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13 - Slope Stability

*01: Find the FS of a straight wedged element of slope. *02: Swedish slip circle used to find the FS of a slope. *03: Method of slices to find the FS of a slope. *04: Method of slices to find the FS of a slope. *05: Field evaluation of the stability of a loaded river bank.

280

*Slope-01: Factor of Safety of a straight line slope failure.


(Revision: Oct.-08)

A slope cut to 1.5H:1V will be made in a shale rock stratum that has bedding planes that have an apparent dip of 16 (see the figure below). If the acceptable factor of safety against failure is at least 2 along the lower-most bedding plane, is this slope stable? Use a unit weight of 20.1 kN/m3, and bedding strength parameters of c = 22 kPa and = 30. 85.0 m

Original ground surface L

1.5 20.0 m 1

11.3 m

Rocks bedding planes 16 Proposed new ground surface

Solution:

T he traingule of rock above the potential slip plane has a weight W per unit width, W = kN kN 1 ( 85.0 m )(11.3 m ) 20.1 3 = 9, 650 m m 2 T he length L of the slip plane is, 85.0 m = 88.4 m cos16 T herefore, L= FS = Resisting For ces cL + (W ) cos tan = = Driving Forces (W ) sin

kN kN 22 2 ( 88.4 m ) + 9, 650 cos16 tan 30 m m FS = = 2.7 > 2 kN 9, 650 sin 1 6 m

OK

281

*Slope-02: Same as Slope-01 but with a raising WT.


(Revision: Oct.-08)

In the previous problem the slope appeared to be stable with a factor of safety = 2.7. What happens to that factor of safety if the water table rises to the level shown below? Use a unit weight of 20.1 kN/m3, and bedding strength parameters are reduced by the effective parameters of c = 15 kPa and = 20. 85.0 m

Original ground surface 3.2 m 1.5 20.0 m Seepage 1 Rocks bedding planes 16 Proposed new ground surface 11.3 m

Solution:
T h e w e i g h t W o f t h e r o c k t r i a n g le p e r u n i t w i d t h i s s t i ll 9 , 6 5 0 T h e le n g t h L o f t h e s li p p la n e i s s t i ll 8 8 . 4 m . T h e p o r e w a t e r p r e s s u r e i s b a s e d o n a n e s t i m a t e o f i t s v a lu e a l o n g t h e le n g t h L , a t w a t e r d e p t h z w a b o v e t h e p la n e t h a t r a n g e f r o m 0 t o 3 . 2 m ; c o n s e r v a t i v e ly ,
u = kN z w = 9 . 8 1 3 (3 . 2 m ) = 3 1 . 4 k P a m c ' L + (W ) c o s u t a n R e s is tin g F o rc e s = = FS = D riv in g F o rc e s (W ) s i n
w

kN m

kN 9 , 6 5 0 m c o s 1 6 ( 3 1 . 4 k P a ) t a n 2 0 FS = = 1 .7 6 < 2 kN 9, 650 s in 1 6 m T h e c o m p u t e d f a c t o r o f s a f e t y o f 1 . 7 6 i s le s s t h a n t h e m i n i m u m a c c e p t a b le kN 15 (8 8 . 4 m m2

)+

NG

v a lu e o f 2 , t h e r e f o r e t h i s d e s i g n i s N O T a c c e p t a b le . N o t i c e t h a t a r i s i n g W T d e c r e a s e s th e s ta b ility o f th e s lo p e.

281

*Slope-03: Is a river embankment safe with a large crane?


(Revision: Oct.-08)

Determine if the work site shown below is safe, provided you consider the minimum acceptable factor of safety for the man-made waterfront slope shown below to be 2. Assume the arc radius is 80 feet; the circular lengths are AB = 22 feet and BC = 102 feet. The total weight of the soil per unit width are Wsoil = 205 kips and Wcrane =70 kips. The site is located in a seismic zone with a seismic coefficient of 0.15.

