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walls
Proiect
1. Initial sizine
Initial sizing involves the preliminary determination of the retaining wall dimensions.
*Observation: Dimensions can be chosen from retaining wall catalogue (IPTANA) depending on the type retaining wall.
of
*a
*c'.*
The foundation should be placed in stabile terrain and in good foundation soil
Explanations:
ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE Def.: Ultimate limit states are limit states that concern the safety of the people and/or the safety of the
structure. States associated with collapse or with other similar forms of structural failure.
as a
rigid body.
STR: Internal failure or excessive deformation of the structure or structural members. o Structural failure - resistance in dangerous sections o Excessive deformation of structural failure
walls
Project
r o o o
o o r o
DESIGN APPROACHES Def,: Design situation are a set of grouped partial safety factors. approach
Design approach 2: Combination: Al + M1 + ft2 Design approach 3: Combination: (A1*or AZt) + M2 +R3 A1- - for structural actions A2f - for geotechnical actions
Partial safety factors for: Actions: Fa = Tp . Fr"p) Fr"o =V . Fr Material parameters ( geotechnical)
Y_ lLD-:
X,
Tu Strength:
"
2.1 Design against sliding according to SR EN 1997-1
Design principle
Horizontal actions H6 (which produce the ef[ect of wall displacement) should be smaller than the sliding strength of wall (of foundation soil beneath foot wall)
sNote: 1. Each wall verifrcation is to be done for ultimate limit states that can arise, using one of the design approaches from SR EN 1997-1 (Cap 2.4.7.3.4.2). 2. Design against sliding is to be done for ultimate limit state GEO. 3. For the design against sliding is recommended to use partial safety factors of design approach 1 combination2 (A1+ Ml + R1).
Determination of safety partial factors for DAI combination Actions for: lc =7.0 permanent actions (favourable) (unfavourable) ye = 0 variable actions (favourable) ' 1 .5 variable actions (unfavourable) Geotechnical parameters for: . ya, = 1.0 angle of effective shearing resistance
1
1.
.3
5 permanent actions
/'a -v ty
tang,o = tmre,r
design value of weight density design value for the tangent angle of effective shearing resistance
v,,
Design qf retaining
walls
design value of effective cohesion
Project
^t -9 L d--
7,,
cos(a + a).cos(p
") )
If
arrd
-a and- B Thrust coeffrcients can be found in ,,Proiectarea fundatiilor" , A. Popa ,IPCN, 1987, Pg. 68. Active pressure in one point:
iir-l!o.
-,
r.v
-l ri
Pat.o =
/g
kot
- T c .2. c ro'.,{E
Paz.t: /g
.(f* . hr. kor -2. "ro'.JEI) /-_\ = /o .Q r, .koz * /c 'Vro .h, .koz -2.rro'.Ji;) Poz.o /_\ .Q .koz
Pot: = Tg . I * . kot * Tc
Tza
.hz .koz
-2.cro'.rlk",
1,
P'
P'^.r'I
oz= Poz.o'
P"
.sin(a + d, )
Ha
=2P",.,
'(C, *
Gd,",
* G,)*}p",.,
fV',=V,-cose +H"stne
lH'o = H o 'cose -Vo
stn e
Sliding resistance:
Dt r\d---V'o'tantP'r,o
T n.n
e' ,ud =
e' ,,d
e'd ) -7
g'
3
verification at sliding'
[@|
,
? ? flosicn q<rqinsf hporino nrnqr'ifv foilrrr.o fn Sf,l EN 1aQ?-l Design principle The eflective pressure at foundation bottom given by the vertical actions (self-weight, variable vertical actions) should not exceed the allowable soil pressure (bearing capacity)
fi1ffirur
"- lRd
Note: 1. Design against bearing capacity is to be done for ultimate limit state GEO. 2. For the design against bearing capacity is recommended to use partial safety factors approach 1, combination 1 (A1+MI+R1). For the calculation of active pressure and earth thrust see 2.1 Reduction of actions with the design value in the centre of gravity of the foundation foot. Vertical action: va = Tc.(c, * Gd,,, *G,)*| p,,., Horizontal action:
of
design
Ha =ZP",.u
Bending moment
..
