SYED MASHHOOD HAFEEZ

LIGHT SENSOR BY LDR

Task:
We were given to light the ldr, when darkness increases the bulb should glow and also to operate the buzzer when the darkness increases over the ldr, buzzer has to produce some sound. For this purpose we made the following circuits to perform our the task.

Dark activated relay:

As light falls on the surface of the LDR, the LDR changes it's resistance. The more the light, the less the resistance of the LDR, the less the resistance, the less the voltage drop across it. The less the light, the more the resistance and thus the more the voltage drop across it

As the voltage drop increases, so does the VB of the C108 transistor and therefore the ICE increases accordingly, until the time that the current is enough to actuate the relay.

SYED MASHHOOD HAFEEZ

The amount of light needed to actuate the relay can be changed

by changing the 100K potentiometer. Basically, any change to the potentiometer will have an effect to the voltage drop of the LDR, as they are both members of the voltage divider described above. The 1N4001 diode is used to eliminate any back voltage when the relay is disarmed. It is very important to have this diode because without it, the transistor may be damaged.

Power Alarm:
This circuit can be used as a audible 'Powerout Alarm'. It uses the 555 timer as an oscillator biased off by the presence of linebased DC voltage. When the line voltage fails, the bias is removed, and the tone will be heard in the speaker. R1 and C1 provide the DC bias that charges capacitor Ct to over 2/3 voltage, thereby holding the timer output low.

Diode D1 provides DC bias to the timersupply pin and, optionally, charges a rechargeable 9volt battery across D2. And when the line power fails, DC is furnished to the timer through D2.

Optocoupler:

SYED MASHHOOD HAFEEZ

In electronics, an opto-isolator (or optical isolator, optical coupling device, optocoupler,photocoupler, or photoMOS) is a device that uses a short optical transmission path to transfer an electronic signal between elements of a circuit, typically a transmitter and a receiver, while keeping them electrically isolatedsince the electrical signal is converted to a light beam, transferred, then converted back to an electrical signal, there is no need for electrical connection between the source and destination circuits. Isolation between input and output is rated at 7500 Volt peak for 1 second for a typical

components. The opto-isolator is simply a package that contains both an infrared light-emitting diode (LED) and a photodetector such as a photosensitive silicon diode, transistor Darlington pair, or silicon controlled rectifier (SCR). The wave-length responses of the two devices are tailored to be as identical as possible to permit the highest measure of coupling possible. Other circuitryfor example an output amplifiermay be integrated into the package. An opto-isolator is usually thought of as a single integrated package, but opto-isolation can also be achieved by using separate devices.

Thyristor:
Thyristors are mainly used where high currents and voltages are involved, and are often used to control alternating currents, where the change of polarity of the current causes the device to switch off automatically; referred to as Zero Cross operation. The device can be

SYED MASHHOOD HAFEEZ

said to operate synchronously as, once the device is open, it conducts current in phase with the voltage applied over its cathode to anode junction with no further gate modulation being required to replicate; the device is biased fully on. This is not to be confused with symmetrical operation, as the output is unidirectional, flowing only from cathode to anode, and so is asymmetrical in nature.

Pcb making of the above metioned circuits.

Pcb of 555 cicuit and ldr circuit.

SYED MASHHOOD HAFEEZ

Pcb of optocoupler and thyristor.