Electro Pollution Hazards

ELECTRO POLLUTION ITS HAZARDS AND PREVENTION
CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Pollution: Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into a natural environment that causes instability, disorder, harm or discomfort to the ecosystem i.e. physical systems or living organisms.pollution making our life miserable on earth. The culprits of damaging the natures gift are humanbeings, in which some are directly involved and others indirectly. The directly involved sources are industries,defence,medical etc.The indirectly involved sources are users in the form of entertainment,domestic and simplicity etc. with Pollution in life, Earth is becoming disturbed; sooner or later causing dramatic changes in its surface. Nevertheless, Pollution is simultaneously endangering life in Earth. Pollution is becoming closer to put life on the threshold of death. These harmful actions have changed Earth, and they continue to do so today.
Types of pollutions are airpollution,landpollution,waterpollution,thermalpollution noise Pollution,radioactive pollution,electro polution,soil pollution,chemical pollution & lightPollution etc. Among these,electropollution has been greatest health risk of 21st centuary. The reason for this concern is unprecedented increase that has occurred in recent years in the number and variety of EMF sources,that which emit electromagnetic radiation whether from personal appliances use or from commercial and industrial applications. these unprecedented in technologies (especially wireless
communications) and with in turn an exponential increase in electropollution .These unprecedented increase in technologies (especially wireless telecommunications) and with in turn an exponential increase in ElectroPollution. 1.2 Electromagnetic Radiation Energy is in the form of transverse magnetic and electric waves. In a vacuum,wave travel at the speed of light (which is itself a form of electromagnetic radiation). The acceleration at the speed of light(which itself a form of electromagnetic radaiation).The acceleration at the speed of light (which is itself a form of electromagnetic radiation). The acceleration of electric charges (such as alternating Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering 1
current in a radio transmitter) gives rise to electromagnetic radaiation.A single unit, or quantum, of electromagnetic radiation is called a photon. In the nineteenth century, physicists discovered that a changing electric field creates a magnetic field and vice versa. Thus a variation in an electric field (for example, the changing field created when a charged particle such as an electron moves up and down) will generate a magnetic field, which in turn induces an electric field.
Equations formulated by James Clerk Maxwell predicted that these fields could potentially reinforce each other, creating an electromagnetic ripple that propagates through space. In fact, visible light and all other forms of electromagnetic radiation consist exactly of such waves of mutually reinforcing electric and magnetic fields, traveling at the speed of light. The frequency of the radiation determines how it interacts with charged particles, especially with the electrons of atoms, which absorb and reemit the radiation.The energy of the electromagnetic radiation is proportional to its frequency.The greater the frequency of the waves, the greater their energy.
FIG 1.1 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE Electropollution radiation can also be conceived of as streams of particles known as Photons. The photon is the quantum of electromagnetic radiation.In qunantam mechanics , all phenomena in which charged particles interact with one another, as in the binding of protons and electrons in an atom or the formation of chemical bonds between atoms in a molecule, can be understood as an exchange of photons by charged particles.
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1.2 Electro Magnetic Spectrum Electromagnetic radiation is classified according to the frequency of its wave. Electromagnetic spectrum, in order of increasing frequency and decreasing wavelength, consists of radio waves, microwaves, infrared radiation, visible light, ultraviolet radiation, X-rays and gamma rays.

Radiowaves(3kHz -300GHz) Microwaves(300 mHz-300GHz) Infrared waves(1-400THz) Visible light(490-700THz) Ultraviolet radiation(7.5*10^14hz-3*10^16hz) X-rays(30 petahertz-30 exa hertz) Gamma rays(>exa hertz)
FIG 1.2 ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
1.3 Nature of Electromagnetic Fields

Electropollution is basically the invisible electromagnetic energies emitted from various objects which rely on electricity to operate. Devices that utilize electricity often emanate electropollution. Electromagnetic fields are invisible and cannot be seen or smelled. The latter waves are detectable by a special device like smartfield meter which detects the waves as they emanate from electrically charged objects. These waves are considered dangerous in many instances and have been associated with a number of health concerns and issues. Differences in voltage are what cause variances in electromagnetic fields the higher the voltage is, the more powerful the electromagnetic fields are which emanate from electrically charged objects. Even if the device has no power flowing to it, an electromagnetic field can be generated from a device. The more that one is distanced from the original source, which emanates the EMF waves, the better: distances weaken the electromagnetic wave strength.
FIG 1.3 ELECTROMAGNETIV WAVE WITH FIELD DIRECTIONS Energy is in the form of transverse magnetic and electric waves. In a vacuum,wave travel the speed of light (which is itself a form of electromagnetic radiation).
Theacceleration at the speed of light (which is itself a form of electromagnetic radiation). The acceleration of electric charges (such as alternating current in a radio transmitter) gives rise to electromagnetic radaiation.A single unit, or quantum, of electromagnetic radiation is called a photon. physicists discovered that a changing electric field creates a magnetic field and vice versa.Thus a variation in an electric field (for example, the changing field created when a charged particle such as an electron moves up and down) will generate a magnetic field, which in turn induces an electric field. Equations formulated by James Clerk Maxwell predicted that these fields could potentially reinforce each other, creating an electro magnetic. In fact, visible light and all other forms of electromagnetic radiation consist exactly of such waves of mutually reinforcing electric and magnetic fields, traveling at the speed of light. Electromagnetic radiation travels through space in the form of waves. It's hard to imagine radiation moving as waves through empty space without a medium to transfer the wave form. The waves created when you drop a rock into a pool require molecules of water to propagate them, but not so for radiation.The frequency of the radiation determines how it interacts with charged particles, especially with the electrons of atoms, which absorb and reemit the radiation. Electromagnetic radiation has the dual nature,As its exhibits 1)wave properties 2)particulate (photon) properties. Wave nature of radiation: Radiation can be thought of as a traveling transversewave..Figure 1.1 A schematic view of an electromagnetic wave propagating along the axis. The electric and magnetic fields oscillate in the x-y plane and perpendicular to the direction of propagation z-axis.
FIG 1.4 WAVE NATURE OF RADIATION
Since all types of electromagnetic radiation travel at the speed of light, shortwavelength radiation must have a high frequency.Unlike speed of light &wavelength, which change as electromagnetic energy is propagated through media of different densities, frequency remains constant and is therefore a more fundamental property. Particulate nature of radiation: Radiation can be also described in terms of particles of energy, called photons. The energy of a photon is given as: = h = h c=hc where h is Planks constant (h = 6.6256x10-34 J s). The above relates energy of each photon of the radiation to the electromagneticwave characteristics ( ~and Photon has energy but it has no mass and no charge.
CHAPTER-2 ELECTROPOLLUTION
2.1 Defination Nonionizing electromagnetic radiation propagated through the atmosphere by broadcast towers, radar installations, and microwave appliances, and the magnetic fields surrounding electrical appliances and power lines, which is believedhave polluting effects on people and the environment;it is also also called as electrosmog Electropollution is a term that describes our increasing exposure to harmful invisible electronic frequencies harnessed by man in our modern world. Electronic frequency can be divided into these basic groups: Extremely Low Frequency (ELF): Power lines Radio Frequency (RF): radio and tv signals, microwaves, and wireless devices Intermediate frequencies: dirty electricity emitted by appliances, electric circuits, etc. High Frequency: ionizing radiation, X-rays and CAT Scans, which have been proven to cause cancer. Extremely low frequency (ELF) It is a term used to describe radiation frequencies from 3 to 300 HzIn atmosphere science, an alternative definition is usually given, from 3 Hz to 3 kHz.In the related magnetosphere science, the lower frequency electromagnetic oscillations (pulsations occurring below ~3 Hz) are considered to lie in the ULF range, which is thus also defined differently from the ITU Radio Bands. In electromagnetic therapy and electromagnetic radiation and health research, electromagnetic spectrum frequencies between 0 and 100 hertz are considered extremely low-frequency fields. A common source of ELF fields in the United States is 60 Hz electric and magnetic fields from high-voltage electric power transmission lines and secondary distribution lines, such as those found in residential neighbourhoods.
Radio frequency (RF) It is a rate of oscillation in the range of about 3 kHz to 300 GHz, which corresponds to the frequency of radio waves, and the alternating currents which carry radio signals. RF usually refers to electrical rather than mechanical oscillations, although mechanical RF systems do exist. n order to receive radio signals an antenna must be used. However, since the antenna will pick up thousands of radio signals at a time, a radio tuner is necessary to tune in to a particular frequency (or frequency range).This is typically done via a resonator in its simplest form, a circuit with a capacitor and an inductor forming a tuned circuit. The resonator amplifies oscillations within a particular frequency band, while reducing oscillations at other frequencies outside the band. Intermediate frequencies Intermediate frequencies are, in the frame of this report, defined as frequencies between 300 Hz and 100 kHz. They involve two different mechanisms, namely induced currents and dielectric absorption. The frequency limit when one predominates over the other is not precisely defined. Existence of effects depends upon two superimposed phenomena: absorption of the external field in the organism at the macroscopic level and the stimulation of biological effects by the penetrating fields. High frequency (HF) radio frequencies are between 3 and 30 MHZ. Also known as the decameter band or decameter wave as the wavelengths range from one to ten decameters (ten to one hundred metres). Frequencies immediately below HF are denoted Medium-frequency (MF), and the next higher frequencies are known as Very high frequency (VHF). Shortwave (2.310 - 25.820 MHz) overlaps and is slightly lower than HF. ince the ionosphere often refracts HF radio waves quite well (a phenomenon known as skywave propagation), this range is extensively used for medium and long range radio communication. However, suitability of this portion of the spectrum for such
communication varies greatly with a complex combination of factors:

Sunlight/darkness at site of transmission and reception Transmitter/receiver proximity to terminator
2.2 Electropollution Humans Role We are immersed in a world of technology, unable to escape from the moment our electronic alarm clocks awake us in the morning until the moment we snuggle under our electric blankets at the end of the day. Unfortunately, today we are faced with illnesses that were rare if not completely unheard of just a short century ago. While our technology continues to advance us to new heights, very little attention has been paid to the toll that such feats are exacting on our health. And it was not until very recently that a focus has been placed on the dangers associated with the very conveniences that were intended to improve the quality of our lives.
The explosion of iPhones, Blackberries, WiFi, WiMax, video game consoles and even remote-control toys has fundamentally changed our electrical environment. You cant see it, you cant taste it, you cant touch it; but the air all around us is increasingly filled with electromagnetic radiation (EMR) that is penetrating our bodies and disrupting our body chemistry perhaps forever.humansrole in creating electropollution:

Development of radiation sources Increasing needs and expectations Simplicity
Development of Radiation Sources: Ionising radiation sources : Use of radiation grew manifold after artificial radioactive materials were produced and the first such artificial radioactive material was Phosphorus-30 produced in 1934. Since then many such radioactive substances have been produced and utilized for the benefit of society and their applications have spanned many fields such as research, health care, industry, food and agriculture. Radiation occurs in many forms, but the most important types are those which are able to pass through matter such as X-rays and gammarays; or have high energies Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering
which can be used for some sort of processing,say melting of metals using high power lasers or cross-linking cables using electron beams. Sources of radiation can be radioisotopes,research reactors, machines such as accelerators, X-ray generators and lasres etc.
Non-ionising radiation sources: As these radiation sources have a wide range of applications,so that there is stent for these development of radiation sourcesNon-Ionizing radiation originates from various sources: Natural origin (such as sunlight or lightning discharges etc.) and man made (seen in wireless communications, Industrial, scientific and medical applications)
FIG 2.1 IONISING AND NON IONISING RADIATION
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Increasing needs and expectations We have been raised with the luxuries of modern appliances to simplify our lives. Technology makes life easier, longer. we depend on technology to life our lives as they are today. The wide application of industrial, commercial and military devices and
systems which radiate frequencies in the radiofrequency and microwave portion of the electromagnetic spectrumOur most powerful 21st-century technologies -
robotics, genetic engineering, and nanotech - are threatening to make humans an endangered species we do depend too much on technology. Life would never be better without technology.. How many can grow their own garden, butcher their own meat, enjoy an evening without TV, sitting in front of a bonfire? When the electric goes out, what does everyone do?? Run for the flash lights and battery operated radios/TVs. Who uses candles anymore? Except to make the place smell better? Technology can help, but it can also cause us to forgo the past, or even our future. People need to relearn how to grow gardens and butcher their own meat, be it deer, cow, pig, or fowl. I know I would not have any problems surviving if technology failed us. A medical technology, which saved millions of human lives, for instance, with the advancment we have made in cancer research or AIDS, (these diseases have been around long before the technology but we made no impass in their treatment until the technology So people are depending on technology.even in mediacal.thus there is a need of developing technology.
As civilization advances we depend more and more upon out inventions and creations. we could live without them but not all of us. without the advances that we have made in medicine, for example, many people would be dead and many others would have much shorter lifespans. so, we have the ability to destroy the earth with nuclear capabilities but we also have the ability to keep children alive who would otherwise have died without the technology that we have learned to take for granted. . People want what they want when they want it. They don't want something else, they don't want less than they want, and they certainly don't want it at some other time. Thus plays a major role in creating electropollution directly or indirectly.
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CHAPTER-3 EMF RADIATION SOURCES
Emf radiation sources cause electropollution. Life is full of electrical appliances. Electricity is an inseparable part of our modern day society. This means that EMFs will continue to be allaroundus. Aside from making our life easier, electricity might also be making us sick. Many buildings have a sick or imbalanced environment and cause their occupants to feel tired,weak, anxious and sometimes depressed. This may be caused by electromagnetic radiation EMF (as well as other toxic environmental situations). If your home has high EMF readings, it is important to determine the sources of the EMF so that remedial action can be taken (if possible).
FIG 3.1 RADIATION SOURCES 3.1 Radaiation Sources EMFs radiate from all sides of the computer. Thus, you must not only be concerned with sitting in front of the monitor but also if you are sitting near a computer or if a computer is operating in a nearby room.Electric blankets and water-bed heaters create a magnetic field that penetrates about 6-7 inches into the body (even when turned off). Thus it is not surprising that an epidemiological study has linked electric blankets
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with miscarriages and childhood leukemia.Electric clocks have a very high magnetic field, up to three feet away. If you are using a bedside clock, you are probably sleeping in an EMF equivalent to that of a power line. Telephones can emit surprisingly strong EMFs, especially from the handset. This is a problem because we hold the telephone so close to our head. They emit strong fields that travel several inches right into your brain There are many types of EMF sources, such as alarm clocks too close to their bed, sitting too close to a TV or computer, or using a cell phone and some other are the following

Broadcast (TV / Radio) kW in VHF / UHF Portable phones (5 W in VHF / UHF range) Pager / Cordless phone (< 1 Watt in VHF) Microwave oven source produces 2000W, but only 5 mW leaks out of the door (2.4GHz)
Cellular phones operate in 800/1900MHz bands, Cell Towers power can be up to 25 W; phone can put out 0.5 W (800 MHz, 1900 MHz, 1700MHz, 2100 MHz)
Wireless LAN / WiFi (Access points power is <1W, PDA power is in Mw. Satellite Communications 4 40 GHz Microwave repeaters 4 80 GHz Wireless Antennas and Routers Powerlines Compact flourescent light bulbs(CFL) Hair Dryers Computers or TV etc.
3.2 Microwave Radiations

