QUOTING SOURCES In scientific writings the reader will find a wide variety of bibliographical styles, such as the APA

STYLE (AMERICAN PHYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION), MLA STYLE (MODERN LANGUAGES ASSOCIATION), AMA (AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION) and the HARVARD STYLE. The research supervisors in the Department of Business Administration (DBA) have made the decision to follow the Harvard style of referencing. The decision was made for consistency purposes, as there is no right or wrong style. THE HARVARD STYLE The Harvard system of referencing is a method for citing references in assignment, projects, and thesis and giving the sources of those references. It is subscribed to by the International Standards organisation and is widely accepted as a good scholarly reference style. The Harvard style consists of a short reference in the text which is supplemented by a full reference in the source list or bibliography. 1. TEXTUAL REFERENCES

In the text of your report or thesis, acknowledge each author from whom you obtained information. A brief reference which refers to a full source list reference is required. ONLY the authors SURNAME, date (YEAR) as well as the PAGE (on which the information appears) should be given in the text. Example: This view is supported by Thetsane (1972:10) because The reference can also be given at the end of the sentence. Note the punctuation. The main purpose of marketing is to satisfy the consumers requirements (Kotler, 2003:118). 2. DIRECT CITATIONS Direct citations (that is, the authors own words) should be used functionally. You should only quote directly if the original is so well stated that putting it in your own words would be detrimental to the final effect, or if the original words are needed for purposes of analysis and discussion of an authors views. For instance, a definition of word may be quoted directly. Never quote simply to avoid translation problems.

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Punctuation

If the quotation forms part of a comprehensive argument, the punctuation is part of that argument and is placed outside the bracket or inverted comma. Example: Mokhethi (2009:12) contends that There must be a conclusion for all sentences. They pass the remark that few such cases exist (Thabo, 2003:3). Note: When a sentence between brackets or inverted commas starts with a capital letter, it indicates that this sentence is used independently and therefore requires a full stop inside the brackets or inverted comma. Example: It was anciently believed that a baby born with teeth already formed would bite the world and was made for villainy. (Mokhethi, 2003:70.) Visser (1983:12) asserts: There must be a conclusion for all sentences. 3. INDIRECT CITATIONS When you give authors ideas in your own words (paraphrase), you have to take care that the spirit and the argumentation of the original are retained. Also, vary the style of citation in your assignment/ thesis. For example: Comparing the view of Jones (1986:15) with that of Smith (1994:147), it.. This argument is supported by Lefu (1989:156). According to Thabo (1989:21) it is Mayer (1990:10) maintains that ..

4. SECONDARY CITATIONS When secondary information is used, this has to be indicated as such in the text. For example, if Williams uses a statement made originally by Freud, it has to be done as follows: Text: According to Freud (quoted by Williams, 1986:10) marketing is .. In the source list there will be only the reference to Williams: Source list / Bibliography: WILLIAMS, L. 1986. Freuds theories about dreams. London: Batsford. 97 p. 5. TEXTUAL REFERENCE TO MORE THAN ONE SOURCE Note the semicolon after each reference. There is no convention about the order in which references are given. It may be important for the sake of argument to put them in chronological order, or from important to less important.

Example: Unemployment in Lesotho (Khaola, 2003:89; Mokorotlo, 2004:20; Thetsane & Mokhethi, 2005:8). 6. MORE CITATIONS TO SAME AUTHOR IN SAME YEAR When you make use of more than one publication by the same author published in the same year, you can distinguish it by putting an a, b. or c after the date in the text of your report, for example: According to Smith (1977a:34), the information on the internet In the bibliography you also have to mark the references as a and b or c: Smith , H. 1977a. Introduction to the Internet. Cape Town: Tafelbery. 215 p Smith , H. 1977b. Evaluation of Information on the Internet. Journal for computer science, 2(4):14-18, Apr. 7. BOOKS (MONOGRAPHS) A source list for a book include: The title, subtitle, Author, publisher, Places of publication, Edition and Year of publication and pages . The ISBN (International standard Book Number) is not necessarily provided in the bibliography, but remains a valuable source of information about a book, and is mainly used for purchase and orders. Should the information not be complete, you can find what you need on the REVERSE SIDE OF THE TITLE PAGE. The important DATE OF PUBLICATION can usually be found on the reverse side of the title page. For example: FERNER, J.D. 1995. Successful time management: a selfteaching guide. 2nd ed. New York: Wiley. 230 p. Table 1.1: An example of a Book Title Successful time management Subtitle a self teaching guide Author Jack D. Ferner Edition 2nd edition Publisher John Wiley & Sons, Inc Place of publication New York Year of publication 1995 Pages numbers 230 pages 7.1 Author (s) or editor(s) The author(s) can be the person(s) who wrote the book. An author can also be an institution, for example, the yearbook of the University or university calendar, of which the University is the author.

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One author

Text: It was anciently believed that a baby born with teeth already formed would bite the world and was made for villainy. (Smith, 1977:70.) Or (Note the difference in punctuation) An ancient superstition was that when a baby was born with teeth, it would become a villain (Smith, 1977:70). Source list / Bibliography; London: Batsford. 89 p. SMITH, L, 1977. Crime and punishment.

NOTE: In the text, only the authors surname is given and not the initials. Also note the difference in the source list where the authors surname and the initials are given. 7.1.2 Two authors Text: Gardner and Shelton (1967:40) refer to the problem of communication with paralysed patients who also suffer.. Or All procedures must be explained to the patient (Gardner & Shelton, 1967:74). Note the difference between the two examples in the TEXT: the & sign is used in the brackets but in the full sentence the word and is used. Source list: GARDNER, E.K. & SHELTON, B. 1967. The intensive therapy unit and the nurse. London: Faber and Faber. 162p. 7.1.3 Three authors or more When there are three or more authors or editors and their contributions cannot be distinguished, the abbreviation et al. is used in the text (typed in italics). The abbreviation refers to et alii (and others) a full stop is thus not placed after et. All the co-workers are mentioned in the source list. Text: According to Khaola et al. (2003:74) branding. R.M. 2010.

