udec中文说明

U D E C 3.
2004.9
............................................................. 1
1.1 ............................................................ 1
1.2 ................................................. 2
1.3 ......................................................... 2
1.4 ......................................................... 3
2
........................................................... 4
2.1 ................................................... 4
2.1.7 ..................................................... 4
2.1.9 UDEC .................................................... 5
2.1.10 ................................................ 5
2.2 ......................................... 5
2.3 ....................................................... 6
2.4 UDEC ......................................... 8
2.5 ......................................................... 9
2.6 UDEC .................................................... 10
2.6.1 ..................................................... 10
2.6.2 ................................................. 16
2.6.2.1 ................................................. 16
2.6.2.2 ................................................. 17
2.6.3 ....................................... 19
2.6.4 ............................................... 21
2.6.5 ............................................... 24
2.6.6 ........................................... 25
2.6.7 ............................................... 25
2.8 ......................................................... 26
3
UDEC .................................................... 27
3.1 ....................................................... 27
3.1.1 1 ................................... 28
3.1.2 2 ................................ 28
3.1.3 3 .............................. 28
3.1.4 4 ................................... 29
3.1.5 5 .............................. 29
3.1.6 6 ......................................... 29
3.1.7 7 ....................................... 30
3.2
........................................................ 30
3.2.1 UDEC .................................. 30

3.2.2 ..................................................... 32
3.2.2.1 ....................................... 32
3.2.2.2 VORONOI .................................... 34
3.2.2.3 ................................................... 34
3.2.3 ............................................. 35
3.3
............................................ 38
3.4
........................................................ 42
3.4.1 ..................................................... 42
3.4.1.1 ........................................... 43
3.4.1.2 ........................................... 44
3.4.1.3 ............................................. 44
3.4.1.4 ............................................. 45
3.4.2 ..................................................... 46
3.4.3 ....................................... 46
3.4.4 ..................................................... 46
3.4.4.1 ................................................. 46
3.4.4.2 ............................................... 46
3.4.4.3 ............................................. 49
3.5
........................................................ 50
3.5.1 ................................ 50
3.5.2 ...................... 51
3.5.3 .................... 51
3.5.4 ..................................... 52
3.5.5 ......................................... 53
3.5.6 ............................................. 54
3.5.7 ............................................. 55
3.6
.................................................. 57
3.7
.................................................... 62
3.7.1 ............................................. 63
3.7.2 ................................................. 64
3.7.3 ............................................... 65
3.8
........................................................ 71
3.8.1 ..................................................... 71
3.8.1.1 ............................................... 71
3.8.1.2 ........................................... 71
3.8.1.3 ........................................... 72
3.8.1.4 ............................................... 73
3.8.1.5 ..................................... 77
3.8.2 ..................................................... 80
3.9
...................................................... 81
3.9.1 ........................................... 81
3.9.2 ..................................................... 81
3.9.3 ............................................. 82
3.9.4 ............................................. 82
3.9.5 ............................................... 83
3.9.6 ................................................. 83
3.9.7 ................................................. 83
3.9.8 ....................................... 83
3.9.9 ..................................................... 84
3.9.10 ............................... 84
3.9.11 ................................................ 85
3.9.12 .................................................... 85
3.9.13 .................................................. 86
3.9.14 .................................................. 86
3.9.15 ................................................ 86
3.9.16 ................................................ 86
3.10
.......................................................... 88
3.10.1 .................................................... 88
3.10.2 / ......................................... 88
3.10.3 .......................................... 89
3.11
....................................................... 89
3.11.1 ............................................ 89
3.11.2 .............................................. 90
3.11.3 ............................. 91
1
1.1
UDECUniversal Distinct Element Code
UDEC
UDEC
UDEC
UDEC FISH FISH

UDEC FISH
UDEC
UDEC Cundall1971 20
1985 Cundall Itasca IBM UDEC
RAM UDEC
4MB RAM UDEC 2500 1000 8
200 RAM
1500 500 UDEC

20004000 500
4000 6 min UDEC
UDEC
UDEC
1
BOUNDARY
2
3 UDEC

4 UDEC /
UDEC FISH
1.2
UDEC UDEC
UDEC
Discrete element method

a
b
Distinct
element method Cundall Strack1979
1Distinct Element Programs

UDEC
2Modal Methods
3Discontinuous Deformation Analysis
4Momentum-Exchange Methods
1.3
UDEC
UDEC
UDEC
BartonBandis
UDEC
null/
UDEC
UDEC
zz
UDEC
UDEC
UDEC
UDEC
UDEC FISHFISH
UDEC
1.4
UDEC
UDEC
UDEC
UDEC
UDEC
UDEC
UDEC
UDEC
UDEC
PFC2D
2
2.1
UDEC
2.6 UDEC 65
400
2.1.7
UDEC 8MB
Uedc m
Uedc 14
Print mem
2.2
2. 2 RAM
RAMMB
400
300
2500
1000
7500
3000
16
15000
7000
* 8
2.1.9 UDEC
call file.dat
2.1.10
test1.dat test2.dattest3.dat
2.2
Block (0,0) (0,20) (20,20) (20,0) ;
plot block
Crack (0,2) (20,8)

Crack (5,3) (5,20)
Crack (5,12) (20,18)
fix rang 0,20 0,5

fix rang 0,5 0,20
0<x<200<y<5 0<x<50<y<20
prop mat=1 dens=2000

prop jmat=1 jkn=1.33e7 jks=1.33e7 jfric=20.0
2000kg/m3
1.33e7 20o
x y
set gravity 0-10.0
damp local
UDEC DAMP local
hist yvel (20,20) type 1

type
Step 100
2020 y
10
Plot hist 1
Title
HEAD> ASIMPLE SLOPE STABILITY EXAMPLE EQUILIBRIUM STAGE
Plot block
Save slope.sav
delete range 0,5 0,20

delete 0<x<50<y<20 Step
cycle
Cycle 1000
Plot block velocity
2.3
UDEC UDEC
2.6
UDEC MODEL UDEC

