Adaptive Fuzzy PID Designed for Aircraft Bleed Air Temperature Control System

P. Priyanga, 2R. Leena kumari, 3V.X. Tina pavithra

Muathyammal Engineering College, Rasipuram

priyankaeie11@gmail.com,2leenaeie@gmail.com,3tinapavithira@gmail.com

Abstract The performance of Bleed air temperature is directly related to the unnecessary drag and fuel consumption of Aircraft system. This project presents the design of the automatic test platform for temperature control system. The architecture of the bypass subsystem and the control model were built up. A self-adaptive fuzzy PID controller, which can dynamically modify the controllers parameters by using fuzzy rules presented in this project, was designed with considering the dynamic characteristics of temperature control system. Simulation results show that the self-adaptive fuzzy PID controller, which compared with conventional PID controller, can obtain better dynamic performance and fast response. Index TermsAircraft, bleed air, optimal control, ram air, temperature control.

I.INTRODUCTION BLEED air in gas turbine engines is compressed air taken from within the engine. This high-pressure and hightemperature engine bleed air is commonly used for various tasks on the aircraft, including deicing, pressurizing the cabin, and air conditioning for passengers and avionics equipment. Some of the tasks require that the supply bleed air be regulated at a certain temperature for its efcient use. It is critical to control the temperature of the supply air with fast transient response and adequate steady-state accuracy. Ram air is commonly used to cool the engine bleed air, and it is scooped from the aircraft boundary

increases the aircraft drag and weight because of the resistance of the scoop, pipe work, and the heat exchanger matrix. Thermal conditioning of the hot engine bleed air is accomplished by rst passing it through a heat exchanger device. Compact (crossow) heat exchangers are commonly used, due to their low weight and space requirement, and a high heat transfer area. The heat energy from the bleed air is transferred to the ram air stream.The occurrence of heat exchange between the bleed air and ram air streams is of vital importance in the bleed air system. Various works have been done to improve the performance of the heat exchanger based temperature regulation systems. While sharing many common characteristics, they differ mainly in the control valve conguration and the applied control law. As addressed in [9], it is common that control is achieved without changing the total stream ow rates. In the engine bleed air temperature regulation system, overall ow rate is set by the operating conditions.

transient response, but it requires excessive ram air usage and causes unnecessary fuel consumption. The proposed conguration as shown in Fig. 1(c) is termed ram-air-plusbypass channel control, which essentially combines aspects of both former arrangements, aiming to reduce ram air usage and to maintain efcient load temperature control. A control valve is placed in the ram air channel as well as in the bypass channel, and the ram air and bypass ows are controlled in such a way that the bypass bleed air ow is automatically controlled at a level that is just sufcient to maintain fast temperature regulation of the bleed air ow. B. Bleed Air Law. The air temperature at the load is regulated by either changing the ram air ow rate, or the bleed air main/bypass ow ratio, or a combination of both. Two known control system congurations as shown in Fig. 1(a) and (b) and one proposed as shown in Fig. 1(c) are analyzed and compared in this paper. In the rst conguration, Fig. 1(a), a control valve (RAV) is placed into the ram air channel. The valve manipulates the ow rate of the ram air, thus affecting the temperature of the bleed air stream leaving the heat exchanger, which is equal to the air temperature at the load. The second control strategy, Fig. 1(b), is termed bypass channel control. In this conguration, most of the bleed air goes through the hot-side of the heat exchanger, while a small portion of the overall bleed-ow is made to bypass the heat exchanger via the bypass channel, to be mixed downstream with the main bleed air ow leaving the heat exchanger. The combined air ow then proceeds to the load. A control valve (BPV) is located in the bypass channel to manipulate the ratio of main-to-bypass bleed air ows, thus regulating the temperature of the ow delivered to the load. II. SYSTEM MODEL A. System Configuration and Modeling Assumption The rst conguration uses only sufcient ram air to cool the bleed air down to the required temperature, but its temperature control response is slow due to the heat exchanger dynamics. The second conguration [see Fig. 1(b)] can regulate the bleed air temperature at the load with fast Bleed air in gas turbine engines is compressed air taken from within the engine, after the compressor stage(s) and before the fuel is injected in the burners. While in theory bleed air could be drawn in any gas turbine engine, its usage is generally restricted to jet engines used in aircraft. Bleed air is valuable in an aircraft for two properties: high temperature and high pressure (typical values are 200-250C and 275 kPa (40 PSI), for regulated bleed air exiting the engine pylon for use throughout the aircraft). This compressed air can be used within the aircraft in many different ways, from de-icing, to pressurizing the cabin, to pneumatic actuators. In civil aircraft, bleed air's primary use is to provide pressure for the aircraft cabin by supplying air to the Environmental Control System. Additionally, bleed air is used to keep critical parts of the aircraft (such as the wing leading edges) ice-free. Bleed air is used on many aircraft systems because it is easily available, reliable, and a potent source of power. For example, air turbine starters used to start large jet engines are much smaller and lighter than an electric motor of equivalent power output. Bleed air for starting is provided by an on board Auxiliary Power Unit (APU) or an external huffer if the APU is inoperative. Once a single engine is started, its bleed air can be used to drive the starter on the remaining engines. Lavatory water storage tanks are pressurized by bleed air that is fed through a pressure regulator. Even the outside air probe on some aircraft utilize bleed air to drive a venturi pump to draw outside air in to a temperature sensor chamber. Early jet aircraft even used bleed air to drive the

