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kg. However, its mass is 1837 times greater than the mass of one
electron.
The neutron apparently has no electric charge, and its mass is slightly greater than the mass
of one proton.
(c) Representation of Nucleus
Mass number (A): It represents total number of nucleons present within the nucleus, i.e.,
the number of protons and neutrons. It is also known as mass number or atomic weight.
Atomic number (Z): It represents total number of protons, within the nucleus of an atom. It
is numerically equal to the number of electrons revolving around the nucleus. It is also
known as atomic number or proton number. It controls the chemical and physical
properties of an element.
N represents total number of neutrons present in the nucleus of an atom.
Thus,
Mass number = Number of protons + Number of neutrons or A = Z + N
If X is the symbol of some element, such that A is its mass number and Z is its atomic
number then symbolically its nucleus is represented as
Z
X
A
For example, for oxygen A = 16 and Z = 8 and hence symbol for its nucleus is
8
O
16
It must be kept in mind that the superscript represents mass number and sub-script
represents atomic number.
(d) Mass of the nucleus
It is expressed in terms of the unit called atomic mass unit (a.m.u)
Atomic mass unit: the mass of molecules, atoms, nucleus and atomic particles is measured
in a unit called atomic mass unit. This is denoted by a.m.u. One atomic mass unit is one-
twelfth of the mass of a carbon
atom.
1 a.m.u = 1.66 10
-24
gm
(e) Size of nucleus
Radius of nucleus is used to measure the size of the nucleus. The unit used for measuring
the size of the nucleus is Fermi (F). 1 Fermi =
m
The radius of a nucleus is,
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Where R is radius of nucleus, A mass number and R
o
is a constant. R
o
= 1.2 Fermi
(f) Volume of nucleus
Since nucleus is considered to be spherical, its volume could be found by using the formula
for the volume of the sphere.
Therefore, volume of the nucleus = V =
V=
V=
V
Volume of nucleus is directly proportional to its mass number (A).
(g) Density of nucleus
As we know, density = mass/volume
Mass of nucleus = total no. of nucleons * mass of one nucleon
=A1 a.m.u
Volume of nucleus =
Density of nucleus =
Density of nucleus is a constant number; therefore we can say that it is independent of the
element.
Classification of atoms based on nucleons
1. Isotopes
Isotopes are the atoms of same element having same atomic number, but different atomic
masses due to difference in number of neutrons in their nucleus.
Example of Isotopes:
a. Hydrogen has three isotopes,
1
H
1
Hydrogen (Protium),
1
H
2
Deuterium and
1
H
3
Tritium.
b. Chlorine has two isotopes, i.e.,
17
Cl
35
and
17
Cl
37
.
c. Oxygen has three isotopes, i.e.,
8
O
16
,
8
O
17
and
8
O
18
d. Uranium has two isotopes, i.e.,
92
U
235
and
92
U
238
.
e. Carbon has 3 isotopes, i.e.,
6
C
12
,
6
C
13
and
6
C
14
Here, it must be pointed out that practically every element has its isotopes. There are
about one thousand unstable isotopes of radioactive elements and 300 isotopes of stable
elements. Isotopes differs in their mass number, therefore, isotopes differ in physical
properties.
2. Isobars
Atoms of different elements, having same mass number, but different number of protons
(atomic number) are called isobars. Isobars differ in number of electrons, protons and
neutrons.
An isobars differs in atomic number as well as number of protons, they differ in physical as
well as in chemical properties.
Examples of Isobars
a.
18
Ar
40
and
20
Ca
40
are isobars
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b.
12
Mg
24
and
11
Na
24
are isobars.
3. Isotones
Atoms of different elements with same number of neutrons are called isotones. They differ
in number of electrons and protons.
Examples of isotones
14
Si
30
and
15
P
31
Forces inside the nucleus
There are two major forces present inside the nucleus
i. Electrostatic force: this is repulsive force between the protons. This force depends on
the charge on the nucleons. Electrostatic force impact is felt at larger distance.
ii. Nuclear force: this is an attractive force among the nucleons. The impact of nuclear
force is felt only at very small distances within the nucleus. Hence nuclear force is called
short range force. Nuclear force is independent of charge of nucleons.