UDEC
BLOCK
UDEC
CONTACT
DISCONTINUITY
2.6 UDEC
DOMAIN DOMAIN UDEC
DOMAIN DOMAIN
UDEC
ZONE
UDEC
GRIDPOINT
x y
node
MODEL BOUDARY UDEC
BOUNDARY CONDITION
INITIAL CONDITION
NULL BLOCK
STRUCTURAL ELEMENT
STEP
20004000
STATIC SOLUTION
UDEC
UNBALANCED FORCE
DYNAMIC SOLUTION
2.4 UDEC
UDEC
x y
xy
splits
UDEC
UDEC
2.7 UDEC x y 10
10mx=0,y=5 to x=10,y=5
2 118 223
260 297
2.7
block (0,0) (0,10) (10,10) (10,0)
Crack (0,5) (10,5)
plot hold block num cont num dnum
2.8 8
4
606 606
Gen quad 11,6 range 0,10 0,5

Gen quad 10
Plot hold zone num cont num
2.7 UDEC
2.8 UDEC
2.5
UDEC

COMMAND keyword value < keyword value >
< >
2.6 UDEC
UDEC
UDEC
1
2
3
UDEC
UDEC
UDEC
UDEC
2.9 UDCE
UDEC
2.6.1
UDEC UDEC
Block x1,y1 x2,y2 x3,y3

x1y1x2y2x3y3
4
UDEC
1
round d
10
d d=0.5
block block plot block
1
2
3
z
z
2.9
UDEC
Crack
Jset
Crack x1y1
x2y2
Jset
Crack Jset UDEC
11
UDEC
crack Jset
crack
Crack Jset
1 3.2.2
Example 2.4 UDEC
round 0.1
block (0,0) (0,10) (10,10) (10,0)
Crack (0,5) (10,5)
1010 CRACK
0.1
crack 2.5,10 5.0, 7.5

crack 5.0, 7.5 7.5,10
Plot block num

DELETE
delete range block 368

delete range 4.5 ,5.5 8,10
4.5< x <5.5 8 < y < 10
JSET 4
x-
JSET 3.2.2 JSET

2.5
2.5
new
round 0.01
block (0,0) (0,20) (20,20) (20,0)
12
jset (45,0) (5,0.5) (0.5,0) (2,0)

jset (-10,0) (5,0.5) (0.2,0) (1.5,0)
2.11 JSET x
45o 2 JSET x -10 o
1.5
2
JSET 0.1
JSET 3
2.11
2.5 1.75110
3.679:
Print max
delete range area 3e-2

310-2 1
NEW
JSET
1200
13
8 500 20004000
90MHz 500 4000 10
UDEC
crack
tunnel
arc
CRACK TUNNEL
ARC
UDEC 2.6
EXAMPLE 2.6
New
Round 0.1
Block -10,-10 -10,10 10,10 10,-10
Tunn 0,0 2 16
Crack -5,10 5,-10
Plo hold block num
2.12 0,0 2 16
TUNNEL
CRACK
TUNNEL CRACK
2.12
TUNNEL CRACK
JSET TUNNEL
delete range block 1920
delete range -1,1 -1,1
14
2.12
2.7
New
Round 0.1
Block -10,-10 -10,15 10,15 10,-10
arc 0,5 2,5 180 8
Crack -2,0 -2,5
Crack -2,0 2,0
Crack 2,0 2,5
Crack -5,15 5,-10
2.13 0525
o
180 8 CRACK
CRACK
window -2,2 0,7

delete range window
15
2.13
2.6.2
2.6.2.1
gen edge v
gen quad v
GEN GEN edge v
vv
1:10
Plot zone
GEN quad v
GEN quad
GEN edge
UDEC 7
change cons=0 ; null model
16
change cons=1; elastic model

change cons=3; Mohr-coulomb model
CHANGE Cons=0
Cons=1 cons=3
cons=1
cons=1 cons=3 PROPERTY mat
50
CHANGE mat
1
2
3
K G E
E
E
G
3 12
2 1 +
9 KG
3K2G

3KG
2 3KG
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
UDEC
2.6.2.2
UDEC
17

change jcons=2
Jcons=2
PROPERTY mat
CHANGE mat
1
2
3
4
5
6
UDEC
2.8
2.8
New
Round 0.1
Block -10,-10 -10,10 10,10 10,-10
tunnel 0,0 2,16
jset -70,0 40,0 0,0 40,0 -1,-1
jset -50,0 40,0 0,0 3,0
0, 2
gen edge 2.0

change jmat=2 range angle -51,-49
change jmat=5 range angle -71,-69
pro mat=1 d=2500 b=1.5e9 s=0.6e9
pro jmat=1 jkn=2e9 jks=2e9 jcoh=1e10 jten=1e10
pro jmat=2 jkn=2e9 jks=1e9 jfr=45
pro jmat=5 jkn=2e9 jks=1e9 jfr=10
change cons=0 range -1,1 -1,1
x 70o
50o 3m 2m 2.14
PROP mat=1 50 o
2 70o 5 jmat=2
angle=-51, -49 -51o -49 o jmat=5angle=-71, -69
18
-71 o -69o 1
Plot block mat

cons=0
Plot zone
2.14 70o 50o
2.6.3
BOUNDARY
FIXFREELOAD 2.4
BOUNDARY xload yload x- y-BOUNDARY

stress BOUNDARY xvel yvel x- y
BOUNDARY
19
2.4

BOUNDARY
Stress
Xload
Yload
Xvel
x
y
Yvel
FIX
FREE
LOAD
Xload
Yload
INSITU
2.8 2.9
2.9
boundary stress -10e6,0,0 range -11,-9 -10,10
boundary stress -10e6,0,0 range 9, 11 -10,10
boundary stress -5e6,0,0 range -10,10 9,11
boundary yvel =0.0
range
-10,10 -11, -9
insitu stress -10e6,0,-5e6 szz -4.8e6