gyroscopes horizons.

in

their

cockpit

artificial

C. Heat Exchanger A heat exchanger is a device built for efficient heat transfer from one medium to another. The media may be separated by a solid wall, so that they never mix, or they may be in direct contact. [1] They are widely used in space heating, refrigeration, air conditioning, power plants, chemical plants, petrochemical plants, petroleum refineries, natural gas processing, and sewage treatment. One common example of a heat exchanger is the radiator in a car, in which the heat source, being a hot engine-cooling fluid, water, transfers heat to air flowing through the radiator (i.e. the heat transfer medium). There are two primary classifications of heat exchangers according to their flow arrangement. In parallel-flow heat exchangers, the two fluids enter the exchanger at the same end, and travel in parallel to one another to the other side. In counter-flow heat exchangers the fluids enter the exchanger from opposite ends.

i) Might cause clogging as the pathways are very narrow ii) Difficult to clean the pathways iii) Aluminum alloys are susceptible to Mercury Liquid Embrittlement Failure III. CONTROL DESIGN The key in the control system design for the proposed ram air- plus-bypass channel configuration is to properly control the bypass channel such that both fast temperature response and reduction of ram air usage are achieved. To reach this goal, a small bypass valve opening is selected as a set-point, which is to be maintained at steady state. Upon system transient and disturbances, the bypass valve opening is controlled to provide a fast response in regulating the load temperature. a) Pillow plate heat exchanger A pillow plate exchanger is commonly used in the dairy industry for cooling milk in large direct-expansion stainless steel bulk tanks. The pillow plate allows for cooling across nearly the entire surface area of the tank, without gaps that would occur between pipes welded to the exterior of the tank. b) Fluid heat exchangers This is a heat exchanger with a gas passing upwards through a shower of fluid (often water), and the fluid is then taken elsewhere before being cooled. This is commonly used for cooling gases whilst also removing certain impurities, thus solving two problems at once. It is widely used in espresso machines as an energy-saving method of cooling super-heated water to be used in the extraction of espresso. c) Waste heat recovery units A Waste Heat Recovery Unit (WHRU) is a heat exchanger that recovers heat from a hot gas stream while transferring it to a working medium, typically water or oils. The hot gas stream can be the exhaust gas from a gas turbine or a diesel engine or a waste gas from industry or refinery. d) Dynamic scraped surface heat exchanger Another type of heat exchanger is called "(dynamic) scraped surface heat exchanger". This is mainly used for heating or cooling with high-viscosity products, crystallization processes, evaporation and high-fouling applications. Long running times are achieved due to the continuous scraping of the surface, thus avoiding fouling and achieving a sustainable heat transfer rate during the process.

