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2001 Altair Engineering, Inc. All rights reserved. Trademark Acknowledgments: HyperWorks, HyperMesh, OptiStruct, HyperForm, MotionView, HyperView, HyperGraph, HyperOpt, HyperShape, StudyWizard, HyperView Player and Templex are registered trademarks of Altair Engineering, Inc. All other trademarks and registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
HyperMesh Tutorials
All files referenced in the HyperMesh tutorials are located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. If the location of your HyperWorks installation directory is unknown, contact your systems administrator. Structuring the HyperMesh Database - HM-100 Introduction to HyperMesh - HM-110 User Interface Changes - HM-112 Creating a Macro Menu - HM-115 Geometry Creating and Editing - HM-120 Geometry Clean Up - HM-130 Defeature - HM-131 Panel - HM-131 Automeshing Module- HM-135L Automesh/Remesh - HM-136 Automesh/Proj to Edge-HM-137 Automeshing Tria Transition Features - HM-140 Chordal Deviation Meshing - HM-141 Connecting Components - HM-200 Building 1-D Elements - HM-210 Spotweld - Hm-215 Calculating Beam Cross Section - HM-220 Building Surfaces and Shell Meshes - HM-300L Building Solid Elements - HM-400 Using the Automatic Tetramesher - HM-450 Element Editing: Splitting and Combining Shell Elements - HM-500L Editing Elements by Moving Nodes - 510L Model Checking - HM-520 Using OptiStruct in HyperMesh - HM-550 Deformed and Contour Plotting - HM-610 HyperMesh 4.0 Post-processing Features - HM-620 Fatigue Panel - HM-630-L Building and Annotating Plots - HM-700 Performing Curve Math - HM-710 NASTRAN Static Analysis Using HyperMesh - HM-1010-L Modeling Contact for ABAQUS - HM1020-L Stress Analysis using ANSYS - HM-1030 Modeling Contact for MARC - HM-1050 Modeling a 3-D Example for MARC HM-1051 General Interfacing with Crash Analysis Solvers - HM-1100 Dummy Positioning, Seatbelt Routing, and Control Volumes - HM-1101 LS-DYNA3D Interface - HM-1110-L PAM-CRASH Interface - HM-1120-L RADIOSS Interface - HM-1130-L DYTRAN Interface - HM-1140-L Composite Panel - HM-1300
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To specify solver: 1. 2. 3. Select the template subpanel. Double-click template file = and select nastran/general. Click return.
To update the element types to the NASTRAN format: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Select the 1D page. Select the elem types panel. Click quad4= and select CQUAD4 as the quad element type. Click tria = and select CTRIA3 as the tria element type. Click elems to access the extended entity selection menu. Select all. Click update. Click return to exit the elem types panel.
To update the load types: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Select the BCs page. Select the load types panel. Click force = and select FORCE. Click constraint = and select SPC. Click loads to access the extended entity selection menu. Select all. Click update. Click return to exit the load types panel.
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To create a material collector: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Select the collectors panel. Select the create subpanel. Click the switch after collector type and select mats. Click name = and enter Plate_mat. Click the switch under creation method and select card image. Click card image = and select MAT1. Click create/edit. A pop-up card is displayed. Click E, click the data entry field, and enter 2e+5. Click NU, click the data entry field, and enter .3.
8. 9.
10. Click return to accept the values. To create an element collector: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Click the switch after collector type and select comps. Click name = and enter Plate. Click the switch under creation method and select card image. Click card image = and select PSHELL. Click material = and select Plate_mat. Click color and select color 8. Click create/edit. Click T, click the data entry field, and enter .25. Click return.
To update a load collector: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Select the update subpanel. Click the switch after collector type and select loadcols. Click the highlighted loadcols. Activate the AUTO1 checkbox. Click return. Click color and select color 15. Click update. Activate the color checkbox. Click update.
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To change the name of existing collectors: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Select the rename panel. Select the individually subpanel. Click the switch and select loadcols. Click collector = and select AUTO1. Click newname = and enter load1. Click rename. Click return to exit the rename panel.
To move existing elements into a different collector: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Select the organize panel. Click the input collector switch and select elems. Click elems and select all. Click destination = and select Plate. Click move. Click return to exit the organize panel.
To view and edit a collector card: 1. 2. 3. 4. Click card in the permanent menu. Click the input collector switch and select comps. Click comps. To select the component, pick one of the elements in the model. The element temporarily turns white. Click edit. The card appears and the thickness may be edited. Click return to accept any changes and exit the card.
5.
6.
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Each section contains links to lessons in the HyperMesh Users Guide On-line Help. These lessons explain the HyperMesh interface, terminology, and how to use the HyperMesh panels. All files referenced in this tutorial are located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /demos/hm. If you do not know the location of the HyperWorks installation directory, contact your systems administrator.
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Using HyperMesh
This section explains how to use a typical HyperMesh panel by description and example. The first topic explains how to retrieve a HyperMesh database. Use this file to complete the remaining tutorials. Follow the topics below in the order that they are listed to complete this section. Retrieving a HyperMesh Database Using Input Collectors Picking Entities on the Screen Extended Entity Selection Using Plane and Vector Collectors Viewing Models Using the Display Panel Graphics Modes Setting Global Parameters Saving a File Printing Screen Images Importing and Exporting Data
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All files referenced in the HyperMesh tutorials are located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm. If you do not know the location of the HyperWorks installation directory, contact your systems administrator.
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To display the common panels between all menu pages: 1. Click Geom through Post. The common panels in all pages are files, collectors, assemblies, organize, color, rename, and reorder. 2. Click Geom, 1-D, and BCs. The common panels in these pages are vectors and systems.
New Panels
HyperMesh 3.0 includes ten new panels: geom cleanup (Geom) beam xsect, joints, line mesh (1-D) elem offset (2-D, 3-D) equations, solver, vectors (Geom, 1-D and BCs) penetration, convert (Tool)
1-D
line mesh
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beam xsect joints vectors 2-D 3-D BCs 2-D elements creation and editing functions 3-D elements creation and editing functions Loads and boundary creation, output requests elem offset elem offset equations solver vectors Tool Utility, model checking, and editing functions convert and information functions penetration Post Post-Processing functions
The stitch panel, as well as the line from surface edges and split surface edge options in the surface edit panel, are no longer included in the menu. The new geom cleanup panel now covers these functions. Please refer to Version 2.1 vs. 3.0 Panel Location for detailed information on the differences between panels in HyperMesh 2.1 and 3.0.
files
Panels related to file management are grouped into an integrated files panel. This panel allows you to save and retrieve HyperMesh binary databases, import CAD generated geometry or finite element model information, export CAD geometry or finite element information for specific analysis codes, specify a template file, specify a result file, and execute a HyperMesh command file. These subpanels include the following enhancements:
hm files
Space between the save and retrieve buttons in order to prevent accidental selection. A new option, save in compact. By default, a file saved in a non-compact format includes surface facets and line/surface drawing information. Choosing the save in compact format reduces the size of any saved hm binary database by suppressing faceted surfaces created during the visual options-
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shaded surface toggle under the geom cleanup and automesh panel. Non-compact databases save these facets in the binary database, allowing an increase in speed during surface shading and automeshing.
import
A new option, offset ids. An offset ids toggle is included which allows you to assign id values to imported bulk data deck entities such as nodes, elems, comps, etc. This improves the assembly process of building full models from many individual files.
Supports direct CAD import. For UG, CATIA, STL, HyperMesh versions before 3.0 did not support direct import of UG and CATIA files. Consequently, all CAD data had to be in IGES format before import to HyperMesh. In HyperMesh 3.0, you can import not only geometry data in IGES format but also geometry data directly from these newly added CAD readers. In addition, HyperMesh 3.0 supports UG version 13. When running on a UNIX workstation, the UG reader does not consume a UG license. To use the UG reader, rlogin to the machine that UG is installed on and run HyperMesh on this machine in order to use the UG library. If you are using a machine on the same network where UG is installed and your machine platform is the same as the machine that has UG installed on it, setup the following environment variables in your cshrc file: UGII_BASE_DIR=/home/apps/eds130 UGII_ROOT_DIR=/home/apps/eds130/bin/ On a PC, a UG license is required to run the UG feinput translator; the UG feinput translator in HyperMesh requires an entire UG 13 environment.
options for IGES import is renamed. Since direct CAD import is available in this version, the name is changed to options for CAD import. options for CAD import includes the geometry tolerance and cleanup tolerance. A geometry tolerance can be set to use file geom tolerance, or geom tol =, a user-specified value. The cleanup tolerance can be set to use automatic cleanup tol, dont cleanup topology, or cleanup tol =, a user-specified value.
export
Retains the same function as the export data panel in versions before HyperMesh 3.0.
command
Retains the same function as the command panel in versions before HyperMesh 3.0.
template
Links with the field in the global panel.
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To load a template, you can either choose the template in the file/template sub-panel or in the global/template sub-panel.
results
Links with the field in the global panel. To load a result file, you can either type the file name in the file/results sub-panel or in the result file field in the global panel.
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New Functions
s direction. Slide zoom: zooms the model in and out by dragging the mouse in a vertical
Counterclockwise rotation: rotates the model counterclockwise by the angle set in the options panel. Clockwise rotation: rotates the model clockwise by the angle set in the options panel. b help Back function: returns the model to the initial orientation after a rotation ( or arc r) dynamic motion (a). Context sensitive on-line Help: accesses the HyperMesh on-line Help.
To use the HyperMesh on-line Help: 1. Click help on the permanent menu. The table of contents is displayed.
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Enhancement in the window manager: two new functions are added to this panel: display legend and display simulation title. These functions allow you to control the contour plots legend and simulation title display. On by default, these functions can be turned off in the post-processing panels. Enhancement in the rotation function: the rotation function now allows you to select a node or point as a rotation center using the middle mouse button. If a middle mouse button is not available, press the alt key and the left mouse button to pick the center. Enhancement in the arc dynamic motion function: the arc dynamic motion function now allows you to select a node or point as a rotation center using the middle mouse button. If a middle mouse button is not available, press the alt key and the left mouse button to pick the center. Integrates the modeling, graphics, fonts, colors, page name, postscript, and spaceball subpanels.
options
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node tol
Used when finding line intersections and determining duplicate nodes. The node tolerance also affects the generation of elements in the automesher. When quads are created and the side of a quad is less than the node tolerance, HyperMesh tries to create a tria element instead of a quad. If you create a model with characteristic dimensions less than the node tolerance, reduce the default node tolerance. The geometry tolerance specifies the mathematical accuracy of lines and surfaces in the model. Lines and surfaces are guaranteed geometrically accurate to within the distance specified by geom tol. The geometry tolerance influences the speed of file i/o and geometric operations in HyperMesh. Very small geometry tolerances can increase file read times and increase the length of time required to perform geometric operations. For typical automotive components in millimeters, a geom tol of 1.000e-04 is usually accurate. The cleanup tolerance specifies the maximum gap distance allowed between two edges or points while performing geometry cleanup operations. When a cleanup operation is performed, if two entities are separated by a distance greater than the cleanup tol at any point along their length, they are left unaltered. A toggle to turn on or off the display of fixed points. This is a new option for selecting coincident nodes. If the option is on, coincident nodes are displayed evenly on a circle when the mouse moves close. This option allows you to set shrink element sizes. In HyperMesh 3.0, you can specify the size of element by entering a shrink factor between 0 and 1.
geom tol
cleanup tol
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bitmap animation
Allows you to control the way a bitmap animation is created. Three options are given: none, simple and compressed. When none is chosen, the animation is created in the same way as in previous versions. If simple or compressed is chosen, a bitmap is created based on the pixel number instead of the number of elements. These two options are recommended for larger models. Use the compressed option with the simple, or none option if the computer swaps disk space during bitmap animation. Allows you to increase the rotation speed while viewing a model. This option is especially useful if you work on a large model with a slow machine. Three options (none, automatic, and CtrlShift) with four different simplification styles (feature line, bounding box, node cloud, and element centroid) are available in this subpanel. For example, if the Ctrl-Shift and feature line options are chosen during the rotation process (clicking a or s on the permanent menu), the model changes to a feature line based representation by pressing both the Ctrl and Shift function keys. When automatic and feature line are both chosen, the model is displayed in feature lines whenever it is rotated. Gives you three window sizes in making an AVI file: screen, 1/9 screen, and full screen. You can also choose an 8 or 24 bit color display. When 8 bit is chosen, the color shown in the AVI file is discrete contour type. If 24 bit color is chosen, the color displayed in the AVI file is blended contour type. Allows you to choose either blended or discrete contours when viewing a contour plot. discrete contours gives a clear definition of contour boundaries similar to centroidal or zbuffer mode in the previous version, providing no gradual transition of colors. Retains the same functions the original font panel plus a new cursor size: function. You can change the cursor size from standard to large. This option is especially useful during a demonstration or teleconferencing.
view acceleration
fonts
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colors
Retains the same function as the original background panel with more options introduced. In this panel, you can customize the color of the background, global axis, axis label and the topological edge. In addition, you can also change the menu background color. For the UNIX platform, two options are given: dark and light. For PC, you can select classic or windows, the desktop colors specified in the Windows Control Panel.
Retains the same function as the original page name panel. Retains the same function as the original PostScript panel. Retains the same function as the original Spaceball panel.
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Panel Name files collectors organize color temp nodes import data create nodes node edit align node distance remap lines line edit intersect section cut length circles tangents fillets reparam reorder surface edit surf lines stitch cntl cards graphics HyperMesh 2.1 Location 1,2,3,4,5 1,2,3,4 1,2,3,4 1,2,3,4 1,2,3,4 1,5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 HyperMesh 3.0 Location Geom, 1-D, 2-D, 3-D, BCs, Tool, Post Geom, 1-D, 2-D, 3-D, BCs, Tool, Post Geom, 1-D, 2-D, 3-D, BCs, Tool, Post Geom, 1-D, 2-D, 3-D, BCs, Tool, Post Geom, 1-D, 2-D, 3-D, BCs, Tool, Post Moved to files panel (all seven pages) Geom Geom Geom Geom Geom Geom Geom Geom Geom Geom Geom Geom Geom Geom Geom Geom Geom Merged to geom cleanup BCs Permanent/option
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Panel Name config edit elem types ruled spline drag spin line drag skin automesh planes cones spheres torus edit element split order change replace detach smooth solid map solid mesh linear solid solid offset tetramesh HyperMesh 2.1 Location 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 HyperMesh 3.0 Location 1-D, 2-D, 3-D 1-D, 2-D, 3-D 2-D 2-D 2-D, 3-D 2-D, 3-D 2-D, 3-D 2-D 2-D 2-D 2-D 2-D 2-D 1-D, 2-D, 3-D 1-D, 2-D, 3-D 1-D, 2-D, 3-D 1-D, 2-D, 3-D 1-D, 2-D, 3-D 2-D, 3-D 3-D 3-D 3-D Renamed to elem offset (2-D, 3-D) 3-D
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Panel Name linear 1d masses bars rods rigids welds springs gaps rbe3 translate rotate scale reflect project position permute check elems edges faces features normals dependency mass find mask delete rename HyperMesh 2.1 Location 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 HyperMesh 3.0 Location 1-D 1-D 1-D 1-D 1-D 1-D 1-D 1-D 1-D Tool Tool Tool Tool Tool Tool Tool Tool Tool Tool Tool Tool Tool Tool Tool Tool Tool Geom, 1-D, 2-D, 3-D, BCs, Tool, Post
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Panel Name systems load types constraints forces moments pressures velocity accels temperatures flux load steps interfaces rigid wall entity sets super elems assemblies output block numbers renumber summary count optimization HyperMesh 2.1 Location 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 HyperMesh 3.0 Location Geom, 1-D, BCs BCs BCs BCs BCs BCs BCs BCs BCs BCs BCs BCs BCs BCs BCs Geom, 1-D, 2-D, 3-D, BCs, Tool, Post BCs Tool Tool Tool Tool Renamed to design vars
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Panel Name import data export data command T convert hidden line contour vector plot titles deformed transient replay apply result xy plotting fd blocks spaceball postscript background page names fonts build menu HyperMesh 2.1 Location 1,5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 HyperMesh 3.0 Location Moved to files panel (all seven pages) Moved to files panel (all seven pages) Moved to files panel (all seven pages) Enhanced and renamed to convert (Tool) Post Post Post Post Post Post Post Post Post 3-D Permanent/option Permanent/option Permanent/option Permanent/option Permanent/option Tool
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edit element elem types entity sets export data faces fd blocks features files fillets find flux fonts forces gaps hidden line import data interfaces intersect length line drag line edit linear 1D linear solid lines load steps load types mask mass masses moments
1-D, 2-D,3-D 1-D, 2-D,3-D BCs Moved to files panel in all seven pages Tool 3-D Tool Geom, 1-D, 2-D, 3-D, BCs, Tool, Post Geom Tool BCs Permanent/option BCs 1-D Post Moved to files panel in all seven pages BCs Geom Geom 2-D, 3-D Geom 1-D 3-D Geom BCs BCs Tool Tool 1-D BCs
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node edit normals numbers optimization order change organize output block page names permute planes position postscript pressures project rbe3 reflect remap rename renumber reorder reparam replace replay rigid wall rigids rods rotate ruled scale section cut
Geom Tool Tool Renamed to design vars (BCs) 1-D, 2-D,3-D Geom, 1-D, 2-D, 3-D, BCs, Tool, Post BCs Permanent/option Tool 2-D Tool Permanent/option BCs Tool 1-D Tool Geom Geom, 1-D, 2-D, 3-D, BCs, Tool, Post Tool Geom Geom 1-D, 2-D,3-D Post BCs 1-D 1-D Tool 2-D Tool Geom
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skin smooth solid map solid mesh solid offset spaceball spheres spin spline split springs stitch summary super elem surf lines surface edit system T convert tangents temp nodes temperatures tetramesh titles torus transient translate vector plot velocity welds xy plotting
2-D 2-D, 3-D 3-D 3-D Renamed to elem offset (2-D, 3-D) Permanent/option 2-D 2-D, 3-D 2-D 1-D, 2-D,3-D 1-D Merged in geom cleanup panel Tool BCs Geom Geom Geom, 1-D, BCs Enhanced and renamed to convert (Tool) Geom Geom, 1-D, 2-D, 3-D, BCs, Tool, Post BCs 3-D Post 2-D Post Tool Post BCs 1-D Post
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7.
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4.
5.
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Creating a macro
1. Open the temp.mac file.
2. Type in the macro for the SpotweldEdges: *beginmacro(macroSpotweldEdges) *createmarkpanel(elements,1,"select elements for independent nodes") *findedges(elements,1,0) *renamecollector(components,"^edges","temp1") *createmark(nodes,1) "by collector" temp1 *createmarkpanel(elements,2,"select elements for dependent nodes") *findedges(elements,2,0) *createmark(nodes,2) "by collector" ^edges *createmultiplespotwelds(1,2,15,0,0,0,0,0,3,"") *createmark(components,1) "temp1" ^edges *deletemark(components,1) *endmacro() 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Save the file as temp.mac. Open HyperMesh. Select the options panel. Select the menu config page. Load your macro temp.mac.
8. Click retrieve .
Note: The above macro will find all of the nodes on the edges of the elements chosen and then create weld elements between them. The macro works by first calling the macro from the button that was created. Then it begins the macro. The *createmarkpanel command is a command that allows the user to select a set of elements from within HyperMesh similar to the extended entity selection window and place them in a user-defined mark. The next two commands simply find the edges of the elements selected and place them into a temp1 collector. Then the *createmark command takes the nodes found on the edges and places them in a user mark. The next three commands repeat the selection of elements, the finding of edges and then the renaming of the collector. Finally the *createmultiplespotwelds command takes the two user marks and places spotwelds between them with the first set of nodes being the independent nodes and the second set the dependent nodes. The last two commands remove the two-temp collectors so that the macro can be repeated.
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All files referenced in the HyperMesh tutorials are located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. If you do not know the location of the HyperWorks installation directory, contact your systems administrator. Note: Before using HyperMesh, make sure you delete the hmmenu.set file from your current working directory.
To create a component collector for geometry: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Select the collectors panel. Select the create subpanel. Click the selection switch and choose comp Click name = and enter geometry. Click the switch under creation method and select no card image. Click color and select color 12. Click create. Click return to exit the collectors panel.
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To create nodes: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Select the view panel on the permanent menu. Click Iso1. Select the Geom page. Select the create nodes panel. Select the type in subpanel. To create the nodes, enter the X, Y, and Z coordinates in the table below and click create. Node 1 2 3 4 5 7. X 0 0 0 0 0 Y 0 0 0 5 5 Z 0 25 37 25 -2
To display the node IDs: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Select the tools page. Select the numbers panel. Click the input selection switch and select nodes. Click nodes to display the extended entity selection menu. Click all. Click on to display all the node IDs.
To create a circle: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Select the Geom page Select the circles panel. Select the center and radius subpanel. Pick node 2 as the node list at which the circle is to be created. Click the plane and vector collector switch and select X-axis. Pick node 2 again as the base for the axis of rotation. Click on the toggle switch and select circle Click radius and enter 5. Click create.
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To create an arc: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Click on the toggle, change from circle to arc. Pick node 2 as the node list at which the circle is to be created. Click the plane and vector collector switch and select X-axis. Pick node 2 again as the base for the axis of rotation. Input 180 for angle =. Enter 2.5 for radius =. Enter 90 for offset =. Click create in oder to create a arc Click return to exit the panel.
10. Select the view panel on the permanent menu. 11. Click rear to change the view.
To create a line: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Select the Geom page. Select the lines panel. Select create line subpanel. Pick node 4 and node 5 in line list panel Click create to create a line between nodes 4 and 5. Click return to exit the lines panel.
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To duplicate and translate lines: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Select the translate panel on the Tool page. Click the input selection switch and select lines. Pick the line. Click lines again to display the extended entity selection menu. Click duplicate. Click current comp to copy the new line into the current component (Geometry). Click the plane and vector collector switch and select y-axis. Click magnitude = and enter 10.0. Click translate -.
10. Click p on the permanent menu. 11. Click return to exit the translate panel.
To edit lines by splitting at a line: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Select the Geom page. Select the line edit panel. Select the split at line subpanel. Click lines and pick the circle. Click cut line and pick the line between node 4 and node 5. Click split. Repeat this procedure on the other line that was just translated. Click return to exit the line edit panel.
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To display the line IDs: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Select the Tools page. Select the numbers panel. Click the input selection switch and select lines. Click lines to display the extended entity selection menu. Click all. Click on to display all the line IDs. Click return to exit the numbers panel.
To delete a redundant arc: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Select the delete panel Click the input selection switch and select lines. Select the lower semi-circle (line id 10) on the screen. Click on delete entity to delete the redundant arc. Click return to exit the delete panel.
To duplicate and reflect an arc: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Select the reflect panel Click the input selection switch and select lines. Choose the arc on screen (line id 2). Click the plane and vector collector switch and select z-axis. Pick node 2 as the base node. Click lines again to display the extended entity selection menu. Click duplicate. Click original comp to copy the new line into the current component (Geometry). original comp allows you to place all duplicated entities into the component collector where duplication occured. current comp allows you to place all duplicated entities into the current working component defined in global panel. 9. Click reflect to create the lower arc.
10. Click return to exit the reflect panel. 11. Click p on the permanent menu to refresh the screen.
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To create two tangent lines 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Select the Geom page Select the tangents panel. Select node 3 in node list panel. Select the line panel. Select line 7. Select the find tangent panel. HyperMesh finds a tangent line for the selected curve. 7. Repeat step 3-5, but pick line 8 instead of line 7 There are two tangent lines on screen. 8. Click return to exit the tangent panel
To redisplay the line IDs: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Select the Tools page. Select the numbers panel. Click the input collector switch and select lines. Click lines to display the extended entity selection menu. Click all. Click on to display all the line IDs. Click return to exit the numbers panel.
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To split curves by tangent lines, and delete redundant line: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Select the Geom page. Click on the line edit panel. Select split at line subpanel. For lines panel, choose line 7, and pick tangent line 12 for the cut line. Click on split to split line 7 by line 12. Repeat step 3-5 in order to cut curve line 8 by tangent line 13 in line edit panel. Press the F2 key and jump into delete panel from line edit panel. Select two curve lines between tangent line 12 and 13. Click delete entity to delete two curves.
To create a component collector for surfaces: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Select the collectors panel. Select the create subpanel. Click the selection switch and choose comp. Click name = and enter surfaces. Click the switch under creation method and select no card image. Click color and select color 6. Click create. Click return to exit the collectors panel
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To create a square surface on X-Y plane: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Select the 2D page Click on the planes panel Choose square from the subpanel Click the input collector switch and select z-axis For base panel, choose node 1 to be the base reference node Choose surface only from the triangle entity switch Enter 30 in the size = input field Click on create to create a square surface Click return to exit the planes panel
To create a line which connects two parallel lines on an X-Y plane: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Select the Geom page Click on the section cut panel. Click the input selection switch and select z-axis. ( The reason to choose z-axis is because we want to create the line on X-Y plane). For base, choose node 1 to be the base node. For line list, choose 2 straight lines that are perpendicular to the X-Y plane. A line on the screen shows the result. 7. Click on create to finish creating the line.
To switch the current working component from surfaces to geometry: 1. 2. 3. Select the global panel in permanent menu. By default, component = should be equal to surfaces component collector. Click on the surfaces , change to geometry in the collector name list. From this point, any element or geometry such as line or surface that is created, will be placed in this geometry component collector.
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To extend line to surface edge: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Select the view panel on the permanent menu. Click Iso1. Select the Geom page. Click on the line edit panel. Choose extend line from the sub selection. Click on the toggle and change subpanel from distance = to To : line. Choose the purple straight line for the upper line panel, then choose 1 surface edge (see figure below) in the lower line panel. Now you see a red V which marks the beginning to extend the purple line. Click on extend + . You can see that line 11 is extended to reach one surface edge. Note: 9. If the extended line does not stop and extend over the surface edge, try extend and review the result.
8.
Click return to exit the line edit panel. The result should resemble the figure below.
To create a fillet between two lines: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Select the fillets panel. Select the create subpanel. Switch the toggle from no trim to trim. For radius, enter 5. For the 1st line panel, pick line 3.
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6.
For the 2nd line panel, pick the purple straight line which is perpendicular to line 3. Please select fillet quadrant is displayed in the message bar. HyperMesh is asking you to select a reference location for fillet.
7.
Pick the x above X-Y plane and closed to node 1. You can see a fillet on screen created by HyperMesh
8. 9.
Repeat steps 5-7 in to create another fillet for line 3. Click return to exit the fillet panel.
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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Click on the line edit panel. Choose split at plane sub selection. Select line 4 in the lines panel. Choose z-axis from the input collector switch. Choose node 1 to in the base subpanel. Click split to split line 2 by X-Y plane. Press the F2 key and jump into the delete panel. Click the input selection switch and select lines. Choose the small line segment under X-Y plane, and click on delete entity to remove the line segment.
10. Click return twice to return to the main menu. To remove all temp nodes: 1. 2. 3. 4. Select the Geom page. Click on the temp nodes panel. Click clear all to remove all temp nodes. Click return to return to the main menu.
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To change to performance graphics: 1. 2. From the Macro menu, select the Disp panel. Select the per panel.
To export all geometry as an IGES file: 1. 2. 3. 4. From any page, select the files panel. Click IGES from subpanels. Input a name for filename =. Click write to write out the model as an IGES file. The IGES file you generate can be shared with other CAD packages such as UG, Catia, and ProE.
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All files referenced in the HyperMesh tutorials are located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. If you do not know the location of the HyperWorks installation directory, contact your systems administrator.
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face surface free edge shared edge suppressed edge non-manifold edge fixed point
A single NURB; the smallest area entity. A collection of one or more adjacent faces whose common edges are suppressed. HyperMesh meshes on surfaces. The edge is owned by one surface. In the geom cleanup panel, the default color is red. The edge is owned by two adjacent surfaces. In the geom cleanup panel, the default color is green. The edge is owned, or shared, by two adjacent surfaces. It is transparent to the meshing routine. In the geom cleanup panel, the default color is blue. The edge is owned by three or more surfaces. In the geom cleanup panel, the default color is yellow. A point associated with a surface. A fixed point is displayed as a small circle (o) and is the same color as the surface to which it is associated. The automesher places a finite element node at fixed points. A point in space not associated with a surface. A free point is displayed as a small x, (x), and is the same color as the geometry collector to which it belongs.
free point
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cleanup tol =
The tolerance used to determine if two surface edges or two surface vertices should be considered as one. NOTE: Values for cleanup tol= can be specified in two locations. The global value for cleanup tol= is in the options/modeling subpanel. The local value for cleanup tol =, which is used for a specific cleanup operation, is in the geom cleanup panel. Sometimes, operations performed by the local cleanup tolerance can be lost by a global cleanup tolerance overriding it. An example of this is splitting a surface which was created by utilizing a local cleanup tolerance. Since the surface edit panel uses the global cleanup tolerance, all of the edges of the new surfaces will be reevaluated by HyperMesh to determine their cleaned up status. It is recommended that a large value (reasonable with respect to the element size) be used for the cleanup tol= in the options/modeling subpanel. For example, for an element edge length of 10, a cleanup tol of 0.1 (10/100) or .05 (10/500) should be used.
Enables user to control display mode of surfaces and edges. View surfaces in wire frame or shaded mode. Display on/off surface edge types. Used to remove gaps and overlaps between surfaces and to merge surfaces together by modifying the edges of the surfaces. Convert individual surface edges from one edge type to another with single mouse clicks. Free edge shared edge suppressed edge (red green dotted blue). Combine two free edges into a shared edge. Free edge shared edge (red green). Suppress or unsuppress a number of edges simultaneously. Shared edge suppressed edge (green dotted blue). Convert free edges between adjacent surfaces to shared edges. Free edge shared edge. (red green).
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Used to delete duplicate surfaces, remove surface holes, organize surfaces. Find and delete duplicate surfaces. Non-manifold edge shared or free edge (yellow green or red). Combine surfaces based on fillets. Shared edge suppressed edge (green dotted blue). Stitch faces to an existing surface or stitch faces to create a new surface. Shared edge suppressed edge (green dotted blue).
Used to add, replace, and suppress fixed points. Create fixed points from existing free points or nodes. Delete point to be moved and relocate associated geometry to retained point. Delete unnecessary fixed points or convert fixed points to free points.
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NOTE
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S0000001 G0000001
Model,1.,2,2HYPERMESHM,1,0.,13H980709.084600,1.E-06,,
X,1HX,10,0,13H980709.084600;
000000000D0000001 0D0000002
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To display surface IDs: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Select the Tool page. Select the numbers panel. Click the input collector switch and select surfs. Click surfs and select all on the extended entity selection pop-up window. Click on. The IDs for the displayed surfaces are displayed. Click return.
6.
To renumber surfaces: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Select the Tool page. Select the renumber panel. Click the input collector switch and select surfs. Click surfs and select all on the extended entity selection pop-up window. Click renumber. The header bar displays the message, 12 surfs ranging from 1 to 12. Completed Through ID: 0. 6. 7. Click return. Click p on the permanent menu. The new surface IDs are displayed in the graphics area.
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To save this work session as a HyperMesh database file: 1. 2. 3. 4. Select the files panel. Select the hm file subpanel. Click file = and enter geomcleanup.hm. Click save. The header bar displays the message, The file has been saved. 5. Click return.
To create non-solver specific component collectors: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Select the collectors panel. Click the switch after collector type: and select comps. Click name = and enter top. Click the switch under creation method and select no card image. If there is a name in the field following material =: Click material =. Click return.
The input field is now clear of that name. 6. 7. 8. Click color. Select Color 5. Click create. A component collector named top, with a default material collector named top, is created. Repeat steps 3-9 to create three more component collectors named middle1, with Color 4, middle2, with Color 10, and bottom, with Color 9.
9.
10. Click return. To organize surfaces into component collectors: 1. 2. Select the organize panel. Move surfaces to the bottom component collector: Click the input collector switch and select surfs. Pick surfaces 10, 11, and 12. Click destination =. Select bottom. Click move. Use the above procedure to move surfaces 3, 6, 8, and 9 to the middle1 component collector. Surface 3 is hidden beneath surface 8. Use the same procedure to move surfaces 4, 5, and 7 to the middle2 component collector. Use the same procedure to move surfaces 1 and 2 to the top component collector. Click return.
3.
4. 5. 6.
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To save this work session: 1. 2. Select the files panel. Select the hm file subpanel. geomcleanup.HyperMesh. is displayed after file =. Click save. A dialog box displays the message geomcleanup.HyperMesh exists. Overwrite? (y/n). Click Yes. Click return.
3.
4. 5.
To change surface edges from free to shared using edges/equivalence subpanel: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Select the Geom page. Select the geom cleanup panel. Select the edges subpanel. Click the equivalence radio button. Click surfs and select displayed. Click cleanup tol = and enter .05. Click equivalence. The message, All surface edges within tolerance combined, is displayed in the header bar. Some free surface edges (red) became shared edges (green). To identify and delete duplicate surfaces: 1. 2. 3. 4. Select the surfaces subpanel. Click the find duplicates radio button. Click faces and select displayed from the extended entity selection pop-up window. Click find. The message, One face is duplicated, is displayed in the header bar. Click delete. The message, One face was deleted, is displayed in the header bar.
5.
To locate problem areas in geometry: 1. 2. 3. Click visual options. Click the toggle to change from wireframe to shaded. Click r on the permanent menu to rotate and view model. The most obvious problems are a non-manifold edge, a missing surface between surfaces 10 and 11, and in the corner where surfaces 1, 3, 5, and 7 meet. 4. 5. Click visual options. Click the toggle to change from shaded to wireframe.
To delete interior surface holes: 1. Measure the hole diameter: Press the F4 function key to access the distance panel.
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Select the two nodes subpanel. Select any one of the three circles on surface 2: Press and hold left mouse button in the graphics area until the cursor changes into a white square with a dot in the middle of it. Pick the circle and release the left mouse button. Pick a point on the highlighted circle. A green node is placed on the circle. A blue node is displayed on the circle. The number in the input field following distance = is a value less than 3. The geom cleanup panel is still displayed.