10MPax5MPa
yy
BOUNDxy
BOUND
Print bound
Plot bound xcond

Plot bound ycond
20
INSITU x -10MPa y -5MPa

z zz =-4.8MPaz
z
zz
2.6.4
UDEC
STEP CYCLE SOLVE STEP

STEP UDEC
1MN 100N
0.01
UDEC
UDEC
hist unbal
hist xvel 5, 5
hist ydisp 0, 11
x=5, y=5 x
x=0, y=11 y
2.15
10MPa
set grav 0.0 , -9.81
x y 9.81m/sec 2
2.10
0.5MPa 10MPa
ro 0.1
21
bl -10,-10 -10,10 10,10 10,-10

cr -2,-2 -2,2
cr -2,2 2,2
cr 2,2 2,-2
cr 2,-2 -2,-2
jset 70,0 40,0 0,0 40,0 -2,0
jset -50,0 40,0 0,0 3,0 1,2
gen edge 2.0
chan jmat=2 range angle -51,-49
chan jmat=5 range angle 69,71
prop mat=1 d=2500 b=1.5e9 s=.6e9
prop jmat=1 jkn=2e9 jks=2e9 jcoh=1e10 jten=1e10
prop jmat=2 jkn=2e9 jks=1e9 jfr=45
prop jmat=5 jkn=2e9 jks=1e9 jfr=5
bound stress 0,0,-10e6 range -10,10 9,11
bound xvel=0.0 range -11,-9 -10,10
bound xvel=0.0 range 9,11 -10,10
bound yvel=0.0 range -10,10 -11,-9
insitu stress -10e6,0,-10e6 szz -10.0e6
set grav 0.0 -9.81
hist unbal
hist ydis 0,2
; solve for 10
step 700
save fall1.sav

2.6.5 INSITU
22
2.15
2.0MPa 700 10N
2.710 -3 m 2.16 2.17
2.16
23
2.17 02 y
solve force = f
f
x y
Plot bou slip
zz -5MPa
2.10
UDEC <Esc> STEP
24
2.6.5
UDEC
1
2
3
4
DELETE CHANGE cons=0 BOUNDARY
xloadyload stress BOUNDARY xvel yvel
BOUNDARY xfree yfree CHANGE
PROPERTY
2.10 2.11
2.11
rest fall1.sav
delete -2,2 -2,2
reset disp
reset hist
hist unbal
hist ydis 0,2
step 2000
plot blo stress disp
save fall2.sav
DELETE
0.017MN
y 2000 02
2.18
SOLVE
25
2.18
2.6.6
SAVE RESTORE
Save file.sav
file.sav .sav
rest file.sav
2.6.7
2.5
26
2.5
ROUND
BLOCK
CRACK
JSET
TUNNEL
ARC
GEN
CHANGE
PROPERTY
BOUNDARY
INSITU
DAMP local
SET gravity
STEP
SOLVE
DELETE
CHANGE
PROPERTY
BOUNDARY
CABLE
HISTORY
PLOT
SAVE
RESTORE
2.8
2.6
SI
Length
Density
kg/m
Force
Stress
Pa
Gravity
m
3
m/sec
10 kg/m
kN
m/sec
cm
10 kg/m
MN
kPa
2
27
m/sec
10 g/m3
Mdynes
MPa
2
Bar
2
cm/sec 2
3 UDEC
UDEC 3.1
3.2 3.10
13.2
23.3
33.4 3.8
43.6
53.7 3.8
63.9
73.10
3.11
3.1
UDEC
3.1
3.1
28
UDEC 3.1
3.1
UDEC
UDEC
3.1
3.1
1
3.1.1 1
3.1.2 2
3.1.3 3
29
3.1.4 4
3.1.5 5
3.1.6 6
30
3.1.7 7
UDEC
3.2
UDEC
3.2.3
3.2.1 UDEC
UDEC
1
2
3
UDEC
CRACK JSET UDEC
ITASCA 3DEC
CRACK
JSET
Crack (0,0) (10,10)
Jset (45,0) (20,0) (0,0) (100,0) (5,5)
31
45 o x=5, y=5 UDEC
CRACK JSET SPLIT

CRACK
3.1
3.1
Round 0.1
Block 0,0 0,10 10,10 10,0
cr 0,5 2.5,6
cr 2.5,6 5,5
cr 5,5 7.5,6
cr 7.5,6 10,5
CRACK
GEN
JDELETE
3.2
UDEC
PLOT block
3.2
New
Round 0.2
; Rou 0.1
Block 0,0 0,10 10,10 10,0
cr 0.3,0 9.7,10
0.1
SET edge
SET edge 0.4 ROUND 0.1 0.4

0.1 BLOCK
2.2
32

3.11
UDEC
JSET
3.2.2 UDEC Voroni
3.2.2
xy
FISH UDEC
UDEC
UDEC
3.4
3.4
1 5:1
4:1
3.2.2
UDEC
Voronoi
JSET
Voronoi VORONOI
3.2.2.1
JSET
33
8 4 4
JSET
JSET a ma d t mt d g mg d s ms d < x0y 0 >< ad 0 >
a x
g
s
m d
3.2
3.2
x0y 0 x0y 0
range
ad 0
range
34
1.1.3 range jregion n

n JREGION id
JREGION
JREGION id n x1 y1 x2 y2 x3 y3 x4 y4 <delete>
id
delete JSETVORONOI CRACK
JSET mat n range