Microwaves are higher-frequency waves lying roughly between radio and infrared waves. They have a number of common applications, the most familiar of which is the microwave or microwave oven used for cooking. In these kitchen devices, microwaves are used to excite the water molecules in food, thus generating heat.
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Microwaves can easily penetrate nonmetal containers but generally cannot penetrate metal. For this reason, food to be microwaved cannot be heated in metal containers. High densities of microwave radiation (such as what is found in masers, or "microwave lasers") are known to cause health problems such as burns, cataracts, nervous-system damage, and sterility. Exposure to microwave radiation is usually regulated; the U.S. government limits exposure to 10 milliwatts per square centimeter or less. Microwave radiation refers to the radiating wave movement in which microwave energy travels. Microwaves are electromagnetic rays with a frequency range of 0.3 GHz to 300 GHz. They are found between the radiowaves and the infrared waves in the electromagneticspectrum.Microwaves take a straight line path. Like all electromagnetic waves, they do not require a medium to travel through. They can pass through non-metal materials like plastic and glass, but get reflected off metal surfaces.
Microwave Radiation Through Microwaveoven

Microwaves are absorbed by food, fruit, vegetables and other materials with high water content, and produce heat. This is the operational principle on which microwave kitchen appliances work. A microwave oven consists of a high voltage transformer, an electron tube called magnetron, a wave guide fan and a cooking chamber. The transformer passes electric energy to the magnetron and the magnetron converts this electric energy into microwave radiation. The microwaves are reflected in the cooking chamber and are absorbed by the food.
FIG 3.2 MICROWAVE OVEN
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As a result of the microwave absorption, the water molecules in the food begin to vibrate. This molecular movement produces heat and the resultant heat cooks the food. Foods that have higher concentrations of water molecules cook faster. In thicker foods, the outer part is cooked by the microwaves and the inner part is cooked by conduction of heat from the heated outer part. Concerns about microwaves turning food radioactive are baseless. The radiation in microwave radiation refers to the way in which microwaves move, not radioactivity. Microwaves are of a non-ionizing character. They do not have the energy to cause chemical changes in substances as as would happen in the case of radioactivity. 3.3 Power Transmission Lines EMF is commonly associated with power lines. A person standing directly under a high- voltage transmission line may feel a mild shock when touching something that conducts electricity. These sensations are caused by the strong electric fields from the high-voltage electricity in the lines. They occur only at close range because the electric fields rapidly become weaker as the distance from the line increases.
FIG 3.3 POWER TRANSMISSION LINES
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The power transmission lines, you house electricity, and radio/microwave transmissions create a subliminal state of constant stress that over time degrades the immune system. A wide range of studies has documented the debilitating effects of this electro-pollution induced stress on the immune system. Manmade EMFs also paralyze the body's electrically based healing system. Many people are concerned about potential adverse health effects. Much of the research about power lines and potential health effects is inconclusive. Despite more than two decades of research to determine whether elevated EMF exposure, principally to magnetic fields, is related to an increased risk of childhood leukemia, there is still no definitive answerSome scientists are coming to the conclusion that power line electromagnetic fields should be classified as a "probable human carcinogen". 3.4 Mobile Phone Radiation Mobile (or cellular) phones use electric power to receive and transmit signals through a base station tower that is linked with other transmission towers. These signals are usually around 900 MHz which is within the microwave range. Mobile phones and telephone towers emit microwave radiation, which is in the radio frequency radiation(RFR) part of the spectrum of electromagnetic waves.Mobile phones are a unique source of RFR exposure because the power transmitter itself is held against the head of the user. The concern in this case is whether RFR generated around the antenna of the phone during use can cause health effects from absorption into the head (or the body, if the phone is used while clipped to the belt, or in a pocket).
FIG 3.4 CELL PHONE RADIATION
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"Radio waves from mobile phones harm body cells and damage DNA"Cellular telephones and effects on the brain: the head as an antenna and brain tissue as a radio receiver.Headache and other neuropsychological symptoms occur in users of cellular telephones, and controversy exists concerning risks for brain cancer. We hypothesize these effects result from the head serving as an antenna and brain tissue as a radio receiver. Brain cells and tissues demodulate the cell-phone's various frequencies from the radio frequency carrier. Low audio frequencies in the ranges of alpha and beta waves affect these waves and thereby influence brain function.The effect of microwaves from a mobile phone has an impact on the stability of cells in the body. The main effects are neurological, causing headaches, memory loss and also sleeping disorders. Even a short exposure to electromagnetic fields emitted by mobile phones has an effect on brain physiology. 3.5 Compact Fluorescent Llight Bulbs (CFL) These are the new light bulbs many people are using to conserve power. But "CFL and Fluorescent lights produce dangerously high EMFs They will soon be mandated by the government as traditional light bulbs will be banned in 2014. So, with this new CFL technology, most of us will have no alternative but to use these toxic, cancercausing, buzzing EMF polluters. The only alternative will be the more expensive LED bulb which actually are the safest.
FIG 3.5 COMPACT FLOURSCENT BULBS These new Compact Fluorescent Light bulbs (CFL) are notorious for generating a high EMF field, higher than normal fluorescent lights. And,because you are more
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likely to be closer to CFL lamp, the exposure is even higher.It's important to understand that these energy-saving bulbs produce EMF ofmuch higher intensity then regular bulbs. Of course they do not radiate as much as a microwave, but you have only one microwave at home and about 60 bulbs. Replacing all those bulbs with the energy saving bulbs could turn your house into a total electromagnetism.Not only do these types of light bulbs produce high levels of EMF, they generate a especially
potent and harmful type of EMF called "dirty EMF" which is even more toxic to the human body than other forms of EMF radiation.
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CHAPTER-4 INTERACTION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION WITH BIOLOGICAL SYSTEM A number of recent developments have resulted in renewed interest in and concern among scientists and the general public about the biological effectsof microwave and radiofrequency radiation exposure.The interaction of electropollution with biological system is bio-electromagnetics. Human beings and all other living creatures have their own electromagnetic energy balance. Because our 1st moments on Earth, we have encountered external EMFs as part of the Energetic Continuum. The planet is naturally webbed with simple EMFs that are interconnected with solar activities such as solar flares and atmospheric events such as lightening.The Earth itself has an iron core that generates a halo of electromagnetic energy, reaching far beyond our atmosphere. All life on Earth has adapted to and existed in this natural electromagnetic environment for millions of years. But in the last century, we have radically altered our environment. We have saturated the planet with potent human-made EMFs, the likes of which have by no means before been recognized on Earth. These human-made fields have a different wave form, coherence, and frequency than natural EMFs, and their effects on living biological systems are only just beginning to be understood. The human body is an electrically conducting fluid. Any fluctuating magnetic field in this conducting fluid produces electric currents. Besides, each cell has its electric potential which gets affected by this electric current - long term disruptive effects, especially when combined with other ever increasing fields in our environment. 4.1Biological Effects The most pronounced biological effect from RF and microwaves radiation is heating, or thermal changes in the body. In its interaction with matter, RF energy may be reflected (as in the case of metals), transmitted through a medium (such as glass) with little energy loss, or be absorbed raising the temperature of the absorber. This
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increase in temperature can be attributed to two effects. Joule heating is due to ionic currents induced by the electric fields that are set up in the absorber. These ionic currents cause electrons to collide with molecules in tissue and resistance heating results. The other effect is due to the interaction between polar molecules in the absorber and high frequency electric fields. The polar molecules begin to oscillate back and forth in an attempt to maintain proper alignment with the electric field. These oscillations are resisted by other forces and this vibratory resistance is converted into heat.
4.2 Absorption of Radiation