Pick a point on the same circle that is across from the green node . -
Click return. -
2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Select Defeature_-_HM-131 panel. Select the pinholes radio button. Click surfs and select displayed from the extended entity selection pop-up window. Click diameter < and enter 3. Click find. There is a P in the center of the four circles in the graphics area. The smallest diameter for each of the circles is less than 3. The two Ps in the two circles on surface 2 that arent centered are highlighted white. Click delete. The two circles are deleted from the database.
7. 8.
NOTE
HyperMesh finds circular and non-circular shaped holes; the holes dont need to be perfect circles. The diameter is treated as a characteristic dimension.
To combine two free edges into a shared edge using surfaces / replace subpanel: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Select the edges subpanel. Click replace on left side of menu panel. Pick the surface 10 edge that is parallel and closest to a surface 11 edge. Pick the surface 11 edge that is parallel and closest to the surface 10 edge just selected. Click replace on the right side of the menu panel. The header bar displays the message, Gap distance (0.602170) is larger than specified tolerance. Click cleanup tol = and enter 0.61. Repeat steps 3 - 5.
6. 7.
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NOTE
Do not set the cleanup tolerance to unreasonably high values. New edges are generated based on the cleanup tolerance. The cleanup tolerance not only affects the selected entities, but it affects the edges that touch the selected entities at vertices. The generated edges are accurate only to within the set cleanup tolerance. As a result, if unreasonably high tolerances are used, small gaps can increase in distance up to the set tolerance. The geom cleanup edges / toggle subpanel can also be used to combine the surface 10 and 11 edges. If the shortest distance between two surface edges is greater than the intended element size, do not use this function. Instead, use the surface filler subpanel on the surface edit panel. Create a filler surface and toggle surface edges to suppressed edges accordingly. Another panel that can be used is the drag geoms subpanel in the drag panel.
To replace a fixed point: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Select the fixed points subpanel. Click the replace radio button. Zoom into the corner of surface 9 which borders surface 1 and is on the perimeter of model. Pick the surface 1 corner node. Pick the surface 9 corner node. Click replace. The surface 9 corner node is replaced with the surface 1 corner node.
To combine free edges to create shared edges using the edges/toggle subpanel: 1. 2. 3. 4. Select the edges subpanel. Select the toggle radio button. Click f on the permanent menu to fit displayed components to the graphics area. Pick surface 3 free edge adjacent to surface 1. The surface edge becomes green. The surface edge selected in the edges/toggle subpanel is the retained edge. The other edge, which is found automatically, is the edge which is moved. Pick the surface 9 free edge adjacent to surface 1. Pick the surface 3 free edge adjacent to surface 11. Pick the surface 3 free edge adjacent to surface 5. Pick any other interior free edges. Click visual options.
5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
10. Deactivate the shared edges check box to turn the display of these edges off. 11. Deactivate the fixed points to turn the display of these points off. Only the free edges that define the model perimeter and the interior holes remain. 12. Click visual options. 13. Activate the shared edges check box to turn display of the edges on. 14. Activate the fixed points check box to turn display of the points on.
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To stitch surfaces: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Click (un)suppress. Pick the line between surfaces 4 and 6. Pick the line between surfaces 3 and 5. Pick the two linear lines between surfaces 3 and 9. Click suppress. The selected lines change from shared (green) to suppressed (blue) edges. Click return. The suppressed surface edges are not displayed in the graphics area. They still exist in the model and can be toggled back to shared edges in the geom cleanup panel.
6.
NOTE
The resulting stitched surface is located in the component collector of the stitched surface having the lowest id. As a result of surfaces 4 and 6 being stitched together, the stitched surface is located in middle2 component collector where surface 4 was originally located. As a result of surfaces 3, 5, and 9 being stitched together, the stitched surface is located in middle1 component collector where surface 3 was originally located. In the geom cleanup panel, HyperMesh treats lines and surface edges the same. It is recommended that lines be displayed off or masked so that surface edges can be selected more easily.
To use the surface edit / filler surface subpanel: 1. 2. 3. 4. Select surface edit. Click filler surface. Zoom into the corner in which surfaces 1, 3, and 7 meet. Click the three lines in the graphics area. Each line is between two fixed points. The selected lines are highlighted white. Click create. Question dialog box pops-up stating Lines appear planar, project to plane? (y/n). Click Yes. A surface was created using the selected three lines. Click return. Click geom cleanup. Click edges.
5.
6.
7. 8. 9.
10. Click toggle. 11. Of the three lines selected in surface edit / filler surface subpanel, pick the line closest to the center of the model. The shared (green) edges are suppressed (blue).
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Defeature - HM-131
The defeature panel, located on the Geom page, provides tools to help remove unwanted features in geometry, e.g. edge and surface fillets, holes etc. The tools remove features and create any necessary filler surfaces as a substitution. Remove trim lines Remove Pin Holes Remove surface fillets and make sharp corners using the parameters specified Remove edge/line fillets using the specified parameters Trim-Intersect to remove edge fillets by selecting two points of tangency around the fillet
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6.
Note: The other option under remove is to remove all trim lines. This function allows you to specify a surface and will return the original, untrimmed surface information. Depending on the CAD package and method used to create these surfaces, the results of this operation will vary.
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Surface Fillets
This function can be used to remove surface fillets, or fillets between two non-coplanar surfaces. The rounded fillet surface will be replaced by a planar, tangential extention of the adjacent surfaces. Fillets may be specified by selecting the fillet profile as a line, or by specifying a surface and range of fillet radii. To search the surface fillets by min/max radius: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Retrieve the hm file defeature.hm. Select the surf fillets subpanel. Select the toggle for surfaces to search: and select surfs. Click in the surfs box and select displayed. Set the fillet params as follows: Min radius = 5.0; Max radius = 15.000 Click find fillets.
Figure 1: Use the radius parameters of an example fillet profile to identify surface fillets.
Note: At this point, a new subpanel appears where you can be specific about selecting the fillet to be removed, fillet ends and edge associativity. Ignore edge association can be used to verify or modify the selection of edges whose adjacent surface geometry will be ignored in favor of using the selected fillet surfaces geometry when calculating the tangent surface. This is commonly used if the adjacent surface has a very high degree of curvature compared to the fillet, or if the edge in question is a free edge. Fillet ends can be used to verify or modify fillet ends. Unless a string of fillets makes a complete loop and closes upon itself, you should see at least two fillet end lines.
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7.
Click remove to delete the rounded fillet surfaces and replace them with an intersecting, planar surface tangent to the fillet surface edge.
Figure2: After removing surface fillets, adjacent surfaces are extended along the tangent until they intersect.
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Edge Fillets
This option can be used to remove any edge fillets on a free surface edge. HyperMesh can identify these fillets given a range of fillet radii and a minimum arc angle. Using these filtering options, you can find the fillets in your model and then remove them. To remove fillets: 1. 2. 3. 4. Retrieve the hm file defeature.hm. Go to geom page and defeature panel. Go to edge fillets subpanel. Click on surfs and select the end surface in the extreme +X and Z direction of the model. Set the radius and angle values as follows: Min radius = 5.0; Max radius = 15.000; Min angle = 15.000. Click find. The fillets will be identified with a blue F and lines indicating the beginning and ending points of tangency of the fillets. Select both of the fillets to be removed. Alternately, click the fillets button and select all from the pop up list. Click remove to eliminate the fillets by projecting the surface edges from the point of tangency until they intersect.
5. 6. 7.
Figure 3: Use the edge fillet function to identify and remove rounded corners on free-surface edges.
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Trim-Intersect
The trim intersect function works like the edge fillet function, except the points of tangency are specified by clicking on the free-surface edge. To trim points: 1. 2. 3. Rotate the model to center the view to the end surface in the most X and Z direction. Select the trim-intersect subpanel. With the blue box highlighting node under 1 edge trim location:, select the trim point (point of tangency) for one of the edge fillets, as shown in the figure below.
st
Figure 4: Click on points of tangency of the edge fillets to square off rounded corners on free-surface edges.
4.
Select the second point of tangence for this edge fillet. Note: In this panel, HM is expecting a point to be defined on a surface edge. A temporary node will be created. After selecting the second point, the trimming and de-filleting operation will occur.
5.
Repeat these steps for the remaining free-edge fillets. Note: Using a size 10 quad plate element, compare the resulting mesh for the defeatured model to the original model. Click return to go back to the main menu. Go to the automesh panel on the 2-D page. In the create mesh subpanel, click the surfs box and select all. Click the toggle next to interactive and select the automatic mode.
6. 7. 8. 9.
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Note: In these excersises, we used the functions in the defeature panel to simplify the geometry of a small part. The remove trim lines function was used to eliminate two rectangular cut outs on the top surface. The surface fillet function was used to remove the curved fillets where the top surface transitioned to the sides. Edge fillet and Trim-intersect were used to square off the end surfaces. The results of these operations will yield a more regular, geometric mesh.
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File Needed:
Cleaned_Up-Geom.hm
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There are two options in the create mesh sub-panel. The toggle allows you to alternate between the interactive and automatic selection. The default is interactive. The interactive option is used to automesh multiple surfaces or elements with user-controlled parameters. Once a surface or a group of elements have been selected for the automeshing module, the information is retained and updated with any changes to meshing parameters while in the automeshing module. The next time the selected entity, either surfaces or a group of elements, is brought into the automeshing module, the saved data is used unless the reset mesh parameters to: button is selected, in which case the old information is discarded and new values are computed. The meshing parameters can be set to either element size with element shape or use mesh params. When the mesh params option is used, the mesh can be created by use chordal deviation mesh or use size and biasing. This tutorial uses the element size option. The options when using use mesh params are illustrated in tutorials HM-140 and HM-141. The toggle between elements to current comp and elements to surfaces comp tells HyperMesh where these newly created elements should be located. You can put created elements in the associated surface components or the global current working component where you define them. After clicking the green mesh button, the automeshing module will be displayed allowing you to adjust element density and biasing of all the shared and free edges belonging to the selected surfaces, change element type, and perform quality checks. Once the elements are created, you may select surfaces that contain bad elements or a group of elements, and you can refine them by clicking the remesh button. HyperMesh will first delete the existing elements and then re-mesh the selected entity. The highlight surfs button, below the find mesh error, directs HyperMesh to scan through all the selected surfaces for mesh and highlight those failed in creating meshes in your last attempt. If you select to refine a group of elements by changing the switch from surfs to elems, you can decide whether you want to break connectivity between the selected group of elements and the rest of the elements by activating a small check mark in front of the break connectivity option. You can anchor nodes by activating the checkbox. The Automatic panel has the same features as the interactive panel. The only difference is it creates elements on surfaces without bringing up the automeshing modules. The Mesh params sub-panel is divided into two parts. The left part contains options and settings for use chordal deviation meshing algorithm described in HM-141. The right part contains options for the use size and biasing meshing algorithm described in tutorial HM-140.
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The cleanup sub-panel consists of four features: split surf, unsplit surf, replace points, and toggle. Split surf has the same function as trim with two nodes located at the surface edit panel. After choosing two nodes on a selected surface, HyperMesh creates a line between these two nodes, and uses this line to trim the selected surface at the normal direction. Unsplit surf has the same function as remove interior trim lines in the surface edit panel. This feature not only removes trim lines from associated surfaces, but also deletes them from the model. A useful example of this feature is to remove pinholes. Replace points has the same function as replace points in the geom cleanup panel. The details of using this function are described in tutorial HM-130-Geometry Clean Up. Toggle has the same function as edge/toggle in the geom cleanup panel. The detail of using this function is also described in the tutorial HM-130-Geometry Clean Up.
cleanup subpanel
The Proj to edge sub-panel will locate all interior fixed points on a set of surfaces, then project each of these points to the nearest (perpendicular) edge location on its own surface only. This produces mesh patterns that are more regular in appearance. The distance tolerance and angle tolerance are parameters used to control creation of fixed points. If the shortest distance between an edge and an interior fixed point is less than or equal to the distance tolerance, a fixed point will be created on the edge. If the angle ABC, formed by an existing fixed point on an edge (A), the fixed point to-be-created (B) and the interior fixed point (C), is less than the angle tolerance, a fixed point will not be created.
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Display all the surface IDs. Enter the numbers panel under Tool page. Change selection to surfs. Click surfs to bring up the extended entity selection window. Select all surfaces in figure.
To interactively automesh and use the automeshing module: 1. 2. 3. Go to the global panel, set the currents: comp = bottom, enter element size=2.0 and click return. Enter the automesh panel through 2D page and go to the create mesh subpanel. Make sure the toggle remains in interactive. Switch from elements to current comp to elements to surfaces comp.
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4. 5. 6.
Select surfs and select surface id 6, and 7 (see figure above). Click mesh. The automesh modules including density, algorithm, type, biasing, details, and checks will be displayed in the main menu area. Click mesh button and review the temporary mesh. Note: Select the checks panel, and then click on warpage panel to check warpage value. Notice that the maximum warpage found is equal to 3.25.
7.
Click the radio button in front of algorithm module to activate the function. Note: The small square icons on the center of surface id 6 and 7 indicate that HyperMesh will use mapped as rectangle meshing algorithm to create the mesh. Change the meshing algorithm: Click mesh button and review the temporary mesh setting. Click the switch below the meshing algorithm and choose free (unmapped). Note: The free (unmapped) option allows HyperMesh to mesh freely. Move the mouse and click the square icon located at the center of surface id 6. The icon will show the new meshing algorithm. Click on mesh again and examine how the mesh changes.
8.
Note: Select the checks panel, and then click on warpage panel to check warpage value. Notice that now the maximum warpage found is equal to 6.12. Which is a significant improvement if compared to the previous value 35.21 by using mapped as rectangle meshing algorithm. Click the switch below the meshing algorithm and choose mapped as triangle. Move the mouse and click the square icon located at the center of surface id 6. The icon will change to a triangle shape. Click on mesh and examine the error appeared on the menu bar.
Note: The mapped as triangle algorithm should be applied to a surface with three sides only. The mapped as pentagon algorithm should be applied to a surface with five sides only. 9. Repeat the same steps to change the meshing algorithm back to autodecide. Click set all button on the right side of meshing algorithm. This step is to apply autodecide option on all the selected surfaces. Click mesh button.
Change the smoothing algorithm: Click the switch below the smoothing algorithm and choose shape corrected. Click set all button to apply the algorithm to all the selected surfaces.
Click smooth button and examine the change of the mesh. Note: Select the checks panel, check warpage and note that Max warpage is now 31.22. Click the switch below the smoothing algorithm and choose no smoothing. Click set all button to apply the algorithm to all the selected surfaces. Click smooth button and examine the change of the mesh.
10. Change the smoothing algorithm back to autodecide. 11. Change the meshing algorithm back to autodecide.
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12. Click mesh. 13. Activate the type module to check the element type that will be used to generate the mesh. Three element types, quad, tria and mixed are available. 14. Change the meshing element type to mixed: Click on the switch below the element type: and choose mixed. Click on set all button. Click on mesh and examine the change of mesh on those selected surfaces.
15. Change the meshing element type to quads: Click on the switch below the element type: and choose quads. Click on set all button. Click on mesh and examine the change of mesh on those selected surfaces
Note: The mixed element type is only applied to four side surfaces meshed using the mapped as rectanglar algorithm. Note: The toggle surf panel allows users manually change element type. 16. Click the radio button in front of details module to activate the function. 17. Change the mapping parameters: Click on a small diamond shape icon located at the center of surface id 6. Click the check box in front of size control to activate this function. A check will appear in the box. Click mesh button and examine the change of mesh. Click the check box in front of size control again to disable this function. Click the check box in front of skew control to activate this function. A check will appear in the box. Click mesh button and examine the change of mesh. Click the check box in front of size control to activate this function. A check will reappear in the box. Now both skew control and size control are activated. Click mesh button and examine the change of mesh
Click the check boxes for size control and skew control. Both functions are now disabled. Note: The mesh generated by either type of element shape will be influenced by the size control and the skew control. 18. Click the radio button in front of the density module to activate the function. 19. Change the element density on selected edges: Click the number field next to the element density= and enter 10. Click set edge to button. Move cursor to graphic area and click on density numbers located at top two long edges and bottom two long edges (see figure below) Click the number field next to the element density= and enter 3. Click set edge to button. Move cursor to graphic area and click on density numbers located at three short edges (see figure below).
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20. Click the radio button in front of biasing module to active this function. 21. Change the element biasing on selected edges: Click on the switch under bias style:, select bellcurve biasing style. Click green set all panel on the left side of bellcurve in order to activate this style. Click the number field next to bias intensity = and enter -0.500 Click the set edge box Click the shared edges between surface id 4 and surface id 6, and do the same step at one free edge of surface id 7 (see figure below). Click the mesh button.
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22. Click the radio button in front of checks module to activate this function. 23. Check the element quality: Click the number field next to jacobian and enter 0.92 Click the jacobian button and examine the graphic area. Any element fails to meet the specified jacobian value will be highlighted. The minimum jacobian value will be indicated in the menu bar. Click skew button to check the skew quality.
24. Click the return to accept the mesh. 25. Mesh surface id 4. In the interactive sub-panel, select surface id 4. Click mesh. Review the temporary node and element placements.
Note: Make sure not to check the box in front of the reset the mesh parameters to. The densities will automatically match the previously meshed bottom surfaces and have coincident nodes. The default node densities set in the global are assigned elsewhere around the surfaces. The use of reset meshing parameters to: will override the automatic coincident matching feature. Click adjust edge in order to activate this function. Click on each edge number on screen. Each element density corresponds to the figure below. Click mesh button again to accept this mesh. Click return button. Note: The mesh on surface id 6 and 7 is assigned to component bottom, and the elements on surface id 4 are assigned to component middle, the same as components of their associate surfaces.
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To remesh the meshed surfaces: 1. Remesh the meshed surfaces with new parameters. Toggle the interactive sub-panel. Click on surfs box, and select surface id 4,6, and 7. Click on remesh button. Change the node density as shown in the figure below. Click on biasing button. Enter 0.00 in the number field next to the biasing intensity = . Click set all button. Click on mesh. Click on return to accept the new mesh.
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2.
Delete elements using the remesh button. Select the interactive subpanel. Click on surfs box, and select surface id 4,6, and 7. Click on remesh button. Click on return button. Now the elements on these three surfaces will all be deleted. This is an alternative way to delete elements without leaving the automesh panel.
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Display all the surface IDs. Enter the numbers panel in page Tool. Change selection to surfs. Click surfs to bring up the extended entity selection window. Select all surfaces. Click the on button.
Enter options panel located in the permanent menu. Go to modeling subpanel. Click on cleanup tol = button and type 0.2 in the number field. Click return to exit the panel.
Enter in the global panel located in the permanent menu. Click on element size button, and enter 2.0 in the number field. Click return to exit the panel.
Go to automesh/cleanup subpanel in page 2D. Select the line button next to the unsplit surf: function. Select the edges of pinholes located on surface id 1 and in the middle of surface id 3. The selected pinhole and the trim lines will be removed (see figure below).
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8.
To suppress/unsuppress a surface edge: 1. While still in the automesh/cleanup subpanel, select the line button below the toggle box. The cleanup tolerance of 0.2 should be automatically displayed in the field next to cleanup tol =. Click on the green shared edge between surface id 6 and 7. Click P (keyboard) to refresh the screen.
2. 3.
To set up meshing environment: 1. 2. 3. Click on create mesh subpanel Enter the interactive subpanel and select the surfs. Switch elements to current comp to elements to surfaces comp. Note: The element size should already be set to 2.0 due to the change of the global element size setting in the previous step.
To add fixed points and mesh surface id 5 and 8: 1. 2. In the cleanup subpanel, click on the point in front of add points. To add points to surfaces 5 and 8. Click the yellow point. Click on the surface with ID 5. The points are automatically added to the surface.
If you want to add points on the line of a surface, select button line next to point and click on the surface line. The point is added to the line. Note: Fixed points are now associated with the middle component.
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3. 4. 5.
Enter the interactive subpanel and select the surface id 5 and 8. Click mesh button. Click mesh button again to create elements. Note: Observe the mesh on surfaces id 5 and how the fixed points affect the placement of the nodes. When you import this model, you have some free points in the points collector. Free points (with graphical symbol Xs ) dont affect your meshing. After you change those points from free points to fixed points, HyperMesh will be forced to put nodes on those fixed points later when you mesh your model. Click on abort to abort the mesh.
6.
To trim the selected surfaces: 1. 2. Enter the cleanup subpanel and click on the top node box next to split surf option. To choose the first node, move the cursor to the shared edge between surface id 3 and 2 and click on the middle of the edge. A node will be created at that location. Note: A node can be created simply by clicking anywhere along the edge. You dont have to highlight the edge or wait until the cursor becoming a box. Once the first node is selected, the second node box is highlighted automatically. Click on the vertex on the opposite side of the surface id 3. As shown in the figure below, a line connecting these two nodes is used to trim the surface id 3 at the normal direction. Repeat step 1 3 to trim surface id 2 and surface id 1 as shown in the figure below.
3.
4.
Note: Trimming surfaces allow you to split surfaces and generate shared edges in between. Later while meshing surfaces, you will have more nodes on shared edges. Which gives you more control over your mesh.
To display all the surface Ids again: Enter the numbers panel in page Tool. Change selection to surfs. Click surfs to bring up the extended entity selection window. Select all. Click the on button.
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To add fixed points to a selected edge: 1. 2. 3. 4. Select the add points subpanel. Click on point button. Click on the edge to add fixed points along the edge between surface id 2 and 3. Repeat step 1-3 to add fixed points along the edge between surface id 9 and 10.
Note: These two nodes should be placed so they break the edge into sections similar to the nearby edges (see figure below).
To mesh the remaining surfaces: 1. 2. 3. 4. Enter the create mesh subpanel, Highlight surface , choose all from the sub window. Using the densities indicated in the figure above, click mesh to review and return to accept. The complete model is displayed in the figure below. Click Return to exit the automesh panel.
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To use the element quality checks available in HM: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. On the Tool page, select the check elements panel. Left click the 2-d radio button to make it the active subpanel. Click on the switch above visual options. Select assign plot and then jacobian to graphically review the element quality. Repeat for any other element quality check desired. Select return to enter the main menu.
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To retrieve the Cleaned_Up_Geom.hm file and display surf ids: 1. Retrieve the Clean_Up_Geom.hm file. 2. Enter the files panel on any page of the main menu. Click hm file and file = cleaned_up_geom.hm Click retrieve to clear current session and pull up the file. Click return to exit the panel and return to main menu. Enter the numbers panel in page Tool. Change selection to surfs. Click surfs to bring up the extended entity selection window. Select all.
To delete unnecessary holes: 1. 2. 3. While still in the automesh/cleanup subpanel, select the line button next to the toggle box. Click on the edges of 4 red circles in surface id 3 and 1 to delete 4 pin holes. Click P (keyboard) to refresh the screen.
To trim the selected surfaces: 1. 2. Enter the cleanup subpanel and click on the node box next to the split surf option. To choose the first node, move the cursor to the shared edge between surface id 3 and 2 and click on the middle of the edge. A node will be created at that location. Note: A node can be created simply by clicking anywhere along the edge. You dont have to highlight the edge or wait until the cursor becoming a box. 3. Once the first node is selected, the next node box is highlighted automatically. Click on the vertex on the opposite side of the surface id 3. As shown in the figure below, a line connecting these two nodes is used to trim the surface id 3 at the normal direction.
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4.
Repeat step 1 3 to trim surface id 2 and surface id 1 as shown in the figure below. Note: Trimming surfaces allow you to split surfaces and generate shared edges in between. Later while meshing surfaces, you will have more nodes on shared edges. Which gives you more control over your mesh.
To start meshing the model: 1. 2. 3. Click the Automesh panel in 2D page. Enter the automesh panel and go to the create mesh sub-panel. Make sure the toggle remains in interactive. Activate the small check in front of reset meshing parameters to: Enter element size= 2.0. This allows HyperMesh to overwrite global element size setting and use local meshing element size 2.0. The element type is kept as the default setting, quad. Switch from elements to current comp to elements to surfaces comp. Click on yellow surfs panel. Select all in pop-up window, and all surfaces on screen are highlighted. Click on mesh panel and go into the meshing module. Change the meshing seeds and choose densities as in the figure below. Click on mesh panel again and create elements. Select checks in the meshing module. Review the quality of the mesh.
4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
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To refine meshing quality by remeshing elements: Enter the automesh panel and go to the create mesh sub-panel. Make sure the toggle remains in interactive. Change the yellow surfs panel to elems. Select elements with poor quality on surface 8 (refer to figure below). Selected elements are highlighted as white color. Click on green remesh button. Notice that you enter the meshing module and selected elements are remeshed. Click on abort to abort this remesh.
Note: In the meshing module, notice that Hypermesh puts element density in the middle of the meshed area. This restricts the nodal location of the remeshed area (refer to figure below).
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To improve the feature angle of the meshed feature recognition: Click on blue permanent options panel. Choose modeling subselection in options panel. Click on feature angle panel, and change feature angle from default (30 ) to 50 . Click return and go back to automesh panel.
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To refine meshing quality by remeshing elements: Remain in create mesh subpanel. Make sure the toggle remains in interactive. Make sure the yellow panel remain in elems. Select elements with poor quality on surface 8. Selected elements are highlighted as white color. Click on the green remesh panel. Notice that you entered the meshing module and selected elements to be remeshed. Note: Compare the difference between before and after changing the feature angle in the options panel. Notice that after increasing the feature angle, Hypermesh no longer puts element density in the middle of the meshed area. Click on adjust edge panel , and move the cursor to the bottom edge of surface 8. Change element density to 8 which is the same as the upper edge between surface 8 and surface 5. Click one mesh panel to generate elements. Click return to go back to the automesh panel. Click return again to accept this mesh. Note: You can practice remeshing elements to refine other elements that you are not satisfied with.
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Automesh/Remesh - HM-136
This tutorial demonstrates how to remesh elements using the automesh panel and create mesh subpanel. In HyperMesh 4.0, you can remesh elements when no geometry exists. The following exercises are included: Remesh Elements Meshing the Surfaces Remesh the Elements
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Remesh elements
In HyperMesh 5.0, the interactive and automatic subpanels are replaced by the create mesh subpanel. This subpanel has the interactive and automatic options. Interactive is the default option. In the create mesh subpanel, select the surfaces to mesh or remesh, or select the elements to remesh. Elements are remeshed with the use of the HyperMesh inferred surface algorithm. Geometry for the selected elements does not need to exist in the model. The inferred surface algorithm creates geometry data from the selected elements in order to create new mesh. When elements are selected to be remeshed, there is the break connectivity option and the vertex angle parameter. The break connectivity option detaches the node connectivity between adjacent selected and unselected elements. This allows you to adjust the node densities along the boundary of the selected elements. The vertex angle parameter defines the placement of vertices along the boundary of the selected elements. If the angle between two adjacent element edges along the boundary is less the specified angle, a vertice is placed at the meeting point of the two edges. Anchor nodes create the effect of a fix point on the inferred surface (which is derived from the existing mesh) and keep the location of the anchor nodes intact. In HyperMesh 5.0, the mixed (quads and trias) meshing algorithm can be used on mapped and unmapped surfaces. The mixed meshing algorithm generates a quad dominant mesh where all transitions between opposing mesh densities are accomplished using tria elements. This produces mesh patterns that are more regular in appearance.
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Rotate the model and notice the contours of the surfaces. To mesh the surfaces: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Select the automesh panel on the 2-D page. Select the create mesh subpanel. Click surfs and select displayed. Click the box preceding reset mesh parameters to: to make this option active. In the element size = field, enter 12. Click the switch next to quads and select mixed. Click mesh. Click mesh again to preview the mesh. Click return.
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To check the mesh quality: 1. 2. Select the checks subpanel. Click jacobian. Minimum jacobian is 0.45. 3. Click warpage. Maximum warpage found is 1.33. 4. Click aspect. Maximum aspect ratio is 4.09. 5. Click skew. Maximum skew angle is 63.36. 6. Click return to accept the mesh and return to the automesh panel / create mesh subpanel.
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To remesh some other elements to improve jacobian: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Click elems and select by window. Select the elements as shown in the Figure 6. Click remesh. Click mesh to preview the mesh. Click f next to local view to fit the area being meshed to the graphics area. Select the biasing subpanel. Click adjust edge. Right click multiple times on the 0.000 on the lowest boundary edge to change the value to 2.400. Click mesh.
10. Select the checks subpanel. 11. Click jacobian. Minimum jacobian is 0.66. 12. Click return to accept the mesh and go back to the automesh panel / create mesh subpanel. 13. Click return to go back to the main menu.
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Proj to Edge To mesh a surface containing interior fixed points without using the proj to edge subpanel: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Select automesh on the 2D page. Click create mesh. Select the yellow, slender, rectangular surface. Click the box before reset meshing parameters to: Enter 20 in the field following elem size =. Click the switch below elem size = and select quads. Click mesh. Click mesh again to preview the mesh. Click abort to return to the automesh panel and to not accept the mesh.
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To project the surface's interior fixed points to its edges: There are three ways to perform this task: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The fixed points can be projected to its edges The fixed points can be projected onto its surfaces The fixed points can be projected to multiple surfaces by changing the tolerance values
Click proj to edge. Select the yellow, slender, rectangular surface. Enter 20 in the field following distance tolerance =. Enter 25 in the field following angle tolerance =. Click project. The distance tolerance and angle tolerance parameters control the creation of fixed points. If the shortest distance between an edge and an interior fixed point is less then or equal to the distance tolerance, a fixed point will be created on the edge. If the angle ABC, formed by an existing fixed point edge (A), the fixed point to-becreated (B) and the interior fixed point (C), is greater than the angle tolerance, a fixed point will not be created.
Note:
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To mesh the surface: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Click create mesh. Select the yellow, slender, rectangular surface. Click mesh. Click mesh again to preview the mesh. Click return to accept the mesh.
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All files referenced in the HyperMesh tutorials are located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. If you do not know the location of the HyperWorks installation directory, contact your systems administrator.
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Using the Quads Mapped Mesh Element Type and the Smoothing Controls
To retrieve the file for this tutorial: 1. 2. 3. Select the files panel on any main menu page. Select the hm file subpanel. Click file = twice. HyperMesh displays a list of the files and subdirectories in the current directory. Directory names are followed by a slash. Select the tria_trans.hm file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. HyperMesh returns to the files panel. Note that file = now displays the location of the tria_trans.hm file. Click retrieve. Click return to access the main menu.
4. 5. 6. 7.
To display the surface IDs: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Select the numbers panel on the Tools page. Click the input collector switch and select surfs. Click surfs and select all from the extended entity selection menu. Click display Click return to access the main menu.
To select the collector type: 1. 2. 3. 4. Select the global panel on the permanent menu. Click component = and select quads_size_only. Click return to exit the global panel. Click return to exit the numbers panel.
To set the mesh parameters: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Select the automesh panel on the 2-D page. Select the mesh params subpanel. Click the leftmost toggle and select use size and biasing. Click elem size = and enter 1.000. Click the switch under mapped mesh elem type and select quads. Activate size control and deactivate skew control, if necessary.
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To mesh the surface and create elements: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Select the interactive subpanel. Click surfs and select all from the extended entity selection menu. Click mesh. Review the densities and click mesh to preview the elements. Click return. Note that some of the elements may need to be modified. Repeat the steps using the quads_skew_only component and the skew option activated. Repeat the steps using the quads_size_skew component and the skew and size options activated. Compare the elements created with each of the options:
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Using the Mixed Mapped Mesh Element Type and the Smoothing Controls
To set the collector type: 1. 2. 3. Select the global panel on the permanent menu. Click component = and select mixed_size_only. Click return to exit the global panel.
To set the mesh parameters: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Select the automesh panel on the 2-D or 3-D page. Select the mesh params subpanel. Click the leftmost toggle and select use size and biasing. Click elem size = and enter 1.000. Click the switch under mapped mesh elem type and select mixed. Activate size control and deactivate skew control, if necessary.
To mesh the surface and create elements: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Select the interactive subpanel. Click surfs and select all from the extended entity selection menu. Click mesh. Review the densities and click mesh to preview the elements. Click return. Note that some of the elements may need to be modified. Repeat the steps using the mixed_skew_only component and the skew option activated. Repeat the steps using the mixed_size_skew component and the skew and size options activated. Compare the elements created with each of the options:
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All files referenced in the HyperMesh tutorials are located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. If you do not know the location of the HyperWorks installation directory, contact your systems administrator.
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Used to activate or deactivate chordal deviation meshing. use size and biasing arranges the nodes that lie on the surface edges equidistant from each other and at a spacing approximately equal to the specified element size. use chordal deviation automatically adjusts the surface edge densities and biasing values based on the specified chordal deviation criteria discussed below. For more information on using the automesh panel with the use size and biasing option, please see tutorial HM-135-L
Controls the nodal densities along surface edges. The largest distance between two nodes is the max elem size. The smallest distance between two nodes is the min elem size. The element size parameters take precedence over all other chordal deviation parameters.
Defines the maximum allowable distance between an edge of the surface being meshed and an element edge. Defines the maximum allowable angle between two element edges.
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The chordal deviation parameters are also available in the density subpanel of the automeshing module.
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To retrieve the file for this tutorial: 1. Select the files panel on any main menu page. 2. 3. Select the hm file subpanel. Click file = twice. HyperMesh displays a list of the files and subdirectories in the current directory. Directory names are followed by a slash. Select the chordal_dev.hm file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. HyperMesh returns to the files panel. Note that file = now displays the location of the chordal_dev.hm file. Click retrieve. Click return to access the main menu.
4. 5. 6. 7.
To set the mesh parameters and create the mesh: 1. Select the automesh panel on the 2-D page. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Select the automatic subpanel. Activate reset meshing parameters to:. Click elem size = and enter 15.000. Click the lowest toggle and select elements to surfaces comp. Click surfs and select by collector from the extended entity selection menu. HyperMesh goes to the display panel. Select use size from the component list. Click select. Click mesh to create the mesh.
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3. 4. 5.
Set max elem size = to 15.000. Set max deviation = to 0.500. Set max angle = to 90.000 for the maximum angle parameter to be neglected.
To create the mesh: 1. 2. Select the automatic subpanel. Click surfs and select by collector from the extended entity selection menu. HyperMesh goes to the display panel. Select deviation ctrl from the component list. Click select. Click mesh to create the mesh. Click return to access the automesh subpanel.
3. 4. 4. 6.
