EE 201 ELECTRIC CIRCUITS Class Notes CLASS 3

The material covered in this class will be as follows: Kirchoffs Voltage Law. Fundamental Laws of Electric Circuits. Dependent Voltage Source. Dependent Current Source.

At the end of this class you should be able to: Apply Kirchoffs Voltage Law. Recognize invalid circuits. Use the fundamental laws to analyze electric circuits. Recognize the symbol of a dependent source. Distinguish between the four possible types of dependent sources. Analyze circuits that contain dependent sources.

Kirchoffs Voltage Law (KVL): The algebraic sum of voltages around any closed circuit is equal to zero. KVL around circuit 1 (CW) KVL around circuit 1 (CCW) v1 v2 + v3 v4 + v5 = 0 (1) + v1 + v2 v3 + v4 v5 = 0 (2) [same as (1)]

CW = clockwise & CCW = counterclockwise v6 + v8 + v3 v4 + v5 = 0

KVL around the outer circuit (CW)

(3)

KVL around circuit 2 (CW)

v6 + v7 = 0

v6 = v7 (parallel elements)

Figure 1

Alternative KVL Statement: The algebraic sum of voltages between two nodes is independent of the path taken from the first node to the second node.

path1&2

KVL

Node a Node a

Node b Node b

+ v2 + v1 = + v3 v4 + v5 +v3 v4 + v5 = v8 + v6

(4) (5)

[same as (1)] [same as (3)]

path 2&3

KVL

Figure 2 Example 1: Calculate the unknown voltages in the given circuit.

Figure 3

Solution: Applying KVL: Right-hand circuit (CW) Right-hand circuit (CCW)

path1&2

(7) + v1 + (1) + 10 = 0 + (7) (10) (1) v1 = 0 + v1 = + (7) (10) (1)

v1 = 2V v1 = 2V v1 = 2V

Node a

Node b

Same answer in all cases.

Left-hand circuit (CW)

path 3&4

+ (7) (v2 ) = 0 + v2 = +7

v2 = 7V v2 = 7V

Node a

Node c

Same answer in both cases.

Figure 4

Fundamental Laws of Electric Circuits: 1- Ohms Law, KCL and KVL are the fundamental laws of electric circuits. 2- All the fundamental laws of electric circuits must be satisfied. 3- If a given circuit violates at least one of the fundamental laws, the circuit is not valid.

Example 2: All the given circuits below are invalid. Why?

Figure 5 Solution: a) b) c) KCL at node a

4+2 = 7

KCL not satisfied KVL not satisfied

KVL around left hand circuit +10 + 6 + 4 = 0 20 = 0 KCL at node a

2=0

KCL not satisfied KVL not satisfied

KVL around lower part of the circuit (CW) 12 = 0

Example 3: In the given circuit, calculate the unknown quantities.

Figure 6

Solution:

I1

V2 + 7 + V1

2A

V4 + 6 3A Vs

10V

Figure 7 KCL at node a 3 = 2 + I1 Ohms law v2 = +7 I1 = 7 1 = 7V I1 = 1A

V3 +

KVL around left hand circuit v1 + 10 v2 = 0 v1 + 10 7 = 0 v1 = 3V Ohms law v3 = 3 4 = 12V + v4 + v1 v3 vs = 0

+ (3 6) + v1 v3 vs = 0 +18 + (3) (12) vs = 0

(KVL around right hand circuit) (Ohms law) vs = 27V

Ideal Dependent Sources. A voltage source whose voltage depends on another voltage or current is called a dependent voltage source. Symbol

Figure 8 A current source whose current depends on another voltage or current is called a dependent current source. Symbol

Figure 9

Example 4: Circuit (a) I s depends on v2 Circuit (b) vs depends on v1 I s (voltage-dependent current source) vs (voltage-dependent voltage source)

Figure 10

Four possible types of dependent sources:

Voltage-dependent voltage source (it is a voltage source that depends on another voltage) Current-dependent voltage source (it is a voltage source that depends on another current) Voltage-dependent current source (it is a current source that depends on another voltage) Current-dependent current source (it is a current source that depends on another current)

Example 5: a) Calculate the value of the dependent current source. b) Show that the power generated is equal to the power dissipated.

Figure 11

Solution: a) KCL at node a i i2 + 4i = 0 i2 = 3i (1)

v2 + v1 + 20 = 0

(KVL around left hand circuit)

(40i2 ) + (20i ) + 20 = 0 (Ohms law) (40 3i ) + 20i + 20 = 0 [Using (1)]

120i + 20i + 20 = 0
4i = 4

i=

20 1 = A 100 5

1 4 = A (Value of the dependent current source) 5 5

1 20 b) p20V = +20i = +20 = = 4W 5 5 1 1 1 4 p20 = +iv1 = + ( )(20 ) = + ( )(4) = W 5 5 5 5 i2 = 3i = 3 A 5

&

3 v2 = +40i2 = +40 = 24V 5

3 72 p40 = +i2 v2 = + 24 = W 5 5 4 96 p4iA = (4i )v2 = ( ) 24 = = 19.2W 5 5

dis

= 4+

4 72 20 + 4 + 72 96 + = = = 19.2W 5 5 5 5

gen

= 19.2W
dis

= pgen = 19.2W

Figure 12