Absorption of RF radiation and thus heating of the body tissues depends on several factors including wavelength and wave front characteristics. Frequencies greater than 10,000 MHz (10 GHz) are absorbed mostly in the outer skin. Frequencies between 10,000 MHz and 2500 MHz penetrate more deeply (3mm to 2 cm) and at wavelengths of 2500 MHz to 1300 MHz, penetration and absorption are sufficient enough to cause damage to internal organs by tissue heating. Therefore the absorption and penetration depth of RF and microwaves in tissue appear to be inverse functions of frequency.
Heat absorption will be greatest in tissues that have high water content, such as muscle, with less heat absorption taking place in bone and fat.In the past most biological effects have been related to the incident power density (mW/cm2). However, the absorption of electromagnetic energy is strongly dependant on its frequency, the geometry of the exposure situation and the dielectric properties of the tissue. Because of these factors, biological effects are more properly related to the absorbed energy defined as the specific absorption rate or SAR.
After reviewing a large body of biological data, several standards setting organizations (e.g. ACGIH, IEEE/ANSI, ICNIRP, FCC, etc.) found that hazardous bio effects in humans occurs at a whole body SAR exceeding 4 W/kg; to be conservative, standards setting organizations use 1/10 of this value. For comparison purposes, the resting metabolic rate in humans is on the order of 1 W/kg and 5 W/kg Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering
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when engaging in strenuous activity such as running. The hearts metabolic rate is 33 W/kg. The effectiveness of the circulatory system in redistributing thermal energy is dependent upon the degree of vascularization in any tissue, but is generally adequate to cope with varying metabolic rates in the human body.
4.3 Penetration of Radiation
Penetration is the inverse of attenuation. The amount of penetration depends on the energy of the individual photons and the atomic number, density, and thickness of the object, as illustrated below. The degree of penetration of EMF into the body, which depends on the rate at which the energy of the radiation is absorbed. Gammas can be very penetrating and can pass through thick barriers. Several feet of concrete would be needed to stop some of the more energetic gammas. A natural gamma source found in the environment (and in the human body) is 40K, an isotope of potassium.Neutrons are also very penetrating. Some elements, like hydrogen, capture and scatter neutrons. Water is commonly used as a neutron radiation shield. The probability of photons interacting, especially with the photoelectric effect, is related to their energy. Increasing photon energy generally decreases the probability of interactions (attenuation) and, therefore, increases penetration. As a rule, high-energy photons are more penetrating than low-energy photons, although there are limits and exceptions.
Thermal Effects and Nonthermal Effects Thermal Effects Blood flow eventually distributes excess heat throughout the body. Sweating starts when the body becomes overheated and cools the body by evaporation. The additional heat load that is imposed on the body due to RF absorption must be dissipated like any other heat load, and can be a significant health concern. Body functions can be impaired when its temperature reaches 102oF and fatal near 107 to 108 oF. Temperature rise will be greatest in tissues that lack or have poor thermoregulatory mechanisms such as high blood flow. Examples are the eyes and testes. Hot spots between tissue interfaces due to non-uniform heating can also develop caused by reflective wave reinforcement.
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Occcular Effect Lens opacification sufficient to cause reduced or loss of vision is termed a cataract. Animal studies have shown that the critical range of frequencies is from 800 to 10,000 MHz.Damage to the inside layer of the cornea may also occur resulting in corneal damage and loss of sight. This may occur from continuous wave exposure or pulsed exposure, and varying with time in animal studies.
Nonthermal Effects Some animal studies have shown central nervous system effects, altered cell membrane permeability, behavioral effects, and others. These bio effects are attributed to mechanisms other than thermal, and are generally thought to be caused by exposures less than 10 mW/cm2; however, they are not well understood or documented.Some studies may hint to a link between RF exposure and an increased risk of cancer but this is inconclusive. RF/microwave workers complaints have been noted to include nervousness, irritability, headache, depression, sleeplessness, and others.Immunological Studies have shown positive immune system effects while other studies have shown suppressed effect. The mechanisms are not well understood or documented. In animal studies prolonged exposure or exposure to high RF levels may cause testicular damage, or debilitated or stillborn offspring.
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CHAPTER-5 ISTROPHIC RADIATION MONITORING SYSTEM

Radiation exposure to humans can be broadly classified as internal and external exposure. Sealed sources, which are unlikely to cause internalexposure, are used almost exclusively in radiotherapy. This chapter deals with the monitoring of external exposures. External exposure monitoring refers to measuring: Radiation levels in and around work areas. Radiation levels around radiotherapy equipment or source containers. Equivalent doses received by individuals working with radiation Radiation monitoring is carried out: To assess workplace conditions and individual exposures. To ensure acceptably safe and satisfactory radiological conditions in the workplace; To keep records of monitoring, over a long period of time, for the purposes of regulation or good practice. Radiation monitoring instruments are used both for area monitoring and for individual monitoring. The instruments used for measuring radiationlevels are referred to as area survey meters (or area monitors) and theinstruments used for recording the equivalent doses received by individuals working with radiation are referred to as personal dosimeters(or individual dosimeters). All instruments must be calibrated in terms of the appropriate quantities used in radiation protection. Depending upon the electronics used, detectors can operate in a pulsemode or in the mean level or current mode. Proportional and GM counters are normally operated in the pulse mode.Owing to the finite resolving time (the time required by the detector toregain its normal state after registering a pulse), these detectors willsaturate at high intensity radiation fields. Recommendations regarding dosimetric quantities and units in radiationprotection dosimetry are set forth by the International Commission onRadiation Units and Measurements (ICRU). The recommendations on thepractical application of these quantities in radiation protection are establishedby the International Commission on Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering 23
Radiological Protection (ICRP). In practice, the term weaklypenetrating radiation usually applies to photons below 15 keV and to bradiation.For the purpose of area monitoring, the ambient dose equivalent H*(d)and directional dose equivalent H(d,W) are defined. They link the externalradiation field to the effective dose equivalent in the ICRU sphere phantomat depth d, on a radius in a specified direction W.For strongly penetrating radiation the depth d = 10 mm is used; theambient dose equivalent is denoted as H*(10) and the directional doseequivalent as H(10,W). For weakly penetrating radiation the ambient and directional doseequivalents in the skin at d = 0.07 mm, H*(0.07) and H(0.07,W), arerelevant, and in the lens of the eye at d = 3 mm, H*(3) and H(3,W), are relevant.The operational quantities are defined for practical measurements bothfor area and individual monitoring. These istrophic radiation monitoring system is comprised of a metering instrument and,depending upon the application,one or more field sensitive probes.all probes and meters ar interchangble.
5.1 Description of Model 8616 Meter The Model 8616 is our full-feautered metering instrument.In addition to the basic
functions of range selection and battery test,the Model 8616 offers additional features for functionality and opearator convience.the meter is large 4 inches wide,and easy to read.zeroing is accomplished automatically by a single push button located on the carrying handle provided.An audible power density alarm is included ,along with a front panel control which the operator may use to set the alarm threshold any were between 0 & 100% of the full scale meter reading.The max-Hold function enables the meter to display the highest reading encountered during the survey and a chart recorder Output permits the creation of permanent records of survey results or the interface with other equipment.Both the chartrecorder and alalrm outputs follow the real time indication,independent of utilization of the Max-Hold function.system response time is selectable between one and three seconds to suit the particular application.The Model 8616 also includes built-in rechargeable batteries and recharger.The unit may be operatyed from 117 or 230VAC,and will recharge the batteries while operating.The meter will operate on the batteries for 40 hours on a charge,with a 3:1 charge ratio.
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The typical system shown in figure below is manufactured by Narada Microwave corporation.huappauge,newyork
Fig 5.1 MODEL 8616 FRONT PANEL
5.2 Functional descriptionof front panel controls and indicators
METER: It indicates the level of r-f field in mW/cm^2 as sensed by the Istrophic probe. METER RESPONSE SWITCH: It provides means of selecting FAST or SLOW meter response. MODESWITCH: It selects either normal operation or Maximum hold mode. Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering
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ALARM:It provides audio alarm to indicate when the present power density level is exceeded. ALARM CONTROL: It provides means of setting the percentage of full scale meter reading at which the audio alarm will sound to alert the operator of power density greater at present level. RANGESWITCH: It provides means of selecting either Mw/cm^2 or percent of standard. PROBECONNECTOR: It provides for connection of isotrophic probe. ZERO CONTROL: It provides for electrical adjustment of meter zero setting. ZERO BUTTON: It provides for automatic electrical setting of matter. RECORDER JACK: It provides for the connection of an external recorder & provides 3V full scale. AC CABLE PLUG CONNECTOR:It provides for connection to 115/230 VAC electrical power for battery charging. 5.3 Narda 8616 Radiation Monitoring System Features

