Chemical Properties 1.

Alkane undergoes: a) Combustion reaction b) Substitution reaction c) Cracking a) Combustion reaction Complete combustion (in excess oxygen) produce carbon dioxide, (CO2) and water, (H2O) Alkane + O2 CO2 + H2O For example: CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O C2H6 C3H8 C4H10 + + +

In limited oxygen incomplete combustion produce carbon monoxide, (CO) and water Alkane + O2 CO + H2O For example: 2CH4 + 3O2 2CO + 4H2O

b) Substitution reaction Alkane reacts with halogens to form halogenoalkanes. This reaction only occurs in light or at high temperatures. One or more hydrogen atoms on the alkane is replaced by one or more halogen atoms. This reaction occurs mainly with chlorine, bromine and iodine.

For example: CH4 + Cl2 CH3Cl + HCl

CH3Cl + Cl2 CH2Cl2 + HCl

CH2Cl2 + Cl2 CHCl3 + HCl

CHCl3 + Cl2 CCl4 + HCl

Naming of halogen substitution with alkane

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b)

c)

d)

c) Cracking reaction In petroleum refining, cracking is a process by which heavy hydrocarbon molecules are broken up into lighter molecules by means of heat and usually pressure and sometimes catalysts. Cracking is the most important process for the commercial production of gasoline. During this process, alkenes and hydrogen gas may also be formed. The cracking of alkanes is carried out at 450 degrees celcius over an aluminum oxide or silicon oxide catalyst. For example: C15H32 2C2H4
Ethene

C3H6
Propene

C8H18
Octane

The ethene and propene are important materials for making plastics or producing other organic chemicals. The octane is one of the molecules found in petrol (gasoline).

ALKENES Is an unsaturated hydrocarbon Functional group: double bonds between carbon atoms to other carbon atom General formula:

Naming of alkenes:

Prefix

Molecular Formula

IUPAC Name

Structural Formula

10

Physical properties

The melting points and boiling points of alkenes are lower than alkanes and increase with the increase of the number of carbon atoms per molecule. The first three alkenes is a gas at room temperature. The density is lower (lower than water) and increase as the number of carbon atoms per molecule. All alkenes are insoluble in water because covalent bond, dissolve in organic solvents. All alkenes do not conduct electricity, as a molecule and no free moving ion.

Chemical properties of Alkene 1. Alkenes are more reactive than alkanes. This is because alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons that have a double between two carbon atoms, C=C. 2. Alkenes can undergo: a) Combustion reaction b) Addition reaction c) Polymerization reaction

a) Combustion of alkenes All alkenes combust completely in excess oxygen, O 2, to form carbon dioxide, CO2, and water, H2O. Alkenes combust incompletely in the condition of inadequate oxygen, O 2. Like alkanes, alkenes combust in a condition of inadequate oxygen to produce: - carbon, C, and water, H2O carbon monoxide, CO, and water, H2O For example:

b) Addition reaction 1. Alkenes can react with substances such as halogens, hydrogen, oxidizing agents, steam and hydrogen halides through addition reactions. 2. In addition reaction: i. A molecule is added to the 2 carbons, C atom of a double bond. ii. One of the bonds that are part of the double bond between the carbons, C atom is broken. iii. The pair of electrons that forms this bond is then shared with the molecule that is added. The product is a saturated compound.

1) Addition of hydrogen gas, H2 ~ Hydrogenation reaction The alkene vapour (alkene in gaseous form) and hydrogen gas, H 2 are passed over a catalyst (such as platinum, Pt or nickel, Ni) then is heated to 180oC. The hydrogen molecule, H2 is added to the alkene molecule. An alkane is produced. This reaction is also known as a hydrogenation reaction.

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2) Addition of halogen ~ Halogenation reaction An alkene reacts with halogens such as chlorine, Cl2 and Bromine, Br2. When an alkene is shaken with bromine water (or liquid bromine) or chlorine water, an addition reaction occurs. The atoms from the halogen molecule are added to the double bond of the alkene molecule. A halogenoalkane is produced. This reaction is also known as halogenation reaction.

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3) Addition of Hydrogen Halides A mixture of alkene and hydrogen halide (hydrogen chlorine, HCl or hydrogen bromine, HBr) reacts at room condition. Atoms from the hydrogen halide molecule are added to the double bond of the alkene molecules. Halogenoalkanes (haloalkane) are produced in this reaction. This reaction is also known as the hydrohalogenation reaction.

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4) Addition of water ~ Hydration reaction When a mixture of alkene gas and steam, H2O is flowed over a phosphoric acid. H3PO4. Catalyst, at a temperature of 300oC, and a pressure of 60 atmospheres, an addition reaction occurs. Atoms from water molecules (steam), H2O, is added to the double bond of the alkene molecule. Alcohol is produced in this reaction. This reaction is also known as a hydration reaction.

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5) Addition reaction with acidified potassium manganate (VII) solution An alkene reacts with potassium manganate (VII), KMnO 4 solution acidified with sulphuric acid, H2SO4 at room condition. The purple colour of the solution is decolorized. Diol alcohols are produced in this reaction (Contain two OH ~ diol). Acidified potassium manganate (VII), KMnO4, solution act as an oxidizing agent. This reaction is also known as an oxidation reaction.

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c) Polymerisation reaction Polymerization is a process of combining small molecule units (monomers) to form a long chain molecule (polymer). Alkene molecules can link together to produce polymers via an addition reaction. For example, the polymerization of ethane can be carried out at a temperature of 200oC and under a pressure of 1500 atmospheres, to form poly(ethene) or polythene.

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