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Set max elem size = to 15.000 Set max deviation = to 0.500 Set max angle = to 20.000
To create the mesh: 1. 2. Select the automatic subpanel. Click surfs and select by collector from the extended entity selection menu. HyperMesh goes to the display panel. Select angle ctrl from the component list. Click select. Click mesh to create the mesh.
3. 4. 5.
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Set max elem size = to 30.000. Set max deviation = to 0.500. Set max angle = to 20.000.
To create the mesh: 1. 2. Select the automatic subpanel. Click surfs and select by collector from the extended entity selection menu. HyperMesh goes to the display panel. Select max size ctrl from the component list. Click select. Click mesh to create the mesh.
3. 4. 5.
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The following exercises are included: Using rigids and rigidlinks to join elements and components Using welds to join element and components Using RBE3s and spring elements to model a rubber grommet Using equations to simulate a basic contact constraint between components
All files referenced in the HyperMesh tutorials are located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. If you do not know the location of the HyperWorks installation directory, contact your systems administrator.
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4. 5. 6. 7.
To create nodes at the center of the holes in parts 1 and 2: 1. 2. 3. 4. Select distance panel on the Geom page. Select the three nodes subpanel. Select any three nodes (N1/N2/N3) on the perimeter of the large hole in part 1. Click circle center. A circle is created in the center of the three nodes you selected on part 1. Select any three nodes (N1/N2/N3) on the perimeter of the large hole in part 2. Click circle center. A circle is created in the center of the three nodes you selected on part 2. Select any three nodes (N1/N2/N3) on the perimeter of the small hole in component A. Click circle center A circle is created in the center of the three nodes you selected on component A. Select any three nodes (N1/N2/N3) on the perimeter of the small hole in component B.
5. 6.
7. 8.
9.
10. Click circle center A circle is created in the center of the three nodes you selected on component B. 11. Click return to access the main menu.
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To change the current component to rigids: 1. 2. 3. Select the global panel on the permanent menu. Click component = and select rigids. Click return.
To create rigidlinks at the large holes: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Select the rigids panel on the 1-D page. Select the create subpanel. Click the switch next to dependent: and select multiple nodes. Pick a node at the center of the large hole on part 1 to be the independent node:. Pick nodes on the perimeter of the hole on part 1 to be the dependent node. Click create Pick a node at the center of the large hole on part 2 to be the independent node:. Pick nodes on the perimeter of the hole on part 2 to be the dependent node. Click create You model should look like the figure below.
To create a node at the mid-point between the two rigidlinks: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Select the distance panel on the Tool page. Select the two nodes subpanel. Select two nodes (N1/N2) at the center of each rigid link. Click nodes between = and enter 1. Click nodes between to create the mid-point node. Click return.
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To join the rigidlinks with two rigid elements: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Select the rigids panel on the1-D page. Select the create subpanel. Click the switch next to dependent: and select single node. Pick the mid-point node created in the previous exercise to be the independent: node:. Pick a node at the center of one of the rigid links on part 1 to be the dependent node. Repeat steps 4 & 5 for the mid-point node and the other rigid link.
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Using Welds
In this tutorial, use welds to join elements and components. The welds panel allows you to create normally aligned rigid elements between two plate elements. Place weld elements between the sections of your model that are to be welded. Weld elements are displayed as a line between two nodes with the letter W written at the centroid of the element. Welds can translate to RBAR in NASTRAN or *mpc in ABAQUS. To retrieve the file for this tutorial: 1. 2. 3. Select the files panel on any main menu page. Select the hm file subpanel. Click file = twice. HyperMesh displays a list of the files and subdirectories in the current directory. Directory names are followed by a slash. 4. 5. 6. 7. Select the connect2.hm file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. HyperMesh returns to the files panel. Note that file = now displays the location of the connect2.hm file. Click retrieve. Click return to access the main menu.
To change the current component to welds: 1. 2. 3. Select the global panel on the permanent menu. Click component = and select welds. Click return.
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To create spot welds joining part1 and part2: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Select the spotwelds panel on the 1-D page. Select the using nodes subpanel. Click the toggle and select without systems. Deactivate move node. Pick the node on component A and the adjacent node on part 1. Pick the node on component B and the adjacent node on part 2. Click return.
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Using RBE3s
In this tutorial, use RBE3s to join elements and components. The rbe3 panel allows you to create, review, and update RBE3 elements. The update subpanel allows you to edit the connectivity, dofs, and weight for each node of the element. RBE3 elements are displayed as lines between the dependent node and the independent node(s) with RBE3 displayed at the dependent node of the element. RBE3s define the motion at a reference grid point -the dependent node- as the weighted average of the motions at a set of other grid points -the independent nodes. RBE3 is used in NASTRAN. To retrieve the file for this tutorial: 1. 2. 3. Select the files panel on any main menu page. Select the hm file subpanel. Click file = twice. HyperMesh displays a list of the files and subdirectories in the current directory. Directory names are followed by a slash. Select the connect3.hm file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. HyperMesh returns to the files panel. Note that file = now displays the location of the connect3.hm file. Click retrieve. Click return to access the main menu.
4. 5. 6. 7.
To change the current component to rigids: 1. 2. 3. Select the global panel on the permanent menu. Click component = and select rigids. Click return.
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To create RBE3s at the small holes: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Select the rbe3 panel on the 1-D page. Select the create subpanel. Pick a node at the center of the small hole on component A to be the dependent node. Pick nodes on the perimeter of component A to be the independent nodes. Click create. Pick a node at the center of the small hole on component B to be the dependent node. Pick nodes on the perimeter of component B to be the independent nodes. Click create. Click return.
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Using Springs
In this tutorial, use springs to join elements and components. The springs panel allows you to create spring elements. A spring element is an element created in a space between two nodes of a model where a spring connection is desired. Spring elements store a property and a degree of freedom (dof). Spring elements are displayed as a line between two nodes with the letter K written at the centroid of the element. Springs can translate to CELAS2 in NASTRAN or *spring in ABAQUS. Springs require a property definition. To retrieve the file for this tutorial: 1. 2. 3. Select the files panel on any main menu page. Select the hm file subpanel. Click file = twice. HyperMesh displays a list of the files and subdirectories in the current directory. Directory names are followed by a slash. 4. Select the connect4.hm file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. HyperMesh returns to the files panel. Note that file = now displays the location of the connect4.hm file. Click retrieve. Click return to access the main menu.
5.
6. 7.
To select the NASTRAN analysis template: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Select the global panel on the permanent menu. Click template file = twice. Select the nastran/ directory. Select general. Click return.
To change the current component to springs: 1. 2. 3. Select the global panel on the permanent menu. Click component = and select springs. Click return.
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To create a spring property definition: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Select the collectors panel on any main menu page. Select the create subpanel. Click the switch after collector type: and select props. Click name = and enter k1. Click card image = and select PELAS. Click create/edit. HyperMesh goes to the card image subpanel. This allows you to enter the NASTRAN card data. 7. 8. Click the data entry field under K1 and enter 1.0 as the spring constant. Click return twice to access to the main menu.
To create a spring element joining the RBE3s: 1. 2. 3. 4. Select the springs panel on the 1-D page. Click property = and select k1. Select dof2. Click the toggle and select no vector. The other options are off by default. Pick a node at the center of one of the RBE3 elements. Pick a node at the center of the other RBE3 element. The spring element is created and represented by a CELAS1". Click return.
5. 6.
7.
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Using Equations
In this tutorial, use equations to simulate a basic contact constraint between components. The equations panel allows you to create, review, and update equations. Equations are displayed as lines between the dependent node and the independent node(s) with the letters EQ displayed at the dependent node of the equation. Equations are used in NASTRAN as MPC or in ABAQUS as *equation. Place an equation in a load collector. To retrieve the file for this tutorial: 1. 2. 3. Select the files panel on any main menu page. Select the hm file subpanel. Click file = twice. HyperMesh displays a list of the files and subdirectories in the current directory. Directory names are followed by a slash. 4. Select the connect5.hm file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. HyperMesh returns to the files panel. Note that file = now displays the location of the connect5.hm file. Click retrieve. Click return to access the main menu.
5.
6. 7.
To create a load collector: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Select the collectors panel on any main menu page. Select the create subpanel. Click the switch after collector type: and select loadcols. Click name = and enter the name equations. Click color and select color 12. Click create. The collector was created. 7. Click return to access the main menu.
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To set up the constraint equations: 1. 2. 3. 4. Select the equations panel on the BCs page. Select the create subpanel. Click the switch and select dof2 as the dependent node degree of freedom. Activate dof2 as the independent node degree of freedom. Deactivate any other degree of freedom options selected. Ensure w has a value of 1.0. Click constant and enter 0.
5. 6.
To create the constraint equations: 1. 2. 3. 4. Pick a node on the edge of part 1 as the dependent node. Pick the corresponding node on part 2 as the independent node. Click create. Repeat this for all nodes along the edge.
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All files referenced in the HyperMesh tutorials are located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. If you do not know the location of the HyperWorks installation directory, contact your systems administrator.
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To create a bar element: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Select the bars panel on the 1-D page. Select the bar2 subpanel. Click ax = and enter the value 0. Click ay = and enter the value 0. Click az = and enter the value 0. These are the values for the bar offset. 6. Click property = and select property1. A property is now assigned to the element. Click pins a = and enter the value 0. Click pins b = and enter the value 0. These are the values for the degrees of freedom. 9. Click the switch below update and select components from the pop-up menu.
7. 8.
10. After x comp =, enter the value 1. 11. After y comp =, enter the value 1. 12. After z comp =, enter the value 1. The local y axis is now specified. 13. Click node A and select the lower node in the graphics area. 14. Click node B and select the upper node in the graphics area. The 2 noded bar element is created. 15. Click return to access the main menu.
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7. 8. 9.
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5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
10. After feature angle =, enter the value 30. 11. Select ignore normals . 12. Click the toggle after create: and select plot elements. 13. Click features. The plot elements are created.
14. Click return. 15. Select the display panel on the permanent menu. 16. Click the right toggle and select elems. 17. Click none. 18. Select ^feature. The plot elements in the green ^feature component are displayed.
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Spotweld - HM-215
The first part of this tutorial demonstrates three different ways to create spotwelds or 1D elements in spotweld panel: Using geom Using nodes Using elems
Using geom option creates 1D elements when surface geometry is available. Using nodes option creates spotwelds or 1D elements between two nodes or two node sets. It is often used to connect two finite element parts. Using elems options creates spotwelds or 1D elements between two element sets. Different from using node options, the 1D elements generated in this way are not necessary keeping the connectivity between two parts. The second part of this tutorial demonstrates the use of spotweld input translator in conjunction with spotweld panel.
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Using Geom
Using geom subpanel creates 1D element among surface geometry. It is further divided into two options: surfs-surfs and lines-surfs. The surfs-surfs subpanel is intended to project a number of spot weld (or any 1D element type) locations defined by either points or nodes onto a large number of surfaces within the search tolerance of the identified location. When two or more surface intersections are found for a given location, fixed points are added to the intersected surfaces, nodes are created at these fixed points, and FE 1D elements are created between nodes. During the element creation, an option property can be assigned to the 1D elements and an optional set of local coordinate systems aligned with the 1D elements axis can be created. The ind surf options allows you to pick individual surfaces defining the independent and dependent regions.
Figure1
The second option in this subpanel, lines-surfs, has the same functionality as surfs-surfs except the 1D elements are created between a group of lines and a set of surfaces. Two options are given in choosing the line: lines and line list. When lines option is chosen, each line is treated independently. This results in elements being located at beginning and end of each line with the remainder of the 1D elements being spaced evenly along the length of each individual line. If the line list option is chosen, all of the selected lines are combined head to tail in the order they are selected, and are treated as a single line. The density/spacing option indicates the number or spacing of 1D elements along the line or a set distance between the weld elements to be created along the line or lines.
Figure2
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Retrieve and prepare the file for this tutorial: 1. 2. 3. Select the files panel on any main menu page. Select the hm file subpanel. Double click file =. HyperMesh displays a list of the files and subdirectories in the current directory. Directory names are followed by a slash. 4. 5. 6. 7. Select the spotweld_geom.hm file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under <altair home>/altair/tutorials/hm/. HyperMesh returns to the files panel. Note that file = now displays the location of the spotweld_geom.hm file. Click retrieve. Click return to access the main menu.
Figure 3
8. 9.
Go to option/modeling subpanel located at permanent menu. Check the box in front of element handle to turn on the element handles.
10. In the cleanup tol = field, enter 0.5. 11. Switch template labels (type) to HM labels (config). 12. Click return to exit option panel. 13. Click geom clean button located at the macro menu to access the geom clean panel. 14. Enter edges/equivalence subpanel, click surfs, choose all, then click equivalence. 15. Click return to access the main menu. 16. Enter files panel. 17. In the files = field, enter spotweld_step1.hm then click save. 18. Click return to access main menu.
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Create 1D element using surfs-surfs option: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Retrieve spotweld_step1.hm in the file panel. Click geom clean button located at the macro menu to access the geom clean panel. Enter edges/(un)suppress subpanel, click lines, choose all, and click suppress. Click on spotweld panel located at 1D page. The default setting is using geom subpanel with surfs-surfs option. Click return. Click surfs and select all. Click on the switch under the weld location and choose points. Click on points again to bring up extended entity selection window. Choose points by collector, select component collector named Points, and click select. In the search tolerance = field, enter 1.0.
10. Click create. Note each element has its own local coordinate system.
Figure 4
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Create 1D element using lines-surfs option: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Retrieve spotweld_step1.hm saved earlier in the files panel. Click return to access the main menu. Enter spotweld /using geom subpanel. Choose lines-surfs option. Click the switch in front of all surfs to choose ind surfs. Now the user can specify the independent surfaces and dependent surfaces through this option. Activative the surfs button next to ind surf. Choose the surface belonged to lvl9 component (blue component) by clicking the surface in the window area. Click the surfs button next to dep:. Choose the upper flange belong to lvl7 component (orange component) by clicking these four surfaces in the window area. Change to without system by clicking the switch in front of build system. In the space = field, enter 20. In the search tolerance = field, enter 10.
10. Highlight the lines button, choose the middle lines of the upper flange. 11. Click create. Note: The weld will be created between two ends of each line with weld equally spread along the line based on the specified spacing. Welds will not be created if the separation between ind surfs and dep surfs is larger than search tolerance (shown in the left part of Figure 5).
Figure 5
12. Click reject button. 13. Now change the lines to line list. 14. Select the same lines described in step 10. 15. Click create. Note: There is no weld created at the connection of these two selected line since HyperMesh considers these two lines as a single line in this case to create the welds.
Figure 6
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16. Click reject button again. 17. Click the toggle in front of spacing to use the density option. 18. In the density = field, enter 10. 19. Change line list to lines option. 20. Select the same lines as step 10. 21. Click create. Note: 10 welds are created in the long line. Due to the distance between two parts, there are only 4 welds created in the short line.
Figure 7
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Using nodes
This subpanel is used to create 1D elements between nodes. It is further divided into two options: node-node and nodes-nodes. Node-node option creates one 1D element at a time. Nodes-nodes option creates multiple 1D elements at a time by specifying the nodes on the independent FE shell mesh, and a set of possible dependent nodes on the dependent FE shell mesh. This option will find the best pairing of the independent and dependent nodes within the search tolerance and create 1D elements between them. The move dep node option can be activated to move the dependent node and create a 1D element normal to the surface formed by the elements attached to the independent node. This relocation can occur either with or without pre-existing geometrical surfaces defining the dependent surface. With the move dep node option activated, the remesh dep region option is available to remesh the dependent region if the quality of mesh is not acceptable.
Figure 8
Retrieve and prepare the file for this tutorial: 1. 2. 3. Select the files panel on any main menu page. Select the hm file subpanel. Double click file =. HyperMesh displays a list of the files and subdirectories in the current directory. Directory names are followed by a slash. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Select the spotweld_node.hm file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under <altair home>/altair/tutorials/hm/. HyperMesh returns to the files panel. Note that file = now displays the location of the spotweld_node.hm file. Click retrieve. Click view located at permanent menu. Choose right. Click return to access the main menu.
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Figure 9
Create 1D elements using nodes-nodes option 1. 2. 3. Enter spotweld panel located at 1D page. Click nodes-nodes button. Activate the nodes box next to indep. Click the nodes in the window area as shown in Figure 10.
Figure 10
4.
Activate the nodes box next to dep:. Click the nodes box again to bring up the entity selection window, click by collector, and select the big_flange component collector.
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5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
In the search tolerance = field, enter 5. Click create. Created welds are shown in Figure 11. Click reject. Check the box in front of move dep nodes option. Note the remesh dep region is available now. Click create. Created welds are shown in Figure 12.
10. Click reject. 11. Check the box in front of remesh dep region. 12. Click create. The welds created in this option are shown in Figure 13.
Figure 11
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Figure 12
Figure 13
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Using elems
Using elems supanel is used to create 1D elements between elements. It is intend to connect two or more finite element models at specific weld locations that are not necessary on the node of the elements. Therefore the 1D elements created in this way are not necessarily connected to the FE shell elements. When nodes or points are selected, HyperMesh will first duplicate the selected nodes or points, project these duplicated nodes or points to the inferred surfaces created by these two element sets, then create 1D elements between the projected points. The ind elems option allows you to pick individual elements defining the independent and dependent regions. Retrieve the file for this exercise: 1. 2. 3. Select the files panel on any main menu page. Select the hm file subpanel. Double-click file =. HyperMesh displays a list of the files and subdirectories in the current directory. Directory names are followed by a slash. 4. 5. 6. Select the spotweld_elem_new.hm file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under <altair home>/altair/tutorials/hm/. HyperMesh returns to the files panel. Note that file = now displays the location of the spotweld_elem_new.hm file. Click retrieve.
Create 1D elements: 1. Enter spotweld/using elems subpanel. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Click the switch under the weld location and choose nodes. Select the nodes belonging to component surf1(blue component). Highlight elems box. Click elems and choose all. In the search tolerance = field, enter 2. Switch build system to without system. Click create. Four weld elements are created. Note these 1D welds are not connected to the shell elements.
Figure 14
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Import weld data: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Go to files / import subpanel. Double click translator =, click next, and choose spotweld.exe. Double click files =, choose spotweld_point.txt. Click import. Click return to access main menu. Click display panel located at permanent menu. A new component, Master Weld points_2t containing 7 free points is created.
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Create welds between sheel elements on the imported welds: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Enter spotweld/using elems subpanel located at 1D page. Switch weld location option from nodes to points. Click point, choose by collector, and select component named Master weld points_2t. Highlight elems box. Click elems and choose all. In the search tolerance = field, enter 2. Switch build system to without system. Click create. Note these welds are not connected to the dependent shell elements.
Figure 15
Create welds between surfaces on the imported weld points. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Still in the spotweld panel. Click reject. Click F2 function key to delete panel. Delete all the elements. Click Esc key to return to spotweld panel. Choose using geom subpanel and choose surfs-surfs option. Click surfs, choose displayed. In the search tolerance = field, enter 2. Click point, choose by collector, and select component named Master weld points_2t. Click create. Note the fixed points are created between the welds and the surfaces.
Figure 16
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All files referenced in the HyperMesh tutorials are located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. The beam_solid.hm file contains line segments and nodes. If you do not know the location of the HyperWorks installation directory, contact your systems administrator. NOTE You must load a template and create material and property collector before you can assign beam properties. A material collector must also be created to calculate the correct characteristics for the bar or beam elements for the summary.
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To load the NASTRAN template in the global template: 1. 2. 3. Select the global panel on the permanent menu. Double-click template file = and select nastran/general template. Click return.
To set view angles: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Click t on the permanent menu. Click thetax = and enter 10. Click thetay = and enter -30. Click thetaz = and enter 1. Click set angles. Click return.
To create a material collector for the nastran PBEAM element: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Select the collectors panel. Select the create subpanel. Click the switch after collector type and select mats. Click name = and enter beam_mat. Click the switch under creation method and select card image. Click card image = and select MAT1. Click create/edit. Click E, click the data entry field under E, and enter 1. Click NU, click the data entry field under NU, and enter 1.
10. Click RHO, click the data entry field under RHO, and enter 1. 11. Click return.
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To create a property collector for the beam element: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Select the collectors panel. Select the create subpanel. Click the switch after collector type and select props. Click name = and enter beam_prop. Click the switch under creation method and select card image. Click card image = and select PBEAM . Click material = and select beam_mat. Click create. Click return.
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To assign a FEA solver and update the property card: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Click the switch under FEA solver and select nastran/opti-struct. Double-click props. Activate the beam_prop check box. Click select. Click the toggle after prop type to PBEAM. Click update props. The message, Property prop1 has a card image loaded for Nastran. Do you wish to clear the current card image and load a new one? is displayed. Click Yes. The property called beam_prop has now been updated with the Area, Moment of Inertia, and other calculated values added to the property card.
7.
To create a bar2 element for the defined cross section: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Click the toggle under bar2 element to specify end A and end B. Leave end A at the centroid and click pick node under end B: Pick node 145. Click the toggle under elem orientation to none. Click create elem. The element is displayed with the label CBAR.
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To create a summary file: 1. 2. 3. 4. Click the toggle in the lower left to summary file. Click summary file and enter BEAM_summary. Activate the display check box. Click summary. The summary information is displayed on the screen. An example of a summary file is shown at the end of this tutorial. Click the left mouse button to advance to the next page of the summary file. Click return.
5. 6.
To review the card: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Click card on the permanent menu. Click the input collector switch and select props. Click props. Activate the beam_prop check box. Click select. Click edit. The card image is displayed. The values can be edited by clicking in the field you wish to edit and entering the new values. Click return. Click return.
7. 8.
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To clear this session of HyperMesh: 1. 2. Select the delete panel on the Tool page. Click delete model. A pop-up window displays the message, Do you wish to delete the current model? Click Yes. The HyperMesh session is cleared for the next steps. Click return.
3.
4.
To retrieve the xsect_welds.hm file: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Select the files panel. Select the hm file subpanel. Double-click file =. Select the xsect_welds.hm file. Click retrieve. Click return.
To define the cross section of an element that has a weld: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Select the beam xsect panel on the 1D page. Select the offset lines subpanel. Pick the two yellow lines. Click nominal t = and enter 0.5. Click the toggle next to cross section plane to fit to entities. Click the toggle next to plane base node to section centroid. Click define. Click graphical toggles.
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NOTE:
You can click the graphical representation of the thickness arrow to toggle the side of the line where the thickness is to be applied. Each click changes the location of the thickness of the line from top to bottom or centered. In this case, place the thickness over the center of the lines.
9.
10. Click lines and pick both yellow lines. 11. Click distance = and enter 1.0. 12. Click diameter = and enter 0.25. 13. Click add weld pt. 14. Pick the leftmost pointer on the top line. 15. Click solve. The Center of Gravity (purple +) and Shear Center (Yellow +) are displayed. To assign an FEA solver and update the property card: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Click the switch under FEA solver and select nastran. Double-click props. Activate the weld_prop checkbox. Click select. Click the toggle after prop type to PBEAM. Click update props. The message, Property prop1 has a card image loaded for Nastran. Do you wish to clear the current card image and load a new one? is displayed. Click Yes. The weld_prop property has been updated with the Area, Moment of Inertia, and other calculated values. Click return.
7.
8.
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To update the property and view the card in the card previewer: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Select card on the permanent menu. Click the input collector switch and select props. Click props. Activate the weld_prop checkbox. Click select. Click edit. The NASTRAN PBEAM card image is displayed. The values can be edited by clicking the field you want to edit and entering the desired values. Click return to exit the card panel. Click return to exit the beam xsect panel.
7. 8.
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Area
A = 220
Centroid
Wrt. User Axes YC = 0 ZC = 0 Wrt. Global Axes global Xc = 0 global Yc = -1.13636 global Zc = 0
Bending
Moments Of Inertia wrt. User Axes IYY = 16549.2 IZZ = 3693.33 IYZ = 0 Moments Of Inertia wrt. Centroid IYYC = 16549.2 IZZC = 3693.33 IYZC = 0 Elastic Section Modulus EMYP = 369.333 EMZP = 1259.8 Plastic Section Modulus PMYP = 680 PMZP = 1715.04 Radius Of Gyration RG = 4.0973
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Shear
Shear Center wrt. Centroid YS = 1.01881 ZS = 0 Wrt. Global Axes Xsc = 0 Ysc = -2.15517 Zsc = 0 Shear Deformation Coefficients AYY = 1.75931 AZZ = 1.84491 AYZ = 0 Principal Shear Coefficients AYYP = 1.75931 AZZP = 1.84491 Angle Of Principal Shear Axes Shear Stiffness Factors ANGS = 0 KYY = 0.568404 KZZ = 0.542033 KYZ = 0
Torsion
Torsional Constant Elastic Torsion Modulus Plastic Torsion Modulus Warping Constant wrt. Shear Center Torsion/Shear Coefficients J = 1754.85 EMT = 221.591 PMT = 744.425 GAMMA = 362403 AXY = 0 AXZ = 0
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0.56840
0.54203
0.00000
$ PBEAM $
PID 1 C1 0.00000
K1 0.56840
M1(A) 0.00000
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The following exercises are included: Creating Surfaces and Meshes Using the ruled panel. Creating Surfaces and Meshes Using the spline panel Creating Surfaces and Meshes Using the skin panel. Dragging Lines to Create Surfaces and/or Shell Meshes Dragging Nodes to Create Surfaces and/or Shell Meshes Creating Surfaces and/or Shell Meshes with Lines Creating Surfaces and/or Shell Meshes with Nodes
All files referenced in the HyperMesh tutorials are located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. If you do not know the location of the HyperWorks installation directory, contact your systems administrator. See the following panels in the HyperMesh Panels On-line Help for more information: ruled spline skin drag line drag automesh create nodes lines line edit reparam (line parameters)
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To build a ruled surface using lines: 1. 2. Select the ruled panel on the 2-D page. Click the upper input collector switch and select lines.
3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Pick line L1 from the graphics area. Click the lower input collector switch and select lines. Pick line L2 from the graphics area. Click the rightmost switch and select mesh, keep surf. Click create. HyperMesh goes to the automesh module panel. Nodal densities are displayed on each edge of the new surface. To change the density, click the number in the graphics area with the mouse button. The left mouse button increases the density; the right mouse button decreases it.
9.
Click mesh to create a shell mesh of elements on the new surface. To undo, click reject immediately after you create the mesh. If the surface is unacceptable, click abort to exit immediately the automeshing module panel without saving the surface that you created. If the surface and mesh are acceptable, click return. HyperMesh returns to the ruled panel.
10. To create other types of surfaces and meshes, repeat these steps and select one of the following mesh and surface options in step 6: mesh, dele surf mesh, w/o surf surface only
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To build a ruled surface using nodes: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Select the ruled panel on the 2-D page. Click the upper input collector switch and select nodes. Pick nodes 1 and 4 in the graphics area. Click the lower input collector switch and select nodes. Pick nodes 17 and 19 in the graphics area. Click the rightmost collector switch and select mesh, keep surf. Click create. HyperMesh goes to the automesh module panel. Nodal densities are displayed on each edge of the new surface. 9. To change the density, click the number in the graphics area with the mouse button. The left mouse button increases the density; the right mouse button decreases it.
Click mesh to create a shell mesh of elements on the new surface. To undo, click reject immediately after you create the mesh. If the surface is unacceptable, click abort to exit immediately the automeshing module panel without saving the surface that you created. If the surface and mesh are acceptable, click return. HyperMesh returns to the ruled panel.
10. To create other types of surfaces and meshes, repeat these steps and select one of the following mesh and surface options in step 6: mesh, dele surf mesh, w/o surf surface only
11. For practice, select a combination of node list and line list entity selection methods to create surfaces or meshes.
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4. 5. 6. 7.
To build two surface construction lines: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Select the lines panel on the Geom page. Pick nodes 1 and 17 in the graphics area. Select the rightmost switch and select linear. Click create. The line is displayed. Pick nodes 4 and 20. Repeat steps 3 and 4 to create a new line. Click return.
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To build a spline surface using lines: 1. 2. Select the spline panel on the 2-D page. Click the leftmost switch and select lines.
3. 4.
Pick lines L1, L2, and the lines that you created in the previous procedure. Click the rightmost switch and select mesh, keep surf.
5. 6.
Click create. HyperMesh goes to the automesh module panel. Nodal densities are displayed on each edge of the new surface. To change the density, click the number in the graphics area with the mouse button. The left mouse button increases the density; the right mouse button decreases it.
7.
Click mesh to create a shell mesh of elements on the new surface. To undo, click reject immediately after you create the mesh. If the surface is unacceptable, click abort to exit immediately the automeshing module panel without saving the surface that you created. If the surface and mesh are acceptable, click return. HyperMesh returns to the ruled panel.
8.
To create other types of surfaces and meshes, repeat these steps and select one of the following mesh and surface options in step 4: mesh, dele surf mesh, w/o surf surface only
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To build a spline surface using nodes: 1. 2. Select the spline panel on the 2-D page. Click the leftmost switch and select nodes. Spline surfaces are created with either three or four nodes selected. This NOTE does not mean, however, that the spline surface must be planar. Pick nodes 19, 2, 25, and 27 on the model, in that order. Click the rightmost switch and select mesh, keep surf. Click create. HyperMesh goes to the automesh module panel. Nodal densities are displayed on each edge of the new surface. To change the density, click the number in the graphics area with the mouse button. The left mouse button increases the density; the right mouse button decreases it. Click mesh to create a shell mesh of elements on the new surface. 8. To undo, click reject immediately after you create the mesh. If the surface is unacceptable, click abort to exit immediately the automeshing module panel without saving the surface that you created. If the surface and mesh are acceptable, click return. HyperMesh returns to the ruled panel.
3. 4. 5. 6.
7.
To create other types of surfaces and meshes, repeat these steps and select one of the following mesh and surface options in step 4: mesh, dele surf mesh, w/o surf surface only
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To create a skin surface with lines: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Select the skin panel on the 2-D page. Click line list. Pick lines L1, L2, L3, and L4 in that order. Select the rightmost switch and select mesh, keep surf. Click create. HyperMesh goes to the automesh module panel. Nodal densities are displayed on each edge of the new surface. To change the density, click the number in the graphics area with the mouse button. The left mouse button increases the density; the right mouse button decreases it. Click mesh to create a shell mesh of elements on the new surface. 8. To undo, click reject immediately after you create the mesh. If the surface is unacceptable, click abort to exit immediately the automeshing module panel without saving the surface that you created. If the surface and mesh are acceptable, click return. HyperMesh returns to the ruled panel.
7.
To create other types of surfaces and meshes, repeat these steps and select one of the following and surface options in step 4: mesh, dele surf mesh, w/o surf surface only
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6.
7. 8.
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To create a surface by dragging lines: 1. 2. Select the drag panel on the 2-D page. Select the drag geoms subpanel.
3. 4. 5. 6.
Click the upper input collector switch and select lines. Pick line L1. Click the lower right switch and select mesh, keep surf. To specify the direction along which to drag the line, use the plane and vector collector switch, or select three nodes. The three nodes specify a plane, and the drag direction is assumed perpendicular to this plane. Click the plane and vector collector switch and select z-axis as the direction along which to drag the nodes. Click the distance toggle switch and select distance =. Click distance = and enter 50.0.
7. 8. 9.
10. Click drag+. The line is dragged 50 positive units in the z-axis direction and the new surface is displayed. 11. HyperMesh goes to the automesh module panel. Nodal densities are displayed on each edge of the new surface. To change the density, click the number in the graphics area with the mouse button. The left mouse button increases the density; the right mouse button decreases it. To undo, click reject immediately after you create the mesh. If the surface is unacceptable, click abort to exit immediately the automeshing module panel without saving the surface that you created. If the surface and mesh are acceptable, click return. HyperMesh returns to the ruled panel.
12. Click mesh to create a shell mesh of elements on the new surface. -
13. To create other types of surfaces and meshes, repeat these steps and select one of the following mesh and surface options in step 5: mesh, dele surf mesh, w/o surf surface only
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To build a surface using node selections: 1. 2. 3. Select the drag panel on the 2-D page. Select the drag geoms subpanel. Click the upper input collector switch and select nodes.
4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Pick nodes 9, 10, and 11 in the graphics area. Click the lower right switch and select mesh, keep surf. Click the plane and vector collector switch and select y-axis as the direction along which to drag the nodes. Click the distance toggle switch and select distance =. Click distance = and enter 50.0. Click drag-. The new surface is displayed.
10. HyperMesh goes to the automesh module panel. Nodal densities are displayed on each edge of the new surface. To change the density, click the number in the graphics area with the mouse button. The left mouse button increases the density; the right mouse button decreases it.
11. Click mesh to create a shell mesh of elements on the new surface. To undo, click reject immediately after you create the mesh. If the surface is unacceptable, click abort to exit immediately the automeshing module panel without saving the surface that you created. If the surface and mesh are acceptable, click return. HyperMesh returns to the ruled panel.
12. To create other types of surfaces and meshes, repeat these steps and select one of the following mesh and surface options in step 5: mesh, dele surf mesh, w/o surf surface only
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To create a surface by dragging lines: 1. 2. Select the line drag panel on the 2-D page. Select the drag geoms subpanel.
3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Click the input collector switch after drag: and select lines. Pick line L1. Click the lower right switch and select mesh, keep surf. Click the toggle and select use default vector. Click line list to the right of along: and pick line L2 in the graphics area as the guide line along which to drag the entities. Click drag. The new surface is displayed. HyperMesh goes to the automesh module panel. Nodal densities are displayed on each edge of the new surface. To change the density, click the number in the graphics area with the mouse button. The left mouse button increases the density; the right mouse button decreases it.
9.
10. Click mesh to create a shell mesh of elements on the new surface. To undo, click reject immediately after you create the mesh. If the surface is unacceptable, click abort to exit immediately the automeshing module panel without saving the surface that you created. f the surface and mesh are acceptable, click return. HyperMesh returns to the ruled panel.
11. To create other types of surfaces and meshes, repeat these steps and select one of the following mesh and surface options in step 5: mesh, dele surf mesh, w/o surf surface only
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To create temporary nodes: 1. 2. Select the create nodes panel on the Geom page. Select the on line subpanel.
3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Pick line L1 in the graphics area. Click the data entry field after number of nodes = and enter 6. Click the switch after bias style: and select linear. Click the data entry field after bias intensity = and enter 0. Click create. Six evenly spaced nodes are displayed in the graphics area. Click return.