3" linear scale which covers a 13 dB dynamic range Two response times are available by front panel selection. A slow response time of 3 seconds in addition to a fast response (one second)
Max hold Panel control allows an audible alarm to be set at any percentage of full scale value
1000:1 (30 dB) dynamic range Zero pushbutton mounted in the handle provides a means for fast and accurate automatic zeroing of the meter
Removable mounting bracket All 8600 series probes are interchangeable
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Table 5.1 Meter Specifications Dynamic Range Power or Field Strength Reading Ranges Meter Scales Sensitivity Ranges Zero Control Response Time including Meter Additional Features Recorder Output Power Density Alarm Battery Type Battery Use Time (Approx.) Size Weight Table 5.2 Probe Specifications Probe Model 8652 8662B 8661 8631 8633 8682 8621D 8623D Frequency Range Full Scale Ranges Range Measurement of 30 dB See chart above Linear, Marked 0-2 and 0-10 Three, selected by front panel switch Front panel pushbutton 1 second (nominal) fast position 3 second (nominal) slow position Maximum Hold Method of Operation +3V nominal at full scale into minimum load of 1000W An adjustable audible alarm preset by panel control for a percentage of full scale 25 Volt Rechargeable nickel-cadmium 40 hours; 3:1 use to charge time 10" x 4" x 4" not including handle 5.5 lb
300kHz - 10MHz 2, 20 and 300kHz - 1GHz 200mW/cm 0.2, 2 and 20 300kHz - 1GHz mW/cm 0.2, 2 and 20 10MHz - 300MHz mW/cm 10MHz - 1,10 and 100 300MHz mW/cm 2, 20 and 200% 300kHz - 1.5GHz ANSI RFPG 0.2,2and20 300MHz - 40GHz mW/cm 300MHz1, 10 and 100 40GHz mW/cm
0.1 to 200 mW/cm 0.01 to 20 mW/cm 0.01 to 20 mW/cm 0.05 to 100 mW/cm 0.02 to 200% ANSI RFPG 0.1 to 20 mW/cm 0.05 to 100 mW/cm
5.4 Field Probes 1)Electric Field Probes 2)Magnetic Field Probes Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering
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Electric Field Probes: With variety of isotropic electromagnetic field probes, including the electric field broadband models covering the frequency range 50 KHz-18 GHz, and selective one for GSM 900-1900 MHz range. MODEL 8621D These model Highfrequency Isotropic probes provides flat,accurate electric field equivalent power density measurements over the frequency range of 300MHz to 40Ghz. calibration points are provided over this range. Model 8621D provides fullscale ranges of 0.2mW/cm^2,2.0Mw/cm^2 and 20Mw/cm^2
MODEL 8623D These model Highfrequency Isotropic probes provides flat,accurate electric field equivalent power density measurements over the frequency range of 300MHz to 40Ghz.14 calibration points are provided over this range. Model 8621D provides fullscale ranges of 1.0mW/cm^2,10Mw/cm^2 and 100Mw/cm^2
MODEL 8661 These model 8661D Lowfrequency Isotropic probes provides flat frequency response which permits accurate electric field equivalent power density measurements over the frequency range of 300kHz to 1000Mhz. Model 8661D provides fullscale ranges of 0.2mW/cm^2, 2.0Mw/cm^2 and 20Mw/cm^2.
MODEL 8662 These model 8662D Lowfrequency Isotropic probes provides fla frequency response which permits accurate electric field equivalent power density measurements over the frequency range of 300kHz to 1000Mhz.. Model 8662D provides fullscale ranges of 2.0mW/cm^2, 20mW/cm^2 and 200mW/cm^2.
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Magnetic Field Probes For RF safety testing of magnetic fields there is probe PI-H1 covering the the frequency range of most industrial and broadcast applications 500 KHz-50 MHz.
MODEL8631 These model 8631 Isotropic probes provides flat accurate magnetic field
equivalent power density measurements over the frequency range of 10 to 300Mhz.. Model 8631D provides fullscale ranges of 0.2mW/cm^2, 2mW/cm^2 and 10mW/cm^2.
MODEL8633 These model 8633 Isotropic probes provides flat accurate magnetic field
equivalent power density measurements over the frequency range of 10 to 300MHz.. Model 8633D provides fullscale ranges of 1mW/cm^2, 10mW/cm^2 and 100mW/cm^2.
MODEL8652 These model 8652 low frequency Isotropic probe has a flat frequency response which permits accurate magnetic field equivalent power density measurements over the frequency range of 300kHz to 10MHz. Model 8652D provides fullscale ranges of 2mW/cm^2, 20mW/cm^2 and 200mW/cm^2.
MODEL8654 These model 8654 low frequency Isotropic probe has a flat frequency response
which permits accurate magnetic field equivalent power density measurements over the frequency range of 300kHz to 10MHz. Model 8654D provides fullscale ranges of 20mW/cm^2, 200mW/cm^2 and 2000mW/cm^2.
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5.5 General Information For Operation of Probes If the isotrophic probe is very close to the radaiating source ,it should be oriented with the axis of the handle in line with the direction of travel of suspected radiation(probe towards the sorce). Narada probes are calibrated in a freespace planewave.The models 8621 and 8623 high frequency probes covers the range of 0.3to 40GHz and measure the Efield. Models 8631 & 8633 lowfrequency probes cover the range of 10MHz to 300MHz and five additional low frequency probes,model 8652,8654,8660,8661 and 8662B are available.These probes will extend the frequency range of the system down to 300KHz.The model models 8652 and 8654 measure the magnetic field and cover the frequency range of system up to 10MHz.The full scale equipment powerdensity for the model 8661 is 20Mw/ cm2. The model 8662 electric field ANSI conformal probe has a frequency range of 0.3MHz through 1500 MHz with a sensitivity characteristic that is the reverse of C95.1-1982 ANSI radio frequency protection guide.Metering when this probe is used with the 8616 is an percent of standard.The range decal and selector knobe permit proper scaling at 200%,20% and 2% full scale of standard. The meter scales are marked in power density and truly apply in free space condition where the ratio of electric and magnetic field is 377 ohms.At present most specifications for radaiation hazards use equivalent plane wave powerdensuty of Mw/cm2.Narda probes are therefore calibrated for meter reading in mW/ cm2.Althogh they measure the electric and magnetic field components.
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CHAPTER-6 THEORY OF OPERATION OF 8616 METER