Fig. 1. Partitioning of the heat exchanger plate.

The counter current design is most efficient, in that it can transfer the most heat from the heat (transfer) medium. See countercurrent exchange. In a cross-flow heat exchanger, the fluids travel roughly perpendicular to one another through the exchanger. Advantages of plate and fin heat exchangers: i) High heat transfer efficiency especially in gas treatment Larger heat transfer area ii) Approximately 5 times lighter in weight than that of shell and tube heat exchanger iii) Able to withstand high pressure Disadvantages exchangers: of plate and fin heat

The formula used for this will be Q=A*U*LMTD, whereby Q= heat transfer rate.

Fig 3.Typical kettle reboiler used for industrial distillation towers

temperature but still allows for the heat exchanger to accept additional heat. One example where this has been investigated is for use in high power aircraft electronics. e) Direct contact heat exchangers Direct contact heat exchangers involve heat transfer between hot and cold streams of two phases in the absence of a separating wall. Thus such heat exchangers can be classified as: Gas liquid Immiscible liquid liquid Solid-liquid or solid gas Most direct contact heat exchangers fall under the Gas- Liquid category, where heat is transferred between a gas and liquid in the form of drops, films or sprays. Such types of heat exchangers are used predominantly in air conditioning, humidification, water cooling and condensing plants. IV. Fuzzy PID Controller Usually the motivation of a fuzzy approach is that the knowledge is insufficient and the dynamic model has uncertainty. Fuzzy set theory was employed to simulate the logic reasoning of human beings. The major components of a fuzzy controller are a set of linguistic fuzzy control rules and an inference engine to interpret these rules. These fuzzy rules offer a transformation between the linguistic control knowledge of an expert and the automatic control strategies of an activator. Every fuzzy control rule is composed of an antecedent and a consequent. The air Cycle Machine (Cooling turbine) is the heart of the air conditioning system of an airliner. It contains one Radial compressor (2), one Turbine (7) and several Heat-transfer agent (English. heat more exchanger), which produce air-conditioned air from the bleed air. The bleed air with a pressure of approx. 3 bar and up to 200 C temperature goes through the first heat-transfer agent, that of outside air (English. RAM air) cooled becomes. After the increase in pressure and the associated heating up a second heattransfer agent become gone through and afterwards the turbine, in which air expands and continues to cool down therefore. The Rotations energy of the turbine floats again over a wave the compressor on. At the exit of the turbine the temperature amounts to about 0 C and with hot-air from the bleed air system one mixes, in order to receive the desired temperature. If air is not warm

Fig 4.Typical water-cooled surface condenser

In addition to heating up or cooling down fluids in just a single phase, heat exchangers can be used either to heat a liquid to evaporate (or boil) it or used as condensers to cool a vapor and condense it to a liquid. In chemical plants and refineries, reboilers used to heat incoming feed for distillation towers are often heat exchangers. Distillation set-ups typically use condensers to condense distillate vapors back into liquid. Power plants which have steam-driven turbines commonly use heat exchangers to boil water into steam. Heat exchangers or similar units for producing steam from water are often called boilers or steam generators. In the nuclear power plants called pressurized water reactors, special large heat exchangers which pass heat from the primary (reactor plant) system to the secondary (steam plant) system, producing steam from water in the process, are called steam generators. All fossil-fueled and nuclear power plants using steam-driven turbines have surface condensers to convert the exhaust steam from the turbines into condensate (water) for re-use. This change of phase effectively acts as a buffer because it occurs at a constant

enough, it can be heated additionally electrically. So that the plant functions also at the soil, here the heat-transfer agents of a blower become, Turbofan supplies, with cooling air. The turbofan becomes electrical (Boeing 727), by one Air motor (Boeing 737 Classic) or mechanically by the wave of the cooling turbine (Boeing 737-NG) propelled. A. Temperature Control System

automatically maintaining different temperatures at different times of the day and night.