8.
To create a mesh of shell elements using the line drag panel: 1. 2. Select the line drag panel on the 2-D page. Select the drag geoms subpanel.
3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Click the input collector switch after drag: and select nodes. Select the six nodes (in order from 16) created previously along line L1. Click line list to the right of along: and pick line L2 in the graphics area as the guide line along which to drag the entities. Click the lower right switch and select mesh, keep surf. Click the toggle and select use default vector. Click drag. The new surface is displayed in the graphics area.
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9.
HyperMesh goes to the automesh module panel. Nodal densities are displayed on each edge of the new surface. To change the density, click the number in the graphics area with the mouse button. The left mouse button increases the density; the right mouse button decreases it. To undo, click reject immediately after you create the mesh. If the surface is unacceptable, click abort to exit immediately the automeshing module panel without saving the surface that you created. If the surface and mesh are acceptable, click return. HyperMesh returns to the ruled panel.
10. Click mesh to create a shell mesh of elements on the new surface.
11. To create other types of surfaces and meshes, repeat these steps and select one of the following mesh and surface options in step 6: mesh, dele surf mesh, w/o surf surface only
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All files referenced in the HyperMesh tutorials are located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. If you do not know the location of the HyperWorks installation directory, contact your systems administrator.
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6.
7. 8.
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To create a new collector for the new solid elements: 1. 2. 3. 4. Select the collectors panel on any main menu page. Select the create subpanel. Click the switch after collector type: and select comps as the type of collector you want to create. Click name = and type sldelems (or a name of your choice). Collector names are limited to 32 characters. Click color to display the pop-up menu of color choices. Select Color 5. Click create. Click return.
5. 6. 7. 8.
To create solid elements using the solid map panel: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Select the solid map panel on the 3-D page. Select the both subpanel. Click the input collector switch by source: and select surfs. This specifies the source surface. Pick surface A in the graphics area. The surface is highlighted when selected. Click the input collector switch by end: and select surfs. This specifies the end surface. Pick surface B in the graphics area. The surface is highlighted when selected. Click the input collector switch by along: and select surfs. The input collector displays surf list. This specifies the along surface. Pick the three surfaces between the source and end surfaces in the graphics area. Hold the left mouse button and move the cursor in the graphics area to highlight the surfaces. Release the left mouse button to select the highlighted surface. Click surf list. The along surfaces you selected are highlighted in sequence.
9.
10. Click elems and select displayed from the extended entity selection menu. This specifies which elements to drag. The plate elements on surface A are displayed. 11. Click density = and enter 10 to indicate the number of rows of elements you want to create between source surface A and end surface B. 12. Click mesh. The header bar gives status messages as the elements are generated. When finished, the model contains ten rows of elements that begin at surface A and end at surface B. The new solid elements follow the contour of the specified along surfaces. The hole in the center of the original shell element mesh is propagated through the solid element mesh. 13. Click return to exit the solid map panel.
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To view the model in hidden line mode: 1. Press the function key F1 to access the hidden line menu, or select the hidden line panel on the Post page. Click fill plot.
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6. 7.
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To change the performance graphics mode and view the model in hidden line mode: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Select the options panel on the permanent menu. Select the graphics subpanel. Click the toggle and select performance. Select the vis panel on the permanent menu. Click the Hidden Line with Mesh Lines icon, Click all. Click return twice to access the main menu. .
To orient the element normals in the same direction: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Select the normals panel on the Tool page. Select the elements subpanel. Click the switch and select comps. Click comps again and select end2 and mid2 as the component collectors. Click return. Click size = and enter 10 for the size of the normal vectors to be displayed. Click display normals to show the element normals directions. Click elem under orientation:. From the graphics area, pick any element in the cyan colored collector end2.
10. Click adjust normals . The normals of the elements in the green collector, mid2, are the same as the elements in cyan collector, end2. 11. Click return to access the main menu. To create solid elements using the elem offset panel: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Select the elem offset panel on the 3-D page of the main menu. Click elems and select by config from the extended entity selection menu. Click config = and select quad4 from the pop-up menu. Click select entities. Click elems and select by config from the extended entity selection menu. Click config = and select tria3 from the pop-up menu. Click select entities.
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This selection method can be used to select elements of more than one type in a model. 1. Click number of layers = and enter 3 for the number of rows of elements you want to create. Click total thickness = and enter 5 for the total thickness of the elements you want to create. Click offset + to create the solid elements. Click z on the permanent menu and use the left mouse button to draw a circle around the right side of the bumper.
2. 3. 4.
Model with solid elements created from faces of shell elements NOTE The solid elements that have been created are extruded from the faces of the original shell elements. In some cases, the shell elements may have been modeled at the mid-plane of the solid elements you want to create.
5. 6. 7.
Click reject to reject the solid elements. Click offset = and enter 2.5 as the starting position for the solid elements. Click offset to create the solid elements.
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Model created with solid elements from shell elements shown at mid-plane
NOTE
The solid elements that have been created start at a distance of 2.5 behind the shell elements with a total solid thickness of 5.
8.
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Drag Panel
In this tutorial, use the drag panel to create solid elements with a linear bias by extruding an existing mesh of 2-D elements. To retrieve the file for this tutorial: 1. 2. 3. Select the files panel on any main menu page. Select the hm file subpanel. Click file = twice. HyperMesh displays a list of the files and subdirectories in the current directory. Directory names are followed by a slash. 4. Select the drag.hm file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. HyperMesh returns to the files panel. Note that file = now displays the location of the drag.hm file. Click retrieve. Click return to exit the files panel.
5.
6. 7.
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To create solid elements using the drag panel: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Select the drag panel on the 3-D page. Select the drag elems subpanel. Click elems and select displayed from the extended entity selection menu. Click the plane and vector collector switch and select N1, N2, N3. Click N1. Pick any three nodes on the model. This defines a plane and normal vector from which HyperMesh creates the solid elements. 7. 8. 9. Click the toggle and select distance =. Click distance = and enter 100 for the total thickness of elements you want to create. Click on drag = and enter 20 for the number of rows of solid elements you want to create.
10. Click bias intensity = and enter 10 for the intensity. 11. Click drag. The solid elements are created. 12. Click return to exit the drag panel. To view the model in hidden line mode: 1. Press the function key F1 to access the hidden line menu, or select the hidden line panel on the Post page. Click fill plot. Click z on the permanent menu and use the left mouse button to draw a circle around the right side of the bumper. NOTE Each row of elements gets progressively thicker due to the linear bias.
2. 3.
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Experiment with the exponential and bellcurve bias styles. 4. Click return to access the main menu.
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6. 7.
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To change the performance graphics mode and view the model in hidden line mode: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Select the options panel on the permanent menu. Select the graphics subpanel. Click the toggle and select performance. Select the vis panel on the permanent menu. Click the Hidden Line with Mesh Lines icon, Click all. Click return twice to access the main menu. .
To create the solid elements using the line drag panel: 1. 2. 3. Select the line drag panel on the 3-D page. Select the drag elems subpanel. Click elems and select displayed from the extended entity selection menu. This selects the shell elements that define the section of the solid mesh you want to create. 4. 5. Click line list next to along:. Pick the two lines that define the helical spring from the graphics area. Hold the left mouse button and move the cursor in the graphics area to highlight each line. Release the left mouse button to select each highlighted line. 6. 7. Click on drag = and enter 200 for the number of rows of solid elements you want to create. Click drag to create the mesh. The header bar displays status messages as the elements are created.
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Model with solid elements created 8. 9. Click reject to reject the solid mesh that was created. Practice by clicking the use default vector toggle and selecting specify vector. Also, define a bias style: and a value for bias intensity = NOTE If you select specify vector, use the plane and vector collector to select the orientation vector. For more information on the biasing options, refer to the Element Biasing section in the Automatic Mesh Generation chapter of the Users Manual.
10. Click drag to create a new solid mesh based on the changes made. 11. Click return to accept the new solid mesh and access the main menu.
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generate mesh normally optimize meshing speed optimize meshing quality growth rate initial layers growth options
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The following tutorials are included: Tetramesh a Volume Tetra Remesh a Selected Group of Elements Tetramesh Using the CFD Algorithm
All files referenced in the HyperMesh tutorials are located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. If you do not know the location of the HyperWorks installation directory, contact your systems administrator.
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To tetra mesh the enclosed volume: 1. 2. 3. 4. Select the tetramesh panel on the 3-D page. Select the tetra mesh subpanel. Click the switch below floatable trias: and select comps from the pop-up menu. Pick an element that belongs to the component. or Click the upper comps and select trias, then click return. 5. 6. 7. 8. Click the switch below growth option: and select standard from the pop-up menu. Click the lower right switch and select generate mesh normally from the pop-up menu. Click tetmesh. Click return to access the main menu. The header bar displays status messages as the elements are created. The right mouse button allows you to cancel the tetramesh operation.
NOTE
NOTE
Elements that cause the tetramesher to fail are highlighted and placed into a buffer for later retrieval. See The Tetra Remesh Panel for a description on retrieving and isolating these elements for inspection.
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To identify tetra elements with poor quality: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Select the check elems panel on the Tool page. Select the 3-D subpanel. After tetra collapse, enter the value 0.10. Click tetra collapse. Once elements are highlighted, click save failed. Click return to access the main menu. The header bar relays the message that the minimum tetra collapse is 0.00, a tetra element that does not occupy a volume. The save failed operation places the bad elements that show a tetra collapse value less than what is specified in a buffer, allowing the elements to be retrieved later.
NOTE
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To isolate the save failed elements: 1. 2. 3. 4. Select the mask panel on the Tool page. Select the mask subpanel. Click the switch and select elems from the pop-up menu. Click elems and select retrieve from the extended entity selection menu. The save failed elements become highlighted. 5. Click elems and select reverse from the extended entity selection window. All the elements excluding the save failed become highlighted. 6. Click mask . Only the save failed elements should remain. 7. Click return to access the main menu.
To find elements attached to the displayed element: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Select the find panel on the Tool page. Select the find attached subpanel. Click the upper switch and select elems from the pop-up menu. Click the lower switch and select elems from the pop-up menu. Select the displayed element. Click find. Click return to access the main menu.
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To tetra remesh the selected group of elements: 1. 2. 3. Select the tetramesh panel on the 3-D page. Select the tetra remesh subpanel. Click elems and select displayed from the extended entity selection menu. Elements to be remeshed become highlighted. 4. 5. Click remesh. Click return to access the main menu.
To unmask previously masked elements: 1. 2. 3. 4. Select the mask panel on the Tool page. Select the mask subpanel. Click unmask all. Click return to access the main menu.
To review the newly created elements: 1. 2. 3. Select the check elems panel on the Tool page. Select the 3-D subpanel. Click tetra collapse. The minimum tetra collapse is now 0.20. 4. 5. Continue to tetra remesh until element quality is satisfactory. Click return to access the main menu
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CFD Mesh
The accuracy with which a solution is resolved is directly related to the number of elements in regions of high solution gradient. In most CFD applications, this is near the surface of the flow and is called boundary layer behavior. Consequently, the mesh is generated so that it clusters many elements near the surface. The CFD mesh subpanel utilizes floatable trias which allow you to pack many layers of high aspect ratio tetras against a surface in order to resolve boundary layer behavior in the solution. Using the normal algorithm, if you pack many elements against the surface, many of the elements will have some very obtuse face angles, which often cause problems for solvers. For the prism layer algorithm, the tetra elements are generated in prism-shaped groups of three or more in such a way to prevent large angles from appearing. Arbitrarily, many of these high aspect ratio tetras can be layered against the surface as needed in order to resolve the boundary layer behavior. They are generated with very thin initial layers, growing in thickness with an accelerating growth rate until the layer thickness is the same as the width of the prism, at which point the tetramesher switches to its normal algorithm to efficiently fill the remaining volume. To retrieve the file for this tutorial: 1. 2. 3. Select the files panel on any main menu page. Select the hm file subpanel. Click file = twice. HyperMesh displays a list of the files and subdirectories in the current directory. Directory names are followed by a slash. Select the sphere.hm file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. HyperMesh returns to the files panel. Note that file = now displays the location of the sphere.hm file. 5. 6. Click retrieve. Click return to access the main menu.
4.
To switch to performance graphics and display a model in hidden line mode: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Select the options panel on the permanent menu. Select the graphics subpanel. Click the toggle after engine: and select performance. Click return to access the main menu. Select the vis panel on the permanent menu. Click the hidden line with mesh lines icon, button. Click all. Click mesh color and select Color 0 from the pop-up menu. Click return to access the main menu. , the third icon from the left below the all
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To create a new component for the tetra elements: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Select the collectors panel on any main menu page. Select the create subpanel. Click name = and enter tetras. Click color and select a color for the new collector from the pop-up window. Click create. Select return to access the main menu. NOTE: For this exercise we have created a component collector that does not reference a solver template. For more information on how to associate a solver to a collector, see the HyperMesh on-line Help.
To tetramesh using the CFD meshing subpanel: 1. 2. 3. 4. Select the tetramesh panel on the 3-D page. Select the CFD mesh subpanel. Click the switch below prism trias: and select comps from the pop-up menu. Pick an element that belongs to the component. or Click the upper comps and select trias, then click return. Click the toggle and select boundary layer prisms . Click the lower right switch and select generate mesh normally from the pop-up menu. Click init thickness = and enter the value 0.5. Scroll through the other options using the TAB key and assign the following values: init growth rate = 1.100 acceleration = 1.100 growth rate = 1.250 initial layers = 0.750 9. Click tetmesh.
5. 6. 7. 8.
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To use the mask panel to view the interior of the tetramesh model: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Select the view panel on the permanent menu. Select top. Select the mask panel on the Tool page. Select the mask subpanel. Click the switch and select elems from the pop-up menu. Click elems and select by window from the extended entity selection menu. Click interior. Using the left mouse button to define the corners of your window, select elements from the right half of the model. Click select entities.
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10. Click mask . 11. Select the vis panel on the permanent menu.
12. Click the hidden line with mesh lines icon, button. 13. Click all. 14. Select the view panel on the permanent menu. 15. Select rear.
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All files referenced in the HyperMesh tutorials are located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. If you do not know the location of the HyperWorks installation directory, contact your systems administrator. See the following panels in the HyperMesh Panels On-line Help for more information: edges check elements split-hexa elements subpanel solid elements subpanel
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To split shell elements using the edit element panel: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Select the edit element panel on the 2-D page. Select the split subpanel. Click the switch and select elems. Click split. Use the mouse to build a line in the graphics area that intersects the elements A - E. To draw the line: Position the cursor on element A, pressing the left mouse button. Draw the line from element A to element B and release the left mouse button.
Repeat these steps to draw a line from elements B to C, C to D, and D to E. This specifies the elements you want to split.
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You can use the split panel to split elements in the following ways: Across opposite edges, creating 2 quads Along adjacent edges, creating 3 quads From an edge to a vertex , creating one tria and one quad From one vertex to its diagonally opposite vertex, creating 2 trias. Tria elements can be split in a similar manner. In this tutorial, an element is split when the split line crosses two of its edges. This feature is useful if you have several layers of duplicated shell elements that need to be split. If you select elements before drawing the split line, only the selected elements are split. If you do not select elements before drawing the split line, the splitting algorithm operates on all elements displayed. If you split elements on a surface that has been automeshed, new nodes created by the split are automatically projected to the surface. Maintain proper connectivity (without internal free edges) after splitting the elements.
NOTE
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To split shell elements using the split panel: 1. 2. 3. Select the split panel on the 2-D page. Select the plate elements subpanel. Pick elements A - E.
4. 5.
Click the switch and select divide quads. Click split. The selected quads are split into trias.
NOTE: The methods available for splitting plate elements include: split all sides - splits an element at the midpoint of its sides divide quads - divides all the quad element s into trias and allows you to fix quads with severe warpage midpoint - to trias - partitions an element by creating a node at its centroid and forms trias using the elements vertices midpoint - to quads partitions an element by creating a node at its centroid and forms quads using the midpoints of each of its sides When you split elements whose nodes are associated to a surface, the new nodes created are also on the surface. To associate a node to a surface, use the node edit panel. Maintain proper connectivity (without any internal free edges) after combining elements.
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To combine an arbitrary number of elements: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Select the edit element panel on the 2-D page. Select the combine subpanel. Click tolerance = and enter 0.010. Click auto comb = and enter 4. Pick elements A, B, C, and D. HyperMesh displays the following error message: The elements selected are not planar for the given tolerance. Click tolerance = and enter 0.1. Click combine. The selected elements become one element.
To automatically combine a set number of elements: The auto comb = function allows you to combine elements automatically. 1. 2. Click auto comb = and enter 2. Pick elements E and F. HyperMesh combines the elements automatically.
NOTE: Setting tolerance = too high may create warped elements, and/or the deviation from the geometry may increase. Maintain proper connectivity (without any internal free edges) after combining elements.
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All files referenced in the HyperMesh tutorials are located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. If you do not know the location of the HyperWorks installation directory, contact your systems administrator. Refer to the following panels in the HyperMesh Panels On-line Help to learn more about the utilities for node/mesh manipulation: Permute Project Reflect Rotate Translate
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To change the distance between nodes: 1. 2. 3. 4. Select the distance panel on the Geom page. Select the two nodes subpanel. Pick node 1 on the model while N1 is highlighted. Pick node 2 on the model while N2 is highlighted. The total distance between the nodes is displayed as 39.500 in the distance = field. NOTE The total distance is further broken down into the components distances and displayed in x dist =, y dist =, and z dist =. These distances are updated when the total distance is changed. You can also edit these distances individually, upon which the total distance and other component distances change.
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Click the data entry field after distance = and enter 27.0. N2 moves along the N1 - N2 vector to reflect this change.
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Replacing Nodes
The replace panel allows nodes to be replaced with other nodes. Use this function if you want to manually equivalence two nodes. Use the node_editing.hm file used in the previous tutorial, Changing the Distance Between Nodes: To replace a node: 1. 2. 3. Select the replace panel on the 1-D, 2-D or 3-D page. Click equivalence if it is not already selected. Click z on the permanent menu and draw a circle around nodes A, B, C, and D.
4. 5.
Click the upper node list and pick node A on the model. Click the lower node list and pick node B on the model. Node A moves to the position of node B.
6. 7. 8.
Click at mid-point. Click the upper node list and pick node C on the model. Click the lower node list and pick node D on the model. The nodes move to the midpoint of their original locations.
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Undo Click the right mouse button immediately after the nodes have been replaced, or click reject. NOTE The nodes are equivalenced if you select equivalence. You may move nodes only if equivalence is not selected. You can select the second node at any location on a line or along a surface. In this case, select the node on the line or surface by first highlighting the line or surface, then selecting the preferred location on the line or surface.
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Aligning Nodes
The align node panel allows you to project nodes to an imaginary line passing through two nodes. Nodes being projected do not have to lie between the two nodes selected to form the line. The nodes are projected to the imaginary line along its normal. This function is mostly used on planar meshes where straightened mesh lines improve mesh quality. Use the node_editing.hm file used in the previous tutorials, Changing the Distance Between Nodes and Replacing Nodes. To align a node: 1. 2. 3. 4. Select the align node panel on the Geom page. Select b on the permanent menu to go back to the previous view of the model. Click the upper node list and pick node 3 on the model. Click the lower node list and pick node 4 on the model. Nodes 3 and 4 define the vector along which other nodes selected are aligned.
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Pick nodes 5, 6, and 7 on the model. Each node moves to a position along the vector defined by the nodes 3 and 4.
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Undo Click the right mouse button immediately after selecting a node.
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Placing Nodes
The node edit panel allows you to associate nodes to a surface, move nodes along a surface, or place a node at a point on a surface. In this tutorial, use the place node option on the node edit panel. This option is used to select a node and reposition it to any location on a selected surface. Use the node_editing.hm file used in the previous tutorials, Changing the Distance Between Nodes, Replacing Nodes, and Aligning Nodes. To place a node: 1. Select the node edit panel on the Geom page. 2. 3. Select the place node subpanel. Click z on the permanent menu and draw a circle around E and X in the graphics area.
4. 5. 6.
While destination surf is highlighted, pick the surface to which to associate the node by selecting on or near one of the surface lines. While node to place is highlighted, pick node E. Pick a point near X in the graphics area. The node is moved to that location on the surface.
Undo Click the right mouse button or click reject. NOTE: You can check elements while using the place node on the node edit panel. To do this, press the F10 key, check the element(s) in question, and click return to access the node edit panel. Placing a node on a surface associates the node to the surface. Once a node has been placed on a surface, another node can be placed on the same surface by picking the new node and then the surface (you do not have to reselect the surface).
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The following exercises are included: Testing Elements for Warpage Testing Elements for Aspect Ratio Finding Duplicate Nodes and Free Edges in the Model
All files referenced in the HyperMesh tutorials are located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. If you do not know the location of the HyperWorks installation directory, contact your systems administrator.
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To change the performance graphics mode and view the model in hidden line mode: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Select the options panel on the permanent menu. Select the graphics subpanel. Click the toggle and select performance. Select the vis panel on the permanent menu. Click the Hidden Line with Mesh Lines icon, Click all. Click return twice to access the files panel. Click return to access the main menu.
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To test elements for warpage: 1. 2. 3. 4. Select the check elems panel on the Tool page. Select the 3-D subpanel to indicate the type of element you want to check. Click the data entry field after warpage > and enter 5.0 to specify the maximum allowable warpage. Click warpage. The elements that have a warpage value higher than the value specified are highlighted. These elements are also defined as failed elements. 5. 6. The number of failed elements and the maximum warpage value are displayed in the header bar. Pick any of the highlighted elements from the graphics area to check the warpage of the individual elements
To save failed elements: Isolate the failed elements with the save failed option. The save failed option allows you to place entities that are not written to the deck on the user mark. This situation occurs if there is no definition for the entitys configuration and type in the specified template. 1. 2. Click save failed. Click return.
To view the saved failed elements only: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Select the mask panel on the Tool page. Select the mask subpanel. Click the input collector switch and select elems. Click elems and select retrieve from the extended entity selection menu. The failed elements are highlighted. Click elems and select reverse from the extended entity selection menu. Click mask . Only the failed elements are displayed. This function may be necessary when you are working with a large number of elements. 7. Click return.
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To check elements for aspect ratio: 1. 2. 3. 4. Select the check elems panel on the Tool page. Select the 3-D subpanel to indicate the type of element you want to check. Click the data entry field after aspect > and enter 5.0 to specify the maximum allowable aspect ratio. Click aspect. The elements that have an aspect ratio value higher than the value specified are highlighted. These elements are defined as failed elements. The number of elements failed and the maximum aspect ratio are displayed in the header bar. Pick any of the highlighted elements from the graphics area to check the aspect ratio of the elements individually.
5. 6.
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To save failed elements: Isolate the failed elements with the save failed option. The save failed option allows you to place entities that are not written to the deck on the user mark. This situation occurs if there is no definition for the entitys configuration and type in the specified template. 1. 2. Click save failed. Click return.
To view the saved failed elements only: 1. 2. 3. 4. Select the mask panel from the Tool page. Select the mask subpanel. Click the input collector switch and select elems. Click elems and select retrieve from the extended entity selection menu. The failed elements are highlighted. Click elems and select reverse from the extended entity selection menu. Click mask . Only the failed elements are displayed. This function may be necessary when you are working with a large number of elements. 7. Click return.
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To find and equivalence the duplicate nodes: 7. 8. 9. Select the faces panel on the Tool page. Click the input collector switch and select elems. Click elems and select displayed on the extended entity selection menu.
10. Click tolerance = and enter 0.01. 11. Select preview equivalence. 12. Temporary nodes are created on all the duplicate nodes. 13. Select equivalence. All duplicate nodes are equivalenced. 14. Click return. NOTE: Duplicate nodes are within the specified tolerance and have the same location as the other nodes; however, they have not been equivalenced.
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To find free edges: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Select the edges panel on the Tool page. Click the input collector switch and select elems. Click elems and select displayed on the extended entity selection menu. Click find edges. Click return.
To view the edges only: The edges created are 1-D elements. To view them alone, turn off the display of the other elements. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Select the display panel on the permanent menu. Click the upper input collector switch and select comps. Click the toggle and select elems. Click none. Click ^edges. Click return. To validate the free edges, analyze them with respect to the geometry of the model. If there are invalid free edges, it means there are duplicate nodes that need to be equivalenced. The model in the graphics area contains an invalid free edge:
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Select the display panel on the permanent menu. Click all. The other elements are displayed. Click return.
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To equivalence the remaining duplicate nodes: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Select the edges panel on the Tool page. Click delete edges to delete the edge elements. Click the input collector switch and select elems. Click elems and select displayed on the extended entity selection menu. Click tolerance = and enter 0.2. Click preview equivalence. Four nodes were found that have not been equivalenced. Click equivalence. Click return.
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To recheck for free edges: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Select the edges panel on the Tool page. Click the input collector switch and select elems. Click elems and select displayed on the extended entity selection menu. Click find edges. Click return.
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To review the edges: 1. 2. 3. 4. Select the display panel on the permanent menu. Click none. Click ^edges. Click return. There are no free edges other than the valid ones.
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All files referenced in the HyperMesh tutorials are located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. If you do not know the location of the HyperWorks installation directory, contact your systems administrator.
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Running OptiStruct
This tutorial demonstrates how to retrieve a HyperMesh database containing a fully defined OptiStruct database, export the input deck, and run an OptiStruct job from the solver panel in HyperMesh. To retrieve the file: 1. 2. 3. Select the files panel on any main menu page. Select the hm file subpanel. Click file = twice. HyperMesh displays a list of the files and subdirectories in the current directory. If the desired file is located on a drive other than the one displayed in the current directory, enter the drive letter followed by a colon and a slash in the file = entry field (D:\, for example), and click file =. 4. Select the plate.hm file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/os/. HyperMesh returns to the files panel. Note that file = now displays the location of the plate.hm file. 5. 6. Click retrieve. Click return to access the main menu.
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To run OptiStruct: 1. 2. Select the solver panel on the BCs page. Click the upper left switch and select OptiStruct from the pop-up menu. HyperMesh loads the direct path to the OptiStruct executable in the solver = field. Click input file = and enter the OptiStruct input deck plate.fem. or Click input file = again and browse your directory structure for the file plate.fem. 4. Click solve. This launches the OptiStruct job. If the job is successful, new results files can be seen in the directory where HyperMesh was invoked. The plate.out file is a good place to look for error messages that will help to debug the input deck if any errors are present. The default files written to your directory are: plate.oslog plate.out OptiStruct log file containing compliance and volume calculations for each optimization iteration. OptiStruct output file containing specific information on the file set up, the set up of your optimization problem, estimate for the amount of RAM and disk space required for the run, information for each optimization iteration, and compute time information. Review this file for warnings and errors that are flagged from processing the plate_hole.fem file. HyperMesh binary results file.
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plate.res
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To check the current version of OptiStruct: At the UNIX command prompt, enter: $OSDIR/optistruct -version
To execute a check run to validate your input deck and determine how much RAM and disk space is necessary for the run: At the UNIX command prompt, enter: $OSDIR/optistruct plate.fem -len 10 -check Information regarding memory requirements is written to plate.out.
To check the current version of OptiStruct: At the MSDOS command prompt, enter: $OSDIR\opti -version
To execute a check run to validate your input deck and determine how much RAM/disk space is necessary for the PC run: Add the check parameter to your input deck and run OptiStruct. Information regarding memory requirements is written to plate.out.
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To set up the material properties and element thicknesses: Create the material collectors first, before creating the component collectors. This is the most efficient way of setting up the file since components need to reference a material. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Select the collectors panel on any main menu page. Select the create subpanel. Click the collector type switch and select mats from the pop-up menu. Click name = and enter steel. Click card image = and select MAT1 from the pop-up menu. Click create/edit. This loads the MAT1 card image for a new material, steel. For E, enter the value 2E5. If a quantity in brackets does not have a value below it, it is off. To change this, click on the quantity in brackets and an entry field will appear below it. Click on the entry field, and a value can be entered. It is not necessary to define a density value since only a static analysis is wanted. Density values are required, however, for normal mode analysis. 8. 9. For NU, enter the value 0.30. Click return.
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10. Click the collector type switch and select comps from the pop-up menu. 11. Click name = and enter shells. 12. Click card image = and select PSHELL from the pop-up menu. 13. Click material = and select steel. 14. Click color and select Color 8. 15. Click create/edit. This loads the PSHELL card image for a new component, shells, assigns Color 8 to the elements that are organized into this component, and assigns the material, steel, to this component. 16. For T, enter the value 10.0. This turns on the thickness. OptiStruct stores information regarding shell thicknesses on the PSHELL card. 17. Click return twice to access the main menu. There is now a component called shells. Any elements created and organized into this component will have the thickness attribute defined on the PSHELL card for the shells component (T=10.0mm). The elements will also have material attributes, defined on the MAT1 card by the material collector steel, since the shell component references this material. At any time, the card images for these collectors can be modified using the card image subpanel. A different material for the components can also be defined using the update subpanel.
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To mesh the geometry: The automeshing module is used to create a quad dominant mesh. Since the shells component was just created and is the current component, elements generated will now be organized into that component. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Select the automesh panel on the 2D page. Select the surface displayed. Click mesh. After element size =, enter the value 40. Click recalc all. Click mesh. Refer to Figure 1 to see what the mesh should look like. The automesher should create about 415 elements on the surface. 7. Click return. This saves the mesh into the shells component. Click return to access the main menu.
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To apply boundary conditions to the model: In this section, the model is constrained so that two opposing edges of the four total edges cannot move. The other two edges are left free. A total lateral load of 1000N is applied at the edge of the hole so that all forces point in the positive z-direction. 1. 2. Select the collectors panel on any main menu page. Create two load collectors, spcs and forces: Click the collector type switch and select loadcols from the pop-up menu. Click name = and enter spcs. Click color and select Color 10. Click create. Click name = and enter forces. Click color and select Color 15. Click create. Click return to access the main menu.
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3.
Create constraints: Select the constraints panel on the BCs page. Make sure the current load collector is set to spcs in the global panel on the permanent menu. Click nodes and select by window from the extended entity selection menu. Select the nodes. Constrain dof1, dof2, dof3, dof4, dof5, and dof6.
See figure 2 to determine which nodes to select. Dofs with a check will be constrained while dofs without a check will be free. Dofs 1, 2, and 3 are x, y, and z translation degrees of freedom. Dofs 4, 5, and 6 are x, y, and z rotational degrees of freedom. 4. Select create. Click return to access the main menu. Select the forces panel on the BCs page. Set your current load collector to forces in the global panel on the permanent menu. Click nodes and select by window. Select the nodes. Click nodes, and select save from the extended entity selection menu. Click return. This applies these constraints to the selected nodes.
Use the count panel to automatically count these nodes so that a calculation can be made to create a total force of 1000N. Select the count panel on the Tool page. Click the upper left switch and select nodes from the pop-up menu. Click the upper left nodes and select retrieve from the extended entity selection menu. Click selected. Record the number of nodes. Click return. Select the forces panel on the BCs page. Click nodes, and select retrieve from the extended entity selection menu. Click magnitude = and enter a magnitude such that the total load on the nodes around the hole is 1000N. Click the vector definition switch below magnitude =, and select z-axis from the pop-up menu. Click create. Click return to access the main menu.
This retrieves the nodes you just saved in the forces panel. This counts the number of nodes around the hole.
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The last step in setting up the boundary conditions is to create an OptiStruct subcase, also called a loadstep in HyperMesh: Select the load steps panel on the BCs page. Click name = and enter lateral force. Click loadcols and select spc and forces. Click select. Click return. Click create. Click return to access the main menu.
Figure 2. Illustration of which nodes to select for applying single point constraints
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To run OptiStruct: 1. 2. Select the solver panel on the BCs page. Click the upper left switch and select OptiStruct from the pop-up menu. HyperMesh loads the direct path to the optistruct executable in the solver = field. Click input file = and enter the OptiStruct input deck plate_hole.fem. or Click input file = again and browse the directory structure for the file plate_hole.fem. 4. Click solve. This launches the OptiStruct job. If the job is successful, the user should see new results files in the directory from which plate_hole.fem was selected. The plate_hole.out file is a good place to look for error messages which could help debug the input deck if any errors are present. The default files written to the directory are: plate_hole.res plate_hole.out HyperMesh binary results file. OptiStruct output file containing specific information on the file set up, the set up of the optimization problem, estimate for the amount of RAM and disk space required for the run, information for each optimization iteration, and compute time information. Review this file for warnings and errors that are flagged from processing the plate_hole.fem file. OptiStruct log file containing compliance and volume calculations for each optimization iteration.
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plate_hole.oslog
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To view a deformed shape: 1. 2. 3. 4. Select the deformed panel on the Post page. Click simulation = and select Lateral Force.. Click model units = and enter the value 250. Click deform. A deformed plot of your model should be visible, overlaid on the original undeformed mesh. Refer to Figure 4. to see what the plot should look like with an isometric view. 5. Does the deformed shape look correct for the boundary conditions applied to the mesh?
Figure 4. Isometric view of deformed plot overlaid on original undeformed mesh. Model units are set to 250.
To view a contour plot of stresses and displacements: 1. 2. 3. Select the contour panel on the Post page. Click simulation = and select Lateral force. Click data type = and select Displacements. There are three data types available, Displacements, von Mises stress, and Density. The density data type is used only with topology optimization results and will not be used here. Click contour. What is the maximum displacement value? At what location does the model have its maximum displacement? Does this make sense based on the boundary conditions applied to the model?
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Click data type = and select von Mises stress. Click assign. What is the maximum von Mises stress value? At what location does the model have its maximum stress? Does this make sense based on the boundary conditions applied to the model?
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Figure 5. von Mises stress plot using discrete contours (performance graphics option).
Analysis Review
Review the following points: How could the structure be modeled using symmetry? Can the results be expected to be symmetric for this model? Why?