:
-Zp,,n.x, -|
G*.
x,
Wherei
/ai xa xn
force arm Pag measwed &om the centre of gravity of the foundation foot. force arm Pavnlo&SUred from the centre of gravity of the foundation foot. force arm
Gr
.to.t
+ 0.5
soil cohesion beneath retaining wall base effective width of foundation weight density of the soil beneath foundation bottom design overburden which acts at the fourdation bottom
Design of retaining
walls
Proiect
Table Dime nslo nless factors o the ressure calculation ror the foundatio n terrain of 10n for Nq eo'tuq' .tan2 (45. + g, /2)
Bearing capacity
N"
Ny
(*,-f
cp'
I2
Inclinati on of foundation
base
bq:bv
b"
sq
(l - a -tarr.e)'
Foundation geometry
,s1'
^ia
(sr.Nn-1)(Nr-1)
U
tq
Loading inclination
iy
lc
I L')Ull + ( B'I L')] ffi = ffir =12+ (L'I B')llU+ (L'l B')l ffi = ffie - mL 'cos' 0 * ma - sin2 I H
7t =
ffi
n=
12
+ (B'
tf
is
H acts on B 'direction
//acts on L' direction acts on a direction forming an angle d with Z' direction
Overburden calculation:
q'= Dt 'T
Observation 1. The geometry of foirndation is given by the L and B dimensions, L has the length of a transom of 5614 but the verification is done for im of wall. 2. The angle a formed by the foundation and the horizontal line is measured in radian.
Design qf retaining
walls
Project
L'= L
B'= B
-2.
where:
"u
lA'
Ro
lA',
Note: l. Design against overturning (toppiing) is to be done for ultimate limit state EQU. 2. For the design against overturning (toppling) is recommended to use partial safety factors from annex A table 1 and table 2 (SR EN 1997-1). Determination of safety partial factors for EQU Actions for: Tc,,tt = 0.9 stabilising favourable permanent actions
=l.l Ts,,ta = 0
Tc,au
/ s.an = 1.5 destabilisingunfavourable variable actions Geotechnical parameters for: ya, =1.25 angle of effective shearing resistance
7,, =I.25
effective cohesion
Design qf
retainingwalls
Project
/d-v ty tmtez
^t v d -cto -
Tx
J^^:^- value ^r--- ^r-l^t t -,--:Ldesign -.^r--^ of weight density design value of angle of effective shearing resistance
r^^:^- --^t--- ^f ^-cc^^ri--^ --r,- . design value of effective cohesion
=tT'Q'o ya,
7,, -
'E
Destabilising moment:
a't,a
=ZPo,u
'Yo,
where: y,, force arm P311 rrlasurod from the point where overturning (toppling) occurred. Destabilising moment: Mst.a =ZP,,n . xoi *ZGo.*u,
Where:
xo xti
force arm Psy Ine&sured from the point where overturning (toppling) occurred. force arm Gr. measured from the point where overturning (toppling) occurred.
Mon,o 3Mrrt,a
Note:
1. The design against dangerous sections is done in the ultimate limit state STR. 2. Partial safety factors are the same used for the design approach au ultimate limit state STR GEO ( it is to be used the thrust diagram for DAI combination 1.)
and
Dangerous sections
e sprutn
hainn cimnlr
r
iilde sprijin-
Reinforced concrete retaining wall case In o-a section, bending moment is given by the diagram of active thrust, which acts section on a console.
Pa1 .1
P a2.O
_\Fas.o
P a2.1
'o^og,d-a ,.
P2
Pef,min
P
ef,max
bending moments are obtained on the console driven by the forces from the
yo _-
'u#=E;; [t*fJ'
v, (- 6.e")
"vd
M,
ea
Pt = T^"a' hro p, = Tmed' hzp, T^ra- weight density of layers, on weighted average with the height of the layer.
h1o
respective
h2o
height, taken as a
1n
With the design moments obtained in a-ao b-b, c-c sections, the reinforcement according with the SR EN 1992 prescriptions.
Concrete and stone masonry retaining wall case
will
be calculated
Axial stress in a-a section (given by the self-weight of the wall until a-a section) V'a = Tc 'Go,-o
The moment is given by the active earth thrust, which acts as a console with fxed ends in a-a M"d,o-o =ZP'," '/a-a,i
'.. Pa2.a
a.
Compression with bending without tension Determine the maximum compression stress
b.
2.V',. a
max
3-c-lm
Where:
"=!-6, 6=+: vd
f*3 -f,p,a = 2044 '
S
Verification: dnax
cm'
o.io
where:
,,
!-!-V'O
than reinforcement will be provide in order to take the whole tension developed in the
/,
f,,o designtensile