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OBJECTIVE 2: Familiarization with CROPWAT & AQUACROP Difference between CROPWAT AND AQUACROP

AQUACROP 1. AQUACROP is a crop water productivity model developed by the Land and Water Division of FAO that simulates yield response to water of herbaceous crops. 2. Variables or topics of concern:

CROPWAT CROPWAT is a software developed for the calculation of crop water requirements and irrigation requirements based on soil, climate and crop data. Variables or topics of concern: calculation of crop water requirements and irrigation requirements based

3.

Parameter and its unit: 1) Soil Water Content Of The Root Zone Expressed As A Depth [Mm] 2) Root Zone Depletion [Mm 3) Total Available Soil Water In The Root Zone [Mm] 4) Soil Water Stress 5) Air Temperature Stress 6) Canopy Cover At Time T [Fraction Ground Cover 7) Effective Rooting Depth At Time T [M] 8) The Minimum And Maximum Air Temperature [ c] 9) The Reference Evapotranspiration Eto 10) Rainfall Depth
O

Parameter and its unit: 1) Temperature data Maximum and Minimum Temperature, [oC] 2) Humidity data Average daily Relative Humidity [in percentage] or Vapour Pressure [kPa] 3) Sunshine data Sunshine hours (heliograph) or sunshine percentage 4) Wind speed data Average Daily Windspeed (in km/day or m/sec)

4.

Results from the revision of the FAO Based on the two FAO publications of the Irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 33 Yield Response to Water Irrigation and Drainage Series, namely, No. 56 "Crop Evapotranspiration Guidelines for computing crop water requirements and No. 33 titled "Yield response to water".

CROPWAT

CROPWAT 8.0 for Windows is a computer program for the computation of crop water requirements and irrigation requirements based on soil, climate and crop data. Besides, the program can develop irrigation schedules for different management conditions and the calculation of scheme water supply for varying crop patterns. CROPWAT 8.0 can also be used to assess farmers irrigation practices and crop performance under both rain fed and irrigated conditions. All calculation procedures used in CROPWAT 8.0 are based on the two FAO publications of the Irrigation and Drainage Series, namely, No. 56 "Crop Evapotranspiration - Guidelines for computing crop water requirements and No. 33 titled "Yield response to water". CROPWAT 8.0 includes standard crop and soil data as a starting point and only to be used when local data are not accessible. When local data are available, these data files can be easily modified or created. Similarly, local climatic data can be obtained for over 5,000 stations worldwide from CLIMWAT (the associated climatic database) if they are not available. The development of irrigation schedules in CROPWAT 8.0 is based on a daily soil-water balance using various user-defined options for water supply and irrigation management conditions. Scheme water supply is calculated according to the cropping pattern defined by the user, which can include up to 20 crops. CROPWAT 8.0 for Windows includes a host of updated and new features, including:

monthly, decade and daily input of climatic data for calculation of reference evapotranspiration (ETo)

backward compatibility to allow use of data from CLIMWAT database possibility to estimate climatic data in the absence of measured values decade and daily calculation of crop water requirements based on updated calculation algorithms including adjustment of crop-coefficient values

calculation of crop water requirements and irrigation scheduling for paddy & upland rice, using a newly developed procedure to calculate water requirements including the land preparation period

interactive user adjustable irrigation schedules daily soil water balance output tables easy saving and retrieval of sessions and of user-defined irrigation schedules graphical presentations of input data, crop water requirements and irrigation schedules easy import/export of data and graphics through clipboard or ASCII text files extensive printing routines, supporting all windows-based printers context-sensitive help system Multilingual interface and help system: English, Spanish, French and Russian

Figure below shows an example of paddy crop water requirement obtained from CROPWAT software.

AQUACROP

AQUACROP is a crop water productivity model developed by the Land and Water Division of FAO that simulates yield response to water of herbaceous crops. AQUACROP attempts to balance accuracy, simplicity, and robustness. It uses a relatively small number of explicit and mostly-intuitive parameters and input variables requiring simple methods for their determination. AquaCrop results from the revision of the FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 33 Yield Response to Water (Doorenbos and Kassam, 1979), a key reference for estimating the yield response to water. AquaCrop evolves from the fundamental equation of Paper No. 33, where relative yield (Y) loss is proportional to relative evapotranspiration (ET) decline, with Ky as the yield response proportional factor.

Applications of AquaCrop include:


assessing water-limited, attainable crop yields at a given geographical location as a benchmarking tool, comparing the attainable yields against actual yields of a field, farm, or region, to identify the yield gap and the constraints limiting crop production

assessing rainfed crop production on the long term developing irrigation schedules for maximum production (seasonal strategies and operational decision-making), and for different climate scenarios

scheduling deficit and supplemental irrigation evaluating the impact of fixed delivery irrigation schedules on attainable yields simulating crop sequences carrying out future climate scenario analyses optimizing a limited amount of water available (economic, equitability, and sustainability criteria)

evaluating the impact of low fertility and of water-fertility interactions on yields assessing actual water productivity (biological and/or economic) at the field and

higher scales, up to regions


supporting decision making on water allocation and other water policy actions appraising the role of various water-related crop responses in yield determination for ideotype design

AquaCrop advances from the Ky approach by: (i) dividing ET in soil evaporation (E) and crop transpiration (Tr), to avoid the confounding effect of the non-productive consumptive use of water (E),

(ii) obtaining biomass (B) from the product of water productivity (WP) and cumulated crop transpiration, (iii) expressing the final yield (Y) as the product of B and Harvest Index (HI), (iv) normalizing Tr with reference evapotranspiration (ETo), to make the B-Tr relationship applicable to different climatic regimes, and

(v) running with daily time steps (either calendar or growing degree days), to more realistically account for the dynamic nature of water stress effects and crop responses. As the Ky approach, AquaCrop is water-driven, meaning that the crop growth and production are driven by the amount of water transpired (Tr). AquaCrop focuses on the fundamental relation between B and Tr rather than Y and ET (as in the Ky approach), relying on the conservative behaviour of WP. A schematic representation of these evolutionary steps is reported in the figure below.