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10. Click return. 11. Click the collector type switch and select comps from the pop-up menu. 12. Select the card image subpanel and edit the PSHELL and PSHELL1 component collectors. Designate the component name in the name = field and then click edit. 13. Make sure that the thickness for both components is set to the value 2.5. OptiStruct stores information regarding shell thicknesses on the PSHELL card in the T block. Both components have MIDs of 0. Assign the correct material collector for each of your components. 14. Click return to access the main menu. To assign a material collector for each of your components: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Select the collectors panel on any main menu page. Select the update subpanel. Click the collector type switch and select comps from the pop-up menu. Click the yellow comps. A component selection subpanel should appear. Select both components and click select. Click material = and select plastic. Click update. Select material id. Click update. Edit the component collector PSHELL cards again to make sure that the MIDs are now set to the value 1.
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To apply boundary conditions to the model: In this section, the model is constrained opposite the spout cut-out to simulate two hinges. Two more constraints are applied at the corners of the spout cut-on in such a way that the nodes do not move vertically.
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Select the collectors panel on any main menu page. Create a second load collector, constraints: Select the create subpanel. Click the collector type switch and select loadcols from the pop-up menu. Click name = and enter constraints. Click color and select Color 8. Click create. Click return to access the main menu. Select the constraints panel on the BCs page. Make sure your current load collector is set to constraints in the global panel on the permanent menu. Select the two nodes shown in Figure 1 at the corners of the spout cut-out. Constrain dof3. Set constraint size to 1.
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Dofs with a check will be constrained while dofs without a check will be free. Dofs 1, 2, and 3 are x, y, and z translation degrees of freedom. Dofs 4, 5, and 6 are x, y, and z rotational degrees of freedom. Select create. This constrains the selected nodes.
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Create constraints opposite the spout cut-out to simulate two hinges: Press F8 on the keyboard to select the create nodes panel. After x =, enter the value 0.0. After y =, enter the value 10.0. After z =, enter the value 0.0. Click create node. Click return twice to access the main menu. Select the constraints panel on the BCs page. Select the nodes shown in Figure 2. Select dof1, dof2, and dof3. Click create. Click return to access the main menu. Select the temp nodes panel on the Geom page. Click clear all. Click return to access the main menu.
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The last step in setting up the boundary conditions is to create an OptiStruct subcase, also called a loadstep in HyperMesh: Select the load steps panel on the BCs page. Click name = and enter brew cycle. Click loadcols and select constraints and THERMAL_LOADING. Click select. Click create. Click return to access the main menu.
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To run OptiStruct: 1. 2. Select the solver panel on the BCs page. Click the upper left switch and select OptiStruct from the pop-up menu. HyperMesh loads the direct path to the OptiStruct executable in the solver = field. Click input file = and enter the OptiStruct input deck lid_complete.fem. or Click input file = again and browse your directory structure for the file lid_complete.fem. 4. Click solve. This launches the OptiStruct job. If the job is successful, new results files should appear in the directory where HyperMesh was invoked. The lid_complete.out file is a good place to look for error message that will help to debug the input deck if any errors are present. 5. Click return to access the main menu. The default files written to the directory are: lid_complete.res lid_complete.out HyperMesh binary results file. OptiStruct output file containing specific information on the file set up, the set up of your optimization problem, estimate for the amount of RAM and disk space required for the run, information for each optimization iteration, and compute time information. Review this file for warnings and errors that are flagged from processing the lid_complete.fem file. OptiStruct log file containing compliance and volume calculations for each optimization iteration.
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lid_complete.oslog
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To view a deformed shape: 1. 2. 3. 4. Select the deformed panel on the Post page. Click simulation = and select brew cycle. Click model units = and enter the value 2. Click deform. This shows a deformed plot of the model overlaid on the original undeformed mesh. See figure 3 for what a plot should look like with an isometric view. 5. Does the deformed shape look correct for the boundary conditions applied to the mesh? Click return to access the main menu.
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To view a contour plot of stresses and displacements: 1. 2. 3. Select the contour panel on the Post page. Click simulation = and select brew cycle. Click data type = and select Displacements. There are three data types available, Displacements, von Mises stress, and Density. The density data type is used only with topology optimization results and is not used here. Click contour. What is the maximum displacement value? At what location does the model have its maximum displacement? Does this make sense based on the boundary conditions applied to the model? Click data type = and select von Mises stress. Click assign. What is the maximum von Mises stress value? At what location does the model have its maximum stress? Does this make sense based on the boundary conditions applied to the model? Is there a singularity present? If so, how can it be fixed? Click return to access the main menu.
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Analysis Review
Review the following points: The singularity at the spout cut-out: If thermal stresses are required, the singularity problem must be resolved as this area contains elements with the largest von Mises stress values. Representation of the hinge opposite of the spout cut-out: In this analysis, the region around the hinges may be a concern. There are relatively high stress values that must be resolved. For instance, if testing shows that the coffee pot lid wears out around the hinge area over time, these thermal stresses could possibly cause that fatigue.
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To retrieve the file sshield.fem and define your OptiStruct template: 1. Select the files panel on any main menu page. 2. 3. Select the import subpanel. Click translator = twice and select optistruct. The optistruct input translator allows model information stored in an OptiStruct ASCII .fem file to be retrieved. 4. 5. 6. 7. Click filename = twice and select the sshield.fem file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/os/. Click import. Select the template subpanel. Click template file = twice and select optistruct/optistruct. Selecting the optistruct template allows specific attributes of OptiStruct to be defined in the HyperMesh session. 8. Click return to access the main menu. Notice there are two rigid spiders in the model. They are placed at locations where the shield is bolted down. This is a simplified representation of the interaction between the bolts and the shield. It is assumed that the bolts are significantly more rigid in comparison to the shield. The dependent nodes of the rigid elements have all six degrees of freedom constrained. Therefore, each spider connects nodes of the shell mesh together in such a way that they do not move with respect to one another.
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To review the rigid elements: 1. 2. 3. Select the rigids panel on the 1D page. Click review. Select one of the rigid elements in the graphics region. HyperMesh labels the independent node, the dependent node, and the IDs of the two nodes and the rigid element. HyperMesh also shows the constrained degrees of freedom in the rigids panel for the rigid element you selected. All rigid elements in this model should have dof1-dof6 constrained. Click return to access the main menu.
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10. Click return. To assign a thickness to your shell elements: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Select the card image subpanel. Click the collector type switch and select comps from the pop-up menu. Click name = twice and select the component containing your shell elements. In this case, the component name should be design. Click edit. For T, change the value from 0.3 to 0.25. This defines the component thickness. Repeat the same procedure to change the thickness of the nondesign component. Before returning from editing the PSHELL card for your shells component, what material ID is the shells component assigned to? It needs to be assigned to the material just created (steel), with MID=1. Click return.
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To assign the steel material collector to your component: 1. 2. 3. Select the update subpanel. Click the collector type switch and select comps from the pop-up menu. Click the yellow comps. The component selection subpanel should appear. Select the shell component. Click select. Click material = and select steel. Click update. Select material id. Click update. Edit the component collector PSHELL cards again to make sure that the MIDs are now set to the value 1.
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10. Repeat the same procedure to update the material id of the nondesign component. 11. Click return to access the main menu. To apply boundary conditions to the model: In this section, the model is constrained at the bolt locations.
Figure 1. Selecting nodes for constraining the bolt locations. Zoomed in from a top view.
1. 2. 3.
Select the collectors panel on any main menu page. Select the create subpanel. Create a load collector, constraints: Click the collector type switch and select loadcols from the pop-up menu. Click name = and enter constraints. Click color and select Color 8. Do not select a card image =. Click create.
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4.
Create a load collector, frequencies: In previous tutorials, multiple load collectors were created and tied together in the loadsteps panel to form an OptiStruct subcase; for instance, a constraints load collector and a forces load collector. Both of these boundary conditions were used together in one loadstep. In this tutorial, the model should be constrained using SPCs at the bolt locations. Those constraints will be organized into the load collector, constraints. The analysis also needs to be designated as normal modes. To designate the subcase, put a load collector with the EIGRL card image into the subcase (or loadstep). Click the collector type switch and select loadcols from the pop-up menu. Click name = and enter frequencies. Click color and select Color 15. Click card image = and select EIGRL from the pop-up menu. Click load/edit.
The first 6 roots between 0 and 200Hz need to be extracted. 5. Set up the EIGRL card: For V2, enter the value 200.000. For ND, enter the value 6. Click return twice to access the main menu. Select the constraints panel on the BCs page. Make sure the current load collector is set to constraints in the global panel on the permanent menu. Select the two nodes shown in Figure 1 (the center of your rigid spiders). Constrain dof1-dof6. This is for the number of roots. Constraints at the bolt locations will now be created.
Dofs with a check will be constrained while dofs without a check will be free. Dofs 1, 2, and 3 are x, y, and z translation degrees of freedom Dofs 4, 5, and 6 are x, y, and z rotational degrees of freedom. 6. Select create. Click return to access the main menu. This constrains the selected nodes.
The last step in setting-up the boundary conditions is to create an OptiStruct subcase, also called a loadstep in HyperMesh: Select the load steps panel on the BCs page. Click name = and enter bolted. Click loadcols and select constraints and frequencies. Click select. Click create. Click return to access the main menu.
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6.
To run OptiStruct: 1. 2. Select the solver panel on the BCs page. Click the upper left switch select OptiStruct from the pop-up menu. HyperMesh loads the direct path to the OptiStruct executable in the solver = field. Click input file = and enter the OptiStruct input deck sshield_complete.fem. or Click input file = again and browse your directory structure for the file sshield_complete.fem. 4. Click solve. This launches the OptiStruct job. If the job is successful, new results files can be viewed in the directory where HyperMesh was invoked. The sshield_complete.out file is a good place to look for error messages that will help to debug the input deck if any errors are present. Click return to access the main menu. The total time between launching the analysis and completion of the job should be about 30 seconds. This is just an average. Your performance depends upon your processor, available RAM, and time required for system communications. The default files written to your directory are: sshield_complete.res sshield_complete.out HyperMesh binary results file. OptiStruct output file containing specific information on the file set up, the set up of the optimization problem, estimate for the amount of RAM and disk space required for the run, information for each optimization iteration, and compute time information. Review this file for warnings and errors that are flagged from processing the sshield_complete.fem file. OptiStruct log file containing compliance and volume calculations for each optimization iteration.
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sshield_complete.oslog
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4.
To view a deformed shape: 1. 2. Select the deformed panel on the Post page. Click simulation =. There are six simulations: MODE 1-F = 3.49E + 01 MODE 2-F = 5.65E + 01 MODE 3-F = 7.88E + 01 MODE 4-F = 9.01E + 01 MODE 5-F = 1.29E + 01 MODE 6-F = 1.49E + 02 What are the frequency values for the 6 roots OptiStruct extracted? MODE 1 = Hz. MODE 2 = Hz. MODE 3 = Hz. MODE 4 = Hz. MODE 5 = Hz. MODE 6 = Hz.
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Select Mode 1. Click model units = and enter the value 15. Click modal. An animation of the mode shape should be seen at the first frequency. Does the deformed shape look correct for the boundary conditions applied to the mesh? For modal solutions, make sure that the constrained nodes are not moving. View the rest of your mode shapes using the same model units. Does the shape of mode #5 match the shape shown in Figure 2?
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Analysis Review
Review the following points: Representation of the boundary conditions at the bolt locations: In this analysis, it was assumed that the bolts were significantly stiffer than the shield. If the bolts needed to be made of aluminum and the shield was still made of steel, would the model need to be modified, and the analysis run again? It is necessary to push the natural frequencies of the splash shield above 50Hz. With the current model, there should be one mode that violates this constraint: Mode 1. Design specifications allow the inner disjointed circular rib to be modified such that no significant mass is added to the part. The available package space for this new rib is shown as the solid region in Figure 3. The thickness of the solid region is equal to the depth of the original rib. Is there a better configuration for this rib within the above stated constraints that will push the first mode above 50Hz?
Figure 3. Green solid region represents the available package space for redesigning the inner disjointed circular rib.
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deformed panel
The following exercises are included: Creating a Contour Plot Creating an Assign Plot Cutting planes using the contour panel Isosurface plotting in performance graphics mode using the contour panel Plotting a structure using the deformed panel Creating a linear animation sequence Creating a modal animation sequence
All files referenced in the HyperMesh tutorials are located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. If you do not know the location of the HyperWorks installation directory, contact your systems administrator.
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To retrieve the analysis results file: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Select the files panel from the main menu. Click the results subpanel Click file = twice. Select the bumper.res file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. Click return.
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To create and display a contour plot using the analysis results file: 1. 2. 3. Select the contour panel on the Post page. Click simulation = and select NEAR CENTER HIT-LINE LOAD. Click data type = and select Displacements.
4. Click title = and enter This is the title for the contour plot. 5. Click contour. The contoured plot is displayed. The legend, which identifies the values associated with the color bars, is displayed in the top left corner of the graphics area. The title of the plot is also displayed.
To attach titles to the entities with the least and greatest results values: 1. 2. Click min/max titles. Click contour. For contour plots, the titles are attached to nodes in the graphics area.
To use the info title function: 1. 2. Click info title. Click contour. A new title box, displayed in the top left corner of the graphics area, describes features of the displayed results.
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To display a full size screen plot: 1. 2. Click full size. Click contour. The main menu is removed and a full size screen plot is displayed. To return to the main menu, click a mouse button.
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To change the color of the mesh lines: 1. 2. Click mesh color and select Color 12. Click contour. The mesh lines are yellow.
To change the displacement component: 1. Click the switch next to total disp and select y comp. The vector component of displacement is used to calculate contours. By default, the total displacement (total disp) of the node is used as the value in the contour, if displacements are being used to calculate contours. 2. Click contour.
To select a deformed type for the model: The default mode of the assigned plot is undeformed. You can deform a model by selecting model units or scale factor. 1. 2. 3. Click the lower left switch next to undeformed and select scale factor. Click scale factor = and enter 100.0. Click contour. The model is deformed.
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To change the scale factor: 1. 2. Click mult = and enter 10.000. Click contour. The engineering values in the results file are changed to reflect this factor. The shape of the model changes as well. To redefine a minimum contour value: By default, values assigned to the colors in the legend are calculated by taking the maximum analysis value found in the results file and the minimum value found in the results file and dividing the range of these values by the number of colors used in the plot. 1. 2. Click the lower left toggle next to find minimum and select minimum =. Click minimum = and enter 0.000. This value is assigned to the lowest color in the plot. 3. Click contour.
To redefine a maximum contour value: 1. 2. Click the upper left toggle next to find maximum and select maximum =. Click maximum = and enter 0.01. This value is assigned to the highest color in the plot. Click contour.
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To change the display mode of the contour plot: 1. Click visual options. A pop-up menu of the display options is displayed. Click the toggle next to mode and switch between hidden line and wireframe. The model is displayed in hidden line and wireframe mode. Click the toggle next to color and switch between by element and contour. The color display of the model changes to reflect your selection. Click the toggle next to mesh and switch between mesh, features, and none. This changes the plotting of the meshed lines.
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To create a cutting plane through the model: 1. Click visual options and select cutting plane. HyperMesh goes to the cutting planes subpanel. Click distance = and enter 10.000. Pick three nodes on the model. These nodes define the cutting plane direction. Pick a base node on the model. The model will be cut at that node. Select cut plane. The model is cut.
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Click reverse plane. The reverse of the model is removed from view. Click translate +. The cutting plane is moved 10.000 positive units forward in the direction normal to the plane defined by the three nodes that you selected. Select translate -. The cutting plane is moved 10.000 negative units in the direction normal to the plane defined by the three nodes you selected. Click clear plane to remove the section cut. You can now define a new plane cut, if necessary.
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4. 5. 6. 7.
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To retrieve the analysis results file: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Select the file panel from the main menu. Select the results subpanel. Click file = twice. Select the bumper.res file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. Click return.
To create and display an assign plot using the analysis results file: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Select the contour panel on the Post page. Click simulation = and select NEAR CENTER HIT-LINE LOAD. Click data type = and select Displacements. Click title = and enter This is the title for the assign plot. Click assign. The assigned plot is displayed. The legend, which identifies the values associated with the color bars, is displayed in the top left corner of the graphics area. The title of the plot is also displayed. The assign function assigns a color to each element in the model, based on the values in the results file. The elements are then displayed in the solid color assigned to them.
To attach titles to the entities with the least and greatest results values: 1. 2. Click min/max titles. Click assign. For assigned plots, the titles are attached to the elements.
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To use the info title function: 1. 2. Click info title. Click assign. A new title box, displayed in the top left corner of the graphics area, describes some features of the displayed results.
To display a full size screen plot: 1. 2. Click full size. Click assign. The main menu is removed and a full size screen plot is displayed. To return to the main menu, click a mouse button.
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To change the color of the mesh lines: 1. 2. Click mesh color and select Color 12. Click assign. The mesh lines are yellow.
To change the displacement component: 1. Click total disp and select y comp. The vector component of displacement is used to calculate contours. By default, the total displacement (total disp) of the node is used as the value in the assignment, if displacements are being used to calculate assignments. 2. Click assign.
To select a deformed type for the model: The default mode of the assigned plot is undeformed. You can deform a model by selecting model units or scale factor. 1. 2. 3. Click the lower left switch next to undeformed and select scale factor. Click scale factor = and enter 100.0. Click assign. The model is deformed.
To change the scale factor: 1. 2. Click mult = and enter 10.000. Click assign. The engineering values in the results file are changed to reflect this factor. The shape of the model changes as well.
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To redefine a minimum contour value: By default, values assigned to the colors in the legend are calculated by taking the maximum analysis value found in the results file and the minimum value found in the results file and dividing the range of these values by the number of colors used in the plot. 1. 2. 3. Click the lower left toggle next to find minimum and select minimum =. Click minimum = and enter 0.000. Click assign.
To redefine a maximum contour value: 1. 2. 3. Click the upper left toggle next to find maximum and select maximum =. Click maximum = and enter 0.01. Click assign.
To change the display mode of the contour plot: 1. 2. 3. 4. Click visual options. A pop-up menu is displayed. Click the toggle next to mode and switch between hidden line and wireframe. The model is displayed in hidden line and wireframe mode. Click the toggle next to color and switch between by element and contour. The color display of the model changes to reflect your selection. Click the toggle next to mesh and switch between mesh, features, and none. This changes the plotting of the meshed lines. To create a cutting plane through the model: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Click visual options and select cutting plane. Click distance = and enter 10.000. Pick three nodes on the model. These nodes define the cutting plane direction. Pick a base node on the model. The section cut will be made here. Select cut plane. The model is cut. Click reverse plane. The reverse of the model is removed from view. Click translate +. The cutting plane is moved 10.000 positive units forward in the direction normal to the plane defined by the three nodes that you selected. 8. Click translate -. The cutting plane is moved 10.000 negative units in the direction normal to the plane defined by the three nodes that you selected. 9. Click clear plane to remove the section cut. You can now define a new plane cut, if necessary.
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To retrieve the analysis results file: 1. 2. 3. 4. Select the files panel from the main menu. Select results and file = twice. Select the bumper.res file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. Click return.
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To switch to the performance graphics mode: 1. 2. 3. 4. Select the options panel on the permanent menu. Select the graphics subpanel. Click the toggle after engine: to performance. Click return.
To change the display in the graphics area: 1. Select the vis panel on the permanent menu.
2. 3. 4.
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The performance graphics engine treats each HyperMesh component as an independent unit. This feature allows you to assign a set of display attributes to each component of your model that determine how each component is displayed. For more information on the display attributes that you can assign to each component, see the topic Component Display in Performance Graphics in the HyperMesh Users Guide. To create and display a contour plot: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Select the contour panel on the Post page. Select the params subpanel. Click simulation = and select NEAR CENTER HIT-DISTR LOAD. Click data type = and select Displacements. Click title = and enter This is the performance graphics contour plot. Click the toggle and select visual panel. Click contour.
To attach titles to the entities with the least and greatest results values: 1. 2. Click min/max titles. Click contour. For contour plots, the titles are attached to nodes in the graphics area.
To use the info title function: 1. 2. Click info title. Click contour. A new title box, displayed in the top left corner of the graphics area, describes some features of the displayed results.
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To display a full size screen plot: 1. 2. Click full size. Click contour. The main menu is removed and a full size screen plot is displayed. To return to the main menu, click a mouse button.
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To change the color of the mesh: 1. 2. Click mesh color and select Color 12. Click contour. The mesh lines are yellow.
To change the displacement component: 1. Click the switch next to magnitude and select y comp. The vector component of displacement is used to calculate contours. By default, the total displacement (magnitude) of the node is used as the value in the contour if displacements are being used to calculate contours. 2. Click contour.
To select a deformed type for the model: The default mode of the assigned plot is undeformed. You can deform a model by selecting model units or scale factor. 1. 2. 3. Click the lower center switch next to undeformed and select scale factor. Click scale factor = and enter 100.0. Click contour. The model is deformed.
To change the scale factor: 1. 2. Click mult = and enter 10.000. Click contour. The engineering values in the results file are changed to reflect this factor. The shape of the model changes as well.
To redefine a minimum contour value: By default, values assigned to the colors in the legend are calculated by taking the maximum analysis value found in the results file and the minimum value found in the results file and dividing the range of these values by the number of colors used in the plot. 1. 2. 3. 4. Select the legend subpanel. Click the lower center toggle and select minimum =. Click minimum = and enter 0.000. Click contour.
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To redefine a maximum contour value: 1. 2. 3. 4. Select the legend subpanel. Click the upper left toggle next to find maximum and select maximum =. Click maximum = and enter 0.01. Click contour.
To create a cutting plane on the model: 1. 2. 3. 4. Select the cutting subpanel. Click xy plane and trim planes. Click the upper right toggle next to single and select double. Click t = and enter 25.000.
In the performance graphics engine, the cutting plane function allows three planes to be active simultaneously. A cutting plane can be moved through the model by selecting the active plane with the mouse and then dragging it across the model.
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To retrieve the analysis results file: 1. 2. 3. 4. Select the files panel from the main menu. Select results, click file = twice. Select the bumper.res file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. Click return.
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To switch from performance graphics mode to standard mode: 1. 2. 3. Select the options panel from the permanent menu. Select the graphics subpanel. Click the toggle next to engine: and select standard, if not already displayed.
To create and display a deformed plot using the analysis results file: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Select the deformed panel on the Post page. Click simulation = and select NEAR CENTER HIT-LINE LOAD. Click data type = and select Displacements. Click title = and enter This is the title for the deformed plot. Click the leftmost toggle and select model units. Click model units = and enter 45.0. The node(s) with the maximum displacement in the model is displayed as if it had the value entered in the model units = field. For example, if the maximum displacement was .001 units, the node would be displaced as if its displacement were 45.0 units. All other displacements would be interpolated from that point. 7. 8. Click the switch next to undef color and select as selected. Click undef color and select a color from the pop-up window. The as selected option allows you to select a constant color for all the elements in the structure. The use elem color option colors the elements in the structure the same color as the element. The use background option colors the structure the same color as your background.. 9. Click the switch next to deform color and select use elem color.
10. Click deform. The deformed and undeformed shapes are displayed in the wireframe mode. 11. Click visual options to change the display mode of the model. NOTE Any change made to the visual options causes the undeformed shape to be removed from the display.
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To display a full size screen plot: 1. 2. Click full size. Click deform. The main menu is removed and a full size screen plot is displayed. To return to the main menu, click a mouse button.
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To create a linear animation using the analysis results file: 1. 2. Retain the settings from the procedures above. Click frames = and enter 6. This sets the number of frames of animation to be displayed. 3. Click linear. HyperMesh calculates the animation frames and displays them. Each frame is a linear interpolation of the maximum displacement for each node. During animation, the visual controls in the permanent menu can be used to manipulate the view. The visual options can be used to manipulate the display. 4. 5. Click exit to stop the animation. Click return to access the main menu.
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To retrieve the analysis results file: 1. 2. 3. 4. Select the files panel from the main menu. Select results, click file = twice. Select the rotor.res file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. Click return.
To create a modal animation using the analysis results file: 1. 2. 3. 4. Select the deformed panel on the Post page. Click model units = and enter 30.00. Click frames = and enter 6. Click modal. HyperMesh calculates the animation frames and displays them. Each frame is a linear interpolation of the maximum displacement for each node. Modal animations are calculated and displayed in HyperMesh such that the shape is shown in its positive and negative form. All the visual options, as well as view manipulation, can be used during animation. 5. 6. Click exit to stop the animation Click return to access the main menu.
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All files referenced in the HyperMesh tutorials are located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. If you do not know the location of the HyperWorks installation directory, contact your systems administrator.
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To retrieve the analysis results file: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Select the files panel on any main menu page. Select the results subpanel. Click results file = twice. Select the treb.res file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. Click return to exit the files panel.
To change from the standard to performance graphics mode: 1. 2. 3. 4. Select the options panel on permanent menu. Select the graphics subpanel. Click the toggle after engine: and select performance. Click return twice to access the main menu.
Perform the following procedures in performance graphics mode: To specify a bitmap animation preference: Click the switch after bitmap animation: and select simple.
To change the AVI window size: Click the switch after AVI Options and select screen.
To change the result color type - performance graphics mode: 1. Click the toggle after result color type: and select discrete contours. Discrete contours produces discrete color bands on contour plots with distinct boundaries between contour levels. 2. Click return to exit the options panel.
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Use the transient panel to perform the following procedures: To create an animation sequence from transient results: 1. 2. Select the transient panel on the Post page. Click start with =. HyperMesh displays a list of the available simulations. Select Time step 0, t = 0.000e+00 to be used as the starting point for calculating the deformed shape of the structure. Click end with =. Select Time step 26, t = 2.500e+00 as the last simulation to be used. Click data type =. Select Vonmises (mid) as the data type used to calculate the deformed shape of the structure. Click the toggle before find maximum and select maximum =. Click maximum = and enter 2000 as the maximum data type value on the contour plot.
3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
10. Click transient. In the header bar, the message Some element results not found (ignored) is displayed. This message occurs because rigid links and joints are displayed in the graphics area. HyperMesh does not support results for these entities. HyperMesh goes to the animation panel. 11. Click the leftmost toggle and select visual options. 12. Click the toggle after mode and select hidden line. 13. Click the toggle after color and select contour. To create a replay file: 1. 2. Click create replay. Click return to exit the animation panel and return to the transient panel.
To reverse the legend data type values: 1. 2. 3. Click the legend in graphics area to activate the legend edit panel. Click reverse legend. Click return to exit the legend edit panel. HyperMesh returns to the transient panel. Click transient. In the header bar, the message Some element results not found (ignored) is displayed. This message occurs because rigid links and joints are displayed in the graphics area. HyperMesh doesnt support results for these entities. HyperMesh returns to the animation panel, the bitmap frames are built, and the animation begins. 5. Click return to exit animation panel. HyperMesh returns to the transient panel.
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To turn off the legend and simulation titles: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Click w on the permanent menu. Click display legend to make this option inactive. Click display simulation title to make this option inactive. Click return to exit the w panel. Click transient. In the header bar, the message Some element results not found (ignored) is displayed. This message occurs because rigid links and joints are displayed in the graphics area. HyperMesh doesnt support results for these entities.
To create an AVI file: 1. Click make AVI. The file is generated and saved in your specified user directory with a file extension of .AVI. The file is the size specified under AVI Options in the options panel. File names are automatically incremented when you create multiple AVI files. You can insert AVI files into Microsoft Word or PowerPoint files. Click return to exit the animation panel. Click return to exit the transient panel.
2. 3.
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Using the Fatigue Panel to Export Data and Write an nSOFT Input Deck
In this tutorial, retrieve the file keyhole.hm. This file contains a finite element (FE) model -for which an analysis has already been conducted- to obtain the stress/strain information for durability loads of interest. To retrieve the file for this tutorial: 1. 2. 3. Select the files panel on any main menu page. Select the hm file subpanel. Click file = twice. HyperMesh displays a list of the files and subdirectories in the current directory. Directory names are followed by a slash. Select the keyhole.hm file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. HyperMesh returns to the files panel. Note that file = now displays the location of the keyhole.hm file. Click retrieve. Click return to access the main menu.
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To load the results file: 1. 2. 3. Select the files panel on any main menu page. Select the results subpanel. Select the keyhole.res file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. Click return.
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To export data and write a fatigue solver input deck: 1. Select the fatigue panel on the Post page.
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Click the upper left toggle and select static/modal. Results contained in keyhole.res were obtained from linear statics analysis. NOTE Select the transient dynamic option if a dynamic finite element analysis was used to obtain the stress/strain results for the model.
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Click the lower left toggle and select ascii. NOTE Select the binary option if the fatigue solver allows a binary input file.
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For more information on fatigue solvers and acceptable input file formats, please see the fatigue panel in the Panels On-line Help. 4. Click output file = and enter a name for the output file. This file becomes the input file for the fatigue solver. Click data group = and select any of the data groups that you want to write to the output file. The data groups are organized based on whether nodal or elemental results are available in the results file. NOTE For more information on how HyperMesh organizes the analysis results available in the results file, please see the fatigue panel in the Panels On-line Help.
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Click the switch under select simulation: and select all. This specifies the data in the results file that is written to the output file. In this case, selecting all writes the stress/strain data for the selected nodes or elements for all loadcases represented in keyhole.res. NOTE For a static/modal analysis you can write out stress/strain information from one , or all of the simulations. For a transient dynamic analysis you can write out stress/strain information for , one or all of the time steps, or you can choose a range from the starting time step to the ending time step. For more information, see the fatigue panel in the Panels On-line Help.
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The next step is to select the entities for which the finite element analysis results file is written. NOTE The type of entity you select is based upon the data group you selected. Select nodes if the data group you selected refers to nodal results. Similarly, select elements if the data group you selected refers to elemental results. If the data group results and the entity type are not the same, HyperMesh displays an error message, Results file doesnt contain nodal values.
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Click the entity input collector switch and select elems. Click elems and select by window from the extended entity selection menu. Draw the window as shown in the figure below.
10. Click interior. 11. Click select entities. 12. Click write. An ascii file is written to your directory. You can read this file into the appropriate fatigue solver to complete the fatigue analysis.
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All files referenced in the HyperMesh tutorials are located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. If you do not know the location of the HyperWorks installation directory, contact your systems administrator.
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To specify a HyperMesh binary results file: 1. 2. 3. Select the files panel on any main menu page. Select the results subpanel. Click results file = twice. HyperMesh displays a list of the files and subdirectories in the current directory. Directory names are followed by a slash, /. 4. 5. 6. Select the raildemo.res file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. HyperMesh returns to the files panel. Note that results = now displays the location of the raildemo.res file. Click return.
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To create a plot and curves using the results subpanel: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Select the xy plots module on the Post page. Select the results curves panel. Select the results subpanel. Click the upper switch and select create new plot. Click x data type = and select time. Click y data type = and select Displacements. Click start with = and select Rail Crash, t = 0.29959E-03. Click end with = and select Rail Crash, t = 0.12000E-01. Click the lower input collector switch and select nodes.
10. Pick three nodes on the model in the graphics area. Pick a node near each end and one node in the center of the model. 11. Click create. Three displacements vs. time curves are created on a standard plot. The plot is located in the upper left corner of the graphics area. The name of the plot, untitled1, is displayed in the create new plot data entry field. To create a plot and a curve using the along nodes subpanel: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Select the xy plots module on the Post page. Select the results curves panel. Select the along nodes subpanel. Click simulation = and select Rail Crash, t = 0.12000E-01. Click contour. A contour plot of total displacements is created. Pick 14 nodes on the model so that the nodes define a path. Pick the nodes across the different contour colors where the model curves. NOTE 7. Click plot list. A Displacements vs. Distance Along Node Path curve is created on a standard plot named untitled2. HyperMesh names the curve curve8. The plot is located in the lower right corner of the graphics area. The name of the plot is displayed in the create new plot data entry field. The order in which the nodes are picked determines the connectivity of the data points on the curve being created.
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To create a plot and a curve using the position subpanel: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Select the xy plots module on the Post page. Select the results curves panel. Select the position subpanel. Click the switch after axis: and select x axis. Click contour. A contour plot of total displacements along the x-axis is created. Pick 14 nodes on the model so that the nodes define a path. Pick the nodes across the different contour colors where the model curves. Click plot axis . A Displacements vs. Distance Along X Axis curve is created on a standard plot named untitled3. HyperMesh names the curve curve9. The plot is located in the lower right corner of the graphics area. The name of the plot is displayed in the create new plot data entry field. NOTE Complex data can also be plotted for shell elements using the results, along nodes, and position subpanels on the results curve panel. For more information, see the HyperMesh 4.0 Update Training document.
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To reposition a plot on the screen: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Click w on the permanent menu. Click move. Hold down the mouse button and drag the plot containing curve 9 to the upper right corner of the graphics area. Click p on the permanent menu to refresh the screen. Click move. Hold down the mouse button and drag the plot containing curve 8 to the upper middle section of the graphics area. Click p. Click return.
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To create a plot and a curve using the along cut subpanel: 1. 2. 3. Select the xy plots module on the Post page. Select the results curves panel. Select the along cut subpanel. NOTE If the along cut subpanel is not visible, switch from the performance to standard graphics mode. If it is visible, go to step 4.
To switch from performance to standard graphics mode: 4. 5. Click return. Select the options panel on the permanent menu. Select the graphics subpanel. Click the toggle and select standard. Click return. Select the results curves panel on the xy plots module. Select the along cut subpanel.
Click simulation = and select Rail Crash, t = 0.12000E-01. Click contour. A contour plot of total displacements is created. Click the plane and vector collector switch and select N1 N2 N3. Click edit. Click x = under N1 and enter 539.054. In the Node Vector Edit panel, x =, y =, z = data entry fields are displayed under N1, N2, N3, and base.
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10. Click z = under N1 and enter 53.749. 11. Click x = under N2 and enter 525.688. 12. Click y = under N2 and enter 15.000. 13. Click z = under N2 and enter 40.833. 14. Click return. A purple circle in the graphics area indicates the base node location. 15. Click cut plane. 16. Click plot cut. A Displacements vs. Distance Along Cut curve is created for the nodes that are on the cut plane. HyperMesh names the curve curve10. curve10 is located on the standard plot in the lower right corner of the graphics area. The name of the standard plot, untitled4, is displayed in the create new plot data entry field. 17. Click return. 18. Click exit.