JSET
JSET t m s m UDEC
JSET
3.2.2.2 VORONOI
VORONOI UDEC
Voronoi
Voronoi
VORONOI
VORONOI edge l < iterations n> <round v> < range >
Voronoi l
Voronoi n=5
v l 20
VORONOI
Range Voronoi JSET
Voronoi
Voronoi
3.2.2.3
3.3
new
ro 0.01
blo 0 0 0 20 20 20 20 0
35
jset 0 0 50 0 0 0 3 0
jset 90 0 50 0 0 0 3.5 0
jset 30 0 50 0 0 0 4 0
jset 50 0 50 0 0 0 6 0
ret
3.2.3
UDEC
CHANGE cons=0
ZONE model null
CRACK
JSET
TUNNEL
ARC
CRACK
JSET TUNNEL ARC
3.9
3.11 110o 0.5
5o 00 2 32
JSET
UDECx
DELETE annulus
Delete range annulus 00 02
TUNNEL JSET
3.12
delete range -0.1,-0.1 -0.1,-0.1
TUNNEL
TUNNEL
36
3.11
3.12
37
UDEC
k n k s 10
( K + 43 G
max
z min
3.1
K G
z min 3.13
max [ ]
3.13
CHANGE 2.6.2
change jmat=2
range ann 0,0
1.99, 2.01
0,0 r1 =1.99 r2 =2.01 2
plot mat joint
38
PROPERTY jmat=2
3.3
3.7
1
12
xx
=
yy 1
(3.2)
3.14
xx
rock
+ C jo int ing
= C
yy
39
xx
yy
(3.3)
3.14
C rock =
1 +
E
-
1 -
(3.4)
C jo int ing
1
sk
n
=
1
sk n
(3.5)
s k n
3.3 xx =0
total
xx C12total
=
yy C11total
(3.6)
xx
(1 + )
=
yy E /( sk n ) + (1 + )(1 )
(3.7)
= C rock + C jo int ing
(3.7) E /( sk n ) 3.15
UDEC E /( sk n )
40
E /( sk n )
E /( sk n )
3.16 x
3.15 = 0.3
3.16 x s
41
xx
cos 2 [(k n / k s ) 1]
=
yy sin 2 + cos 2 (k n / k s )
(3.8)
3.17 UDEC
UDEC 3.8
3.17
3.8
2.0 10.0 k n / k s 0.9

45 o
45o
C jo int ing =
1
2 sk n k s
k s + k n
k k
n
s
ks kn
k s + k n
xx
[ (1 + )] / E + (k n k s ) /(2 sk n k s )
=
yy [ (1 + )(1 )] / E + (k n + k s ) /(2sk n k s )
42
(3.9)
3.9 =0.2 E /( sk n )
3.18 E /( sk n )
E /( sk n )
3.18 45 =0.2
o
3.4
3.4.4
3.4.1 3.4.2 3.4.4

4
3.4.1
UDEC BOUNDARY
stress
xx xy yy
Boundary stress 0,-1e6,-2e6 range 0,10 -1,1
xx = 0 xy = 10 yy = 2 10 0< x <10-1<y<1
6
43
Print boundary
Print boundary state

COR
UDEC UDEC
xload yload x y
LOAD
3.4.1.1
BOUNDARY xgrad ygrad
x y
Xgrad sxxx axyx syyx

Ygrad sxxy sxyy syyy
x=0y=0
xx = xx0 + ( sxxx) x + ( sxxy) y

xy = xy0 + ( sxyx) x + ( sxyy ) y
yy = yy0 + ( syyx) x + ( syyy ) y
xx xy yy
0
boundary stress 0,0,-10e6 ygrad 0,0, 1e5 range -0.1,0.1 -100,0

xx =0 xy =0 yy =-10106
0
y yy
yy = -10106105 y
44
yy y=100 -20106y
3.4.1.2
history
UDEC
BOUNDARY
history
history history
3.4.1.3
PRINT bound PLOT bound xcond PLOT bound
ycond PRINT bound
BOUNDARY
PRINT bound
print bound force
fx,fyfxifyi
BOUND hist
Print bound state

PLOT bound xcond ycond x- y-
3.4.1.4
UDEC
3.10
3.19 11
3.11
3.11
3.4.4
3.12
45
3.19
3.4.2
UDEC
COMMARYDT
VD=VT T = tN t N
VN
BOUNDARY x y x y
BOUND xvel yvelBOUND nvel svel
FIX FIX INITIAL
FISH
BOUND hist
history BOUND xvel BOUND yvel
FISH 3.4.1.4
BOUND xfree BOUND yfree
FREE
gvel
Gvel x y
gvel vx0 vy0 vxx vxy vyx vyy
00
46
vx=vx0+(vxx)x+(vxy)y
vy=vy0+(vyx)x+(vyy)y
(3.11)
vx0 vy0
3.4.3
UDEC
20
3.4.4
3.4.4.1
BOUND xvel=0 x
y
BOUND nvel=0
3.2.3
3.4.4.2
3.20 3.21
u y
yy 2:1
47
UDEC
3.13
3.20
3.21
3.22
48

3.22
3.22 UDEC
1
3 5
49
6
4 0.5
3.4.4.3
Lorig Brady1983
f = Ku
(3.12)
ft = f0+ f
(3.13)
f t = Ku + f 0
(3.14)
f -
u -
:
f 0
3.13
50
P
x y
13 UDEC
MPa PC
2.6
300
7 5 7
3.5
UDEC
g z g z
/(1 )
3.11.3
UDEC
3.5.1
51
SET gravity
INSITU
insitu stress -5e6 0.0 -1e7
szz = -5e6
11 xx 22 yy 33 zz
5106 107 5106 33
UDEC 33
INSITU
STEP
PLOT
plas
STEP
PLOT vel 3.14
3.5.2
SET grav
SET grav
INSITU
xgradygrad zgrad g
20m20m 200m
3.15
zz
3.5.3
52

0 10m 1600kg/m3
10 15m 2000kg/m3
15 25m 2200kg/m3
3.16
INSITU
500
0.1 0.0001
2
ROUND
1
3.5.4
3.17 3.23
DAMP auto
UDEC
53
3.23
INSITU stress
STEP 1000
insitu stress (-1.5e5, 0,-2.0e5) szz (-1.5e5) &
ygrad (1.5e4,0,2.0e4) zgrad (0,1.5e4)
=0.75 STEP 100
STEP 1000
zone tens=1e10 coh=1e10
step 750
zone tens=0 coh =0
step 250
3.24
3.5.5
CHANGE
ZONE
3.18
54
3.24
cons=0
INSITU
3.5.6
3.11.2 Brady
1986 UDEC
INSITU
55
3.1
10 3.1
3.6
plot block slip lmag open yell
3.19 60o 20o