6.1 Pre Operation-Model 8616 Meter: 1. Review all safety procedures before beginning a radaiation survey. 2. Connect the desired istrophic Probe to the meter by plugging the probe cable into the connector and tightening the locking collar. 3. Set the METER RESPONSE switch to the FAST position. 4. Set the ALARM control to the 100% position. 5. Set the RANGE switch BAT TEST position.observe the meter indication ( it should read above TEST MIN mark on the meter face.If the meter reads below TESTMIN connect charging line cord and battery.use to charge ratio is 22.5:1.every 1 hour of charge time will allow 2.5 hours of use and a fully charged battery will therefore permits a minimum of 40 hours of use time.) 6. Set range switch to 20/100/200 Mw/cm2. 7. Depress the ZERO push button and hold for a 0 reading on the meter scale. 8. Set the RANGE switch to the 2/10/20 Mw/cm2 position and press the ZERO button for a 0 reading on meter scale. 9. Repeat ZERO operation 2/1/2 Mw/cm2. 10. Reset ALARM control to the desired threshold value. 11. Probe operation may be checked by using Model 8699 test source.Depress switch on 8699 for generation of test field. Note when zeroing the meter,the isotrophic probe should be placed in a zero density area to avoid stray power density pickup.If zero density area is not available,place the probe in the carrying case and partially close the cover when zeroing. Caution The required charging power source voltage is indicated at the front panel line cord connector.It will indicate 115 or 230.This must correspond to the line source voltage.An internal charging switch may be reset to accommodate the available sources. Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering
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Warning If meter cannot be zeroed,the isotrophic probe may be defective.do not use a defective probe to measure potentially hazardous radiation areas. 6.2 Peak Power Rating The Maximum peak power rating of Models of 8621,8661 and 8631 Istrophic probes is 60W/cm2.The peak power ratings of models are 8623 & 8633 is 300W/m2 and 600W/cm2 for models 8652 and 8662B.The Maximum average power density indication with Models 8621 & 8631 probes is 60W/cm2times the duty factor and with models 8623 & 8633 probe is 300W/ cm2times the duty factor .when using Models 8621,8661 and 8631 Isotrophic probes to make measurements where radar dutyfactors are less than 0.00033,the full scale meter indication will exceed the 60W/cm2 maximum Power density.
Zero Drift To minimize zero drift,allow approximately fifteen minutes of warm up time when operating the meter on the most sensitive range Operating Procedure: Perform pre-operating procedures before attempting a radiation survey. Always start to measure an unknown field as far from the source as
possible.This will insure the safety of operating personnel. Slowly introduce the isotrophic probe into the unknownfield.Hold the probe by its handle & point it towards the unit under test or radiating source.The meter should be held away from the source.move the probe in a circular motion in the area of radiation field.if location or direction of propagation is not known,the probe axis is best held at 450 to the ground arm out strectched.observe the meter reading.If the meter reading approaches full scale,withdraw the isotrophic probe and set the range switch to the 20/100/200 position. To insure maximum accuracy of meter reading,the probe should be rotated about its axis and average of minimum and maximum readings obtained. If the approximate power density of the field to be measured is not known,use the probe that has highest power rating. Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering
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6.3 Ac Operation Model 8616 Meter may be operated continuously from a 115 or 230 volt,50 to 440 hz powerline.The proper required voltage is indicated at the front panel AC charge connector.If possible,the line cord should be kept out of radiation field.If this is not possible,the cable should be oriented so that it is normal to the E electric field.to change the required line voltage from one setting to the other proceed as follows: Remove cover from unit by removing six screws at back of case. Set the 115/230 V AC switch to the desired position Loosen two scor fews holding AC INPUT CONNECTOR.place FLAGover panel markings to indicate proper line voltage. Connect the chargable cable to the AC power source
MAX HOLD mode operation(8616) With the MODE switch in the MAX HOLD position,the meter will indicate and retain the maximum value of power density that the probe has surveyed.This reading will be retained until the ZERO push button is depressed.The drift rate for the MAX HOLD mode is less than 0.3% of reading per minute.A MAX HOLD Reading will retained with in 3% of its intial value after 10 minutes of elapsedtime.the recorded output corresponds to meter indications & provides retained output voltage of 3 volts.
Meter Selection Response Selection(8616) A front pannel selector switch permits operation of the meter with a slow or fast response.In the SLOW position the meter will indicate 90% of the full scale value of a field having a stem function characterstic approximately 3secs. .In the FAST position the meter will indicate 90% of the full scale value of a field hacing a stem function characterstic less than 1sec.The FAST position is recommended for all except the most unusual situations.
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SIMPLIFIED BLOCKDIAGRAM
FIG 6.1 SIMPLIFIED BLOCK DIAGRAM The figure is a simplied blockdiagram showing the principal circuits.The meter consisits of a Decade Adjustable Feedback Circuit,Indicator and battery Circuits,and Auto zero and maxhold circuit in the Model 8616.
Probe Sensing Device The electromagnetic field being surveyed induces current in the thermoelectric elements in the probe.A low level DC thermo electric voltage is generatetd and transmited by resistive leads to the variable gain pre-amplifier.The gain setting of these pre-amplifier is connected by cable to the meter.It Consists of thermocouple element,resistive field shield,pre-amp,indicating meter model,high resistive leadwires.Each probe contains three mutually perpendicular lossy probe elements and provides a DC outsignal proportional to square of electric field strength tangential to the element.The summation of the DC signals(from 3orthogonal probe elements) provides a measure of total energy,or power density,independent of direction or polarization of RF signals.Detectors for DC signal generation are thin film Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering
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thermocouples thet provide true square law input.The DC signal is proportional to the power disipiate in the thermocouple elements and the average density in the volume whichathe elements are contained.
Fig 6.2 Sensing Probe The pre-amplifier is located in the handle and connected to the lements by inflexible monolithic leads.This prevents the cable from modulating the signal if it is flexed or moved.A multiconductor shielded cable connects the pre-amp probe to the 8616 meter. This cable carries the pre-amp output,powersupply voltages and a correction voltage which is apllied to the input of the amplifier to compensate for the zero offset.The probes broadband characteristics are obtained by distributing resistive thermocouple dipoles along the lengths over the range of frequencies within which the probe is intended to operate.
Adjustable Gain Pre-Amplifier Model 8616 consisits comprises a decade adjustable amplifier stable amplifier U2,which drives both an alarm section and indicator circuits.The Adjustable Gain Pre-Amp is a general-purpose digitizer and used in temperature sensors. The preamplifier is an extremely low noise operational amplifier.
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Decade Adjustable Circuit The Model 8616 comprises a decade adjustable feedback circuit and indicator circuits. By front panel selection of RANGE switch,the gain of probe amplifier is changed in decade steps.An internal potentiometer is set to provide the required meter indicator accuracy.The ZERO control potentiometer provides a finr meter adjustment.these decade adjustable circuit drives both an alarm section and indicator circuits.
6.6 Battery Test The battery test circuit ensures tht the battery needs minimum operating requirements.When front panel TEST switch S101 is set to BAT,front panel meter M101 functions as a voltmeter and samples the battery voltage.A fully charged battery will provide aminimum of 40 hours of continous use without recharge.The use to charge ratio is 2.5:1 and a charge period of 1hour is therefore required for every 2.5 hours. Indicator The indicator circuit consisits of amplifiers U4,U5 and a meter.There are two modes of operation:MAXHOLD and NORMAL.In the NORMAL mode switch S103 shorts out CR11,U4 and U5 operate as linear cascaded amplifiers with a gain of 30.This provides a recorder output as fullscale indication of 3 volts;minimum load resistance for the recorder is 1K ohm.In this meter becomes the summing resistor of the feedback network.
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CHAPTER-7
CRITICAL EXPOSURE LEVELS BY VARIOUS PROTECTION STANDARDS

7.1 Critical exposure Beyond exposed to these critical levels which are given by many protection
stanadards setting organisations(e.g. ACGIH, IEEE/ANSI, ICNIRP, FCC, etc.),may cause many hazardous biological effects in livingsystem .The protection standards setting organizations are American National Standards Institute (ANSI) American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists National Council on Radiation Protection (NCRP) National Radiological protection Board(NRPB),UK International Radiological Protection Association(IRPA) Federal Communication Commision(FCC)
(all the above standards declared different exposure levels w.r.t to time of exposure and frequency) Purpose and Requirements This guide will present a summary of the basics of radiofrequency (RF) and microwave safety, biological effects, and exposure limits to be used at Cornell University. Some recommendations are made that, if followed, would enhance the safety of equipment. In other cases a particular item or action will be required. 1)Power Density per unit area, typically milliwatts/cm2 or watts/m2. 2)The electric and magnetic fields are perpendicular to each other, and do not vary from point to point. Power density measurements are possible in the far field.. 3) Power density (PD) = E x H V-A/m2 = watt/m2 4)Approximate PD can be found from: PD = E2 / 3770 mW/cm2
or
PD = 37.7 x H25)Impedance of free space = 377 ohms.
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7.2 FCC (Federal ComMunication Commission) Currently the FCC has adopted exposure limits from the National Council on Radiation Protection (NCRP) and can be found in the federal regulations at 4CFR . The FCC recommendations covers 300 kHz to 100 GHz and tables of FCC limits Table 7.1 FCC exposure exposure limiting values
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Table 7.2 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY ADMINISTRATION(OSHA)
OSHA requirements can be found in 29 CFR 1910.97 and covers the range of 10MHz to 100 GHz
7.3 IEEE/ANSI Standard The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) publishes recommended limits in standard number IEEE/ANSI C95.1-2005 and covers the range of 100 kHz to 100 GHz. Table 7.3 IEEE/ANSI C95.1-2005 Occupational Limits
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Table 7.4 IEEE/ANSI C95 Public exposure Limits
7.4 ICNIRP recommendations The International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) has issued guidelines for exposures from 100 kHz to 300 GHz in Guidelines for Limiting Exposure to Time-Varying Electric, Magnetic, and Electromagnetic Fields, 1998 (ICNIRP 1998). Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering
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Table 7.5 ICNIRP Exposure Occupational Guidelines
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Table-7.6 ICNIRP Exposure Public Guideline
7.7 Critical Exposure-Cellphones Rci Mesurement 20 V/m to 70 V/m with different make usage of cellphones suspended during flight trials missiles.
RADIATION MEASUREMENT USING MONITORING SYSTEM:
Table 7.6 RCI radiation measurement