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To rename a plot: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Select the rename panel on the Post page. Click the switch and select plots. Click collector = and select untitled1. Click new name = and enter myplot1. Click rename. In the header bar, the message The collector was renamed is displayed. Click return. Select the display panel on the permanent menu. Click the upper switch and select plots. Notice that the plot collector untitled1 is now named myplot1
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To create an entirely new plot collector: 1. 2. 3. Select the xy plots module on the Post page. Select the plots panel. Click plot = and enter myplot2. Click the switch and select standard. 4. Click create plot. A standard plot is created and is located in the upper left corner of the graphics area on top of the plot raildisp.
To create an new plot based on default values from an existing plot: 1. 2. 3. Click plot = and enter myplot3. Click like = and select raildisp. Click create plot. A plot is created with the same attributes as the plot raildisp. The new plot is displayed in the upper left corner of the graphics area on top of the plots myplot2 and raildisp.
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To add a curve to a plot: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Select the display panel on the permanent menu. Click none. Select myplot1 and raildisp. Click return. Reposition the displayed plots: 6. 7. 8. 9. Click w on the permanent menu. Click push. In the header bar, the message Select a window to push to the background is displayed. Select the plot raildisp in the graphics area. The plot myplot1 is now on top of the plot raildisp. Click return.
Double-click plot =. Select myplot1. Click select curves. Select curve 3. Curves 2, 3, 6, and 7 are selected. Curves, 2, 6, and 7 are displayed on the plot myplot1.
10. Click return. curve3 is added to the plot myplot1. There are now four curves on the plot myplot1. 11. Click return. To expand a plot to fill the screen: 1. 2. 3. Click w on the permanent menu. Click expand. Select the plot myplot1 from the graphics area. The plot expands to fill the screen. 4. Click return.
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10. Enter node 625 Disp (total disp) VS time in the data entry field after title =. 11. Press the ENTER key. In the plot legend, the title description for curve6 reflects this change. 12. Click return.
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Click color and select color 13. NOTE When color is selected, the axis title Displacements is displayed in the graphics area.
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Click the switch and select font 3. The font size for the x and y-axis titles change. Click return.
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To change the border color and margin of the plot: 1. 2. 3. Select the border panel on the xy plots module. Click plot = and select myplot1. Click border color and select color 13. The borders of the plot and the legend are outlined with color 13. Click border margin = and enter 0. The margin between the border of the plot and the plot reflects this change. 5. Click return.
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9. Click execute. A file named curve3_data.ascii is created and saved to the directory from which HyperMesh is run. This file contains the xy data for curve3. A copy of curve3 is also created in HyperMesh and is named curve11. curve11 is on the plot myplot1. In the data entry field following target = is curve11. NOTE: If you are using HyperMesh for the PC, a DOS window may appear with the following message: Does curve3_data.ascii specify a file name or directory name on the target <F = file, D = directory)? Type F for file. 10. Click return. 11. Review the curve3_data.ascii file. For the UNIX version of HyperMesh, go to the directory from which HyperMesh is run. For the PC version of HyperMesh, open the file with a text editor. The curve3_data.ascii file contains the xy data for curve3. 12. Return to the current HyperMesh session. To delete curves and plots: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Select the delete panel on the Tool page. Click delete. Click the switch and select curves. Click curves and select curve8, curve9, curve10, and curve11. Click select. Click delete. In the header bar, the message 4 entities were deleted is displayed. Click the switch and select plots. Click plots and select untitled2, untitled3, untitled4, and m2.
10. Click select. yplot 11. Click delete. 12. In the header bar, the message 4 entities were deleted is displayed. 13. Click return.
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10. Click plot =. 11. Select the plot in the graphics area. 12. The data entry field after plot = displays myplot3. 13. Click file = twice. 14. Select curve3_data.ascii. 15. Click input. 16. The xy data in the curve3_data.ascii file is plotted on the plot myplot3. In the header bar, the message Finished reading in curve data is displayed. 17. Click return.
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All files referenced in the HyperMesh tutorials are located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. If you do not know the location of the HyperWorks installation directory, contact your systems administrator.
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10. Click file = twice to access the file directories. 11. Select the rcforc.ascii file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. 12. Click type =. 13. Select Interface Forces. 14. Click req =. 15. Select Master 1. 16. Click comp =. 17. Select Z. y = displays the location of the rcforc.ascii file as well as Master 1/Z. 18. Click create. The plot and curve are created. The plot is named untitled, and the curve is named curve1, by default. plot = displays untitled.
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To expand the plot to fill the screen: 1. 2. 3. 4. Click w on the permanent menu. Click expand. Pick the plot in the graphics area. The plot fills the screen. Click return.
To edit a curve: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Select the modify subpanel on the edit curves panel. Click curve =. Select curve1. Click comp =. Select Y. Click modify. curve1 reflects the component Y. Click comp =. Select Z. Click modify. curve1 reflects the component Z.
10. Click return. 11. Click exit. Use the following procedures to perform integration curve math: To display curve IDs: 1. 2. 3. 4. Select the xy plots module on the Post page. Select the legend panel on the xy plots module. Click show ids. The curves ID, 1, is displayed in the plots legend. Click return.
To create plots: 1. 2. 3. 4. Select the plots panel on the xy plots module. Click plot = and enter test2. Click the switch and select standard. Click create plot. A standard plot is created, located in the upper left corner of the screen. This plot is on top of the plot untitled. 5. 6. 7. Repeat steps 2 - 4 to create four standard plots named test3, test4, test5, and test6. In the graphics area, the four plots are stacked on top of the plot test2. It appears that there are only two plots displayed in the graphics area (untitled and test2). Click return.
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To unstack the plots: 1. 2. Click w on the permanent menu. Click unstack. Six plots are displayed in the graphics area. Click return.
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To edit curves: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Select the edit curves panel on the xy plots module. Select the create subpanel. Select math as the data source. Click plot = and select test2. Click the data entry field after x = and enter cl.x. Click the data entry field after y = and enter integral(c1.x,c1.y). Click create. Given c1, a curve is created which is the indefinite integral of c1. The curve is named curve2 and is located on the plot test2.
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Using Filters
Curves can be passed through an SAE filter. In this tutorial, filter a curve using the edit curves panel. To filter a curve: 1. 2. Click plot = on the edit curves panel. Select untitled. x = displays c1.x. Click the data entry field after y = and enter saefilter(c1.x,c1.y,180). Click create. A third curve, curve3, is created on the same plot as curve1.
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NOTE
For a description of the SAE class filter saefilter and other math functions and operators, see the topic List of Functions and Operators in the Math Reference chapter.
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All files referenced in the HyperMesh tutorials are located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. If you do not know the location of the HyperWorks installation directory, contact your systems administrator.
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To retrieve the NASTRAN template for this tutorial: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Select the files panel on any main menu page. Select the template subpanel. Double click template file =. Select the nastran directory. Select the general template file. HyperMesh returns to the files panel. Note that template file = now displays the location of the general template. The NASTRAN general template allows you to define NASTRAN-specific attributes in HyperMesh. 7. Click return to access the main menu.
To create material collectors and components: Create your material collectors before creating your component collectors; components must reference a material collector. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Select the collectors panel. Select the create subpanel. Select the switch after collector type: and select mats. Click name = and enter steel. Click card image = and select MAT1. Click create/edit. The MAT1 card image is loaded for the material steel. Click E to make the status title active. NOTE A status title is displayed as yellow (off) or blue (on). The status title toggles between the two options when you click it. Click the data entry field under E and enter 2E5.
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Click NU, click the data entry field under NU, and enter 0.30.
10. Click return. 11. Click the switch after collector type : and select comps. 12. Click name = and enter shells. 13. Click card image = and select PSHELL. 14. Click material = and select steel. 15. Click color and select color 8. 16. Click create/edit. HyperMesh goes to the card image panel for the new component, shells HyperMesh . assigns color 8 to the elements that are organized into this component, and assigns the material steel to this component. 17. Click T, click the data entry field under T, and enter 10.0. 18. Click return twice to access the main menu. A component is created named shells Any elements created and organized into this . component have the thickness attributes defined by the PSHELL card. The elements have material attributes defined on the MAT1 card by the material collector steel, since the shells component references this material collector. Use the card image subpanel to modify the card images for these collectors. Use the update subpanel to define a different material for the components. To mesh the geometry: The automeshing module allows you to mesh interactively on surfaces. It also includes tools for manipulating surface edges and meshing fixed points (locations where the mesher is required to place a node). The elements generated are organized into the current component, shells. 1. 2. 3. 4. Select the automesh panel on the 2-D page. Select the surface displayed in the graphics area and click mesh. Click using size and biasing = and enter 40. Click recalc all.
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Click mesh. The automesher creates about 400 elements on the surface.
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Click return to save the mesh in the shells component. Click return to access the main menu.
Applying boundary conditions to the model In this section, the model is constrained such that two of the four edges cannot move. A total lateral load of 1000N is applied at the edge of the hole so that all forces point in the positive zdirection. To create collectors: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Select the collectors panel. Select the create subpanel. Click the switch after collector type: and select loadcols. Click name = and enter spcs. Click color and select color 10. Click create. The collector is created. Click name = again and enter forces. Click color and select color 15. Click create. The collector is created.
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To create constraints: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Select the global panel on the permanent menu. Click loadcol = and select spcs. Click return. Select the constraints panel on the BCs page. Select the create subpanel. Click nodes and select by window from the extended entity selection menu. HyperMesh goes to the Build Window panel. Click interior, if not already selected. Create a window around the left and right edges of the model. Do this by picking points on the screen with your mouse. Click select entities. The nodes along the left and right edges of the model are selected (see the figure below). HyperMesh returns to the constraints panel.
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10. Click dof1-dof6, if not already selected. NOTE Dofs that are checked are constrained. Dofs 1, 2, and 3 are x, y, and z translation degrees of freedom Dofs 4, 5, and 6 are x, y, and z rotational degrees of freedom 11. Click create to apply these constraints to the selected nodes. To create forces on the nodes around the hole: 1. 2. 3. 4. Select the global panel on the permanent menu. Click loadcol = and select forces. Click return. Click return again to access the main menu.
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5. 6.
Select the forces panel on the BCs page. Click nodes and select by window from the extended entity selection menu. HyperMesh goes to the Build Window panel.
7. 8. 9.
Click interior. Create a window around the hole of the model. Do this by picking points on the screen with your mouse. Click select entities. The nodes around the hole of the model are selected (see the figure below). HyperMesh returns to the constraints panel.
10. Click nodes and select save from the extended entity selection menu. 11. Click return. 12. Select the count panel on the Tool page. The nodes are counted automatically so that a calculation can be made to create a total force of 1000N. 13. Click the upper left switch and select nodes. 14. Click nodes and select retrieve from the extended entity select menu. The nodes saved in the forces panel are retrieved. 15. Click selected to count the number of nodes around the hole. 16. Click return. 17. Select the forces panel on the BCs page. 18. Click nodes and select retrieve from the extended entity selection menu. 19. Click magnitude = and enter 1000/47 or /number of nodes found in the count panel. The total load on the nodes around the hole is 1000N. 20. Click the plane and vector definition switch below magnitude = and select z-axis. 21. Click create. 22. Click return.
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The last step in setting up the boundary conditions is to create a NASTRAN subcase (a load step in HyperMesh). 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Select the load steps panel on the BCs page. Click name = and enter lateral force. Click loadcols and select spcs and forces. Click select. Click create. The load step is created. Click return.
6.
To create control cards: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Select the cntl cards panel on the BCs page. Click SOL. Click the switch and select either Statics (SOL 101) or Statics & Lin. Heat Transfer (SOL 24) from the pop-up menu. Click return. Click PARAM. Click AUTOSPC. Click return. Click return again to access the main menu.
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6.
To save your .hm file and exit HyperMesh: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Select the files panel on any main menu page. Select the hm file subpanel. Click file = and enter plate_hole_new.hm. Click save. Click return to exit the files panel. Click quit to exit HyperMesh.
To add output requests to your deck: 1. 2. Open the plate_hole.dat file in a text editor, such as WordPad. After the SUBCASE 1 card, insert the following cards: DISPLACEMENT(PUNCH)=ALL STRESS(PUNCH)=ALL 3. 4. Save the changes to your file. Exit the text editor and submit the job to NASTRAN for analysis.
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3.
4.
5.
6.
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To view a deformed shape: 1. 2. Select the deformed panel on the Post page. Click simulation =. SUBCASE-1 is the only simulation. If you had created two load steps, two simulations would exist: SUBCASE-1 and SUBCASE-2. The subcase IDs reflect your HyperMesh load step IDs. 3. 4. 5. Click Subcase-1. Click model units = and enter 250. Click deform to view a deformed plot of your model overlaid on the original, undeformed mesh (refer to the figure below).
Isometric view of deformed plot overlaid on original undeformed mesh. Model units are set to 250.
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To view a contour plot of stresses and displacements: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Select the contour panel on the Post page. Click simulation = and select Subcase-1. Click data type = and select Displacements. Select the view panel on the permanent menu. Select top from the pop-up menu. Click contour. Click data type = and select von Mises Stress(max,all). Click assign. Click contour and compare your model to the picture below.
von Mises stress plot using discrete contours (in performance graphics mode).
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All files referenced in the HyperMesh tutorials are located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. If you do not know the location of the HyperWorks installation directory, contact your systems administrator for assistance.
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To select the ABAQUS template: 1. 2. Select the template subpanel. Double-click template file = and choose abaqus/standard.3d from the templates directory.
To set the pre-prepared visual options: 1. 2. 3. 4. Select the command subpanel. Double-click file = and choose abtut1.cmf. Click execute. Click return to exit the panel.
To create the *ELASTIC material model card: 1. 2. Select the collectors panel. Create the material collector with the appropriate card image: 3. Select the create subpanel. Click the switch after collector type and select mats. Click the switch under creation method: and select card image. Click name = and enter STEEL Click card image = and choose ABAQUS_MATERIAL Click create/edit.
Edit the card image to add the appropriate material model cards: Select ELASTIC in the option list. By default, the selected type is ISOTROPIC. If it is not set to ISOTROPIC, click the switch and select it. In the card image section of the menu, click the field beneath E and enter 2.1E5. In the card image section of the menu, click the field beneath NU and enter 0.3 Click return to accept the changes to the card image.
4.
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To tie the material card to the component collectors: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Select the collectors panel. Select the update subpanel. Click the upper switch and select comps. Click material = and select STEEL. Double-click comps and select INDENTOR and BEAM from the list. Click select to finish the selection process. Click update. Select material id from the list. Click update.
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To view the *SOLID SECTION property cards: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Select the card panel from the permanent menu. Click the input collector switch and select comps. Click comps and select INDENTOR from the list of component collectors. Click select to finish the selection process. Click edit to view the *SOLID SECTION property card image. Click return to finish the viewing process. Click return to exit the panel.
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To view the face elements without the rest of the model: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Select the display panel from the permanent menu. Click the upper switch and select comps. Click the toggle to elems. Use the right mouse button to deselect INDENTOR and BEAM. Click return to exit the panel. Select the view panel from the permanent menu and select left from the pop-up menu.
To mask the face elements not involved in the contact surface: 1. 2. 3. 4. Select the mask panel from the Tool page. Select the mask subpanel. Click the input collector switch and select elems from the pop-up menu. Click elems and select by window from the pop-up menu.
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5.
Pick points on the screen to create a window like the one shown in the picture below.
6. 7. 8. 9.
Click select entities. Click mask . Select the view panel from the permanent menu and select iso 1 from the pop-up menu. Click return to exit the panel.
To create the *CONTACT PAIR card: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Select the interfaces panel from the BCs page. Select the create subpanel. Click name = and enter the name: CONTACT1 Click the switch under creation method: and click card image. Click card image = and select CONTACT_PAIR. Click type = and select CONTACT_PAIR. Click interface color and select a color. Click create. Click return to exit the panel.
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To define the slave *SURFACE DEFINITION using face elements: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Select the interfaces panel on the BCs page. Select the add subpanel. Double-click name = and select CONTACT1. Click the switch under slave: and select entity. Click elems to the right of slave and select displayed from the extended entity selection menu. Click add to the right of slave: to add these faces to the *SURFACE DEFINITION. When elements are added to a group, HyperMesh creates ghost element images that are placed into the group. The original element that was selected is not modified. 7. Click return to exit the panel.
To tie the slave elements to the underlying solids: 1. 2. 3. Select the faces panel on the Tool page. Click delete faces. Click return to exit the panel.
To define the master *SURFACE DEFINITION using sets: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Select the interfaces panel from the BCs page. Select the add subpanel. Double-click name = and select CONTACT1. Click the switch under master: and select sets. Click sets and choose BEAMSURF from the list of sets. Click select to finish the selection process. Click update on the same line as master: to add the set to the *SURFACE DEFINITION. Click return to exit the panel.
To complete the definition of the *CONTACT PAIR card: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Select the interfaces panel on the BCs page. Select the card image subpanel. Double-click name = and select CONTACT1. Click edit. Click the field under SLAVE in the *CONTACT PAIR card image and enter SLAVE1. Click the field under MASTER in the *CONTACT PAIR card image and enter MASTER1. Select the option SmallSliding from the option list. Notice that the parameter SMALL SLIDING now appears in the card image.
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To add the *SURFACE DEFINITION and *SURFACE INTERACTION cards: 1. Click MasterSurfaceDefinition. Note that a *SURFACE DEFINITION card now appears in the card image. There are two ways to define the surface from a set: If you want to define the surface by explicitly specifying a face: Click the selection box under MSLabel(1) and choose S1 from the pop-up menu. Using this method requires all of the elements in the set to be aligned properly and also requires you to know which face is involved in the contact. Also note that ABAQUS does not allow the TRIM option to be used simultaneously with a face identifier. In order to use the TRIM option (discussed next), you must have the MSLabel(1) switch set to NoLabel.
If you want to define the surface using the ABAQUS TRIM functionality: Click the TRIM option under MasterSurfaceDefinition. Click the switch under TRIM and select YES from the list.
Using this method allows ABAQUS to automatically define the master surface based on the rules found in the ABAQUS Users Manual. Also note that ABAQUS does not allow the TRIM option to be used simultaneously with a face identifier. In order to use the TRIM option, you must have the MSLabel(1) switch set to NoLabel.
2.
Click SlaveSurfaceDefinition. No modification of the slave *SURFACE DEFINITION card is necessary since the surface is defined using element faces. When you export the deck to ABAQUS, a list of the element faces is written after the *SURFACE DEFINITION card.
3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Click SurfaceInteraction. Select the Friction option under SurfaceInteraction to add a *FRICTION card. Click the field beneath FrictionCoeff in the card image and enter 0.05 Click return to accept the changes to the card image. Click return to exit the panel.
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To create the *SPRING property card: 1. 2. Select the collectors panel. Create a property collector with the appropriate card image: 3. Select the create subpanel. Click the switch after collector type and select props. Click name = and enter SPRING Click the switch under creation method: and select card image. Click card image = and choose SPRING. Click create/edit.
Edit the card image to add the appropriate options: Click the field beneath SETNAME in the card image and enter GROUNDED Click the field beneath dof1 in the card image and enter 3. The dof2 field in the *SPRING card is ignored by ABAQUS for SPRING1 elements. Click the field beneath Stiffness in the card image and enter 1.0E-5 Click return to accept the changes to the card image.
4.
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To create a component to group the spring elements according to property: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Select the collectors panel. Select the create subpanel. Click the upper switch and select comps. Click the switch under creation method: and click no card image. Click name = and enter GROUNDED. The name of this component must be the same as the name in the SETNAME field in the *SPRING property card or the elements are not tied properly to the property card. 6. 7. 8. Click color and select Color10. Click create. Click return to exit the panel.
To create the spring elements and tie them to the property: 1. 2. Select the elem types panel on the 1D page. Click mass = and select SPRING1. In HyperMesh, grounded elements are created and stored as mass elements since they only have one node in the element connectivity. 3. 4. 5. Click return to exit the panel. Select the global panel on the permanent menu. Click component = and select GROUNDED from the list of component collectors. As the spring elements are created, they are placed in this component. This component is then tied to the *SPRING card through the name: GROUNDED. 6. 7. Click return to exit the panel. Create the spring elements: 8. Select the masses panel on the 1D page. Click property = and select SPRING from the list of property collectors. Click nodes and select by id from the pop-up menu. Type the following in the id = selection window: 451t460b3 This shorthand selects all of the nodes from 451 to 460 in increments of 3. Click create.
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To edit the *STEP load collector: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Select the collectors panel. Select the card image subpanel. Click the switch after collector type and select loadcols. Double-click name = and select STEP1 from the list of load collectors. Click edit. Add parameters to the *STEP card: 7. Select StepParameters in the options list. Select Increment and Nlgeom from below StepParameters in the options list. Click the field beneath INCREMENT in the card image and enter 100.
Add the *STATIC card to the card image: Select Static in the options list. You may have to use the scroll bar on the left side of the screen in the options list to find the Static option.
Click the Init_Increment field in the card image to change from the default value. Click the field beneath Init_Increment in the card image and enter 0.05
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8.
Add the *NODE FILE card to the card image: Select NodeResults in the options list. Select U from below NodeResults in the options list.
9.
Add the *ELEMENT FILE card to the card image: Select ElementResults in the options list. Select S and SINV from below ElementResults in the options list.
10. Add the *CONTACT FILE card to the card image: Select ContactResults in the options list. Select CSTRESS from below ContactResults in the options list.
11. Add the *FILE FORMAT card to the card image: Select FileFormat in the options list. Click the switch under FILEFORMAT and select ASCII from the list.
12. Click return to accept the changes to the card image. 13. Click return to exit the panel. To create an entity set for loading: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Select the entity sets panel on the BCs page. Click name = and enter LOADED. Click the input collector switch and select nodes. Select the view panel from the permanent menu and select left from the pop-up menu. Click nodes and select by window from the pop-up menu.
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6.
Click points on the screen to create the pick window shown in the picture below.
7. 8. 9.
Click select entities. Click create. Click return to exit the panel.
To create constraints on the BEAM component: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Select the constraints panel on the BCs page. Select the create subpanel. Activate the check boxes next to dof1, dof2, and dof3. Deactivate the check boxes next to dof4, dof5, and dof6. Click nodes and select by sets from the extended entity selection menu. Select ENDS from the list of entity sets. Click select. Click create. Click return to exit the panel.
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To create constraints on the INDENTOR component: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Select the constraints panel on the BCs page. Select the create subpanel. Activate the check boxes next to dof1, and dof2. Deactivate the check boxes next to dof3, dof4, dof5, and dof6. Click nodes and select by sets from the extended entity selection menu. Select LOADED. Click select. Click create. Click return to exit the panel.
To create forces on the INDENTOR component: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Select the forces panel on the BCs page. Select the create subpanel. Click nodes and select by sets from the extended entity selection menu. Select LOADED. Click select. Click the upper switch and select vectors. Click magnitude = and enter 10.0 Click the lower switch and select z-axis. Click the toggle to global system.
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To save the .hm file and quit from HyperMesh: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Select the files panel. Select the hm file subpanel. Click file = and type job1.hm. Click save. Click return to exit the panel. Click quit to exit HyperMesh.
After you quit HyperMesh you can run the ABAQUS solver using the job1.inp file that was written from HyperMesh.
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To import the hm file, attach the results file, and set visual options: 1. If you have a model loaded into HyperMesh, follow these procedures: 2. 3. Select the delete panel from the Tool page. Click delete model. Answer Yes in the pop-up window.
Select the files panel. Read the input deck that was used to run the ABAQUS job or the input deck supplied in the tutorials directory: Select the import subpanel. Double-click translator = and choose abaqus from the feinput directory. Double-click filename = and choose job1.inp, if you ran your own solver program and abaqus3_0tutorial.inp, if you want to use the supplied file. Select EXTERNAL. Click the upper toggle to no overwrite. Click import.
4.
Set the pre-prepared visual options: Select the command subpanel. Double-click file = and choose abtut2.cmf from the tutorials directory. Click execute. If you are using the x version of HyperMesh, an error message may be displayed. Select continue in the pop-up menu.
5.
Assign the results file for post-processing: Select the results subpanel. Double-click results file = and choose job1.hmres if you ran your own solver program and abaqus3_0tutorial.res if you want to use the supplied file.
6.
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To post-process displacement and stress results: 1. 2. Select the contour panel on the Post page. Click simulation = and select: step 1 inc 7, t=1.00e+00 Notice that each increment in the ABAQUS analysis is a new simulation. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Click data type = and select Displacements. Click the leftmost switch and select model units from the pop-up menu. Click model units = and enter 10.0 Click contour. Click data type = and select Von Mises. Select the view panel from the permanent menu and select restore 1 from the pop-up menu. Click assign. The default location for ABAQUS to output stress values is at the Integration Points. The hmabaqus program takes these values and averages them to the centroid of each element. Therefore, the most accurate representation of the stress values as they were reported from ABAQUS can be found with an assigned plot. 10. Click return to exit the panel. To post-process incremental results: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Select the transient panel on the Post page. Click start with = and select step 1 inc 1, t=5.00e-02. Click end with = and select step 1 inc 7, t=1.00e+00. Click data type = and select Von Mises. Click scale factor = and enter 100.0. If you are using the x-version, skip to Step 12. 6. Click transient. HyperMesh calculates seven frames of animation showing the displacement and von Mises stress for each increment. In a non-linear analysis, this type of animation is necessary to view the history of the stress development. 7. 8. 9. Once the animation begins, click the leftmost toggle to visual options. Click the toggle next to mode and select hidden line. Click the toggle next to color and select contour.
10. Click return to exit the animation. 11. Activate the hidden line option. 12. Click transient. HyperMesh calculates seven frames of animation showing the displacement and von Mises stress for each increment. In a non-linear analysis, this type of animation is necessary to view the history of the stress development. 13. Click return to exit the animation. 14. Click return to exit the panel.
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To set up the display for post-processing contact results: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Select the display panel from the permanent menu. Click the input collector switch and select comps. Click the toggle to elems. Click none. Click return to exit the panel. Select the view panel from the permanent menu and select iso 1 from the pop-up menu. The elements displayed on the screen are the slave elements that are involved in the contact. To view the contact results, the underlying element faces must be visible. The following steps show all of the elements connected to these slave element faces. 7. 8. 9. Select the find panel on the Tool page. Select the find attached subpanel. Click the upper switch and select elems.
10. Click the switch under attached to: and select elems. 11. Click elems under attached to: and select displayed from the extended entity selection menu. 12. Click find. 13. Click return to exit the panel. To post-process contact results: 1. 2. Select the contour panel on the Post page. Click simulation = and select: step 1 inc 7, t=1.00e+00 Notice that each increment in the ABAQUS analysis is a new simulation. 3. 4. Click data type = and select Contact Pressure. Click the second switch down, which should be set to model units, and choose undeformed from the pop-up menu. Click contour. At this point, an error message is displayed in the message bar that states: Some node results were not found (ignored). When ABAQUS reports contact results, it only reports values for the nodes directly on the slave surface. Therefore, the nodes on the other end of the displayed solid elements dont have any contact results reported from ABAQUS. HyperMesh recognizes that there are no values at those nodes and reports an error message to warn you that they may be missing results. Also notice that the contact pressure is high on the corners of the slave surface, but is zero in the middle where no contact is occurring.
5.
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All files referenced in the HyperMesh tutorials are located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. If you do not know the location of the HyperWorks installation directory, contact your systems administrator.
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Updating Elements
In this tutorial, make the existing element types ANSYS-compatible elements. To retrieve the file for this tutorial: 1. 2. 3. Select the files panel on any main menu page. Select the hm file subpanel. Double click file =. HyperMesh displays a list of the files and subdirectories in the current directory. Directory names are followed by a slash, /. Select the hm-ansys.hm file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. HyperMesh returns to the files panel. Note that file = now displays the location of the hm-ansys.hm file. Click retrieve. Click return to exit the files panel.
4. 5. 6. 7.
To select the ANSYS template: 1. 2. 3. 4. Select the global panel on the permanent menu. Double click template file =. Select the ansys.2d template from the \ansys\ directory. Click return.
To update elements: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Select the elem types panel on the 2-D page. Click mass = and select MASS21. Click rod = and select LINK1. Click gap = and select CONTAC12. Click tria3 = and select PLANE42. Click quad4 = and select PLANE42. Click elems and select all from the extended entity selection menu. Click update. Click return.
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10. Click return to access the main menu. To define options for mass, gap, and link elements: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Select the collectors panel. Select the card image subpanel. Click the switch after collector type: and select comps. Double click name = and select MASS. Click card image = and select MASS21. Click load/edit. HyperMesh goes to the card image panel. Select kopt3_FLAG. Click the data entry field under kopt3 and enter 4. Click return. HyperMesh returns to the collectors panel.
10. Double click name = and select GAP. 11. Click card image = and select CONTAC12. 12. Click load/edit. HyperMesh goes to the card image panel. 13. Select kopt1_FLAG. 14. Click the data entry field under kopt1 and enter 0. 15. Select kopt2_FLAG.
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16. Click the data entry field under kopt2 and enter 1. 17. Select kopt4_FLAG. 18. Click the data entry field under kopt4 and enter 0. 19. Click return. HyperMesh returns to the collectors panel. 20. Double click name = and select LINK. 21. Click card image = and select LINK1. 22. Click load/edit. HyperMesh goes to the card image panel. 23. Click return. HyperMesh returns to the collectors panel. 24. Click return to access the main menu. To create a property collector for mass elements: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Select the collectors panel. Select the create subpanel. Click the switch after collector type: and select props. Click name = and enter MASS. Click card image = and select MASS21p from the pop-up menu. Click material = and select mat. Click create/edit. HyperMesh goes to the card image panel. Click R_LEN = and enter 1. Click the data entry field under R and enter 100 for the mass of the MASS elements.
10. Click return. HyperMesh returns to the collectors panel. 11. Click return to access the main menu. To create a property collector for gap elements: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Select the collectors panel. Select the create subpanel. Click name = and enter GAP. Click card image = and select CONTAC12p. Click material = and select mat. Click create/edit. HyperMesh goes to the card image panel. Click R_LEN = and enter 4. Click the data entry field under R and enter 0. Use the TAB key to enter the following values in the remaining data entry fields: 2 E 05, 0, and 0. Click return. HyperMesh returns to the collectors panel.
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To create a property collector for link elements: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Select the collectors panel. Select the create subpanel. Click name = and enter LINK. Click card image = and select LINK1p. Click material = and select mat. Click create/edit. HyperMesh goes to the card image panel. Click R_LEN = and enter 1. Click the data entry field under R and enter 10 for the cross sectional area of the link elements. Click return. HyperMesh returns to the collectors panel.
10. Click return to access the main menu. After creating property collectors, assign them to their respective element types. To update mass element properties: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Select the masses panel on the 1-D page. Select the update subpanel. Click elems and select by config from the extended entity selection menu. Click config = and select mass from the extended entity selection menu. Click select entities. Click property = and select MASS. Click update. Select property. Click update.
10. Click return to access the main menu. To update the gap element properties: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Select the gaps panel on the 1-D page. Select the update subpanel. Click elems and select by config from the extended entity selection menu. Click config = and select gap from the extended entity selection menu. Click select entities. Click property = and select GAP. Click update. Select property. Click update.
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To update the rod elements: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Select the rods panel on the 1-D page. Select the update subpanel. Click elems and select by config from the extended entity selection menu. Click config = and select rod from the extended entity selection menu. Click select entities. Click property = and select LINK. Click update. Click return.
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To edit the ANSYS file: You must edit the hm-ansys.prp file since HyperMesh does not translate the application of angular velocity to ANSYS. 1. 2. Open the hm-ansys.prp file in a text editor. Before the /SOLU command, insert the following command: OMEGA,,,377 (3600 rpm ~ 377 rad/s) 3. Save the file and exit. You can now submit the hm-ansys.prp file to ANSYS for analysis.
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6. 7.
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All files referenced in the HyperMesh tutorials are located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. If you do not know the location of the HyperWorks installation directory, contact your systems administrator for assistance.
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To select the MARC template for a 2-D mechanical analysis: 1. 2. 3. Select the template subpanel. Double-click file = and choose marc/stress2d.tpl from the templates directory. Click return.
To create the ISOTROPIC material model card: 1. 2. Select the collectors panel. Create the material collector with the appropriate card image: 3. Select the create subpanel. Click the switch after collector type and select mats. Click name = and enter STEEL. Click the switch under creation method: and select card image. Click card image = and choose ISOTROPIC. Click create/edit.
Edit the card image to add the appropriate material model cards: In the card image section of the menu, click the field beneath Youngs and enter 2.1E5. In the card image section of the menu, click the field beneath Poissons and enter 0.3 Click return to accept the changes to the card image.
4.
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To create the MOONEY material model card: 1. 2. Select the collectors panel. Create the material collector with the appropriate card image: 3. 4. Select the create subpanel. Click the switch after collector type and select mats. Click name = and enter RUBBER. Click the switch under creation method: and select card image. Click card image = and select MOONEY. Click create/edit. In the card image section of the menu, click the field beneath C10 and enter 0.8. In the card image section of the menu, click the field beneath C01 and enter 0.2 Click return to accept the changes to the card image.
Edit the card image to add the appropriate material model cards:
To tie the ISOTROPIC material card to the component collector: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Select the collectors panel. Select the update subpanel. Click the switch after collector type and select comps. Click comps and select STEEL from the list. Click select to finish the selection process. Click material = and select STEEL. Click update. Select material id from the list. Click update.
To tie the MOONEY material card to the component collector: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Click review. Select RUBBER from the list. Click comps and select RUBBER from the list. Click select to finish the selection process. Click material = and select RUBBER. Click update. Select material id from the list. Click update. Click return to exit the panel.
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10. Click card image = and select GEOMETRY. 11. Click load/edit. 12. In the card image section of the menu, click the field beneath EGEOM(1) and enter 1.0. 13. Click return to exit the panel. To view or change the entries in a geometry model definition card: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Select the card panel from the permanent menu. Click the input collector switch and select comps. Click comps and select RUBBER from the list of component collectors. Click select to finish the selection process. Click edit to view or edit the GEOMETRY model definition card image. Click return to finish the viewing process or change an entry. Click return to exit the panel. You can also define a GEOMETRY model definition card during the creation of a component collector.
Note:
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10. Click the input collector switch and select lines. 11. Pick the line where you want to create elements. 12. Click the toggle to select segment is whole line. 13. Click the element config: switch and select plot. 14. Click mesh. 15. Click return to exit the subpanel. 16. Click return to exit the line mesh panel.