20

15

40

15

15

A Wcrane Clayey sand c = 0.2 ksf = 40 = 125 pcf C Wsoil Sandy clay c = 1.8 ksf = 15 = 130 pcf Solution: SEA

45

B 15

Mr = R[S1(AB)+S2(BC)] = R[(C1+1tan1)AB + (C2+2tan2)BC] = 80[(0.2+0.125(8)(tan40)22 + (1.8+(0.130 0.064)(21)(tan15)(102)] = 80[23k + 221k] = 19,500 k-ft

Wae(d2) Mo = Wb1 WwH(d1) Wwv(b2) + Vb3 + ---------------g

289

= 205(40)(1/2)(0.064)(15) - (0.064)[30(15)+(1/2)(40)(15)]15+70(55)+205(0.15)(50)

Mo = 8,200 - 7.2 720 +3850 +1540 = 12,900 k-ft Therefore: FS = Mr/Mo = 19,500/12,900 = 1.51 Not Good! Removing Crane Mo =9,050 k-ft

Therefore: FS = Mr/Mo = 19,500/9050 = 2.15 GOOD!

290

*Slope-04: Simple method of slices to find the FS.


(Revision: Oct.-08)

The stability of a slope was analyzed by the method of slices. One of the trial curved surfaces through the soil mass yielded the shearing and normal components of each slice as listed below. The curved length of the trial curved surface is 40 feet, the soil parameters are c = 225 lb/ft2 and = 15. Determine the factor of safety along this trial surface. Solution: Slice Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Shearing Component (W sin ) (lb/ft) -38 -74 124 429 934 1570 2000 2040 766 = 7,751 lb/ft Normal Component (W cos ) (lb/ft) 306 1410 2380 3050 3480 3540 3210 2190 600 = 20,166 lb/ft

FS =

cL + (W cos ) tan n

W sin

(225 psf )(40 ft ) + 20,166 plf = 1.86 < 2 NG 7, 751 plf

288

**Slope-05: Method of slices to find the factor of safety of a slope with a WT.
(Revision: Oct.-08)

A 30 ft tall, 1.5H:1V slope is to be built as shown below. The soil is homogeneous, with lb c ' = 400 2 and ' = 29 . The unit weight is 119 pcf above the groundwater table, and 123 pcf ft below. Using the ordinary method of slices, compute the factor of safety along the trial circle. 10.8 9.4 12.1 12.7 9.3 7.6 4.0

7 = 67 5 4 30.0 3 2 1 = -18 = -7 = 24 =8 = 38 = 53 6

= 119

lb ft 3

= 123

lb ft 3

Weights:
W1 lb 1 0 .3 = 1 0 .8 1 1 9 = 6, 6 2 0 b ft 2 W2 lb 1 0 .3 + 1 2 .5 5 .2 = 9 .4 1 1 9 + 9 .4 1 2 3 = 1 5, 8 0 0 2 b ft 2 W3 lb 1 2 .5 + 1 4 .6 5 .2 + 1 0 .0 = 1 2 .1 1 1 9 + 1 2 .1 1 2 3 = 3 0, 8 0 0 ft 2 2 b W4 lb 5 .0 1 2 .9 + 8 .0 = 2 .9 1 7 .0 + 7 .1 1 7 .8 = 1 6 2 0 b ft 2 2

285

W5 lb 16.8 + 12.8 10.7 + 7.3 = 9.3 119 + 9.3 123 = 39, 900 b ft 2 2 W6 lb 12.8 + 9.9 7.3 = 7.6 119 + 7.6 123 = 26, 700 b ft 2 2 W7 lb 9.9 = 4.0 119 = 2, 400 b ft 2