AquaCrop includes the following sub-model components: the soil, with its water balance; the crop, with its development, growth and yield; the atmosphere, with its thermal regime,

rainfall, evaporative demand and CO2 concentration; and the management, with its major agronomic practice such as irrigation and fertilization. AquaCrop flowchart is shown below.

Soil salinity and capillary rise from shallow water tables are not yet implemented in AquaCrop 3.1+

Schematic outline of the model operation of AQUACROP.

MALAYSIAN METEOROLOGICAL DEPARTMENT (MET)

Malaysian Meteorologival Department serves as national meteorological monitor and responsible for natural disaster warning. Besides, MET serves to fulfill Malaysians needs on meteorological, climatological and provides meteorological and seismological services for safe and efficient operation in air, on land and sea, homeland security, public safety and comfort and social economic development planning and environmental management. Listed below are the functions of MET; i. Maintain a technically-advanced observation station network to support monitoring of weather conditions and seismic activities in the country. ii. Issue timely meteorological information and forecasts for civil and military aviation, marine activities and general public. iii. Provide early warnings on the occurrences of adverse weather phenomena and dangerous sea conditions in the Malaysian region to the public and relevant agencies involved in disaster mitigation. iv. Provide immediate information on earthquake events that affect the country to the public, media and relevant government agencies involved in disaster mitigation. v. vi. Provide seismological information to civil engineering and construction industries. Compile quality climatological, atmospheric composition and seismological data and prepare climatological statistics. vii. viii. Provide climatological services to users in all sectors of the economy upon request. Monitor atmospheric composition in Malaysia and provide information and technical advice on the meteorological aspects of air pollution. ix. Monitor atmospheric composition in Malaysia and provide information and technical advice on the meteorological aspects of air pollution. x. Conduct cloud seeding operations to increase water resources for agriculture and other purposes. xi. Participation in international programmes on research, data collection and exchange, and other related activities in meteorology. xii. xiii. Publish meteorological reports and bulletins. Provide training in meteorology.

xiv.

Promote public awareness on the importance and usefulness of meteorological and seismological information.

xv.

Promote advancement of meteorological and seismological sciences through research.

Furthermore, there are lots of data prepared by MET which are available for public use such as; i. Weather Forecast
:: General Weather Forecast :: State Weather Forecast :: District Weather Forecast :: Major Towns/Tourist Destinations Weather Forecast :: Severe Weather/Tsunami Warnings :: WMO World Weather Forecast :: Current Monsoon Season Report

ii.

Marine Forecast
:: :: :: :: Forecast for Fisherman Seven-day Weather, Wind, Wave Seven-day Tide Forecast Wave Model (WAM) Products

iii.

Climate
:: Climate of Malaysia ::Climate Change Monitoring :: Drought Information & Monitoring :: Peat FDRS Pilot Project :: Malaysian Fire Danger Rating System :: Southeast Asia Fire Danger Rating System :: World City Climatological Information :: IPCC Reports

iv.

Observation data
:: Daily Bulletin ::Satellite Images :: Radar Images :: Horizontal Visibility :: Relative Humidity :: Min/Max Temperature :: Daily Rainfall :: Daily Isohyet

v.

Earthquake and Tsunami

::List of Recent Earthquake ::Research Paper Abstract ::Obtaining Seismic Data

vi.

Agrometerology
::Principal Agrometeorological Stations :: Auxiliary Stations :: 10-Day Agrometeorogical Bulletin :: Agroclimatic Analysis & Outlook :: Crop Zonation & Agroclimatic Classifications :: Plant Phenology Selected Crops

EXERCISE 1. Determine the daily evapotranspiration rate for paddy grown in a year at Tanjung Karang Selangor. From the thesis we found in the internet entitled ESTIMATION OF RICE EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN PADDY FIELDS USING REMOTE SENSING AND FIELD MEASUREMENTS, the daily evapotranspiration rate for paddy grown in a year at Tanjung Karang Selangor for the off (dry) season from December to May and the main (wet) season from July to November, the observed ET from the lysimeters ranged from 3.2 to 5.8 mm/day, while ET by calculation using weather parameters ranged from 3.15 to 5.72 mm/day.

2. Determine the crop water requirement. 3. What is the oil palm crop water requirement at Bangi Selangor if the crop age is 5 years, 10 years, 15 years, and 20 years. the best estimates for mature palms suggesting crop evapotranspiration (ETc) rates of 45 mm d1 in the monsoon months (equivalent to 280350 l palm1 d1). *** kak cuna.. saya jumpa nie dlm journal..tp nie utk dekat africa.. hhehe Oil Palm crop age 5 years 10 years 15 years Oil Palm Crop water requirement

20 years

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