60o 20o
30o
3.19
3.25 lmag
xy 60o
Plot pen block slip lmag sxy max=0 zero
3.5.7
UDEC
x y 20
3.24
grid
3.24
plot block syy grid 10 10 disp
56
3.26
WINDOW
3.25
3.26 1010
57
3.6
UDEC
1
2
3
15 o 1m
3.20
3.20
3.27 3.28
0.1
4.4
gen edge 3.5 range -10.33 10.33 15 45
gen quad 4.0
insitu stress -3.5e6 0 -6.8796e6
ygrad 11666.7 0 23932
grav 0, -9.81
bound xvel 0 range -19.4 -17.9 -40.1 300.1
58
bound xvel 0 range 17.9
19.3 -40.1 300.1
bound yvel 0 range -19.3
19.3 -40.1
39.9
prop mat=1 den=2340 bu=8.39e9 sh=6.29e9
3.27
3.28
59
20o 1MPa
jcons=5
change jcons=5
prop jmat=1 jkn=1.0e11 jks=1.0e11 jcoh=1.0e6 jfric=20.0 jtens=0.0
set jcondf=5 jmatdf=1
change jmat=2 range ang -1 1

change jmat=2 range ang 89 91
prop jmat=2 jkn=1.0e11 jks=1.0e11 jcoh=1e20 jten=1e20
hist unb ydisp 0,35

damp auto
step 3000
DAMP auto 3.9 9
save stepq.sav
3.29
x=0,y=35
3.29 x=0y=35
60
del -2.5 2.5 30,35

del 2.0 2.3 35,35.5
del -2.3 -2 35,35.5
del -1.55 1.55 35,36.2
UDEC
3.11.3
hist ydis 0,36 36.2

hist xdis 2.5 32.5
y x
step 5000
3.30 7.5mm
3.8mm
3.30 1 2
3.31
Delete -2.9 3.2 31.9 32.6

Save step2.sav
61
3.31
3.32 1s
10Hz
2.5m/sec 3.21
4.5
4.6
62
Reyleigh
DAMP 0.0001 10 10Hz 0.01 4.3.2
1s 2s 0.5s 3.32
1s
3.33
history 4 0.4s
2
3.33 1s
RESTORE step2.sav
RESTORY step1.sav
3.7
UDEC
2
1.2.4.4 3.2 3
63
3.7.1
UDEC 7
1nullCHANGE cons=0 ZONE model null
2CHANGE cons=1 ZONE model elastic
3Drucker-Prager CHANGE cons=6
4Mohr-Coulomb CHANGE cons=3 ZONE model mohr
5ZONE model ubiquitous
6 / ZONE model ss
7ZONE model dy
CHANGE cons
CHANGE mat PROPERTY mat
ZONE model
ZONE
DP
MC
MC
MC
UDEC
1
2
3.2 UDEC
MC MC
MC
MC DP MC
UDEC DP
MC Tresca
DP Mises
64
3.2 UDEC
DP
MC
MC
DP MC
M C 2
MC
MC
3.7.2
1CHANGE jcons=1 JOINT model point

2CHANGE jcons=2 JOINT model area
3CHANGE jcons=5 JOINT model
residual
4CHANGE jcons=3 JOINT model cy
5Barton-Bandis CHANGE jcons=7 JOINT model bb
CHANGE jcons
PROPERTY jmat
CHANGE jmat JOINT model
65
JOINT
Barton-Bandis
Barton Brandis
Bandis 1983
3.3 UDEC
BB
BB
1
3
3.3 UDEC

Barton-Brandis
Barton-Bandis
3.7.3
66
cons=1 ZONE model elastic

jcons=2 JOINT model area
3 3.8.1.2 6
3.8.2
UDEC
3.34 4
3.34
10MPa
1mm
FISH av_atr
3.22
3.35 3.36
67

6MPa 3.35 3.36
0.15mm
zdilation=0.4mm 0.027mm
3.35
3.36
68
jcons=2
1.2.4
jcons=2
SET add_dil on 3.22
3.37
3.38
3.37
jcons=5 JOINT model residual 3.22

jcons=2
change jcons=5
set
jcondf=5
prop jmat jkn=40000 jks=40000

jfric=35 jrfric=10
jcoh=2.0 jrescoh=0
jdil=6
&
&
&
zdil=4e-4
69
3.38
3.39
3.40 jcons=5
3.40
3.36
3.39
70
3.40
FISH
3.23
JOINT model area
c_jexicFISH ic
$KSC
CONTACT.FIN JMAT.FIN
AC_PHI AC_COH FISH
4
jcons=3 JOINT model cy
3.24
BB
B
B BB
71
1
2
SET add_dil on
3.25 SET add_dil on
BB
3. 8
UDEC
3.11
3.8.1
4
3.8.1.1
UDEC
UDEC
3.8.1.2
UDEC K G
UDEC K G
E
72
E
E KG
E
E
G
3 12
2 1 +
(3.15)
0.5 3.15 K
K E
G 3.4
3.8.1.3
UDEC
f s = 1 3 N + 2c N
(3.16)
N = (1 + sin ) /(1 sin )

c
f s < 0 c
3
t
ft = 3 t
(3.17)
f t > 0
3
73
t
=
max
c
tan
(3.18)
3.5
DP DP
MC DP q k c
q =
k =
sin
(3.19)
c cos
(3.20)
3 (3 sin )
6
3 (3 sin )
2
3.8.2
3.8.1.4
UDEC
1
2
3
MC MC
M
74
1

UDEC
MC
3.47
3.47
Verneer
Borst1984
15o
< 10o
0o
12o 20o
12o
Verneer Borst 0 o
20o UDEC
3.8.2
75
3.11
UDEC MC
TABLE