CELLPHONE TRANSMITTING RECEIVING MODE MODE(average peakvalue (average peak value in in v/m) X Y Z 30-55V/m 35-48V/m 65-80 V/m v/m) 20 -70 V/m 46-60 V/m 70-98 V/m
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CHAPTER-8
DAMAGING EFFECTS OF ELECTROPOLLUTION ON HUMAN HEALTH
Every benefit nature provides has some inherent risks of biological price which is dangerous The effect of radiation on human health is the subject of recent interest and study, as a result of the enormous increase in radiation sources usage throughout the world. The world suffers from "electromagnetic contamination", "e-smog", or
"Electromagnetic pollution". The widespread use of technology that radiates EMF (Electro-Magnetic Field), EMR (Electro-Magnetic Radiation), and ELF (Extremely Low Frequency) constantly bombards the human body affecting its Biofield.EMF Pollution may be the most significant form of pollution that human activity has produced in this century,all the more dangerous because it is invisible and insensible. There is much controversy over the effects of electromagnetic fields (EMF) on human health. One thing is certain, that the level of electro-pollution (electro-magnetic fields) is at an all time high and rising, and coincidentally, so are human diseases. many scientists, public health and public policy experts have documented the scientific evidence on health impacts of exposure to electromagnetic fields. Just how EMFs affect humans is still not entirely known. Researchers are trying to pinpoint ways in which EMFs might cause cells to grow and multiply abnormally Power frequency electromagnetic fields induce biological effects. Visible and ultraviolet frequencies cause pernicious damages to cells. Persistente exposure to sun by a white man may cause skin cancer, as the ultraviolet radiation of sun rays has cancer producing effect by damaging the genetic material, DNA. Twenty percent of kidney transplant patient develop skin cancer within a decade. AIDS patients also have a tendency to develop skin cancer. Above and below the microwave and radio frequencies electromagnetic energy causes cancer.The radio frequency (RF) stations caused change in T &B lymphocytic cells and reduced their immunocompetence. The radar and other defence communication also cause damage to human CNS.
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8.1 Negative Effects of EMF Radiation on Our Health Many scientists, public health and public policy experts have documented the scientific evidence on health impacts of exposure to electromagnetic fields. When the body ages, lacks exercise and proper diet, the electro-pollution intensifies vulnerability to all kinds of sickness and disease. Diseases linked to excessive exposure to EMF include:

child leukemia brain tumors acoustic neuromas breast cancer diseases of the nervous system Alzheimers disease Parkinsons disease damage causes mutation and initiating cancer; effects on stress proteins weakens the stress proteins; effects on the immune system Immune dysfunction Chronic allergic responses Ill health Infertility Poor concentration Sleep disruption
Alzheimer's disease is a disease of the nervous system. There is strong evidence that long- term exposure to ELF is a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. 8.2 Microwave damages Microwaves can easily penetrate nonmetal containers but generally cannot penetrate metal. For this reason, food to be microwaved cannot be heated in metal containers. High densities of microwave radiation (such as what is found in masers, or "microwave lasers") are known to cause health problems such as burns, cataracts, nervous-system damage, and sterility. Exposure to microwave radiation is usually regulated; the U.S. government limits exposure to 10 milliwatts per square centimeter or less. Radiation from Cell phones do definitely affect brainThe waves that emanate from the Cell Phone affects the electrical activity of the Brain and in the longer run Brain may be impaired.
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Harm our bloodcells Damage our DNA Cause nervecell damage Posiibly acelarate and contribute to onset of autism & trigger alzhemers disesase
Damage our eyes Lead to electromagnetic hypersensitivity Affect our heartrate & bloodpressure Chronic headaches Depression, Anxiety Sleep Disturbances Cancer ADHD High Blood Pressure Diabetes Fibromyalgia Effects cardiovascular system Hearing effects
8.3 Powerline damages:

Leukemia in children Braintumour Ill effects-cancer,congential malformations Neurodegeneration DNA damage-genetical disorders
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8.4 Ecnomic Impact of EMF Radiation The economic victims of irresponsible application of radiation-based technology include agriculture.Plants avoid high EMF levels by not growing as high as they normally would; when the EMF source is removed, they grow normally. Cows are also affected. As reported by Dr. Milham, when the dirty electricity in a U.S. school was neutralized by Graham/Stetzer filters,a dairy farmer a quarter of a mile away noticed that his cows each gave an average of ten pounds more milk per day, beginning the day the school installed its filters. The cows were responding to dirty electricity being removed from the ground currents.In 2008, the French courtordered a power company to compensate cattle farmers for EMF damage.Living creatures are electrical beings able to function only within specificfrequencies. Devra Davis observes: The difference between being alive and being dead is just one thing - the presence of electrical activity in the brain. Thoracic surgeon, Dr. William Rae, co-founder of the American Academy forEnvironmental Medicine with Linus Pauling and Dr. Theron Randolph, originally became interested in environmental influences on health when operating room equipment caused him to become seriously EMF-sensitive in the 1970s. His research led him to recognize the deleterious influence of pesticides and many other environmental toxins, all of which cause multi-system damage. The immune system is the primary target, which does its job through electrically-charged biological substances such as neurotransmitters, hormones, and peptides, which transmit faster than the speed of light It has been known since the 1990s that environmental illness from biological and electrohypersensitivity share the process of a disastrous reduction in cholinesterase, a nervous system enzyme. Its sudden depletion can cause depression and suicidal behavior.
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CHAPTER-9 PREVENTIVE MEASURES AND NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT

9.1 Prevention Measures The technological revolution continues to offer us great potential improvement in the quality of our lives. In order to fully receive the positive gifts of this technology, it is important that we identify and protect ourselves and our loved ones from the negative effects this revolution is also having on us.Some preventive measures should be taken to avoid from exposure of radaiation sources
Children Should Never Use Cell Phones: Barring a life-threatening emergency, children should not use a cell phone, or a wireless device of any type. Children are far more vulnerable to cell phone radiation than adults, because of their thinner skull bones.
Don't use a cell phone any more than you have to. Don't use it inside buildings or cars. Use it in open areas so the phone won't have to as hard to generate as much power to get a good signal.
Don't talk on your cell phone when the signal bars are less than maximum. This means your phone is working harder to maintain a signal. More power means greater radiation exposure to you.
Don't let your kids use cell phones except in emergencies. The radiation penetrates their head easier because their skull bones are softer. Their brains are also in a development stage. That's not a good time to expose it to radiation. They can live without one. You did, remember?
Don't use a cordless phone: They're three times worse than cell phones and are a continual source of radiation in your home even when they aren't being used. Go back to a landline phone.
Get rid of your wireless router. Again, this is a continual source of radiation that is being beamed all over your house 24 hours a day, even while you sleep. Go back to a hardwired cable connection. You won't get kicked off the
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Internet near as often either. If you refuse to get rid of your wireless router at least turn it off at night.