As the nuclear force is stronger than electrostatic force the nucleons do not fly apart.
Mass defect & Binding energy
The difference between the expected mass and experimentally measured mass of nucleus is
called mass defect. It is denoted by m. It can be calculated as follows:
Mass defect (m) = (expected mass of nucleus) - (measured mass of nucleus)
m = (sum of masses of protons and neutrons) - (measured mass of nucleus)
When the nucleons are grouped together to form a nucleus, they lose a small amount of mass,
i.e., there is mass defect. This mass defect is released as radiant energy according to the
relation E = mc
2
;
Thus
Energy released = mass defect c
2
.
This energy is used to bind nucleons together in the nucleus; therefore it is called binding
energy.
The smallest unit of binding energy for one a.m.u is generally mentioned in terms of MeV.
Thus energy equivalent of 1 a.m.u of mass is 931.5 MeV.
If mass effect (m) is expressed in terms of a.m.u, then binding energy = m931.5 MeV
In nuclear reactions, the energy that must be radiated or otherwise removed as binding energy
may be in the form of electromagnetic waves, such as gamma radiation, or as heat.
Average Binding energy
Average binding energy is the energy required to remove one nucleon from the nucleus.
Binding energy per nucleon = Binding energy of the nucleus/ total number of nucleons
The stability of nucleus is understood in terms of binding energy per nucleons. More is the
binding energy per nucleon, more is the stability.
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Graph of Binding energy per nucleon and mass number A
The main observations from the graph are:
a. The binding energy per nucleon is smaller for lighter nuclei and increases with mass
number
b. The nuclei in the mass number range 40 to 120 are most stable as the binding energy
per nucleon is more in their case. The peak value appears around A =60. The maximum
binding energy per nucleon is for iron with a value of 8.7 MeV/nucleon.
c. For nuclei with mass number higher than 120, the binding energy per nucleon starts
decreasing. The nuclei below 7.6 MeV/ nucleon like
92
U
238
are unstable.
Stability of Nuclei
There are several factors affecting nuclear stability, many of which are reflected in the abundance curve:
a. As number of nucleon increases, attraction between nucleons increases also value of binding
energy increase, therefore stability of nuclei increases.
b. Magic numbers: Nuclei which have 2,8,20,28,50,82 and 126 number of neutrons or protons are
more abundant in nature than other nuclei. This suggests that these nuclei are more stable than
others. The above sequence of numbers is called Magic numbers.
c. Surface tension (unrequited bonds): smaller nuclei are less stable because they have High
surface/volume ratios.
d. Coulomb or electrostatic repulsion works against larger nuclei, because you pay a price stuffing
charge into a small volume. Although you always gain by adding more nucleons, but at large
distance nuclear force become weaker in comparison to electrostatic force
Just as every phenomenon tries to achieve stability, unstable nuclei try to achieve stability by throwing
out excess particles in the form of radiations. This gave rise to a phenomenon which was first observed
by Henry Becquerel. This phenomenon was called radioactivity by Madam Curie.
Radioactivity
The spontaneous disintegration of the nuclei with the emission of certain particles and
radiations is called radioactivity. It is the phenomenon due to which certain elements given out
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highly penetrating radiations spontaneously. The activity of a radioactive substance is defined
as the number of atoms disintegrating in one second. It is measured in various units. The SI
unit of radioactivity is Becquerel.
a. 1 Becquerel (1 Bq) = 1 disintegration per second.
b. 1 Curie (1 Ci) =
10
-31
kg (b) 9.1
10
-30
kg
(c) 9.1 10
-27
kg (d) none of these
1. What is the particle Y in the following nuclear reaction ?
4
Be
9
+
2
He
4
6
C
12
+ Y
(a) Electron (b) Neutron (c) Proton (d) None of these
2. Nucleons correspond to the number of
(a) Electrons (b) protons (c) neutrons (d) neutrons and protons
3. The mass of an atom is expressed in
(a) kg (b) g (c) a.m.u. (d) Carats
4. The specific charge of an electron is equal to
(a) 1.76
10
11
C kg
-1
(b) 1.76
10
-11
C kg
-1
(c) 1.602
10
-19
C (d) 1.602
10
-19
C
5. In the following nuclear reaction, how many alpha particles are given out ?
92
X
234
88
Y
218
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 6
6. The number of neutrons contained in
92
U
238
is
(a) 92 (b) 146 (c) 238 (d) 330
7. In the following nuclear reaction, what is the element X ?
i.