Verneer Borst1984
sin m = 2
epe f
epe f
sin
sin m = sin
e p e f
e p > e f
(3.21)
m
e p
e f
FISH
TABLE
2.4.5.5
Clark1991
76
e vp
cp = W
+ e op
v
H
e
(3.22)
c p
c 0p
c vp
HW
Clark 1991 H=0.28
W=1.15107 =1.5
e vp
c p = 1.15 10
v
0.28 e p
7
1.5
+ 10 4 Pa
(3.23)
4
MC
TABLE
MC
3.48
3.49
3.48
77
3.49
DAMP auto
MC
3.8.1.5
UDEC
UDEC
E m
E m 3.8.2
78
E m
3.8.2
E m
Bieniawski1978 E m
RMR 55
E m =2RMR100
3.24
E m GPa
E m 110GPaSerafim Pereira1983
E m = 10
RMR 10
40
(3.25)
Hoek Brown1980
1s = 3 + (m c 3 + s c2 )1 2
(3.26)
1s
3
ms
qm = c s1 2
(3.27)
1
2
t = c [ m ( m 2 + 4 s )1 2 ]
(3.28)
3.6Hoek Brown1988 ms
HB 1990 MC 3
3.26 MC
1 = N 3 + cM
N =
1+ sin
1 sin
(3.29)
= tan 2 ( 2 + 45 o )
c
M
cM = 1 N 3 = 3 + (m c 3 + s c2 )1 2 N 3 = 3 (1 N ) + (m c 3 + s c2 )1 2
c 3
M
79
3.26
N ( 3 ) =
cm
1
= 1+
3
2 3 c m + s c2
3.30
N c c
M
= 2 tan 1 N 90 o
c=
cM
2 N
80
(3.31)
(3.32)
3.8.2
MC
10
100MPa/m 100GPa/m
1
1
1
=
+
Em Er k n s
kn =
Em Er
s( E r E m )
(3.33)
E m
E r
k n
s
ks =
Gm Gr
s (Gr Gm )
(3.34)
G m
Gr
k s
1
1
Ei =
+
E r si k ni
1
1
1
+
+
Gi j =
G
r s i k si s j k sj
(i = 1, 2, 3)
(ij = 1, 2, 3)
(3.35)
(3.36)
UDEC
10 3.9 3.37
10 10
k n
81

u = / k n )
10%
10 50 o
0
Kulhawy1975
3.9
UDEC
UDEC
3.9.1
UDEC 10
UDEC
10o 15o
12
3
3.9. 2
UDEC
12
3
UDEC
82

1m 10m
UDEC
10:1
3.9.3
UDEC
N
32
5.1
3.9.4
UDEC
1
2
10
K + (4 / 3)G
k n k s 10.0 max
z min
(3.37)
K G z min
10
10
k n
u = / k n
83
10
3.9.5
UDEC

UDEC
1.2.5
5:1
3.9.6
UDEC
5 10
3.9.7
STEP 0 PLOT block contacts
rou 0.1
block 0,0 0,10 10,10 10,0
tunnel 5,5 2 16
crack 0,5 3,5
plot block contact
CRACK
3.9.8
UDEC K G E
84
K G
E
K G K G E
=0.5
=-1
3K (1 2 ) = E
2G (1 + ) = E
(3.38)
0.5 3K (1 2 ) = E
E K
K E
2GPa =0.5
E
E
3.9.9
DAMP local UDEC
1.2.6
3.26
DAMP auto
1
3.17 3.20 DAMP auto DAMP

local DAMP auto
3.9.10
UDEC ZONE JOINT
FISH
ZONE JOINT
CHANGE PROPERTY
85
3.9.11
UDEC
32
UDEC 10000
10100
0 100
3.9.12
PLOT overlap
1
a
b 4
2
FRAC
UDEC
1 4.2
2
3 3
4
SET cscan
86
SET ovtol
ovtol
3.9.13
UDEC

CONFIG cell
3.9.14
RESET disp jdisp
3.9.15

3.9.16
UDEC
FL =
F =
tan()
tan()
87

MC HB M-C PLOT mohr
2.25 MC 3.8.1.5
3.26 HB
1 3
3.50 ra aa
3 1 rb
b F = rb / ra /F
F < 1 a
3 F MC
/tan() HH s c / m 3.26
MC
HB
3.50 MC HB /
3.39 MC 3.40 HH 3.41 /
1 + sin
1 + sin
3 2c
1 sin
1 sin
1f =
1 f = 3 m c 3 + s c2
rb / ra =
3.10
88
3 1f
3 1
(3.39)
(3.40)
(3.41)
UDEC

3.10.1
R
R 1 0.1
R=0.1 R
3.10.2 /
PLOT vel
HIS xvel HIS yvel
1000
1cm 10-3/sec
10-5 1000 10 5m 10 3cm 0.1
89
3.10.3
UDEC PLOT plas
500
HIST
3.11
3.11.1
Starfield Cundall1988
UDEC
90
3.11.2
1
3.51 A
B B
Gleick,1987 Thompson Stewart

1986
JSET
91
3.51
3.11.3
UDEC
MC
UDEC
FLAC
UDEC
UDEC
3 UDEC
92
UDEC
block 0 0 140 0 140 -99 0 -99

round 0.5
crack 0 -50 140 -50
crack 0 -60 140 -60
crack 0 -70 140 -70
crack 0 -74 140 -74
crack 0 -79 140 -79
crack 0 -99 140 -99
gen edge 5.0
bound stress -1.02e5 0 -1.02e5 ygrad 1.34e4 0 1.34e4
insit stres -1.02e5 0 -1.02e5 szz -1.02e5 ygra 1.34e4 0 1.34e4 zgra 0 1.34e4
gravity 0 -10
change cons=3
prop mat=1 d=1000 s=5.0e7 co=6.00e6 dil=4 bul=1.5e7 fric=15
change mat=1 range 0 140 -50 0
change mat=2 range 0 140 -60 -50
prop mat=3 d=2500 s=1.52e9 co=5e7 dil=10 bul=5.5e7 fric=70
change jcons=2
prop jmat=1 jkn=1e9 jks=1e9 jcoh=1e10 jtens=1e10
solve
del 50 90 -79 -74
solve
*material 1 -
unmark i 1 96 j 1 33
mark i 1 96j 1 4
prop d 2500 s 1.52e9 co 5e7 dil 10 bul 5.5e7 fric 70 &
ctab 1 dtab 2 ftab 3 i 1 95 j 1 4
table 1 0 5.000e7 0.001 3e7 0.1 3e7
93
table 2 0 10 0.001 5 0.1 5