Only purchase cell phones with a speakerphone function. Then use it! Hands-free headsets are bad. The wires running around and across the head will act as an "antenna" and will actually attract more radiation to the head, making the problem worse. The exception here is a headset with an "airtube" piece in it which gets the wires away from the head. They do help some but don't think they are your security blanket.
Stand well back from appliances like microwave ovens when they are in operation. The microwave oven is often the appliance that produces the greatest amount of radiation in most homes. The second largest radiationproducing device is the hairdryer.
Don't let your school install Wi-Fi in the classrooms and fight any decision to install a cell phone tower on school property.
Don't live near a cell phone tower if you have any choice in this. Check the quantity and locations of cell phone towers and antennas near your home by going to Barring a life-threatening emergency, children should not use a cell phone, or a wireless device of any type. Children are far more vulnerable to cell phone radiation than adults, because of their thinner skull bones.
Reduce Your Cell Phone Use: Turn your cell phone off more often. Reserve it for emergencies or important matters. As long as your cell phone is on, it emits radiation intermittently, even when you are not actually making a call.
Use a Land Line at Home and at Work: Although more and more people are switching to using cell phones as their exclusive phone contact, it is a dangerous trend and you can choose to opt out of the madness.
Reduce or Eliminate Your Use of Other Wireless Devices: You would be wise to cut down your use of these devices. Just as with cell phones, it is important to ask yourself whether or not you really need to use them every single time. If you must use a portable home phone, use the older kind that operates at 900MHz. They are no safer during calls, but at least many of them donot broadcast constantly even when no call is being made.
Alternatively you can be very careful with the base station placement as that
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causes the bulk of the problem since it transmits signals 24/7, even when you aren't talking. So if you can keep the base station at least three rooms away from where you spend most of your time, and especially your bedroom, they may not be as damaging to your health.
Ideally it would be helpful to turn off your base station every night before you go to bed.
But you can pretty much be sure your portable phone is a problem if the technology is DECT, or digitally enhanced cordless technology.
Use Your Cell Phone Only Where Reception is Good: The weaker the reception, the more power your phone must use to transmit, and the more power it uses, the more radiation it emits, and the deeper the dangerous radio waves penetrate into your body. Ideally, you should only use your phone with full bars and good reception.
Also seek to avoid carrying your phone on your body as that merely maximizes any potential exposure. Ideally put it in your purse or carrying bag. Placing a cell phone in a shirt pocket over the heart is asking for trouble, as is placing it in a man's pocket if he seeks to preserve his fertility.
Don't Assume One Cell Phone is Safer Than Another. There's no such thing as a "safe" cell phone.
Keep Your Cell Phone Away From Your Body When it is On: The most dangerous place to be, in terms of radiation exposure, is within about six inches of the emitting antenna. You do not want any part of your body within that area.
Respect Others Who are More Sensitive: Some people who have become sensitive can feel the effects of others' cell phones in the same room, even when it is on but not being used.
If you are in a meeting, on public transportation, in a courtroom or other public places, such as a doctor's office, keep your cell phone turned off out of consideration for the 'second hand radiation' effects. Children are also more vulnerable, so please avoid using your cell phone near children.
Use Safer Headset Technology: Wired headsets will certainly allow you to keep the cell phone farther away from your body. However, if a wired headset
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is not well-shielded -- and most of them are not -- the wire itself acts as an antenna attracting ambient information carrying radio waves and transmitting radiation directly to your brain.
Make sure that the wire used to transmit the signal to your ear is shielded. The best kind of headset to use is a combination shielded wire and air-tube headset. These operate like a stethoscope, transmitting the information to your head as an actual sound wave; although there are wires that still must be shielded, there is no wire that goes all the way up to your head.
9.2 Nutritional Support:
Take supplemental melatonin to counteract the suppression of pineal gland secretion. I recommend 300 mcg to 3 mg every evening, half an hour before bedtime.
Take supplemental vitamins C and E, which, according to early studies, significantly decrease tissue damage caused by cell phones (August 2007, Toxicology and Industrial Health). I recommend daily dosages of at least 1-2 grams of mineral buffered vitamin C (in divided doses) and 800 IU of vitamin E.
Take honeybee propolis, a rich source of the potent free-radical scavenger and antioxidant caffeic acid. In lab rat studies, caffeic acid significantly protected against cell phone-induced damage to heart and kidney tissue (October 2005, Toxicology and Industrial Health; August 2005, Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry). I recommend 500-1,000 mg of propolis twice daily. I like YS Organic Bee Farms Propolis, which is available at Vitacost..
Increase your intake of apples, turnips, radishes, cauliflower, bok choy, arugula, kale, and cabbage, all of which are good sources of caffeic acid.
Take Ginkgo biloba. After seven days' exposure to cell phones, the oxidative damage to brain tissue in control rats was significant, and their natural brain tissue antioxidant levels were depleted. But in rats pretreated with Ginkgo biloba, brain damage was prevented and natural brain antioxidant levels were
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preserved (February 2004, Clinica Chimica Acta). I recommend 60-120 mg daily.
Take supplemental zinc. It is known to protect against a cell membranedamaging process known as lipid peroxidation, which electropollution causes in brain tissue. In laboratory rats exposed to electropollution for five minutes every other day for six months, plasma zinc levels significantly dropped . I recommend 15 mg daily
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ELECTRO POLLUTION ITS HAZARDS AND PREVENTION

ELECTRO POLLUTION ITS HAZARDS AND PREVENTION

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

ELECTRO POLLUTION ITS HAZARDS AND PREVENTION

FIG 1.2 ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

ELECTRO POLLUTION ITS HAZARDS AND PREVENTION

1.3 Nature of Electromagnetic Fields

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

ELECTRO POLLUTION ITS HAZARDS AND PREVENTION

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

ELECTRO POLLUTION ITS HAZARDS AND PREVENTION

FIG 1.4 WAVE NATURE OF RADIATION

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

ELECTRO POLLUTION ITS HAZARDS AND PREVENTION

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

ELECTRO POLLUTION ITS HAZARDS AND PREVENTION

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

ELECTRO POLLUTION ITS HAZARDS AND PREVENTION

communication varies greatly with a complex combination of factors:

Sunlight/darkness at site of transmission and reception Transmitter/receiver proximity to terminator

Development of radiation sources Increasing needs and expectations Simplicity

ELECTRO POLLUTION ITS HAZARDS AND PREVENTION

FIG 2.1 IONISING AND NON IONISING RADIATION

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

ELECTRO POLLUTION ITS HAZARDS AND PREVENTION

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

ELECTRO POLLUTION ITS HAZARDS AND PREVENTION

CHAPTER-3 EMF RADIATION SOURCES

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

ELECTRO POLLUTION ITS HAZARDS AND PREVENTION

3.2 Microwave Radiations

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

ELECTRO POLLUTION ITS HAZARDS AND PREVENTION

Microwave Radiation Through Microwaveoven

FIG 3.2 MICROWAVE OVEN

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

ELECTRO POLLUTION ITS HAZARDS AND PREVENTION

FIG 3.3 POWER TRANSMISSION LINES

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ELECTRO POLLUTION ITS HAZARDS AND PREVENTION

FIG 3.4 CELL PHONE RADIATION

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ELECTRO POLLUTION ITS HAZARDS AND PREVENTION

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

ELECTRO POLLUTION ITS HAZARDS AND PREVENTION

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ELECTRO POLLUTION ITS HAZARDS AND PREVENTION

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ELECTRO POLLUTION ITS HAZARDS AND PREVENTION

4.2 Absorption of Radiation

ELECTRO POLLUTION ITS HAZARDS AND PREVENTION

4.3 Penetration of Radiation

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ELECTRO POLLUTION ITS HAZARDS AND PREVENTION

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

ELECTRO POLLUTION ITS HAZARDS AND PREVENTION

CHAPTER-5 ISTROPHIC RADIATION MONITORING SYSTEM

ELECTRO POLLUTION ITS HAZARDS AND PREVENTION

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ELECTRO POLLUTION ITS HAZARDS AND PREVENTION

Fig 5.1 MODEL 8616 FRONT PANEL