7
N
14
+
2
He
4
1
H
2
+ X
(a)
8
O
16
(b)
7
N
14
(c)
9
F
17
(d)
10
Ne
17
8. The number of electrons contained in the nucleus of
92
U
235
is
(a) 92 (b) 143 (c) 235 (d) zero
9. An element X with mass number A and atomic number Z is represented by
(a) X (b)
A
X
Z
(c)
Z
X
A
(d)
Z
X
A Z
10. The process of fusion is used for constructing a
(a) atom bomb (b) ordinary bomb (c) hydrogen bomb (d) neutron bomb
11. In a nuclear reactor, the moderator is
(a) uranium 234 (b) uranium 238 (c) cadmium (d) heavy water
12. Radioactivity was discovered by
(a) Rutherford (b) Becquerel (c) Bohr (d) Madame Curie
13. The discovery of neutron was made by
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(a) Chadwick (b) Rutherford (c) Becquerel (d) Curie
14. Which of the following has the least penetrating power ?
(a) Alpha particles (b) Beta particles
(c) Gamma rays (d) All have the same penetrating power
15. The fuel used in nuclear reactors is
(a) U 235 (b) U 236 (c) U 234 (d) U 238
16. The longest and shortest wavelengths (in microns) for red and violet colours are
respectively given by
(a) 0.4, 0.7 (b) 0.3, 0.6 (c) 0.7, 0.9 (d) none of these
17. The fission of uranium 235 by means of slow moving neutrons is called a/an
(a) chain reaction (b) irreversible chemical reaction
(c) explosion (d) none of these
18. Which amongst the following can cause the fission of U 235 to yield a chain reaction ?
(a) Slow electrons (b) Slow protons (c) Slow neutrons (d) Fast neutrons
19. The release of energy when fission occurs in a nuclear chain reaction is the basis of
(a) atom bomb (b) hydrogen bomb (c) neutron bomb (d) none of these
20. A hydrogen bomb is a
(a) controlled nuclear fission (b) uncontrolled nuclear fission
(c) uncontrolled nuclear fusion (d) controlled nuclear fusion
21. Which of the following will produce lesser pollution problems ?
(a) Nuclear fission
(b) Nuclear fusion
(c) Both will produce the same amount of pollution
(d) Nothing can be decided
22. Which of the following radiations is most dangerous because of its high penetrating power
and high energy?
(a) Alpha particles (b) Beta particles (c) Gamma rays (d) None of these
23. The nucleus resulting from
238
U
92
after successive loss of tw0 alpha and four beta particles
is
a)
238
TH
90
b)
230
Pu
94
c)
230
Ra
88
d)
230
U
92
24. An isotone of
76
Ge
32
is
a)
77
Ge
32
b)
77
As
33
c)
77
Se
34
d)
77
Se
36
25. If Uranium (mass number 238 and atomic number 92) emits an particle, the product has
mass number and atomic number
a)
236
and
92
b)
234
and
90
c)
238
and
90
d)
236
and
90
26. Which of the following in an isotope of
32
Ge
76
?
a)
33
As
77
b)
32
Ge
77
c)
34
Se
77
d)
35
Br
80
27. The atomic number of a radioactive element increases by one unit in :
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a) alpha emission d) beta emission c) gamma emission d) electron capture
28. Sulphur -35 (34.96903 a. m. u) emits a particle but no ray. The product is chlorine
35(34.96885 a.m.u.). The maximum energy of the particle emitted is
a) 0.00018 MeV b) 930MeV c) 0.16758 MeV d) 1.6758 MeV
29. Which of the following is a magic number?
a) 54 b) 10 c) 20 d) 18
ANSWER KEY
CHAPTER # 3
PROBLEMS
1. I = 250 mA = 250 10
-3
A, t = 8 sec
We know that,
I =
Q
t
Q = I t
Q = 250 10
-3
8
Q = 2000 10
-3
= 2 C
2. (a) Let resistance between P and Q is R
PQ
.