Average pore water pressure at base of each slice:


u1 = 0 lb 5 .2 u2 = 6 2 .4 = 1 6 0 ft 2 2

lb 5 .2 + 1 0 .0 u3 = 6 2 .4 = 4 7 0 ft 2 2 lb 1 0 .0 + 1 0 .7 u4 = 6 2 .4 = 6 5 0 ft 2 2 1 0 .7 + 7 .3 u5 = 2 7 .3 u6 = 6 2 .4 2 u7 = 0
Slice
W ( lb) b

lb 6 2 .4 = 5 6 0 ft 2 lb = 230 ft 2

( Deg )
- 18 -7 8 24 38 53 67

lb c ' 2 ft

( Deg )
29 29 29 29 29 29 29

lb u 2 ft

( ft )
11.4 9.5

c 'l + W ( cos ul ) tan ' b 8,000 11,700 18,600 20,800 12,700 8,000 4,600

W ( lb ) b

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

6,620 15,800 30,800 39,900 26,700 13,700 2,400

400 400 400 400 400 400 400

0 160 470 650 560 230 0

-2,000 -1,900 4,300 16,200 16,400 10,900 2,200

12.2 13.9 11.8 12.6 10.2

= 84, 400

= 46,100

286

Therefore, the factor of safety is,

W c ' l + ( cos ul ) tan ' 84, 400 b FS = = = 1.83 < 2 NG 46,100 W b


Note how slices # 1 and 2 have a negative because they are inclined backwards.

287

**Slope-06: Swedish slip circle solution of a slope stability.


(Revision: Oct.-08)

Using the Swedish slip circle method, compute the factor of safety along the trial circle shown in the figure below. Solution: Divide the slide mass into vertical slices as shown. One of the slice borders should be directly below the center of the circle (in this case, the border between slices 2 and 3). For convenience of computations, also draw a slice border wherever the slip surface intersects a new soil stratum and whenever the ground surface has a break in slope. Then, compute the weight and moment arm for each slide using simplified computations as follows: Center of trial circle Center of critical circle + 2.9

4.6

7.0

7.1

7.2

0.8

5.1

7 5 5 9.8 12.9 2 1 2.0 3 4 8.0 10.3 6 = 17.0 9.8

kN ; Su = 40kPa m3

= 17.8
= 18.5
kN ; Su = 300kPa m3

kN ; Su = 80kPa m3

282

Weights:

W1 2 .0 = 4 .6 b 2

kN 1 7 .8 = 8 0 m W2 kN 2 .0 + 9 .8 = 7 .0 1 7 .8 = 1 3 0 2 b m kN 1 7 .8 = 5 9 0 m W4 5 .0 1 2 .9 + 8 .0 = 2 .9 1 7 .0 + 7 .1 2 b 2 W5 5 .0 + 1 0 .3 8 .0 = 7 .2 1 7 .0 + 7 .2 2 b 2 kN W 6 1 0 .3 + 9 .8 = 0 .8 1 7 .0 = 1 4 0 m 2 b
W7 9 .8 = 5 .1 b 2
Moment arms:

W3 9 .8 + 1 2 .9 = 2 .9 2 b

1 7 .8 = 1 6 2 0 1 7 .8 = 1 4 5 0

kN m kN m

kN 1 7 .0 = 4 2 0 m

d 1 = 7 .0 d2 = d3 = d4 = d5 = d6 = d7 =

4 .6 = 8 .5 m 3

7 .0 = 3 .5 m 2 2 .9 = 1 .5 m 2 7 .1 = 6 .5 m 2 .9 + 2 7 .1 = 1 0 .9 m 2 .9 + 7 .1 + 2 0 .8 = 1 7 .6 m 2 .9 + 7 .1 + 7 .2 + 2 5 .1 = 1 9 .7 m 2 .9 + 7 .1 + 7 .2 + 0 .8 + 3

283

Slice 1 2 3 4

Su ( kPa )

( Deg )

Su

W kN b m

d ( m)
-8.5 -3.5 1.5 6.5

W d b

80 130 80 76 6080 590 1620

-680 -450 890 10,530

5 6 40 7 30 1200

1450 140 420

10.9 17.6 19.7

15,800 2,460 8,280


= 36,830

= 7280

FS =

R2
180

S W b d
u

( 23.6 )
180

7, 280 = 1.9 2 < 2 36, 8 3 0

Not Good

284

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