Pulse-Width-Modulated Inverters

Pulse-Width-Modulated Inverters
V1

Pulse-Width-Modulation or PWM
Changing the output voltage using high switching frequency g g p g g g g q y
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S1, S2

S3, S4

Several pulses per half cycle. Switches S it h operate at high f t t hi h frequency. Voltage harmonics pushed towards higher frequencies Fundamental component of the output voltage can be varied even varied, with two switches. Higher switching losses
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Average value of a pulsed waveform

v0 i S Vs i + V0 R v (t)
0
Vs
(t)

Average value of a pulsed waveform

(t) v0

V0

Vs s

V t on t offT t V S + V0 t on t off T t R v

toff ton k=0,9 t1 T t

(t)

V0 v (t)
0
Vs

ton t1

toff T t

k=0,75

V0 =

1 1 t1 v0dt = T Vs = t1fVs = kVs T0

V0 = kV

v (t)
0

t k = on T

V0 v (t)
0

t on

t off T t

t k= 1 T

V
0

ton

v (t)
V

t1

toff T t

k=0,5

0 < k <1

0 < V0 < Vs
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Vs

V0 t on

t off

T t

V ton 0 t1
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toff T t

k=0,25

Pulse-Width-Modulated Inverters

Pulse-Width-Modulated Inverters
Consider k varying periodically (50Hz) between complementary (50H ) b t l t values of k (0.2 and 0.8).

is S1 D1 A D3 B L R S2 D2 D4 S4 S3

For 0<k<1 -V<VAB<Vs V<V For k=0.8 VAB=0.6Vs For k=0.2 VAB=-0.6Vs High frequency operation, small passive components. For k=0.5 VAB =0 this means the positive pulses will be equal to the negative ones.

If k 0.2 0,6V If k=0 2 VAB=-0 6Vs If k=0.8 VAB=0,6Vs With k varying with a frequency far With lower then the switching frequency (carrying wave), the output voltage will varying periodically between -0,6Vs 0 6V and 0,6Vs. g p g Filtering the output voltage, it will result in a rectangular and periodic wave with the frequency of k.

VAB = Vs (2k 1)

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Pulse-Width-Modulated Inverters

Pulse-Width-Modulated Inverters A tenso de sada, que aplicada carga, formada p por uma sucesso de ondas retangulares de amplitude g p igual tenso de alimentao CC e durao varivel. A relao entre a onda moduladora Vm e onda l t d d l d d portadora Vp, definida como ndice de Modulao, permite regular a amplitude da fundamental da tenso de sada do inversor.

Frequency and magnitude of the output voltage can be controlled. The magnitude is modified through changes in the value of k, according to the relation (k+ + k-=1). k must change in each half period of the frequency from k+ to k-. The output voltage with low presence of harmonics, as consequence the filtering requirement is less.

Na prtica o nmero de pulsos limitado pela mxima freqncia de comutao das chaves.

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Pulse-Width-Modulated Inverters

Generation of a Sine Wave

Impulsiona os harmnicos da tenso de sada para altas freqncias, conseqentemente o filt b t t simples. f i t t filtro bastante i l Possibilita controlar a freqncia e o mdulo da tenso q de sada.

is S1 D1 A D3 B L R S2 D2 D4 S4 S3

V k = 0,51 + AB Vs

V = VAB max sin(360 ft + ) ( f AB

V k = 0 51 + AB sin(360ft + ) 0,5 Vs

VAB = Vs ( 2k 1)

k = 0 5[1 + m * sin(360f + )] 0,5 i ( ft

m is called amplitude modulation modulation. f = System frequency (50Hz / 60Hz) Carrier frequency 10 x output frequency

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Generation of a Sine Wave - Example

is S1 D1 A D3 B L R S2 D2 D4 S4 S3

k = 0,5[1 + m * sin(360ft + )]
m chamada de amplitude de modulao. modulao
VAB = Vs (2k 1)

is S1 D1 A D3 B L R S2 D2 D4 S4 S3

VABmax = 100V Output voltage f O l frequency = 83.33Hz 83 33H Carrier frequency = 1000Hz Vs = 200V S1 e S4 operate simultaneously Number of carrier per cycle: 1000/83 33 12 1000/83,33=12 12 carriers per cycle