3 O and 3 O are in series. So,
R
S
= 3 + 3 = 6 O
R
S
and 3 O are in parallel. So,
R
PQ
=
3
3
S
S
R
R
+
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=
3 6
3 6
+
R
PQ
=
18
9
= 2 O
(b) Let resistance between A and B is R
AB.
3O, R
PQ
and 3O resistors are in series. So,
R
AB
= 3 + R
PQ
+ 3
R
AB
= 3 + 2 + 3 = 8O
3. Resistance of 1 O and 2O are in series. So,
R
S
= 1 + 2 = 3O
R
S
and 1.5O are in parallel. So,
R
eq
=
1.5
1.5
S
S
R
R
+
R
eq
=
3 1.5 4.5
3 1.5 4.5
=
+
= 1 O
4. When resistors are in parallel, then
R
P
=
2 2
2 2
r
+
+
R
P
=
4
4
+ r = 1 + r
Let r = Internal resistance.
Current I
P
= 1.2 A
c = I
P
(R
P
+ r)
= 1.2 (1 + r)
= 1.2 + 1.2 r (i)
c
2 O
2 O
r
Again, when resistances are in series, then
R
S
= 2 + 2 = 4
R
eq
= 4 + r
I
S
= 0.4 A
r
2 O 2 O
c
+ -
Thus,
c = I
S
(R
S
+ r)
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= 0.4 (4 + r)
= 1.6 + 0.4 r (ii)
From equations (i) and (ii) we have,
c - 1.2 r = 1.2 (i)
c - 0.4 r = 1.6 (ii)
c - 1.2 r = 1.2 (i)
3c 1.2 r = -4.8 (iii)
-2c = -3.6
c =
3.6
1.8
2
= volt
Again form equation (i) we get,
c - 1.2 r = 1.2
1.2 r = c - 1.2
or, r =
1.8 1.2
1.2
=
0.6
0.5
1.2
= O
5. Equivalent resistance = 2 + 0.7 + 4.5 = 7.2 O
c = 1.8 V
Current in the circuit (I) =
1.8
7.2
= 0.25 A
(a) Reading of ammeter = 0.25 A
(b) Let terminal potential of the battery be V then,
c = I (R + r)
c = IR + Ir
i.e., c = V + Ir
or, V = c - Ir
V = 1.8 0.25 2 = 1.3 volt
6. R =
1
( / 4) a
and R
1
=
31
( / 2) a
1
(31) /( / 2)
1/( / 4)
R a
R a
=
=
3 2 3
4 2
=
R
1
: R = 3 : 2
7. We know that,
1 1
2 2
1
1
R
R
=
2 1
2
1
1
1
R
R
=
=
16.25 75
3.25
= 375 cm
8. Net e.m.f. = 1.5 volt
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Total internal resistance,
1 1 1 1 3
2 2 2 2
p
r
= + + =
2
3
p
r = O
Total resistance =
7 2 9
3
3 3 3
+ = = O
Current through the resistor =
1.5
0.5
3
V
A
R
= =
9. We have,
P = 60 W, V = 250 V
P = VI
I =
P
V
=
60
250
= 0.24 Amp
10. We have,
V = 4 V, I = 0.5 A, r = 2.5 O
(i) Energy = V I t
E = 4 0.5 600 ( t = 10 60 = 600 sec)
= 1200 Joule
(ii) As e.m.f. of battery = 4 V then,
e.m.f. = IC (R + r)
R =
e. m.f
I
- r
=
4
2.5
0.5
R = 8 2.5 = 5.5 O
(iii) P = V
R
I
= 2.75 0.5 ( V
R
= 5.5 0.5 = 2.75 V)
= 1.375 W
Energy dissipated = 1.375 10 60
= 825 Joule
11. We have,
P
1
= 60 W, V
1
= 220 V, P
2
= 60 W, V
2
= 110 V
2
1
1
1
V
R
P
=
=
220 220
60
and,
2
110 110
60
R
=
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1
2
220 220
60
110 110
60
R
R
=
=
220 220 4
110 110 1
So, R
1
: R
2
= 4 : 1
12. We have,
P
1
= 100 W, P
2
= 200 W
1 2
2 1
1
, when Visconstant
R P
R
R P P
| |
=
|
\ .