Fig 6. Ram-air-plus-bypass control strategy.

Temperature is an important control parameter in chemical, material and semiconductor manufacturing processes. For example, material annealing, thin film deposition, laminator operation and TV glass melting furnace all need appropriate temperature control system. Some of the temperature control systems have heating and cooling control phases and others only have heating input control phase. Their dynamic behaviors have significant difference. The temperature control system with heater input only is more difficult to monitor than two phases control systems for obtaining good control performance. How to design a general purpose temperature controller with good response speed, smaller steady state error and overshoot for industrial implementation is still a challenge work in control research field. Currently, the on-off control and PID control schemes are employed in the commercial products. PID controller was proposed in 1936. It has been widely used in industrial automatic control systems. However, how to adjust the control gains is the key factor of implementing a PID controller.

A temperature control system consists of a small digital device, wired to a heating and cooling system. About the size of a traditional wall-mounted thermostat, a temperature control system contains a circuit board and memory chip. After setting the temperature control system to a desired temperature, known as a set point, the system will utilize the heater or air conditioning as needed to maintain that setting for the duration programmed. The main idea of their approach is employed a parameter to parameterize the ZieglerNichols tuning formula for getting faster set point dynamic response. This parameter is adjusted by using a fuzzy strategy based on the system temperature output error and the error change. The system control block diagram. The control law formula for a standard PID Controller is

The output importance of each rule depends on the membership functions of the linguistic input and output variables. In this system, two input indices of the fuzzy gain regulator are temperature error and error e change e(t) , and the output index is parameter updating value h(t) .

Fig 5.Schematic diagram of the proposed system conguration

A temperature control system is a programmable thermostat that can keep the home or office at a desired temperature regardless of fluctuating exterior conditions. The advantage of having a temperature control system over a common thermostat is that it can save energy and money by

Fig 7. Fuzzy PID control system block diagram

In order to simplify the complicated )(the computation of this fuzzy gain regulator, seven equal span triangular membership functions are employed for fuzzy controller input and output variables e e(t) and h(t),

and Since the temperature control system has time varying behaviors and the dynamic response may depend on the temperature setting value, it is not easy to establish the appropriate PID gains. Fuzzy self-tuning PID controller was proposed to solve this problem and obtaining the controller adaptability. V. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS Experiments are conducted on a test rig in laboratory settings. The test rig is developed at our laboratory for the flow temperature control studies. This test rig consists of a bleed air channel and a ram air channel. An in-line heater with temperature control is installed upstream the bleed air channel. A bypass channel is split from the bleed air channel over the heat exchanger.
Fig 10 . Load temperature response of ram-air-plusbypass channel control

Fig 8. Load temperature response

The test rig is also equipped with thermal mass flow sensors, pressure sensors, temperature sensors .There are two air sources available for the experiments. The main air source is two parallel-connected high pressure tanks, each having a capacity of 51 300 in .The maximum pressure inside the tank is 100 psig, charged by a compressor. Although the compressor can continuously supply the compressed air to the tanks, the pressure of the air feeding to the test rig drops, depending upon the mass flow rate. To solve this problem, a control valve (CV3) is installed near the test rig. The inlet source air flow rate to the test rig is kept approximately constant by this control valve. The second air source is a separate tank charged by the same compressor, which supplies air for the ram air channel. The control valve (CV1) is installed to keep the ram air flow rate at the required value. VI. CONCLUSION Although the ram air control scheme minimizes ram air usage, its response time is large, making this strategy undesirable in applications where fast response is of importance. On the other hand, manipulating the bleed air bypass channel flow rate only drastically reduces the response time at the expense of using significantly more ram air than the former control strategy. The proposed ram air and bypass control strategy effectively combines desirable features of the above two methods, and is an improvement over the former, in terms of satisfying both the requirements of fast response speed and ram air reduction. A lower bypass flow rate leads to more efficient ram air usage, since it requires less overcooling of the main bleed channel. Adding the bypass valve opening as a secondary controlled variable gives this method a way of maintaining this lowered ram air usage. By regulating the bypass

