: 1 3 3 99. The charge of the baryon is 1 2 2 ttb 1 3 3 3 100. The blue quark could either emit a blue-antigreen gluon or absorb a greenantiblue gluon. 98. The charge of the strange quark, s, is
t Blue
95. For a neutron and a proton, the interaction is: p np n

t udu Proton u u 0 udu Proton ddu Neutron
Green
Blueantigreen gluon Blue
Green
ddu Neutron
x x
96. In the reaction p n , the energy associated with the mass difference is: E (mp mn)c2 From Einsteins energy relationship, E2 [(mp mn)c2]2 E2 p2c2 m02c4 p2c2 E2 (m0c2)2 p2c2 (939.6 MeV 938.3 MeV)2 (139.6 MeV)2 2 2 pc 19 486.5 MeV 2.165 10 13 N2s2 p2 This result does not have a solution in the real numbers, so the momentum, p, is imaginary (or virtual). 97. For a strange, s, quark and an antistrange, s, quark, the two new quarks created at the broken ends could be u and u or d and d , according to ss su su or sd sd. These particles are known as mesons.
196

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B OOK TWO

II Answers to End-of-chapter Conceptual Questions

III Solutions to Endof-chapter Problems

PART 1 Solutions to Applying the Concepts

Solutions to Applying the Concepts

( 7.0 m/s) 4(1.4 m/s )(8.0 m) 2(1.4 m/s2)

27.8 m/s 1 a t2 2 1 (30 m/s2) t2 2 (27.8 m/s) t 500 m

(27.8 m/s)2 4(15 m/s2)( 500 m) 2(15 m/s2)

4.9 s d 80 m 0 t t v1 t 1 a t2 2 1 (9.8 m/s2) t2 2 (17 m/s) t 80 m

(17 m/s)2 4(4.9 m/s2)( 80 m) 2(4.9 m/s2)

2.7 s v12 2a d v12 2a d (17 m/s)2 2(9.8 m/s2)(80 m) 43 m/s v2 v1 t v2 v1 (eq.1) a v2

Solutions to Applying the Concepts

Solutions to Applying the Concepts

2.2 m 0.5 m 2.2 s 0.0 s 0.65 m/s

Solutions to Applying the Concepts

Solutions to Applying the Concepts

Solutions to Applying the Concepts

N m2 kg2)(0.013)(5.97 (3.82 108 m)2

1020 N Gm1m2 r2 1 Gm1m2 8 r2 1 (Fg ) 8 G(2m1)m2 (3r)2

2 Gm1m2 9 r2 2 (Fg ) 9 G4m1m2 (2r)2 Gm1m2 r2 Fg 1 (Fg ) 2

(0 m/s)2 (22.2 m/s)2 2(0.60)( 9.8 m/s2) 42 m

N m2 kg2)(1.9 (7.2 107 m)2

Solutions to Applying the Concepts

4.0 m/s 3.0 m/s

25.3 m/s 5.45 m/s

Solutions to Applying the Concepts

To find , 180 54 78 vf 26 m/s [N78E]

Solutions to Applying the Concepts

vmg vom sin

b) vom vom 0.50 m/s 3.0 m/s t t t

0.50 m/s 2.0 m/s

76 Terry must throw at [S76E].

Solutions to Applying the Concepts

(88.1 m/s) t 200 m

(88.1 m/s) 4(4.9 m/s )( 200 m) 2(4.9 m/s2)

Solutions to Applying the Concepts

Solutions to Applying the Concepts

Fnet m2a (eq. 2) m2 g T m2a Adding equations 1 and 2, m1 g a(m1 m2) m2 g m2 g m1 g a m1 m2 a

Solutions to Applying the Concepts

Adding equations 1, 2, and 3, m1 g sin 30 m3 g a(m1 m2 m1 g sin 30 m3 g a m1 m2 m3 a

(10 kg)(9.8 m/s2)

(9.8 m/s2)[(30 kg) sin 60

0.20(20 kg) cos 40]

Solutions to Applying the Concepts

mac (10 kg) v2 r

Solutions to Applying the Concepts

400 2(1.93 106 m)3 10 11 N m2/kg2)(7.77 1022 kg)

N m2/kg2)(5.98 6.97 106 m

Solutions to Applying the Concepts

c) Fnet Fnet Fnet Fg

2Tv Fg ma 0 2Tv 2T sin g 2(85 N) sin 1.5 9.8 N/kg 0.45 kg

Fnet Tv TA TA Fnet ma Fnet 0 TA T A Tv Tv 2TA Tv 2( 100.0 N) cos 70 Tv 68.4 N 3. a) 5 5

(1.5 m) sin 1.5 0.039 m 3.9 cm

F|| mg sin mg cos Ff Fnet T Ff Fnet ma

Solutions to Applying the Concepts

1000 kg/m3 1000 cm3 (10.0 L) 1L

90 ? 45.0 kg 20.0 kg 5.0 kg 0.75 m 2 0.375 m 20.0 kg 15.0 kg 0.75 3.0

Solutions to Applying the Concepts

r1F1 sin 1 r2F2 sin r3F3 r2F2 F1

rHmH g mL g (1.75 m)(45.0 kg) 30.0 kg 2.63 m

r2F2 r3FR3 0.75 m 2 0.375 m

Solutions to Applying the Concepts