1
2
200
100
R
R
=
So, R
1
: R
2
= 2 : 1
13. We have,
R
1
= 4 O, R
2
= 6 O, V = 6 Volt
Req =
4 6
4 6
+
= 2.4 O (As R
1
and R
2
in parallel)
(i)
2
V
P =
Req
=
6 6
2.4
=
36
2.4
= 15 W
(ii) Since, potential across each resistor is same , so,
2
1
1
V
P
R
=
=
6 6
9
4
= W
and,
2
2
2
V
P
R
=
=
6 6
6
= 6 W
P
1
= 9 W, P
2
= 6 W
14. We have,
P
1
= 50 W, V = 220 V
P
2
= 100 W, V = 220 V
If both are connected in series then their resistances add upto form an equivalent
resistance. And current is same in series arrangement.
2
1
1
V
R
P
=
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=
220 220
968
50
= O
2
2
2
V
R
P
=
220 220
484
100
= = O
Req = 968 + 484 = 1452 O
220
0.15
1452
I = = A
Now potential drop across R
1
V
1
= I R
1
= 0.15 968 = 145.2 V
And potential drop across R
2
V
2
= I R
2
= 0.15 484 = 72.6 V
Power dissipated in R
1
= V
1
I
= 145.2 0.15 = 21.78 W
Power dissipated in R
2
= V
2
I
= 72.6 0.15 = 10.89 W
Power dissipated in first lamp is more in comparison the second because resistance
of first lamp R
1
is greater than the resistance R
2
of the second lamp.
15.
2
V
P
R
=
2
V
R
P
=
=
220 220
484
100
= O
V = IR
V
I
R
=
=
220
484
= 0.45 A
16. (i)
1
V
R =
=
150
12
= 75 O
(ii) Energy produced in 1 minute P = IV 1 60
= 0.2 15 60
= 180 Joule
17. Energy produced in 5 minutes P = IV 5 60
= 0.5 6 5 60
= 900 Joule
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18.
2
1
t
V
(R and P is constant)
2
1 2
2
2 1
t V
t V
=
2
5 200 200
220 220 t
2
5 220 220
200 200
t
=
= 6.05 minutes
19.
P
I
V
=
=
24
12
= 2 A
Energy liberated in 20 minutes (20 60 sec)
= 24 20 60
= 28,800 Joule
20. kWh =
1000
VIt V
V IR I
R
| |
= =
|
\ .
=
2
1000
V t
R
=
200 200 5
200 1000 60
| |
\ .
= 0.0167 kWh
OBJECTIVE PROBLEMS
1. D 2. B 3. A 4. D 5. B 6. A 7. A
8. C 9. B 10. C 11. D 12. D 13. D 14. B
15. A 16. B 17. D 18. A 19. D 20. A 21. B
22. C 23. A 24. C 25. A 26. A 27. C
CHAPTER # 4
PROBLEMS
1. No. Because at any point on this line, tangent gives the direction of magnetic field. But at
the intersection point, we obtain two tangents, i.e. two directions of magnetic field, which is not
possible.
2. Yes. The face of circular coil for which the direction of current is anticlockwise behaves as
North pole while the face having clockwise direction of current behaves as South pole.
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3. (i) By increasing the strength of current.
(ii) By increasing the number of turns per unit length.
(iii) By introducing a soft iron core in the solenoid.
4. When a coil is rotated in a strong magnetic field then the magnetic flux linked with coil
changes with time. This change in flux results in an induced current in the coil. The
direction of induced current is given by Flemings Right Hand rule.