A freqncia da portadora 10 x f . S1 e S4 operam simultaneamente S2 e S3 operam simultaneamente

V k = 0 51 + AB sin(360ft + ) 0,5 Vs

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Generation of a Sine Wave - Example

k0 VAB0=100sin0=0
0 k = 0,51 + = 0,5 200

Generation of a Sine Wave - Example

k30VAB30=100sin30=50
50 k = 0,51 + = 0,625 200

k60 VAB60=100sin60=86,6
86,6 k = 0,51 + = 0,716 200

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Generation of a Sine Wave - Example

Generation of a Sine Wave - Example

Knowing k for each interval, the time, that S1 and S4 are on, is determined that S1 and S4 are on. S1 e S4 VAB >0 S3 e S3 VAB <0 The summation of the areas of the modulated sine wave is equal to the area of the analogue sine wave

The width of the pulse, is a sinusoidal function of its angular position. The sine wave equivalent pulse train t i can b generated b be t d by comparison of an analogue sine wave at the system frequency with a triangular wave at the carrier frequency (higher frequency)

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Triangular carrier wave

Modulao PWM Senoidal a Dois Nveis

Caractersticas A Tenso instantnea de sada pode atingir dois nveis, +E ou E. Pode ser aplicada tanto nas estruturas em Ponte Completa como nas p p estruturas em Meia Ponte. Verifica se que, Verifica-se que nas estruturas em Ponte Completa necessrio Completa, apenas um nico pulso de comando para cada par de chaves.

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Exemplo de Aplicao - Inversor Monofsico Meia Ponte

Modulao PWM senoidal a trs nveis

Caractersticas C t ti
Se Vm > Vp, tem-se Vo = + E Se Vm < Vp, tem se Vo = -- E Vp tem-se
E/2 S1 D1

A tenso de sada pode assumir trs nveis, +E, 0 e -E. Na tenso de sada aparece o dobro de pulsos se comparado ao de dois nveis, mantendo-se a mesma freqncia de comutao das chaves. chaves Apresenta menor contedo harmnico que a modulao a dois nveis. Os primeiros harmnicos esto em uma ordem de freqncia duas vezes superior em relao modulao a dois nveis.

Vm

Vp

CARGA
-

Io

Vo

E/2

S2

D2

+E / 2

0V

-E/2 fantunes@dee.ufc.br

Vo

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Modulao PWM senoidal a trs nveis

Modulao PWM senoidal a trs nveis

E/2

S1

D1

S2

D2

Lgica de L i d controle: t l Se Vm1>Vp, S1 em conduo => VAN = E/2. Se Vm1<Vp, S3 em conduo => VAN = -E/2. Se Vm2>Vp, S2 em conduo => VBN = E/2. Se Vm2<Vp, S4 em conduo => VBN = -E/2.

Vm1

Vm2 V 2

Io CARGA N A + Vo B

+E / 2 E

Vm1 E/2 S3 D3 S4 D4 Vp Vm2

Vp S1

VAN
S3

Vm1 Vp p S2

-E / 2 +E

S4 Vm2
-

VAB

0 -E E

Vp

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Inversor Trifsico - PWM senoidal a trs nveis

Inversor Trifsico - PWM senoidal a trs nveis

E/2

S1

D1

S3

D3

S5

D5

Estratgia d E t t i de controle t l Se Vma > Vp -> S1 em conduo Se Vma < Vp -> S6 em conduo p Se Vmb > Vp -> S3 em conduo Se Vmb < Vp -> S4 em conduo Se Vmc Vp > S V > V -> S5 em conduo d Se Vmc < Vp -> S2 em conduo
Vma Vmb Vmc

Vma

Vmb

Vmc

+E / 2

VAN

-E / 2 +E

E/2

S6

D6

S4

D4

S2

D2

VAC

-E E

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Generation of a three-phase Sine Wave

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