Fig 9. Ram air flow rate response

valve opening at its predefined set-point, this control strategy guarantees that some bypass flow will always be present, thus ensuring the efficient response behavior characteristic to configurations with a bypass. Substantially less ram air is used by the ramair-plus-bypass control strategy than for the bypass channel control configuration, as demonstrated in the simulations and experiments; although employing a bleed air bypass means that more ram air is used than for the ram air control scheme. So by using Fuzzy PID controller reduce the steady state error and minimize the oscillation so it become more efficient. REFERENCES
[1] B. Burkett, M. Metrovic, D. Sweet, G. Botura, D. Burner, M. Layland, and K. Brown, Development and test results on a high efficientily ice protection system, presented at the 44th AIAA Aerosp. Sci. Meet. Exhibit, Reno, NV, 2006, AIAA-2006-863. [2] T. Ensign and J. Gallman, Energy optimized equipment systems for general aviation jets, presented at the 44th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, NV, 2006, AIAA-2006-228. [3] R. Gandolfi, L. Pellegrini, G. Silva, and S. Oliveira, Exergy analysis applied to a complete flight mission of commercial aircraft, presented at the 46th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, NV, 2008, AIAA-2008-153. [4] G. Liu, G. Bao, C. Lam, and J. Jiang, A master-slave approach to aircraft engine bleed flow sharing control, IEEE Trans. Control Syst. Technol., vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 11001106, Nov. 2005.

[5] W. M. Kays and A. L. London, Compact Heat Exchangers. NewYork: McGraw-Hill, 1964. [6] T. Katayama, T. Itoh, M. Ogawa, and H. Yamamoto, Optimal tracking control of a heat exchanger with change in load condition, in Proc. 29th Conf. Dec. Control, 1990, vol. 3, pp. 15841589. [7] V. P. Paruchuri and R. R. Rhinehart, Experimental demonstration of nonlinear model-based-control of a heat exchanger, in Proc. Amer. Control Conf., 1994, vol. 3, pp. 35333537. [8] M. Komareji, J. Stoustrup, H. Rasmussen, N. Bidstrup, P. Svendsen, and F. Nielsen, Optimal setpoint synthesis in HVAC systems, in Proc. Amer. Control Conf., 2007, pp. 50765081. [9] M. A. Rotea and J. L. Marchetti, Integral control of heat exchanger plus bypass systems, in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Control Appl., 1997, pp. 151156. [10] S. Forrest, M. Johnson, and M. Grimble, LQG selftuning control of super-heated steam temperature in power generation, in Proc. IEEE Conf. Control Appl., 1993, vol. 2, pp. 805810. [11] M. Orzylowski, T. Kaluzniacki, Z. Rudolf, and G. Nowicki, Precise temperature control for measurement purposes, in Proc. Instrumentation Meas. Technol. Conf., 1999, vol. 1, pp. 1621. [12] T. S. Pedersn, T. Hansen, and M. Hangstrup, Process-optimizing multivariable control of a boiler system, in Proc. UKACC Int. Conf. Control, 1996, vol. 2, pp. 787792. [13] P. Hodal and G. Liu, Bleed air temperature regulation system: Modeling, control, and simulation, in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Control Appl., 2005, pp. 1003 1008. [14] F. P. Incropera and D. P. Dewitt, Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer. New York: Wiley, 19 [15] R. K. Rajamani and J. A. Herbst, Optimal control of a ball mill grinding circuit. II. Feedback and optimal control, Chem. Eng. Sci., vol. 1, pp. 871879, 1991.