5. When a current carrying coil is placed in a strong magnetic field then it experiences a
torque on it. The direction of this torque is given by Flemings Left Hand rule.
6. The speed of an electric motor depends on
(i) the number of turns in the coil
(ii) the strength of current
(iii) the strength of the magnetic field.
7. In 1831, Michael Faraday introduced electromagnetic induction. According to him, if the
magnetic flux linked with a closed circuit changes then an induced e.m.f. (induced current)
is set up in that circuit. This phenomenon is called as electromagnetic induction.
8. The induced current in a coil will appear in such a direction that it opposes the change in
magnetic flux which is responsible for its production.
9.
D.C. Motor A.C. generator
(i) A D.C. motor changes electrical energy
into mechanical energy.
(ii) It works on the principle that when an
electric current is passed through a
conductor placed in a magnetic
field, the conductor starts moving as a
result of force acting on it.
A simple A.C. generator changes mechanical
energy into electrical energy.
It works on the principle that when
magnetic flux passing through a closed
circuit changes, it results in the induction of
an e.m.f. thereby current flows in the coil.
10. Transformers are used in electric circuit and devices which operate at a voltage other than
the supplied voltage.
No, they cannot be used with a direct current source.
11. As, N
P
= 800, N
S
= 8, E
P
= 220 V, E
S
= ?
S S
P P
N E
N E
=
S
S P
P
N
E E
N
=
=
8
220
800
= 2.2 Volt.
OBJECTIVE PROBLEMS
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1. B 2. D 3. B 4. A 5. B 6. C
7. B 8. D 9. C 10. C 11. A 12. B
13. B 14. A 15. D 16. D 17. B 18. A
19. C 20. A
CHAPTER # 5
PROBLEMS
1. (a) The total number of protons presents in the nucleus of an atom is known as the atomic
number of that element.
(b) The total number of protons and neutrons present in the nucleus of an atom is known as
the mass number of that element.
2. The atoms of different elements which have the same mass number but different atomic
numbers, are called isobars. Eg.
11
Na
23
and
12
Mg
23
.
3. Radioactivity is that nuclear phenomenon in which spontaneous emission of radiation
occurs. Such substances are called radioactive substances, e.g., Uranium, Radium,
Thorium, and Polonium, etc.
4. (i) o - -particles are composed of helium nucleus (
2
He
4
).
| - -particles are composed of electrons (
-1
e
0
).
- -radiations are electromagnetic radiations composed of -rays photons.
(ii) o -particles have least penetrating power.
5. After o or | -emission, the nucleus acquires the excited state, i.e., it has excess of energy.
This excess of energy is emitted in the form of -rays photon.
6. It changes to ionised helium atom i.e. now it carries only one unit positive charge.
7. A neutron of nucleus is converted to an electron and a Proton, when a | -particle is emitted.
1.
0
n
1
+1
P
1
+
-1
e
0
+ v
ii. Neutron Proton Electron Antinutrino
8. (i) Atomic number = 15
i. Mass number = 31
(ii) Atomic number = 16
ii. Mass number = 32
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9.
11
Na
24
12
Mg
24
+
-1
|
0
The numbers 11 and 24 are called the atomic number and mass number respectively. They
tell the number respectively. They tell the number of protons and neutrons in that element.
10. It changes to the neutral atom of helium.
11. The new nucleus formed is
86
Rn
88
Ra
226
86
Rn
222
+
2
He
4
(
o
-particle)
12. Isobars have different atomic numbers, i.e., different number of protons, hence they have
different chemical properties.
13. P = A 4 and Q = Z.
14. On the fission of one heavy nucleus more neutrons are produced which further disintegrate
other nuclei resulting in a chain of fission is formed. Such reaction is called chain reaction.
15. because to start a fusion reaction, high temperature and pressure is required.
Objective Problems
1. A 2. B 3. D 4. C 5. A 6. C 7. B
8. A 9. D 10. C 11. C 12. D 13. B 14. A
15. A 16. D 17. A 18. A 19. C 20. A 21. C
22. B 23. C