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Finishing
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Finishing
Finishing is a general term for a magnitude of processes and treatments that a fabric may undergo after it has been made (woven or knitted) and colored (dyed or printed). It is the final processing of the cloth. Its purpose is to make the fabric more suitable for its intended end use. Textile finishes can be classified as aesthetic finishes and functional finishes. They are also categorized as chemical finishes and mechanical finishes.
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Finishing
Aesthetic Finishes
These are finishes which change the appearance, drapability and hand (feel) of fabrics including parchmentizing, softeners, and stiffening finishes. Finishes that alter or create texture include burnout designs, embossing, pliss, raised fiber surfaces (brushing, gigging, napping, sueding, and flocking). Finishes that alter fabric luster include beetling, calendering (simple, glazed, moir, schreinering), optical finishes (delusterants, and optical brighteners).
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Finishing
Functional Finishes
These are finishes which improve the performance properties of fabrics. Finishes that enhance care properties include durable press, soil-release, stain- and soil-resistant finishes. Finishes that provide comfort and safety include antistatic, chemical-protective, absorbent, flame resistance, water-repellent and waterproof finishes. Finishes that alter durability include abrasionresistant, slip resistant, and shrinkage control. Finishes that provide environmental protection include antimicrobial finishes, fume fading inhibitors, metallic and plastic coatings, and mothproofing.
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Finishing
Aesthetic Finishes
Finishing
Aesthetic Finishes
Embossing
This is a process to produce a raised design or pattern in relief on fabrics by passing the cloth between hot engraved rollers that press the design into the fabric. In thermoplastic fabrics (polyester, nylon) embossing is permanent. In other fabrics, resin finishes are used to create a durable effect.
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Finishing
Aesthetic Finishes
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Finishing
Aesthetic Finishes
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Finishing
Aesthetic Finishes
Finishing
Aesthetic Finishes
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Finishing
Calendering
Aesthetic Finishes
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Finishing
Aesthetic Finishes
Moir
A moir finish is characterized by a soft luster and an optical effect, which is created by interference between light rays reflected from the crushed and uncrushed parts of the fabric. Two layers of identical fabric are placed face to face and then subjected to heat and pressure whereby a pattern of parallel lines formed by the weft yarns of each fabric is impressed upon the weft yarns of the opposing fabric .
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Finishing
Aesthetic Finishes
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Finishing
Finishing that Alter Fabric Luster
Delusterants
Aesthetic Finishes
Optical Finishes
A process of dulling the luster of manufactured fibers, yarns, or fabrics with pigments or chemical treatment. In most manufactured fibers, pigment is introduced in the spinning solution to reduce luster. Delusterants such as barium salts, zinc oxide, aluminum oxide and china clay can also be applied to yarns and fabrics.
Optical Brighteners
Optical brighteners are used in finishing to maintain white and bright fabrics. They adhere to the fabric and create an appearance of whiteness or brightness by the way they reflect light; they absorb ultraviolet light and reflect it as visible blue light.
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Finishing
Functional Finishes
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Finishing
Functional Finishes
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Functional Finishes
Abrasion resistance can be imparted by an acrylic resin; however, some resins are too soft to be effective and some are too hard and introduce brittleness to the fabric. These resins bind the fibers more firmly to the yarns. Some fiber such as nylon have inherent resistance to abrasion. Abrasion-resistant finishes are used on fabrics subject to prolonged abrasive wear such as pockets, waistband lining, and hatbands.
Slip-resistant Finishes
Finishes applied to a fabric to reduce or eliminate yarn slippage and reduce seam fraying are called antislip, slipresistant, or nonslip finishes. Products such as rosins (they have poor washfastness), colloidal dispersions of silica (they reduce surface smoothness but are not durable), and formaldehyde resins (they are durable) are commonly used.
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Progressive Shrinkage
This occurs each time a fabric is laundered. Unlike relaxation shrinkage which occurs only once, progressive shrinkage continues and the fabric shrinks a bit more with each laundering. Of the major fibers, only wool and viscose rayon are subject to progressive shrinkage .
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Shrinkage Control The factors that control shrinkage in fabrics or garments are:
Construction: A tighter fabric construction reduces potential shrinkage Yarn twist: Optimum twist (based on yarn size) is very important for controlling shrinkage and torque. Type of Weave or Knit: Pain weave of Jersey knit show more resistance to shrinkage than other types. Tension During Sewing of Garments: Uneven or too much sewing tension can lead to differential shrinkage causing puckering in the seam areas. Stability of Fiber and Yarns: Improper stabilization could lead to excessive shrinkage especially in blends where synthetic fiber shrinks differentially than the cellulosic fibers.
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Shrinkage Control
Illustration of Shrinkage on Woven Fabric Caused by Fiber and Yarn Swelling
Loomstate Fabrics
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Finishing
Finishing that Alter Durability
Functional Finishes
Shrinkage Control
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Finishing
Finishing that Alter Durability
Sponging (Relaxation Method)
Functional Finishes
Shrinkage Control
Used for woolen and worsted fabrics; it consists of thoroughly wetting the fabric with water or steam and allowing the material to dry slowly in a relaxed tensionless state. This does not make wool washable or shrink-proof; it permits wool to be steam pressed or caught in rain without severe shrinking.
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Finishing
Compressive Shrinkage
Illustration of the Felt Blanket Machine Principle
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Finishing
Compressive Shrinkage
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Finishing
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Finishing
Functional Finishes
Chemical-protective Finishes
These are finishes that prevent penetration of herbicide or pesticide through clothing and prevent easy removal by laundering of any pesticide on the surface of clothing. All cotton fabrics are better than polyester because pesticides are absorbed by polyester but not cotton.
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Finishing
Functional Finishes
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Finishing
Functional Finishes
Waterproof Finishes
These are finishes that resist wetting and the penetration of water. Waterproof fabrics are generally woven tightly and coated with rubber, plastic (usually vinyl), linseed oil, cellulose esters, or other compounds. Fabrics are non-permeable to air, possess a firm non-drapable hand and are not comfortable as wearing apparel.
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Finishing
Functional Finishes
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Finishing
Functional Finishes
Mothproofing Finish
Moth larvae and carpet beetles are known to attack animal-fiber fabrics. Mothproofing is a chemical that is added to the dyebath during dyeing of wool fabrics. Treated wool fabrics and silk fabrics are less susceptible to damage by moths and other insects. Finishes based on pyrethroids and pyrimidines are among the most successful products used for mothproofing.
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Finishing
Nano-Care
The principles of nanotechnology are utilized to create exceptional performance in everyday items: apparel, home furnishings, commercial interiors, industrial fabrics. Nanotechnology provides the ability to work on a nano or submicron scale to create intelligent structures that are stronger and have fundamentally different, performance-enhancing molecular organizations. NANO-CARE fabric protection imparts a revolutionary, carefree quality to wrinkle resistant fabric that minimizes stains, offers superior liquid repellency and maintains wrinkle resistance. NANOCARE enhanced fabrics cause water and oil spills to bead up and roll off fabric without penetrating the fibers.
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Nano-Care
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