Male reproductive system diseases Hypospadias - literally below the fleshy spike.

A condition in which the external urinary meatus (opening) opens anywhere below the tip of the penis rather than at the tip.

Hydrocele - a fluid filled sac partially surrounding the testis. Manifests itself as a swelling on the side of the scrotum. May cause discomfort. Can be surgically corrected. And, who would most likely be doing the surgery? A urologist!

Varicocele - dilated and twisted veins of the testis, sort of hemorrhoids of the scrotum! Manifests itself as a swelling on the side of the scrotum which may look and feel like a bag of worms. May be surgically corrected if causing discomfort. This condition may also cause reduced sperm count and male sterility due to sluggish blood flow elevating testicular temperature.

Cryptorchidism - literally hidden testicle. A condition of lack of descent of one or both testes into the scrotum. If not corrected, usually by surgery, before puberty, can lead to sterility and increased risk of testicular cancer.

Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) - swelling of the prostate gland which surrounds the base of the male bladder and urethra causing difficulty urinating, dribbling, and nocturia .BPH becomes more common as men age.

Priapism Priapism refers to a painful and prolonged erection, says the Mayo Clinic. It states that priapism is common in boys between five and 10 years old and in men between 20 and 50 years old. Priapism may be due to such diseases as sickle cell anemia and leukemia. It may also be due to such prescription medications as sildenafil, fluoxetine, diazepam and warfarin. Blood clots, spinal cord injury and cocaine are some other causes of priapism. Treating priapism involves draining the penis with a needle (aspiration) and taking medications such as phenylephrine. Surgery may be necessary to place a shunt into the penis.

Penile Cancer Penile cancer is a type of cancer that starts at the penis. MedlinePlus indicates that specific symptoms of penile cancer include a painless sore on the penis, genital lesions and pain or bleeding from the penis. At this time, the cause for penile cancer is unknown. Risk factors for developing penile cancer include smegma, a foul and cheese-like substance found below the penis' foreskin. Treating penile cancer also involves chemotherapy, radiation and surgery to eliminate the penile cancer cells.

Female reproductive system diseases Endometriosis - a condition involving colonization of the abdominal/pelvic cavity with islands of endometrial tissue. Endometrium is the lining layer of the uterus which sloughs off with each menstruation. If endometrial tissue flushes up the uterine tube and spills into the abdomen (peritoneal cavity), the clots of endometrial tissue can attach to abdominal organs such as the bladder, rectum, intestinal loops and then cycle along with the uterus in response to monthly changes in ovarian hormones. Bleeding into the abdomen irritates the lining membrane, the peritoneum, and causes abdominal pain.

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) although males have a closed abdominal cavity, the female abdominal cavity has a direct anatomical path from the outside world via the female reproductive tract. Bacteria can make their way up the vagina, through the uterus, and traverse the uterine tubes which open into the abdominal cavity. Inflammation of the lining of the abdominal cavity, the peritoneum, causes abdominal pain. Although there are many potential causes of PID, gonorrheal infection is one of them. Chronic Inflammation of the uterine tubes can occlude them resulting in infertility.

Prolapsed uterus the uterus is almost directly above the vagina. In fact, the cervix, the neck region, of the uterus extends into the upper vagina. Ligaments hold the uterus in proper position so that it does not prolapse or herniate into the vagina. Severe prolapse can result in the uterine cervix protruding from the vaginal opening. Surgical repair is typically required to restore the uterus to its proper anatomical position.