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To define the header for the contact model definition card: 1. Select the BCs page. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Select the interfaces subpanel. Select the create subpanel. Click the switch under creation method: and select card image. Click name = and enter header. Click type = and enter CONTACT_HEADER. Notice that the parameter CONTACT_HEADER now appears in the card image. Click create/edit. Edit the card image: 9. In the card image section of the menu, click the field beneath MaxEnt and enter 500. Click the field beneath MxNod and enter 500. Click the field beneath FricTy and select 5. Click the field beneath CoulFr and select 1. Click the field beneath BIAS and enter 0.9.
10. Click return to exit the interfaces panel. To define the deformable contact body: 1. Select the BCs page. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Select the interfaces panel. Select the create subpanel. Click the switch under creation method: and select card image. Click name = and enter defbody1. Click type = and enter BODY_2D_DEFORMABLE. Notice that the parameter BODY_2D_DEFORMABLE now appears in the card image. Select the interface color subpanel and select Color 12. Click create/edit. Edit the card image: In the card image section of the menu, click the field beneath BodyID and enter 1.
10. Click return to exit the card image panel. 11. Select the add subpanel. 12. Click the switch under slave: and select entity. 13. Click elems to the right of slave: and select by collector. 14. Select component RUBBER. 15. Click select. 16. Click add to the right of slave: to add these elements to the deformable body defbody1. When elements are added to a group, HyperMesh creates ghost element images that are placed into the group. The original element that was selected is not modified. 17. Click return to exit the panel.
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To define the rigid contact body: 1. Select the BCs page. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Select the interfaces panel. Select the create subpanel. Click the switch under creation method: and select card image. Click name = and enter rigbody2. Click type = and enter BODY_2D_RIGID. Notice that the parameter BODY_2D_RIGID now appears in the card image. Click create/edit. Edit the card image: Click the ITYPE switch and select LINE SEGMENT. In the card image section of the menu, click the field beneath BodyID and enter 2. In the card image section of the menu, click the field beneath VelX and enter 8.5. Click return to exit the card image panel.
9.
10. Select the add subpanel. 11. Click the switch under slave: and select comps. 12. Double-click comps to the right of slave:. 13. Select component RIGID. 14. Click select. 15. Click update to the right of slave: to add these plot elements to the rigid body rigbody2. 16. Click return to exit the panel. Notice that for the definition of a rigid body as line segments, you have to add the plot elements to the interface group by components. To view the normal direction of the line elements: 1. Select the Post page. 2. 3. 4. 5. Select the summary panel. Double-click template file = and select show_normals2d.sum Click the toggle above print it and switch to displayed. Click summary. Notice that three vectors appear on the rigid body, which define the normal vector direction of the rigid body following a right handed rule. For the correct contact definition in MARC, these vectors have to point into the rigid body. Click return.
6.
To change the normal direction of the line elements: 1. Select the Post page. 2. 3. 4. 5. Select the summary panel. Double-click template file = and select reverse_normals.sum Click the toggle above print it and switch to displayed Click summary. Notice that the reverse_normals.sum template only works correct for a single displayed rigid body. If there is more than one rigid body in your model, mask the others and execute the template only for the displayed rigid body. You have to repeat the steps above for all desired rigid bodies. Click return.
6.
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To create constraints on the STEEL component: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Select the BCs page. Select the constraints panel. Select the create subpanel. Click size and enter 1. Activate the check boxes next to dof1, and dof2. Deactivate the check boxes next to dof3, dof4, dof5 and dof6. Click nodes and select by window from the pop-up menu.
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8.
Click points on the screen to create the pick window shown in the picture below.
9.
10. Click create. 11. Click return to exit the panel. To assign the load collector model_def_loads to a loadstep: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Select the BCs page. Select the load steps panel. Click name = and enter model_definition_block. Click loadcols and select the load collector model_def_loads. Click select. Click create. Click return to exit the panel.
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To edit the loadstep card image and define a MODEL DEFINITION DATA load and constraint block (ZERO INCREMENT): 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Select the card panel on the permanent menu. Click the upper switch and select loadsteps. Click loadsteps and select the loadstep: model_definition_block. Click select. Click edit. Edit the card image to add the appropriate MODEL DEFINITION CARDS: Select Initial from the option list. Select CONTROL from the option list. Select NOPRINT from the option list. Select CONTACT TABLE from the option list. In the card image section of the menu, click the field beneath NrSets and enter 2. Notice that two SETS of contact table entries appear. 7. 8. Click the field beneath TBo(1) and enter 1. Click the field beneath FricC(1) and enter 0.5. Click the field beneath Bo(0,0) and enter 1. Click the field beneath TBo(2) and enter 1. Click the field beneath FricC(2) and enter 0.3. Click the field beneath Bo(1,0) and enter 2.
Click return to exit the panel. Click return to exit the panel.
To create the HISTORY DEFINITION DATA load collector: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Select the collectors panel. Select the create subpanel. Click the switch after collector type and select loadcols. Click name = and enter the name: history1_def_loads. Click color and choose Color 11 from the pop-up menu. Click create. Click return to exit the panel. Notice that in the main menu header bar next to the quit button, the active load collector history1_def_loads is displayed. All loads and boundary conditions are now added to this load collector.
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To assign the load collector history1_def_loads to a new loadstep: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Select the BCs page. Select the loadsteps panel. Click name = and enter history1_definition_block. Click loadcols and select the load collector history1_def_loads. Click select. Click create. Click return to exit the panel.
To edit the loadstep card image and define a HISTORY DEFINITION DATA load and constraint block (LOADCASE): 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Select the card panel on the permanent menu. Click the upper switch and select loadsteps. Click loadsteps and select the loadstep history1_definition_block. Click select. Click edit. Edit the card image to add the appropriate HISTORY DEFINITION CARDS: 7. 8. Select CONTROL from the option list. Select AUTOLOAD_TIMESTEP from the option list. In the card image section of the menu, click the field beneath nitems and enter 60. In the card image section of the menu, click the field beneath timeinc and enter 0.017. Select MOTION_CHANGE from the option list. In the card image section of the menu, click the field beneath NrSets2 and enter 1. In the card image section of the menu, click the field beneath ID(1) and enter 2. In the card image section of the menu, click the field beneath Velx(1) and enter -8.5.
Click return to exit the panel. Click return to exit the panel.
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To save the .hm file and quit HyperMesh: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Select the files panel. Select the hm file subpanel. Click file = and type demo_2d.hm. Click save. Click return to exit the panel. Click quit to exit HyperMesh.
After you quit HyperMesh you can run the MARC solver using the demo_2d.dat file that was written from HyperMesh.
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To import the hm file and attach the results file: 1. If you have a model loaded into HyperMesh, follow these procedures: Select the delete panel from the Tool page. 2. 3. Click delete model. Answer Yes in the pop-up window. Click return.
Select the files panel. Read the input deck that was used to run the MARC job or the input deck supplied in the Tutorials directory: Select the import subpanel. Double-click translator = and choose marc from the feinput directory. Double-click filename = and choose demo_2d.dat if you ran your own solver program, or marc2d_tutorial.dat, if you want to use the supplied file. Select EXTERNAL. Click the upper toggle to no overwrite. Click import.
4.
Assign the results file for post-processing: Select the results subpanel. Double-click file = and choose demo_2d.hmres if you ran your own solver program, or marc2d_tutorial.hmres if you want to use the supplied file.
5.
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To post-process displacement and stress results: 1. Select the contour panel on the Post page. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Click simulation = and select inc 60, t=1.002. Notice that each increment in the MARC analysis is a new simulation. Click data type = and select Displacements. Click the leftmost switch and select scale factor from the pop-up menu. Click scale fact = and enter 1.0. Click contour. Click data type = and select equiv. Cauchy stress. Click assign. The default location for MARC to output stress values is at the Integration Points. The hmmarc program takes these values and averages them to the centroid of each element. Therefore, the most accurate representation of the stress values as they were reported from MARC can be found with an assigned plot. Click return to exit the panel.
9.
To post-process incremental results: 1. Select the transient panel on the Post page. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Click start with = and select inc 0, t=0.00. Click end with = and select inc 60, t=1.002. Click data type = and select equiv. Cauchy Stress. Click scale factor = and enter 1.0. If you are using the x-version, skip to Step 12. Click transient. HyperMesh calculates seven frames of animation showing the displacement and equivalent Cauchy Stress for each increment. In a non-linear analysis, this type of animation is necessary to view the history of the stress development. Once the animation begins, click the leftmost toggle to visual options. Click the toggle next to mode and select hidden line. Click the toggle next to color and select contour.
7. 8. 9.
10. Click exit to exit the animation. 11. Activate the hidden line option. 12. Click transient. 13. Click exit to exit the animation. 14. Click return to exit the panel. To post-process contact results: 1. Select the contour panel on the Post page. 2. 3. 4. Click simulation = and select inc 60, t=1.002. Notice that each increment in the MARC analysis is a new simulation. Click data type = and select Ex. applied forces. Click contour. Notice that the Hypermesh results translator hmmarc in the present form can only handle results files of the MARC Version K6. Also, the displacements of rigid bodies are not transferred correctly in this version.
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All files referenced in the HyperMesh tutorials are located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. If you do not know the location of the HyperWorks installation directory, contact your systems administrator for assistance.
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To select the MARC template for a 3-D mechanical stress analysis: 1. 2. Select the template subpanel. Double-click file = and choose marc/stress3d.tpl from the templates directory.
To create the ISOTROPIC material model card: 1. 2. Select the collectors panel. Create the material collector with the appropriate card image: Select the create subpanel. 3. Click the switch after collector type and select mats. Click name = and enter ALU. Click the switch under creation method: and select card image. Click card image = and choose ISOTROPIC. Click create/edit. Select WorkHardData in the option list. In the card image section of the menu, click the field beneath Youngs and enter 7.0E4. In the card image section of the menu, click the field beneath Poissons and enter 0.33. In the card image section of the menu, click the field beneath EqTYS and enter 200.0. In the card image section of the menu, click the field beneath nrEq and enter 5. In the card image section of the menu, click the table entries beneath EqStress and EqPlStrain and enter the following values: EqStress 200 210 240 245 248 4. EqPlStrain 0.00 0.15 0.70 1.25 2.00
Edit the card image to add the appropriate material model cards:
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To tie the material cards to the component collectors: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Select the collectors panel. Select the update subpanel. Click the switch after collector type and select comps. Click comps and select test_specimen from the list. Click select to finish the selection process. Click material = and select ALU. Click update. Select material id from the list. Click update.
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To view or change the entries in a geometry model definition card: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Select the card panel from the permanent menu. Click the input collector switch and select comps. Click comps and select test_specimen from the list of component collectors. Click select to finish the selection process. Click edit to view or edit the GEOMETRY model definition card image. Click return to finish the viewing process or change an entry. Click return to exit the panel.
Note:
You can also define a GEOMETRY model definition card during the creation of a component collector.
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8.
Click points on the screen to create the pick window shown in the picture below.
9.
10. Click create. 11. Click return to exit the panel. To create all other load collectors: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Select the collectors panel. Select the create subpanel. Click the switch after collector type and select loadcols. Click name = and enter the name move_zero. Click color and choose Color 12 from the pop-up menu. Click create. Click name = and enter the name move_history1. Click color and choose Color 14 from the pop-up menu. Click create.
10. Click name = and enter the name move_history2. 11. Click color and choose Color 15 from the pop-up menu. 12. Click create. 13. Click name = and enter the name move_history3. 14. Click color and choose Color 16 from the pop-up menu. 15. Click create. 16. Click return to exit the panel. Notice that in the header bar left of the quit button, the active load collector move_history3 appears. All loads and boundary conditions are now added to this load collector.
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To create the MODEL DEFINITION Block constraints on the load plane and assign them to the move_zero load collector: 1. 2. 3. 4. Select the global menu panel. Select the loadcol = subpanel. Select the move_zero loadcollector. Click return to exit the panel. Notice that in the header bar left of the quit button, the active load collector move_zero appears. All loads and boundary conditions are now added to this load collector. Select the BCs page. Select the constraints panel. Select the create subpanel. Click size and enter 1. Activate the check boxes next to dof1, dof2, and dof3.
5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
10. Deactivate the check boxes next to dof4, dof5 and dof6. 11. Click nodes and select by window from the pop-up menu. 12. Click points on the screen to create the pick window shown in the picture below.
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To create the constraints for the 1 HISTORY block on the load plane and assign them to the move_history1 load collector: 1. 2. 3. 4. Select the global menu panel. Select the loadcol = subpanel. Select the move_history1 loadcollector. Click return to exit the panel. Notice that in the header bar left of the quit button, the active load collector move_history1 appears. All loads and boundary conditions are now added to this load collector. In the field next to dof1 = enter -0.024. Click nodes and select by window from the pop-up menu. Click select entities. Click create.
5. 6. 7. 8.
To create the constraints for the 2 HISTORY block on the load plane and assign them to the move_history2 load collector: 1. 2. 3. 4. Select the global menu panel. Select the loadcol = subpanel. Select the move_history2 loadcollector. Click return to exit the panel. Notice that in the header bar left of the quit button, the active load collector move_history2 appears. All loads and boundary conditions are now added to this load collector. In the field beneath dof1 = enter -0.001. Click nodes and select by window from the pop-up menu. Click select entities. Click create.
5. 6. 7. 8.
To create the constraints for the 3 HISTORY block on the load plane and assign them to the move_history3 load collector: 1. 2. 3. 4. Select the global menu panel. Select the loadcol = subpanel. Select the move_history3 load collector. Click return to exit the panel. Notice that in the header bar left of the quit button, the active load collector move_history3 appears. All loads and boundary conditions are now added to this load collector. In the field beneath dof1 = enter -0.024. Click nodes and select by window from the pop-up menu. Click select entities. Click create. Click return to exit the panel.
5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
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To assign the appropriate load collectors to the loadstep defining the MARC MODEL DEFINITION DATA block: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Select the BCs page. Select the load steps panel. Click name = and enter zero_inc. Click loadcols and select the load collectors symmetry and move_zero. Click select. Click create. Click return to exit the panel.
To edit the loadstep card image and define a MODEL DEFINITION DATA load and constraint block (ZERO INCREMENT): 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Select the card panel on the permanent menu. Click the upper switch and select loadsteps. Click loadsteps and select the loadstep zero_inc. Click select. Click edit. Edit the card image to add the appropriate MODEL DEFINITION CARDS: 7. 8. Select Initial from the option list. Select NOPRINT from the option list.
Click return to exit the panel. Click return to exit the panel.
To assign the appropriate load collectors to the loadsteps defining the MARC HISTORY Definition DATA blocks: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Select the BCs page. Select the load steps subpanel. Click name = and enter history1. Click loadcols and select the load collector symmetry and move_history1. Click select. Click create. Click name = and enter history2. Click loadcols and select the load collector symmetry and move_history2. Click select.
10. Click create. 11. Click name = and enter history3. 12. Click loadcols and select the load collector symmetry and move_history3. 13. Click select. 14. Click create. 15. Click return to exit the panel.
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To edit the history1 loadstep card image and define a load and constraint block (LOADCASE_1): 1. Select the card panel on the permanent menu. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Click the upper switch and select loadsteps. Click loadsteps and select the loadstep history1. Click select. Click edit. Edit the card image to add the appropriate HISTORY DEFINITION CARDS: Select CONTROL in the option list. 7. 8. In the card image section of the menu, click the field beneath chk1 and enter 0.05. Select NOPRINT in the option list. Select AUTOLOAD_TIMESTEP in the option list. In the card image section of the menu, click the field beneath nitems and enter 1. In the card image section of the menu, click the field beneath timeinc and enter 2.
Click return to exit the panel. Click return to exit the panel.
To edit the history2 loadstep card image and define a load and constraint block (LOADCASE_2): 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Select the card panel on the permanent menu. Click the upper switch and select loadsteps. Click loadsteps and select the loadstep history2. Click select. Click edit. Edit the card image to add the appropriate HISTORY DEFINITION CARDS: 7. 8. Select AUTOLOAD_TIMESTEP in the option list. In the card image section of the menu, click the field beneath nitems and enter 60. In the card image section of the menu, click the field beneath timeinc and enter 0.1.
Click return to exit the panel. Click return to exit the panel.
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To edit the history3 loadstep card image and define a load and constraint block (LOADCASE_3): 1. Select the card panel on the permanent menu. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Click the upper switch and select loadsteps. Click loadsteps and select the loadstep history3. Click select. Click edit. Edit the card image to add the appropriate HISTORY DEFINITION CARDS: Select AUTOLOAD_TIMESTEP from the option list. 7. 8. In the card image section of the menu, click the field beneath nitems and enter 46. In the card image section of the menu, click the field beneath timeinc and enter 2.
Click return to exit the panel. Click return to exit the panel.
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To save the .hm file and quit HyperMesh: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Select the files panel. Select the hm file subpanel. Click file = and type demo_3d.hm. Click save. Click return to exit the panel. Click quit to exit HyperMesh.
After you quit HyperMesh you can run the MARC solver using the demo_3d.dat file that was written from HyperMesh.
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To import the hm file, attach the results file: 1. If you have a model loaded into HyperMesh, follow these procedures: 2. 3. Select the delete panel from the Tool page. Click delete model. Answer Yes in the pop-up window. Click return.
Select the files panel. Read the input deck that was used to run the MARC job or the input deck supplied in the tutorials directory: Select the import subpanel. Double-click translator = and choose marc from the feinput directory. Double-click filename = and choose demo_3d.dat if you ran your own solver program, or marc3d_tutorial.dat if you want to use the supplied file. Select EXTERNAL. Click the upper toggle to no overwrite. Click import.
4.
Assign the results file for post-processing: Select the results subpanel. Double-click results file = and choose demo_3d.hmres if you ran your own solver program, or marc3d_tutorial.hmres if you want to use the supplied file.
5.
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To post-process displacements and stress results: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Select the contour panel on the Post page. Click simulation = and select inc 107, t=100. Notice that each increment in the MARC analysis is a new simulation. Click data type = and select Displacements. Click the leftmost switch and select scale factor from the pop-up menu. Click scale fact = and enter 1.0. Click contour. Click data type = and select v. Mises Stress. Click assign. The default location for MARC to output stress values is at the Integration Points. The hmmarc program takes these values and averages them to the centroid of each element. Therefore, the most accurate representation of the stress values as they were reported from MARC can be found with an assigned plot. Click return to exit the panel.
9.
To post-process incremental results: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Select the transient panel on the Post page. Click start with = and select inc 0, t=0.00. Click end with = and select inc 107, t=100. Click data type = and select v. Mises Stress. Click scale factor = and enter 1.0. Click transient. HyperMesh calculates seven frames of animation showing the Displacements and v. Mises Stress for each increment. In a non-linear analysis, this type of animation is necessary to view the history of the stress development. Once the animation begins, click the leftmost toggle to visual options. Click the toggle next to mode and select hidden line. Click the toggle next to color and select contour.
7. 8. 9.
10. Click exit to exit the animation. 11. Activate the hidden line option. 12. Click transient. 13. Click exit to exit the animation. 14. Click return to exit the panel. Notice that the Hypermesh results translator hmmarc in the present form can only handle results files of the MARC Version K6.
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All files referenced in the HyperMesh tutorials are located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. If you do not know the location of the HyperWorks installation directory, contact your systems administrator.
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The penetration panel calculates penetration based on the following formula: Ta/2 + Tb/2 - d = P Where Ta and Tb are element and/or nodal thicknesses, d is the distance between the element midplanes, and P is the amount of penetration. HyperMesh computes the penetration and checks on a node by node basis, which allows the penetration, P, to vary throughout the model. Nodes with negative penetration values are marked as non-penetrating nodes. Contact directions (interface element normals) are not considered when determining if nodes are penetrating the opposing contact face. Nodes are marked as failed regardless of the direction normal to the contact elements. However, the calculated penetration does consider the normal direction. This is discussed in more detail in the Fixing Penetrations section.
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Nodes that penetrate far enough through the thickness of the opposing surface so that the thicknesses do not overlap at the nodal location (left diagram in above figure). Nodes that lie exactly normal to nodes on the opposing contact surface (right diagram in above figure). Some of the nodes in the right diagram will be detected, however some of the nodes will not be detected.
To retrieve the pene_dyna.hm file: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Select the files panel. Select the hm file subpanel. Click file = twice. Select the pene_dyna.hm file. Click retrieve. Click return.
To specify the dyna.key template: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Select the files panel. Select the template subpanel. Click template file = twice. Select the ls-dyna/dyna.key file. Click return.
To check for penetrations: 1. 2. 3. Select the penetration panel on the Tool page. Click groups and select S2S_regular. Click select. The minimum distance between the two surfaces of elements in this group is 3.00, and the thickness of each component is 9.00. Click check. All of the nodes that fail the penetration check are marked as temporary nodes, and the penetration adjustment panel is displayed.
4.
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Fixing Penetrations
After a penetration check is completed, the penetration check adjustment subpanel is displayed.
NOTE
The penetration check adjustment panel can only be accessed after completing a penetration check in the penetration panel.
The thickness value you enter in the penetration check adjustment subpanel specifies the element thickness adjustment required to eliminate the penetration. The value in the thickness number field can be set to scale or reduction. When you click recheck, it recalculates the penetration by either scaling or by reducing the element thickness by the specified value. The amount of penetration calculated when you use the recheck function is based on the following formulas: for scale: scale * (Ta/2 + Tb/2) d = P for reduction: (Ta/2 + Tb/2) d reduction = P The display mode can be set to temp nodes, vectors, or contour. The temp nodes mode displays yellow temporary nodes at all node locations that failed the penetration check. The vectors mode displays vectors in the direction and magnitude required to fix each penetrating node. You can alternate the vector display between uniform size or magnitude %. The contour mode displays a contour plot from zero to the maximum penetration. The save penetrated option allows you to save the location of the penetration areas as well as the magnitude and direction of the vectors required to fix the penetration areas. The saved entities can be used in other HyperMesh panels to fix the penetration (see exercise two). The save penetrated function creates a ^vectors collector that contains the saved vectors. The ^vectors collector can be turned on and off by using the display panel. The adjust function allows you to quickly fix penetrations by moving only the nodes that failed the penetration check. When you click adjust, the penetrated nodes move in the direction and magnitude of the vectors in the vectors display mode. Additional use of the adjust function continues to translate the nodes in the same direction and magnitude. You must use this function with discretion because the adjust function deforms the original model at the points of penetration (shown in the next exercise).
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After the adjust function has been applied, you can: Use reject to undo any modifications and remain in the penetration check adjustment panel Use abort to undo any modifications and return to the penetration panel Use return to accept the modifications and return to the penetration panel
The penetration checking calculation does not take into account the direction of the contact normals. Nodes are marked as failed regardless of the direction the contact normals are pointing. However, the computed direction and magnitude of the penetration does take into account the direction of the contact normals. When the segment orientation option is on, the penetration check takes into consideration the directions of contact normals when it calculates the amount of penetration (first illustration below). The returned values represent the actual nodal penetration. When the segment orientation option is off (second figure below), the penetration check does not take into account the directions of element normals. Instead, the check calculates the amount of penetration as the shortest distance required to move nodes so they do not lie within the region defined as the element thicknesses. The returned values are the mathematical absolute amount of nodal penetration. It is recommended that you leave the segment orientation option active unless all the vectors in the vector display mode are pointing in the opposite direction needed to fix the penetration.
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Once the amount of penetration is determined, the value is used to calculate the vector directions and magnitudes required to fix the penetrating nodes. Surface to Surface and Single Surface contacts create vector magnitudes equal to P/2 (the total penetration divided by 2). Node to Surface contacts define vector magnitudes equal to P because only slave nodes are adjusted. One method you can use to fix penetration areas is to use the translate panel to move the elements the distance necessary to correct the penentration.
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To correct penetration areas: 1. 2. 3. 4. Click the switch under display mode and select vectors. Activate the label vector check box. Click the toggle under vectors and select uniform size. Click uniform size = and enter 50.000 to make the vectors easier to view. The vectors show the direction and magnitude required to fix the penetrations. The calculated value for P is 6.00, so moving each surface in this surface to surface contact by P/2=3.00, will fix the penetration problem. 5. 6. Click the switch under save penetrated and select nodes & vect. Click save penetrated to place the failed nodes in the user mark and to create vectors at all the failed nodes. The vectors are placed in a ^vector collector that can be turned on and off in the display panel. The vectors are created in the direction and magnitude required to fix the penetration. They are located in the vectorcols subpage. Click return. Select the translate panel on the Tool page. Select all the elements in the fl1 component: Click the input collector switch and select elems. Click elems and select by collector. Select the fl1 component. Click select.
7. 8. 9.
10. Click the plane and vector collector switch and select vector. 11. Pick one of the vectors that point in the positive x direction. 12. Click magnitude = and enter 3.000 13. Click translate +. 14. Click reset to clear the selected entities. 15. Select all of the elements in the fl2, light blue component. Click the input collector switch and select elems. Click elems and select by collector. Select the fl2 component. Click select.
16. Click translate 17. Click return. To delete the ^vector collector: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Select the delete panel on the Tool page. Click the input collector switch and select vectorcols . Click vectorcols . Select ^vector. Click select. Click delete.
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Another method you can use to fix penetration areas is to use the adjust function in the penetration check adjustment panel. To fix penetration areas by using adjust: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Select the penetration panel on the Tools page. Click groups. Select the NS_reverse group. Click select. Click check. Click the switch under displayed mode and select contour. Click view in the permanent menu and select iso 1. Pick one element on the screen to see the nodal penetration values associated to that element. Click the left mouse button to turn off the penetration value display.
10. Click the switch under displayed mode and select vectors. 11. Click magnitude % = and enter 2000. 12. Click view in the permanent menu and select top. Notice that the lengths of the vectors are dependent on the amount of penetration and are pointing in the wrong direction. 13. Deactivate the segment orientation check box. HyperMesh ignores which direction is normal to the contact. 14. Click adjust. NOTE The adjust function is an easy way to fix penetrations. However, using the adjust function deforms your model at the areas of penetration, as is apparent when this exercise is complete. The pene-dyna.hm file contains other model components that may be useful for trying the penetration checking/adjusting functions. These examples are not included in the tutorial but are available for more practice. Use the display panel to view the other collectors in the model.
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Creating Joints
Joint definitions are created in the joints panel on the 1D page. HyperMesh 4.0 supports the following standard joint types: Spherical, Revolute, Cylindrical, Planar, Universal, Translational, and Locking. All of these types are stored as joint elements in the HyperMesh database. HyperMesh also supports LS-DYNA3Ds *CONSTRAINED_JOINT_STIFFNESS_OPTION (Card 38) property to define friction, damping, stop angles, etc. The LS-DYNA3D solver interface supports the creation of joints in the joints panel. The PAMCRASH solver interface currently supports the creation of joints as rod elements (see the PAMCRASH tutorial).
NOTE
A spherical joint consists of two coincident nodes. During analysis, the two coincident nodes are forced to remain coincident but the bodies attached to each coincident node are allowed to rotate freely about the joint location.
To retrieve the joints.hm file: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Select the files panel. Select the hm file subpanel. Click file = twice. Select the joints.hm file. Click retrieve. Click return.
To load the dyna.key template: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Select the files panel. Select the template subpanel. Click template file = twice. Select the ls-dyna/dyna.key file. Click return.
To activate coincident node picking: 1. 2. 3. Select the options panel in the permanent menu. Select the modeling subpanel. Activate the coincident node picking check box.
To change the display: 1. 2. 3. 4. Select the display panel in the permanent menu. Select the blue torus, orange torus, and New Joint collectors. Deactivate any other collectors. Click return.
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To create a spherical joint: 1. 2. 3. 4. Select the joints panel on the 1D page. Select the create subpanel. Click the switch under joint type and select spherical. Left click once on a node in the center of both tori to bring up the coincident node picking window (see figure below). There are two nodes in the window, node 598 and node 1. While holding down the left mouse button, drag the cursor over the node labeled 598. The blue rigid body attached to this node is highlighted. 6. Release the left mouse button to select node 598.
5.
7. 8.
Repeat the last three steps, but select node 1 from the coincident node picking window instead of node 598.
Click create to generate the spherical joint element. A revolute joint consists of four nodes, two sets of two coincident nodes. During NOTE analysis, all four of the revolute joints nodes remain at the same location with respect to each other. The bodies attached to the nodes are free to rotate about the axis that lies along the length of the revolute joint. To change the display: 1. 2. 3. 4. Select the display panel in the permanent menu. Select the bearing, shaft, bearing rigids, shaft rigids, and New Joint collectors. Deactivate the other collectors. Click return.
To create a revolute joint: 1. 2. 3. 4. Zoom in on one end of the shaft assembly (see figure below). Click the switch under joint type and select revolute. Left click once on a node at the center of one of the rigid link elements to bring up the coincident node picking window (see figure below). Select a node attached to a blue rigid link element. If you depress the left mouse button while your cursor is over a node in the coincident node picking window, the element attached to that node is highlighted. 5. Click at the same node location again and select the node attached to the orange rigid link element.
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6. 7.
Repeat the previous three steps on the opposing pair of blue and orange rigid link elements (see figure below). Click create.
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To specify the dyna.key template: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Select the files panel. Select the template subpanel. Click template file = twice. Select the ls-dyna/dyna.key file. Click return.
To check the time steps: 1. 2. 3. Select the check elems panel on the Tool page. Select the time subpanel. Click check elems .
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Dummy positioning
The dummy panel is located under the safety panel module. The dummy panel is used to position any dummy model that contains a component hierarchy (a.k.a. tree structure) defined in HyperMesh . The dynakey and pamcrash import translators can build the tree structure automatically when importing supported dummy model files.
H-Point subpanel
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Load the dyna.key template in the files panel: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Select files on any of the main menu pages. Activate the template radio button. Click template file = twice. Select the ls-dyna/dyna.key file. Click return to leave the files panel.
Turn off all entities except components and set the component display to shaded only: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Click on the only comps macro button found in the Display: group to turn off all entities except for components. Under the Display: macro button group, click on the per button next to gfx to turn on performance graphics. Under the vis panel, click on the shaded only icon, then the all button. Click return to leave the vis panel. Enter the dummy panel from the safety panel on the tool page. Activate the H-point radio button to enter the H-point sub-panel. Select any element on the dummy to select the entire dummy. Under position: type 1.280, 0.350, and 0.284 in the x=, y=, and z= number fields respectivly. The tab key can be used to cycle through the number fields. Click position to move the H-point to the specified coordinates.
10. Under rotate+ set the N1, N2, N3 vector selection to y-axis and set increment = 24.00. 11. Click rotate- to set the rotation angle about the y-axis to 24.00 degrees.
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Seatbelt Routing
The seatbelt panel is located under the safety panel module. The seatbelt panel can be used to create straight seatbelt segments as well as seatbelt segments that wrap around a dummys torso or lap. The seatbelt panel also allows users to create 1D seatbelts or a combination of 1D and 2D seatbelts.
Seatbelts panel
To create straight belt segments: 1. Retrieve the seatbelt.hm file from the /altair/tutorials/hm/ directory (or skip this step and continue with the Dummy Positioning tutorial). 2. Select files on any of the main menu pages. Activate the hm file radio button. Click file = twice. Select the /altair/tutorials/seatbelt.hm file. Click retrieve.
Set the component display to shaded only. Under the Display: macro button group, click on the per button next to gfx to turn on performance graphics
3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Under the vis panel, click on the shaded only icon, Click return to leave the vis panel.
Enter the seatbelt panel from the safety panel on the tool page. Select the view button on the permanent menu on the right side of the menu panels and select the restore2 button. Activate the yellow from node entity selection box and select the yellow retractor element (see figure). Select the upper, red slipring for the to node selection box (see figure). Set element size= 0.100. Click mesh. When components for the wrap around: selection have not been specified, HyperMesh creates straight belt segments between the from node and two node nodes.
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Seatbelt 1
To create belt segments that wrap around the chest: 1. 2. 3. Activate the yellow from node entity selection box and select the upper, red slipring element (see figure). Select the lower, red slipring element for the to node selection box (see figure). Activate the comps selection box and select the components that compose the chest area. 4. 5. 6. 7. Click on the comps entity selection box twice to bring up the component list panel. Click on the comps entity selection box in the component list panel to bring up the entity selection window. Select by assems to bring up the assembly list panel. Select the upper torso and lower torso assembly. Click return in the assembly list panel. Click return in the component list panel.
Click orient to create the belt line and enter belt orientation mode. Move the mouse into the GUI area. While holding down the left mouse button, drag the mouse cursor up and down to rotate the belt line about its endpoints. When the belt is properly oriented, click mesh to create 1D elements along the belt line. If a combination of 1D and 2D elements is desired. Click reject and set the 1D toggle to 1D/2D. Seat belt width to the desired belt width around the 2D mesh. Set end length to distance between the slipring and the start of the 2D elements along the belt line. The 1D and 2D element placement fields are used to set separate current collectors for the two different types of elements. Additional collectors can be created by hitting F-11 to jump to the collectors panel within the seatbelts panel.
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Seatbelt 2
To create belt segments that wrap around the lap: The steps for creating belt segments that wrap around the lap are the same as the steps for wrapping belts around the chest. The only difference is to select new end points as well as the lap components instead of chest components . 1. 2. 3. Activate the yellow from node entity selection box and select the lower, red slipring element (see figure). Select the constraint on the floor for the to node selection box (see figure). Activate the comps selection box and select the components that compose the lap. 4. 5. 6. 7. Click on the comps entity selection box twice to bring up the component list panel. Click on the comps entity selection box in the component list panel to bring up the entity selection window. Select by assems to bring up the assembly list panel Select the upper torso and lower torso assembly. Click return to leave the assembly list panel. Click return to leave the component list panel.
Click orient to create the belt line and enter belt orientation mode. Move the mouse into the GUI area. While holding down the left mouse button, drag the mouse cursor up and down to rotate the belt line about its endpoints. When the belt is properly oriented, click mesh to create 1D elements along the belt line. If a combination of 1D and 2D elements is desired. Click reject and set the 1D toggle to 1D/2D. Set belt width to the desired belt width around the 2D mesh. Set end length to distance between the slipring and the start of the 2D elements along the belt line. The 1D and 2D element placement fields are used to set separate current collectors for the two different types of elements. Additional collectors can be created by hitting F-11 to jump to the collectors panel within the seatbelts panel.