table 3 0 70.000 0.001 40 0.1 40
*material 2
mark i 1 96 j 4 5
prop d 2200 s 4.00e8 co 2.0e7 dil 7 bul 3.0e7 fric 40 &
table 4 0 2.00e7 0.001 3e7 0.1 3e7
table 5 0 7
0.001 4.0 0.1 4.0
table 6 0 40.000 0.001 16 0.1 16
*1,2,3,4,5,6 material 3 2-3
mark i 1 96 j 5 10
table 7 0 1.000e7 0.001 5e6 0.1 5e6
table 8 0 8
0.001 4.0 0.1 4.0
table 9 0 27.000 0.001 14 0.1 14
*4material 3 2-3
*unmark i 1 95 j 1 32
* mark i 1 95 j 5 6
*prop d 1600 s 7.00e7 co 1.000e7 dil 8 bul 2.7e7 fric 27 &
* ctab 7 dtab 8 ftab 9 i 1 95 j 5 6
*table 7 0 1.000e7 0.001 5e6 0.1 5e6
*table 8 0 8
0.001 4.0 0.1 4.0
*table 9 0 27.000 0.001 14 0.1 14
*3material 3 2-3
*unmark i 1 95 j 1 32
* mark i 1 95 j 5 6
* ctab 7 dtab 8 ftab 9 i 1 95 j 6 7
*table 7 0 1.000e7 0.001 5e6 0.1 5e6
*table 8 0 8
0.001 4.0 0.1 4.0
*table 9 0 27.000 0.001 14 0.1 14
*2material 3 2-3
*unmark i 1 95 j 1 32
* mark i 1 95 j 6 7
*
ctab 10 dtab 11 ftab 12 i 1 95 j 7 8
*table 10 0 1.000e7 0.001 5e6 0.1 5e6

*table 11 0 8
0.001 4.0
*table 12 0 27.000
0.1 4.0
0.001 14
0.1 14
*1material 3 2-3
*unmark i 1 95 j 1 32
* mark i 1 95 j 7 8
94
* ctab 13 dtab 14 ftab 15 i 1 95 j 8 9

*table 13 0 1.000e7 0.001 5e6 0.1 5e6
*table 14 0 8
0.001 4.0
*table 15 0 27.000
0.1 4.0
0.001 14
0.1 14
*material 4
mark i 1 96 j 10 14
ctab 16 dtab 17 ftab 18 i 1 95 j 11 15
table 16 0 3.900e7 0.001 1e7 0.1 1e7
table 17 0 9.0
0.001 4.0
table 18 0 40.000
0.1 4.0
0.001 22
0.1 22
*material 5 2-1
mark i 1 96 j 14 16
ctab 19 dtab 20 ftab 21 i 1 95 j 15 17
table 19 0 1.00e7 0.001 5e6 0.1 5e6
table 20 0 8
0.001 4.0
table 21 0 27.00
0.001 14
0.1 4.0
0.1 14
*material 6
mark i 1 96 j 16 19
prop d 1600 s 7e7 co 1.20e7 dil 8 bul 2.7e7 fric 25 &
ctab 22 dta 23 ftab 24 i 1 95 j 17 20
table 22 0 1.20e7 0.001 5e6 0.1 5e6
table 23 0 8
0.001 4.0
table 24 0 25.00
0.001 18
0.1 4.0
0.1 18
*material 7 1-1 1-2

mark i 1 96 j 19 21
ctab 25 dta 26 ftab 27 i 1 95 j 20 22
table 25 0 1.00e7 0.001 5e6 0.1 5e6
95
table 26 0 8
0.001 4.0
table 27 0 27.00
0.1 4.0
0.001 13
0.1 13
*material 8
mark i 1 96 j 21 27
ctab 28 dtab 29 ftab 30 i 1 95 j 22 28
table 28 0 2.00e6 0.001 1e6 0.1 1e6
table 29 0 7
0.001 4.0
table 30 0 35.000
0.1 4.0
0.001 22
0.1 22
*material 9
mark i 1 96 j 27 28
ctab 31 dtab 32 ftab 33 i 1 95 j 28 29
table 31 0 3.5000e7 0.001 10e6 0.1 10e6
table 32 0 9
0.001 4.0
table 33 0 45.000
0.1 4.0
0.001 22
0.1 22
*material 10
mark i 1 96 j 28 33
ctab 34 dtab 35 ftab 36 i 1 95 j 29 34
table 34 0 6.00e6 0.001 3e6 0.1 3e6
table 35 0 4
0.001 2.0
table 36 0 15.000
0.001 7
0.1 2.0
0.1 7
Tunnel Support Loading 3 - 7

; tunnel support loading
;block 0 -30 60 -30 60 -90 0 -90
round 0.1
crack 0 -70 60 -70
crack 30 0 30 -90
crack 42 0 42 -90
tun 30 -70 4.11 12
96
tun 42 -70 2.62 8

tun 30 -70 5.5 12
tun 42 -70 5.5 12
gen edge 2.0
; initial stress state
bound stress 1.02e5 0 1.02e5 ygrad 1.34e4 0 1.34e4
insit stres 1.02e5 0 1.02e5 szz 1.02e5 ygra 1.34e4 0 1.34e4 zgra 0 1.34e4
gravity 0 -10
; rock properties
prop mat=1 d=1340
zone model mohr
zone shear=.33e9 bulk=.99e9 coh=1e6 fric=30.0
;prop mat=1 d=1340 g=.33e9 k=.99e9 coh=1e6 fric=30.0
;change con=3
; elastic joint properties
prop jmat=1 jkn=1e9 jks=1e9 jcoh=1e10 jtens=1e10
; cycle to initial equilibrium
hist solve type 1
solve rat 1e-5
save tun1.sav
; excavate service tunnel
del 40 44 -72 -68
bound -1 1 -91 0 xvel=0.0
bound -1 90 -91 -89 yvel=0.0
bound 59 61 -91 0 xvel=0.0
; histories around tunnel 1
hist ydis 42 -67 sxx 42 -67
hist ydis 42 -73 sxx 42 -73
hist xdis 39 -70 syy 39 -70
hist xdis 45 -70 syy 39 -70
; histories around tunnel 2
hist ydis 30 -65.0 sxx 30 -65.0
hist ydis 30 -75.0 sxx 30 -75.0
hist xdis 25.0 -70 syy 25.0 -70
97
hist xdis 35.0 -70 syy 35.0 -70