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Seatbelt 3
To detach the seatbelts from the sliprings, retractor, and constraint: The last step in the process is to detach the seatbelts from the sliprings, retractor, and constraint and reattach the seatbelts to nodes that are coincident at these locations. This can be accomplished very quickly in the detach panel. 1. 2. 3. Click return twice to leave the seatbelt panel and then the safety panel. Enter the detach panel from either the 1D, 2D, or 3D pages. Select all of the elements in the seatbelts collector. 4. Click on the elems entity selection box to bring up the entity selection window. Select by collector to bring up the component list panel. Select the seatbelts collector. Click return to leave the component list panel.
Click detach.
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Under the Display: macro button group, click on the per button on performance graphics Under the vis panel, click on the shaded only icon, then the all button. Click return to leave the vis panel.
3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Enter the control vol panel from the safety panel on the tool page. Select the view button on the blue permanent menu on the right side of the menu panels and select the restore2 button. Click review. Select cv1 from the control volume list to display this control volumes design state in the HyperMesh GUI window. Click return to leave the control vol panel. The display of the control volume will be set back to its initial state.
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All files referenced in the HyperMesh tutorials are located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. If you do not know the location of the HyperWorks installation directory, contact your systems administrator.
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To define the Control Cards: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Click Termination. Click the data entry field under ENDTIM and enter 1.0. Click return. Click next. Click DB Bin PLOT. Click the data entry field under DT, and enter 0.1. Click return. Click Dbase OptsI. Enter values for SECFORC, RWFORC, NODOUT, GLSTAT and MATSUM : Click the text. Click the data entry field that appears under the text. Enter .1
This sets the output interval for cross-section-, rigid-wall, nodal time history-, global statisticand material output. 10. Click return. 11. Click return.
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Define Materials
NOTE The material collector is used in the LS-DYNA interface. In contrast to PAM-CRASH, LS-DYNA has separate material and cross section definitions. Once materials and cross sections are defined, they can be combined in different property definitions. The property collects the cross section and material data for a certain number of elements. Elements and property are connected with the property ID in the element cards.
To define a Material Type 24 (Piecewise Linear Plasticity): 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Select the collectors panel. Select the create subpanel. Click the switch after collector type and select mats. Click name = and enter steel. Click the switch under creation method and select card image. Click card image = and choose MATL24. The template provides different material dictionaries. It supplies not only materials for shells and bricks, but also materials for discrete elements like springs. To switch the material type, use the card previewer. 7. 8. 9. Click create/edit. Click the data entry field under RHO and enter 7.85e-6. Click the data entry field under Comment and enter This is the side material.
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10. Click the data entry field under E and enter 210 (in kN/mm ). 11. Click the data entry field under NU and enter 0.3. 12. Click SIGY, click the data entry field, and enter 0.37 to define the yield stress . 13. Click the button under array count and select 3. This means that we are defining a stress-strain curve with 3 points points (yield stress values - corresponding effective plastic strain value). 14. Type the following pairs for strain (in EPS(i)) and stress (in ES(i)) : (0.0; 0.37), (0.02; 0.39), (0.04; 0.45). 15. Click return. 16. Click return. To define a second steel Material Type 24 using loadcurves for the nonlinear behavior: It is necessary to define the loadcurve first. After it is defined, it is possible to choose this loadcurve in the material definition instead of using the method described in the first section. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Select the Post page. Select the xy plots panel. Select the plots panel. Click plot = and enter Materialdata. Click create plot. Click return.
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To create a curve: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Select the edit curves panel. Click plot = and select Materialdata. Select the math option instead of file. Click x= and enter {0.0,0.02,0.04} (including the brackets) as the value for the plastic strain. Click y= and enter {0.37,0.39,0.45} (including the brackets) as the value for the effective stress. Click create. Click return. Click exit. NOTE: Once a loadcurve is defined, it can be used for the stress-strain behavior of a material, as a load vs. time function, force-deflection function, or others.
To create and edit a material collector: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Select the collectors panel. Select the create subpanel. Click the switch after collector type and select mats. Click the switch under creation method and select card image. Click name = and enter steel2. Click card image = and select MATL24. Click create/edit. Click Rho, click the data entry field, and enter 7.85e-6. Click the data entry field under E and enter 210 (in kN/mm ).
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10. Click the data entry field under NU and enter 0.3. 11. Click the data entry field under SIGY and enter 0.37 to define the yield stress . 12. Double-click LCSS and pick curve1. 13. Double-click LCSR and pick curve1. 14. Click return.
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10. Click return twice. To define the second cross section property: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Select the collectors panel. Select the create subpanel. Click the switch after collector type and select props. Click name = and enter top_prop. Click card image and select SectShll. Click create/edit. Click NIP, click the data entry field, and enter 3 for the number of integration points through the thickness. Click the data entry field below T1 and enter 2.5 (shell thickness). Click return twice.
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To create a new collector : 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Select the collectors panel. Select the create subpanel. Click the switch after collector type and select comps. Click name = and enter topbottom. Click card image = and select Part. Click material = and select steel. Click color and select color13. Click create/edit. Double-click SID and select top_props.
10. Click the data entry field under Comment and enter Elements on top and bottom of the rail. The number below ELFORM should be the same as in the ShellSectionProperty definition, which is depicted below the comment. If it is not, change the value. If necessary use the arrow buttons on the left side to scroll the screen 11. Click return. 12. Click return. In the next steps, combine the elements with material and cross section data. To reorganize the elements: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Select the organize panel. Click the input collector switch and select elems. Click elems to access the extended entity selection menu. Select by collector. Select the tmp component. Click select. Click destination = topbottom. Click move. All elements that were previously in the tmp component are moved to the topbottom component. Click return.
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10. Select the delete panel on the Tool page. 11. Click the input collector switch and select comps. 12. Click comps and select the tmp component. 13. Click select. 14. Click delete entity. The tmp component is deleted. 15. Click return.
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To add a material and a ShellSection property to the side component: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Select the collectors panel. Select the update subpanel. Click the switch after collector type and select comps. Click the yellow entry comps, select side and click select. Click material = and select steel2. Click the update button, click material id, click update. Select the card image subpanel. Double-click name = and select side. Click card image and select Part.
10. Click load/edit. 11. Double-click SID and select side_prop. 12. Click in the area below Comment and enter Elements on the side of the rail. 13. Note that the value below ELFORM is the same as the value for ELFORM in the Shell section property (in this case in the property component side). If necessary, use the arrow buttons on the left side to scroll the screen 14. Click return. 15. Click return.
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10. Click return. To add the slave components: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Select the add subpanel. Click the switch under slave and select comps. Click comps and select the components side and topbottom. Click select. Click update. Click return.
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In this section, define a master slave (element - node) contact of type 5. To define the group: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Select the interfaces panel. Select the create subpanel. Click name = and enter masterslave. Click type = and select NodesToSurface. Click card image = and select NodesToSurface. Click create/edit. Click the switch under Options and select Automatic. Click return.
To add the master elements and slave nodes: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Select the add subpanel. Click the switch under master and select entity. Click the switch under slave and select entity. Click elems and pick two arbitrary elements. Click the upper add. Click nodes and pick two arbitrary nodes. Click the lower add. Click return.
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To create and define a rigid wall card: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Select the rigid walls panel on the BCs page. Select the create subpanel. Click name = and enter rwall1. Click type = and select RWPlanar. Click the switch under creation method and select card image. Click card image = and select RWPlanar. Click rgdwall color and select color 12. Click size = and enter 100. This controls only the size of the displayed Rigid Wall on the screen. Click create/edit.
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To define the rigid wall type: 1. 2. Click in the data entry field under FRIC and enter 0.3 for the friction coefficient. Click return.
To define rigid wall geometry: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Select the geom subpanel. Click name = and select rwall1. Select the switch after shape and select plane. Click the toggle to infinite. Click the switch under normal vector and choose x-axis. Click base node, and then pick the node you just created in the graphics area. You may need to click f in the permanent menu to see the node. Click update to create the rigid wall geometry.
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To add slave nodes for rigid wall: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Select the add subpanel. Click the switch under slaves and select nodes. Click nodes and select by id. Enter 1-21 after id = and press the ENTER key on the keyboard. Delete the previous selection and enter node 1012 as input and press the ENTER key on the keyboard. Click add.
To add a motion to the rigid wall: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Select the motion subpanel. Click the switch and select components. Click x comp = and give 2000.0 as value. Click the switch under type of motion and select velocity. Click update.
To define attributes in the card previewer: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Select the card subpanel. Click edit. Click the data field under mass and enter 1. Click return. Click return.
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To specify the load type: 1. 2. Select the load types panel on the BCs page. Click constraint = and choose BoundSPC. All constraints that are now created will be displacement boundary conditions. Click return.
3.
To create constraints on nodes: 1. Turn off the display of groups: Click display on the permanent menu. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Click the upper switch and select groups. Click none. Click return.
Select the constraints panel on the BCs page. Select the create subpanel. Double-click nodes and select by id. Enter 990-1011 as the node numbers. Press ENTER on the keyboard. Activate dof1 dof2 dof3 dof4 dof5 dof6. Click create. The constraints are now added to all nodes. Click return.
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Select the output block panel from the BCs page. Click name = and enter nodeth. Make sure that nodes is the entity type, if not, use the toggle button to switch. With your mouse, select a few nodes in the graphics area. Click create. The Time History for nodes is now created.
To create an element time history card: 1. 2. 3. 4. Click name = and enter elemth. Click the input collector switch and select elems. Pick a few elements in the graphics area. Click create.
To review time histories entities: 1. 2. Click review. Select elemth. The entities associated with this time history are now highlighted. Click return to access the main menu.
3.
To create a node time history card: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Click card on the permanent menu. Click the switch and select outputblocks . Click elemth. Click select. Click edit. The time history card is displayed as it will look in the output. Click return. Click return.
6. 7.
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To create the cross section. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Select the interfaces on page BCs. Select the create menu. Click name = and enter cross-sect1. Click type = and select XSectionSet. Click card image and select XSectionSet also. Click create. Select the add menu. Use the toggle button below master: to select the selection type sets. Click sets in the yellow area and select cross_ele.
10. Click select. 11. Click update. 12. Make sure that the selection type for the slaves is entity. 13. Click nodes and select the nodes with the mouse which describe the section. 14. Click add. 15. Click return.
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6.
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All files referenced in the HyperMesh tutorials are located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. If you do not know the location of the HyperWorks installation directory, contact your systems administrator.
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3.
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To define the title card: 1. 2. 3. Select the cntl cards panel on the BCs page. Click Title and enter This is my first PAM-CRASH example. Click return.
To define the control card: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Click Control. Below TIME, enter the value 0.06. Below TIOD, enter the value 0.005. Below PIOD, enter the value 0.005. Click the box below MORE and select 1 from the pop-up menu. Click return.
To define the file optional keyword: 1. 2. 3. Click File Name. Below FILENAME, enter rail-dyna.hm. Click return.
To define the time step optional keyword: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Click next. Click Time Step. Click the switch below Shell Criteria and set LARGE (default) from the pop-up menu. Click the switch below Thickness Term and set BEND (default) from the pop-up menu. Click return twice to access the main menu.
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To edit the SHELL card properties in the card previewer: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Select the card panel on the permanent menu. Click the upper left switch and select elems from the extended entity selection menu. Click config = and select quad4 from the pop-up menu. Click type = and select SHELL from the pop-up menu. Select any displayed element and click edit. The SHELL card now appears in the card previewer. The number of integration points through the thickness NINT and the optional thickness T are defined here. If no thickness is entered, the thickness of the material defined in the component is used. 6. Click return twice to access the main menu.
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Elements are located in a component (beam, bar, joint, shell). The template takes the component ID as material ID. The card image type of the collector defines the material as 1-D material, 2-D material, or 3-D material. To define a Material Type 102 for collector side: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Select the collectors panel on any main menu page. Toggle the card image option. To set the collector type, click the switch and select comps from the pop-up window. Click name = twice and select side. Click card image = and select MAT_2D from the pop-up menu. The template provides MAT_1D, MAT_2D, and MAT_3D dictionaries. Material types from 200 to 230 are defined with MAT_1D. Materials types from 100 to 151 are defined with MAT_2D. Material types from 1 to 41 are defined with MAT_3D. To switch the material type, use the card previewer.
NOTE
6. 7.
Click load/edit. Click the switch below Material Type and select Type 102 from the pop-up menu. Only the materials of the current dictionary (1-D, 2-D, 3-D) can be selected. The ID of the material is given by HyperMesh with the component ID.
NOTE
8.
Below density, enter the value 7.85e-9. You can use the TAB or SHIFT TAB key on the keyboard to go to the next or previous edit field.
NOTE
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10. Below E, enter the value 20000. 11. Below Yield, enter the value 250. 12. Below v, enter the value 0.3. 13. Below t, enter the value 2. 14. Click return.
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To define a Material Type 102 for collector topbottom: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Select the create subpanel. Click name = and enter topbottom. Click the switch below creation method: and select same as from the pop-up menu. Click same as = and select side. Click color and select Color 10 from the pop-up menu. Click create/edit. All attributes of the card image from the side material are automatically copied into the current component.
7. 8. 9.
Below t, enter the value 2.5. Below Title, enter This is the topbottom material. Select LARGE_FMT. The card previewer of the components allows you to change between the MAT and the large material format MATER.
NOTE
10. Click return twice to access the main menu. NOTE The created component topbottom now is empty. We will now move the elements of the component tmp into the component topbottom.
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To reorganize the elements: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Select the organize panel on any main menu page. Click the switch and select elems from the pop-up menu. Click elems and select by collector from the extended entity selection menu. Select tmp. Click select. Click destination = and select topbottom. Click move. All elements of the component tmp are moved to the component topbottom. Note that the color of the elements has changed from orange to green. Click return.
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To delete the component tmp: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Select the delete panel on the Tool page. Click the switch and select comps from the extended entity selection menu. Click comps and select tmp. Click return. Click delete entity. The component tmp is now deleted. Click return to access the main menu.
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NOTE
5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Click interface color and select Color 6. Click create/edit. Below SLFACM, enter the value 1.0. Select Comment. Below Comment, enter This is the selfimpact interface.
10. Click return. To add the slave components: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Select the add subpanel. Click name = twice and select self_impact. Click the switch below slave: and select comps from the pop-up menu. Click comps twice and select side and topbottom. Click return. Click update. If update is not clicked, no changes to the previous definition are made. No changes are made to the graphics window, because the master and slave component list is not displayed. NOTE If you edit this interface with the card previewer, the master and slave set and component definition are not shown; however, they are still defined in the add subpanel.
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The procedure below explains how to define a type 34 master slave (element - node) contact. To define the group: 1. 2. 3. 4. Select the interfaces panel on the BCs page. Select the create subpanel. Click name = and enter masterslave. Click type = and select SLINT34 from the pop-up menu. Note that the card image is updated simultaneously. Click interface color and select Color 13. Click create/edit. Below SLFACM , enter the value 1.0. Click return.
5. 6. 7. 8.
To add the master elements and slave nodes: 1. Select the add subpanel. The add subpanel now appears with different options. The template specifies what group type is available with the different interfaces, such as SLINT26 or with SLINT34. Possibilities are: (1) master and slave elements, (2) master elements and slave nodes, (3) slave elements, and (4) slave nodes.
NOTE
2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Click the switch below master: and select entity from the pop-up menu. Click the switch below slave: and select entity from the pop-up menu. After master:, click elems to highlight the box with the blue input cursor. Select two elements on the model. Click the upper right add. After slave:, click nodes to highlight the box with the blue input cursor.
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9.
10. Click return to access the main menu. You should now see the master elements (elements with x) and the slave nodes (S) displayed on the model.
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To create and define the rigid wall card: 1. 2. 3. 4. Select the rigid walls panel on the BCs page. Select the create subpanel. Click name = and enter rwall1. Click type = and select RIGWA from the pop-up menu. You can switch between the PAM 97 RIGWA and the PAM 98 RWALL card by choosing different types: RIGWA or RWALL.
NOTE
5. 6.
Click rgdwall color and select Color 12. Click size = and enter the value 100. This specifies the display size of the rigid wall.
7.
Click create.
To define rigid wall geometry: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Select the geom subpanel. Click name = twice and select rwall1. Click the switch after shape: and select plane from the pop-up menu. Click the toggle after shape: and select infinite. Click the switch below normal vector: and select x-axis from the pop-up menu. Click base node to highlight the box with the blue input cursor. Select the created node in the graphics area. You may need to click f on the permanent menu to see the node. Click update. The rigid wall is now shown in the graphics area.
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To add slave nodes for the rigid wall: 1. 2. 3. 4. Select the add subpanel. Click the switch below slaves: and choose nodes from the pop-up menu. Click nodes twice and select by id from the extended entity selection menu. Enter the value 1-21 and press ENTER. Note that 21 nodes at the interface of the rail and the rigid wall are highlighted. Also note that one of the nodes was not selected. 5. Click the node that was not highlighted. or Enter the value 1012 in the by id field. 6. Click add. The selected nodes are now set as slaves.
To add motion to the rigid wall: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Select the motion subpanel. Click the switch below name = and select components from the pop-up menu. Click x comp = and enter the value 1.0. Click the switch below type of motion: and select velocity from the pop-up menu. Click update.
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To define attributes in the card previewer: 1. Select the card panel on the permanent menu. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Click the switch and select groups from the extended entity selection menu. Click groups and select rwall1. Click return. Click edit. Click the switch below Friction type flag and select no sliding from the pop-up menu. Click the switch below Rigid Wall Descriptor Plane Type and select Type 4 from the popup menu. NOTE :The card previewer of the rigid wall changed according to the definitions made. Now it is possible to define the mass and the initial velocity for moving rigid wall with finite mass.
8. 9.
Below mRW, enter the value 1. Below Vinit, enter the value 2000.0.
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6. 7. 8.
To specify the load type: 1. 2. Select the load types panel from the BCs page. Click constraint = and choose BOUNC from the pop-up menu. All constraints that are now created will be displacement boundary conditions. Click return to access the main menu.
3.
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To create constraints on nodes: 1. 2. 3. Select the display panel on the permanent menu Click the upper right switch and select groups from the pop-up menu. Click none. The display of groups is now off. Click return to access the main menu. Select the constraints panel from the BCs page. Select the create subpanel. Click nodes and select by id from the pop-up menu. Enter the value 990-1011. Click size = and enter the value 10.
4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
10. Click create. The constraints are now added to the nodes. 11. Click return to access the main menu.
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4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
To create an element time history card: 1. 2. 3. 4. Click name = and enter elem_thp. Click the switch and select elems from the pop-up menu. Use the mouse to select a few elements in the graphics area. Click create.
To review time histories entities: 1. 2. Click review. Select elem_thp. The entities associated with this time history are highlighted. Click return to access the main menu.
3.
To view the time history card image: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Select the card panel on the permanent menu. Click the switch and select outputblocks from the pop-up menu. Click outputblocks. Select elem_thp. Click return. Click edit. The time history card is displayed as it will look in the output. Click return twice to access the main menu.
7.
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Create a Function
This section describes how to generate curves, which corresponds to the function cards FUNCT and LOCUR in PAM-CRASH. This curve should serve as a function for a logical sensor switching on and off. At time=0, the sensor is on, at time=0.01 the sensor is switched off. To create a curve: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Select the xy plots panel from the Post page. Click plots. Click plot = and enter sensor. Click create plot. Click return. Click edit curves. Select the create subpanel. Click plot = and select sensor. Select math.
10. After x = type {0, 0.01, 0.1}. 11. After y = type {1, 0, 0}. 12. Click create.
13. Click return. 14. Click exit to access the main menu.
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3.
5.
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All files referenced in the HyperMesh tutorials are located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. If you do not know the location of the HyperWorks installation directory, contact your systems administrator.
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rail_crash.hm.
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To load the RADIOSS template: 1. 2. Select the global panel on the permanent menu. Click template file = twice. HyperMesh displays a list of the files and subdirectories in the current directory. Directory names are followed by a slash. Select the radioss31.fix template, located in the HyperMesh installation directory under /radioss/radioss31.fix/. HyperMesh returns to the global panel. Note that template file = now displays the location of the radioss31.fix template. 4. Click return to access the main menu.
3.
To define material data: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Select the collectors panel on any main menu page. Select the card image subpanel. Click the switch after collector type: and select mats from the pop-up menu. Click name = twice and select steel. Click card image = and select MLAW2 from the pop-up menu. This is the RADIOSS material. Click load/edit. Below Title, enter steel. Below RHO_1, enter the value 7.8e-06. This is the density. 9. Below E, enter the value 2e5. This is the Youngs modulus. 10. Below nu, enter the value .3. This is the Poissons ratio. The material properties are now edited. 11. Click return to access the collectors panel. The material data is now defined.
6. 7. 8.
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To create and define property data: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Select the create subpanel. Click the switch after collector type: and select props from the pop-up menu. Click name = and enter rail_prop. Click the switch below creation method: and select card image from the pop-up menu. Click card image = and select SectSHEL from the pop-up menu. The RADIOSS property is now selected. NOTE: It is not necessary to specify material in this panel when using the RADIOSS template. 6. 7. 8. 9. Click create/edit. Below Title, enter rail property. Below Thick, enter the value 1.0. The property data is now defined. Click return to access the collectors panel.
To define components: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Select the card image subpanel. Click the switch after collector type: and select comps from the pop-up menu. Click name = twice and select rail. Click card image = and select Part from the pop-up menu. Click load/edit. NOTE: Although not a RADIOSS card, this allows you to control which property is associated with a component. RADIOSS does not have a component concept such as HyperMesh, so this card was created to bridge the gap. This card will not be output, but element data associated with this component will reflect the MATNUM (material ID) and IPID (property ID) shown here. Click IPID twice and select rail_prop. This selects the property that was created and defined earlier. 7. Click return twice to access the main menu. The component data is now defined.
6.
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8.
Click return to access the interfaces panel. We will now add master elements to the model. Select the add subpanel.
9.
10. Click name = twice and select int1. 11. Click the switch below master and select entity from the pop-up menu. NOTE: For the RADIOSS template, only entity, sets, or all are valid for element definitions. 12. Click the upper elems box and select all from the extended entity selection menu. You can also select elements individually or with any other option on the extended entity selection menu. 13. Click the upper right add. Master interface elements are created on each structure element. We will now add slave elements to the model.
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14. Click the switch below slave and select entity from the pop-up menu. 15. Click the lower elems box twice and select all from the extended entity selection menu. 16. Click the lower right add. Slave interface elements are created on each structure element. NOTE: Slave and master elements are added to all structure elements in order to define the model for self contact. 17. Click return to access the main menu.
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3. 4. 5. 6.
10. Click the upper right switch and select plane from the pop-up menu. 11. Click the toggle and select infinite. 12. Click the switch below normal vector: and select x-axis from the pop-up menu. 13. Press F8 on the keyboard to select the create nodes panel. 14. Create a node at (900,0,0). 15. Click return to access the rigid walls panel. 16. Click base node to highlight the box with the blue input cursor. 17. Select the created node in the graphics area. You may need to click f on the permanent menu to see the node. 18. Click update. The rigid wall geometry is now created. We will now add slave nodes for the rigid wall. 19. Select the add subpanel. 20. Click the switch below slaves and select nodes from the pop-up menu. NOTE: Only nodes, sets, or all are supported for the RADIOSS template. 21. Click the yellow nodes box twice and select all from the extended entity selection menu. 22. Click add. We will now edit the RADIOSS rigid wall card.
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Rigid wall.
23. Select the card subpanel. 24. Ensure rwall1 is displayed after name =. 25. Ensure that RigidWall is displayed after card image =. 26. Click edit. 27. Below Xm, enter the value 900. 28. Below Ym, enter the value 0.0. 29. Below Zm, enter the value 0.0. These are the coordinates of the base point that was used to create the rigid wall. 30. Below Xm1, enter the value 901. 31. Below Ym1, enter the value 0.0. 32. Below Zm1, enter the value 0.0. The above values are the direction of the normal. 33. Click return twice to access the main menu.
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7.
To specify the load type: 1. 2. Select the load types panel on the BCs page. Click velocity = and select PrcrcbVel from the pop-up menu. All velocities now created are initial velocities.
NOTE: PrcrcbVel is prescribed velocity. 3. Click return to access the main menu.
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To create velocities on nodes: 1. 2. 3. Select the display panel on the permanent menu. Click the upper right switch and select groups from the pop-up menu. Click none. The display of groups is now turned off. Click return to access the main menu. Select the velocities panel on the BCs page. Select the create subpanel. Click view on the permanent menu and select left. The left side of the model is displayed. Click nodes and select by window from the extended entity selection menu. Use the mouse to draw a window around the nodes on the far left end of the rail.
4. 5. 6. 7.
8. 9.
10. Click select entities. 11. Click magnitude = and enter the value 1000. 12. Click the lower left switch and select x-axis from the pop-up menu. 13. Click create. The velocity is now added to all nodes. 14. Click return to access the main menu.
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To create an element time history card: 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Click name = and enter elemth. Click the switch and select elems from the pop-up menu. Use the mouse to select a few elements in the graphics area. Click create. Click review. Select elemth. The entities associated with this time history are now highlighted. Click return to access the main menu. Select the card panel on the permanent menu. Click the switch and select outputblocks from the pop-up menu. Click outputblocks. Select elemth. Click select. Click edit. The time history card is now displayed as it will look in the output. Click return twice to access the main menu.
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2. 3. 4.
Click HeaderCard. Below RUNAME, enter a name for the file. Click return. Repeat this procedure for any other cards you wish to update.
To reset a control card: 1. 2. Click delete. Select the control card you want to reset. The card changes colors from green to grey.
To suppress control card data from being written: 1. 2. Click disable. Select the control card you wish to suppress. The color changes from green to red.
To reactivate the control card: 1. 2. Click enable. Select the card you want to restore. The color changes from red back to green.
To define a control card in order to export a RADIOSS file: 1. 2. Click TimeHistory_1. Click return twice to access the main menu.
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6.
File export.
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To change the current template to the DYTRAN/general template: Note: All NASTRAN entities written out with the DYTRAN/general template are automatically formatted into DYTRAN cards. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Remain in the files panel. Select the template subpanel. Double-click file =. Select the dytran/general template. Click return to exit the panel.
To apply the TLOAD1 load collector card image to load collectors containing forces, moments, and pressures: Note: Applying the TLOAD1 card images to load collectors containing SPCs will not cause a problem. If a load collector referenced by a TLOAD1 card image contains only SPCs, the TLOAD1 card will not be written out for that collector. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Select the collectors panel on the main menu. Select the card image subpanel. Change collector type to loadcols. Click card image =. Select the TLOAD1 card image. Click load. Activate the forces check box. Click select. Click return to exit the panel.
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10. Click create. 11. Click return to exit the panel. 12. Select the curve attribs panel. 13. Click auto color to color the create curve. 14. Click return to exit the edit curves panel. 15. Click exit to leave the xy plots panel. The curve attribs panel can also be use to modify the curve color, markers, etc. Please see the curve attribs panel in the Panels on-line help for more information. To card edit the forces load collector to apply the loading curve and set the set number: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Select card from the permanent menu. Click the entity switch next to the yellow selection box. Select loadcols from the pop-up list. Click on the yellow loadcols entity selection box. Activate the forces check box. Click select. Click edit.
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To set the TLOAD1 TID field to curve1: 1. 2. 3. 4. Click the yellow TID field on the TLOAD1 card image. Click the yellow TID entity selection box twice. Select curve1 from the list of available curves. Click return to save the changes and leave the TLOAD1 card image.
To change the FORCE load types to DAREA in the load types panel: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Select the load types panel from the BCs page on the main menu. Click the force = button. Select DAREA from the list of load types. Click on the yellow loads entity selection box. Select displayed from the pop-up window. Click update. Click return.
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To add the elements in the shell_elems collector to the slave surface of the group: 1. 2. 3. Select the add subpanel on the interfaces panel. Click elems and select displayed from the pop-up menu. Click add to add the elements to the slave surface. Changing the slave type in the add subpanel changes the STYPE field on the DYTRAN CONTACT card. When type is set to entity, STYPE on the CONTACT card changes to SURF. When type is comp, STYPE becomes PROP. When type is set and only one set has been selected, STYPE is ELEM but STYPE is SURF if more than one set has been selected. When STYPE is SURF, a SURFACE card will be written out with the CONTACT card when the model is exported.
To set the attributes on the CONTACT card image. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Select the card image subpanel on the interfaces panel Click edit. Change field values on the CONTACT card by clicking on the yellow field header and entering a new value. Click return to save the changes and exit the card image Click return to exit the interfaces panel.
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Defining the File Management, Executive Control and Case Control Sections
To create an output block of all the elements contained in the shell_elems collector: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Select output block from the BCs page on the main menu. Click name = button and enter shells to set the DYTRAN output results filename to shells for the selected entities. Click the switch and select nodes from the pop-up menu. Select by collector from the pop-up menu. Activate the check box next to the shell_elems collector. Click select. Click create.
To card edit the created output block to define the output request parameters for the shell elements: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Select card from the permanent menu. Click the outputblocks entity selection box. Activate the check box next to the shells output block. Click select. Click edit. Activate the SAVE, TIMES, and ELEMENTS check boxes. Click once in the text field next to TIMES(shells). Enter 0 THRU END BY 1.e-5. Click once in the text field next to ELOUT(shells).
10. Enter EFFST01,EFFST02,EFFST03,EFFPL01,EFFPL02,EFFPL03. 11. Click return to save the changes and exit the card editor. 12. Click return to exit the card panel. To create an output block of all the nodes in the model: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Select output block from the BCs page on the main menu. Click name = and enter grids to set the DYTRAN output results filename to nodes for the selected entities. Click the switch and select nodes from the pop-up menu. Select displayed from the pop-up menu. Click create.
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To card edit the created output block to define the output request parameters for the nodes: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Select card from the permanent menu. Click the outputblocks entity selection box. Activate the check box next to the grids output block. Click select. Click edit. Activate the SAVE, TIMES, and NODES check boxes. Click once in the text field next to TIMES(nodes). Enter A0 THRU END BY 1.e-5. Click the text field next to GPOUT(nodes).
10. Enter XVEL,YVEL,ZVEL,XDIS,YDIS,ZDIS. 11. Click return to save the changes and exit the card editor. 12. Click return to exit the card panel. 13. Click return to exit the output blocks panel
To use the cntl cards panel to set the TITLE, ENDTIME, ENDSTEP, SPC, and PARAM cards: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Select cntl cards from the BCs page on the main menu. Click the TITLE control card button. Click the text field next to TITLE = and enter a title. Click return to save the changes and exit the card editor. Click the ENDTIME control card button. Click the number field next to ENDTIME and enter a termination time. Click return to save the changes and exit the card editor. Click the SPC control card button. Click the number field next to SPC and enter 2.
10. Click return to save the changes and exit the card editor. 11. Click the PARAM control card button. 12. Activate the check box next to INISTEP. 13. Activate the check box next to MINSTEP. 14. Click return to save the changes and exit the card editor. 15. Click return to exit the control cards panel. The element and material properties were already set in the imported NASTRAN deck and are retained when exporting the DYTRAN deck. The element and material properties can be modified by card editing the shell_elems component and the steel material collectors, respectively.
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To use the composites panel to assign the orientation angle, system or vector to the element card: 1. 2. Retrieve the HM database file named composites.hm. Load the nastran\general template using the files\template panel.
To update all the elements to the correct element types for nastran: 1. 2. 3. Go to the elem types panel on the 2D page. Click on the elems button and select all. Click update to update the element types.
Note: For visualization purposes, HyperMesh projects the local x-axis of the selected system onto the face of the shell elements. How each analysis code interprets this information varies. To assign the material direction using the system ID: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Select the elem orientation subpanel from the composites panel on the 2-D page. Indicate the elements that you want to assign material angles to. Select elems, by collector, white and select. Click the Element orientation method: switch and select by system ID. Select system and enter ID = 1. Click color and select the display color of the review vectors or lines. Click size = and enter a value that specifies, in model units, how large the review vectors are when displayed. Activate join lines if you want to display connected lines instead of review vectors to represent 0-degree ply directions. Click assign.
Note: The selected elements are re-assigned to the global coordinate system (id = 0) and the panel is reset. This function assigns the ID of the coordinate system to the selected elements. How each analysis code interprets this information varies. For visualization purposes, HyperMesh projects the local x-axis of the selected system onto the face of the shell elements. If you later modify the system, the element material directions change implicitly.
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To assign an orientation vector to the elements by using a system axis: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Select the composites panel from the 2D page. Select the elems, by collector, red component and select. Select the global coordinate system by vector under Element Orientation Method: Set the switch under by vector to local 1-axis . Set size = 1.000. Set the color to blue. Click project. Click the card button from the permanent menu. Set the entity selector to elems.
10. Select any element in the red component. 11. Click edit. 12. Review the card. Note: The THETA field for the NASTRAN element card is now set to an angle for each element in the collector. (This is the angle from the global coordinate system x-axis in the model.)
Figure 1
Note: This function assigns a material angle to the selected elements, which is defined as the angle between the node1-node2 direction and the projection of the selected local axis onto the surface of the shell element. How each analysis code interprets this information varies. For visualization purposes, HyperMesh projects the selected axis onto the face of the shell elements. Any changes you subsequently make to the specified system have no effect on the elements.
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10. Click review. 11. Click the card button from the permanent menu. 12. Set the entity selector to elems by double clicking on an element in the model. 13. Select any element in the green component. 14. Click edit. 15. Review the card. Note: This function assigns a material angle, which is defined as the angle between the node1node2 direction and the projection of the selected vector, onto the surface of the shell element, to the selected elements. How each analysis code interprets this information varies. For visualization purposes, HyperMesh projects the selected vector onto the face of the shell elements.
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10. Click edit. 11. Review the card. Note: THETA is set to 45.000. This function assigns the specified material angle, which is defined as an angle from the node1-node2 along the surface of the shell element, to the selected elements. How each analysis code interprets this information varies. For visualization purposes, HyperMesh rotates the node1-node2 edge of the element around the element normal through the defined angle. Note: This option should be used only in situations where great care has been taken to assure that the node1-node2 direction of the shell elements are initially aligned properly.
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Note: Any elements that do not have a ply angle assigned, display the 0-degree direction as the ply angle. Ply directions are set through card images in solver templates.
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