reset disp jdisp
solve rat 1e-5
save tun2.sav
; line service tunnel
struct gen xc=42 yc=-70 npoint=16 mat=5 thick=0.37 fang=-11.25 theta 360
prop mat=5 st_d=2400 st_ymod=24.0e9 st_prat=0.20 st_yield=1e10
prop mat=5 if_kn=1e8 if_ks=1e7 if_coh=1.0e10
; excavate main tunnel
del 28 32 -72 -68
reset disp
solve rat 1e-5
save tun3.sav
; line main tunnel
struc gen xc=30 yc=-70 npoint=8 mat=5 thick=0.46 fang=22.5 theta -360
; add additional load representing raised water level
bound stress 0.0 0.0 -1.0e6 range -1 91 -31 -29
; add hydrostatic loads to tunnel liners
struct apply press 0.0 2.06e6
reset disp
solve rat 1e-5
save tun4.sav
ret
round 0.1
block 0 0 0 100 150 100 150 0
crack 0 30 150 30
crack 0 40 150 40
crack 0 60 150 60
crack 70 30 70 33
crack 70 33 74 33
crack 74 33 74 30
crack 74 30 70 30
change cons=3
98
jregion id=1 0 0 0 30 150 30 150 0

jregion id=2 0 30 0 40 150 40 150 30
jregion id=3 0 40 0 60 150 60 150 40
jregion id=4 0 60 0 100 150 100 150 60
jset 0,0 150,0 0,0 6,0
range jreg 1
jset 90,0 6,0 6,0 15,0 (15 0)
range jreg 1
jset 90,0 6,0 6,0 15,0 (7.5 6)
range jreg 1
block being split

jset 0,0 150,0 0,0 2,0
range jreg 2
jset 90,0
2,0 2,0 4,0 (4 30)
range jreg 2
jset 90,0
2,0 2,0 4,0 (2 32)
range jreg 2
jset 0,0 150,0 0,0 5,0
range jreg 3
jset 90,0 5,0 5,0 10,0 (10 40) range jreg 3

jset 90,0 5,0 5,0 10,0 ( 5 45) range jreg 3
jset 0,0 150,0 0,0 10,0
range jreg 4
jset 90,0 10,0 10,0 15,0 ( 15 60) range jreg 4

jset 90,0 10,0 10,0 15,0 (7.5 70) range jreg 4
change
mat=1
range 0 150
change
mat=2
range 0 150 30 40
change
mat=3
range 0 150 40 60
change
mat=4
range 0 150 60 100
generate edge 5 range 0 150
0 30
0 30
generate edge 2 range 0 150 30 40

delete range 70 74 30 33
bound stress -10 0 -10
insitu stress -10e6 0 -10e6 szz-10e6
; rock blocks ; joints (no cohesion)
prop m=1 dens=2500 k=5e9 g=3e9
prop jm=1 jkn=10e10 jks=10e10 jfric=30
99

change jcons=5
set
jcondf=5
prop jmat jkn=40000

jcoh=2.0 jrescoh=0
jdil=6
jks=40000 jfric=35 jrfric=10
&
&
zdil=4e-4
bound xvel 0
range -0.01 0.01
-0.01 100.01
bound xvel 0
range 149.99 150.01 -0.01 100.01
bound yvel 0
range -0.01 150.01 -0.01 0.01
;set gravity ; set in-situ stresses (total)

grav 0 -9.8
hist type=2
hist unbal solve_ratio
hist xdis=-40,100 ydis=-40,100
damp auto
solve
UDEC 3DEC
UDEC/3DEC ()
UDEC
UDEC ()
UDEC
UDEC
100

UDEC ,,, 900 , 52
,
UDEC WINDOWS
UDEC
UDEC FISH

-
Drucker-Prager
NULL()
()
AutoCAD
101

GIIC(Graphical Interface for Itasca Codes)
GIIC
UDEC
BARTON-BANDIS
BartonBandis
UDEC
UDEC

UDEC
UDEC -
UDEC
UDEC
()
()
UDEC ,
UDM C++(DLLS)
102

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U D E C 3.

3.2.1 UDEC .................................. 30

UDEC FISH FISH

1500 500 UDEC

Discrete element method

1Distinct Element Programs

3Discontinuous Deformation Analysis

Crack (0,2) (20,8)

fix rang 0,20 0,5

prop mat=1 dens=2000

UDEC DAMP local

hist yvel (20,20) type 1

delete range 0,5 0,20

UDEC MODEL UDEC

Gen quad 11,6 range 0,10 0,5

Block x1,y1 x2,y2 x3,y3

Crack Jset UDEC

crack 2.5,10 5.0, 7.5

Plot block num

delete range block 368

JSET 3.2.2 JSET

jset (45,0) (5,0.5) (0.5,0) (2,0)

delete range area 3e-2

delete range block 1920

delete range -1,1 -1,1

window -2,2 0,7

change cons=0 ; null model

change cons=1; elastic model

gen edge 2.0

Plot block mat

2.14 70o 50o

BOUNDARY xload yload x- y-BOUNDARY

insitu stress -10e6,0,-5e6 szz -4.8e6

Plot bound xcond

INSITU x -10MPa y -5MPa

STEP CYCLE SOLVE STEP

bl -10,-10 -10,10 10,10 10,-10

Plot bou slip

UDEC <Esc> STEP

CRACK JSET UDEC

Crack (0,0) (10,10)

Jset (45,0) (20,0) (0,0) (100,0) (5,5)

45 o x=5, y=5 UDEC

CRACK JSET SPLIT

SET edge 0.4 ROUND 0.1 0.4

1.1.3 range jregion n

JSET mat n range

range ann 0,0

0,0 r1 =1.99 r2 =2.01 2

plot mat joint

= C rock + C jo int ing

2.0 10.0 k n / k s 0.9

3.4.1 3.4.2 3.4.4

Print boundary state

Xgrad sxxx axyx syyx

xx = xx0 + ( sxxx) x + ( sxxy) y

boundary stress 0,0,-10e6 ygrad 0,0, 1e5 range -0.1,0.1 -100,0

Print bound state

plot block slip lmag open yell

3.19 60o 20o

Plot pen block slip lmag sxy max=0 zero

insitu stress -3.5e6 0 -6.8796e6

ygrad 11666.7 0 23932

bound xvel 0 range 17.9