Source list: KHAOLA, P.P., MOKOROTLO. G., THETSANE, Introduction to Marketing. New York: Van Nostrand. 565 p. 7.1.4 Two authors with same surname

When referring to two authors with the same surname publishing in the same year, the initials must be used in the text to distinguish between the two. Text: Research shows that teenagers are .(Jones, T., 1990:9). Adolescents tend to ..(Jones, S. 1990:45. Source list: 5(2):12-13. Jones, S. 1990. Adolescents. New York: Wiley 305 P. Jones, T. 1990. Siblings rivalry. Journal of child psychology.

Note the authors initials in the text 8. JOURNAL ARTICLES

8.1 Authors The following bibliographical information is required in respect of journal articles: author(s), publication date, title of the article, name of the journal in which the article was published, the volume, the number of volume, the pages of the volume in which the article appears, and the day, month or indication of the semester of the relevant journal. 8.1.1 Author known Source list: RABBI, J. 1995. Drinking among college students. Journal of alcohol and drug education, 40(3):52-64, May. ONLY THE TITLE OF THE JOURNAL IS UNDERLINED OR TYPED IN ITALICS

NOTE: What ever style you choose, (capital letter/underlining) note that you have to be consistent 8.1.2 Author unknown Text: Today the doctor still prescribes medicine, but the mortar and pestle of the pharmacist gathers dust. (Anon., 1978:3) Source list: ANON. 1978. Must pharmacists only count tables? South African medical Journal, 53(1):3,7 Jan. 8.2 DATE OF PUBLICATION (YEAR) This is the year appearing on the particular volume of the journal. 8.3 TITLE OF THE ARTICLE

The full title of the article is supplied. Only the first word and names of persons, places or institutions as well as German nouns begin with capital letters. A sub-title is separated from the title by means of a colon. 8.4 TITLE OF THE JOURNAL Do not use abbreviations as this may be confusing. Only the first letter of the word and names as well as German nouns is typed in capitals. UNDERLINE THE NAME OF THE JOURNAL OR TYPE IT IN ITALICS. For instance, Lesotho Social Science Review / Lesotho social Science review 8.5 VOLUME, NUMBER, PAGES, MONTH After the name of the journal and separated by a comma, the information in respect, of the specific edition of the journal in which the relevant article appears, follows in the sequence given below: Volume in Arabic figures, the number of the edition in round brackets; the pages of the article preceded by a colon; the date (month) The month can be abbreviated according to acknowledged abbreviations and must appear in the language of the journal.

RABBI, J. 1995. Drinking among college students. Journal of alcohol and drug education, 40(3):52-64, May In the case of a day and month, it is accounted for as follows:

Walker, J.A.S. 1995. The origins of the Cold War in United States history textbooks. Journal of American history, 54(10):7-11, 12 Oct. Table 1.2: Abbreviations for months Month January February March April May June abbreviations Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May - Mei Jun. Month July August September October November December abbreviation Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec.

8.6 Season In the case where a season is involved, it can be indicated as follows (in the language of the journal and not abbreviated):

THEKO, L. 1996. Functional analysis and intervention for breath holding. Journal of applied behaviour analysis, 29(3):339-340, Summer. Seasons: Winter, Spring, Summer and Autumn 8.7 Journal without volume or number ( occurs rarely) If the volume or number is in any way available, it must be furnished. Text: The drinking problem in Lesotho has always been relatively more serious than in South Africa. (Thetsane, 2010:135). Source list: THETSANE, R.M. 2010. Recent books on the abuse of alcohol and alcoholism, British book news: 133-137, Mar. A COLON, not a comma, is placed after the title of the journal and this indicates that the page numbers follow. 9. ELECTRONIC SOURCES

Electronic sources provide an entirely new approach to information, creating new problems because of the difference in format and contents. The variety of sources makes it impossible to cover all cases and therefore only general guidelines will be given. Try to integrate references to this type of information into the framework of the recommended HARVARD STYLE. This applies specifically to the use of an author (person or institution) because it simplifies referencing in the text. One of the functions of a source list is to furnish the reader with the full bibliographical detail of the sources used by the researcher. It is therefore essential to present sufficient accurate information to trace the sources. That is the reason why both the SOURCE and the ADDRESS is essential. The language of the source is used when indicating the date when the information was accessed along with the name of the database or address of the source.

9.1 Electronic bibliographical databases: abstracts of journal articles Databases of this kind REFER to sources like journal articles or other material. Some databases contain summaries (abstracts) of journal articles, research reports, theses etc. These summaries may contain useful reviews. In most cases it is acceptable to use this type of information in scientific documents, on condition that the false impression that the original source had been consulted is not created. It remains secondary information, however, and if possible, the original source must be obtained.

AUTHOR. Year. Title. Other relevant information (e.g. the title and other detail of a journal). Abstract/reference in: sufficient information to find it in the database. Text: The most recent research on..(Charleston, 1993). Source list: CHARLESTON, H. 1993. Fibre can prevent arterial disease. Journal of dietary science, 19(3):56-69, Jul. Abstract in MEDLINE. MEDLINE (Medical literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online) is a bibliographical database of life sciences and biomedical information. It includes bibliographical information for articles from academic journals covering health care, medicine etc. It is compiled by United States National Library of Medicine and freely available over the internet. 9.2 Electronic full text databases: Journal articles If the article is in HTML format (Hypertext Markup Language) it differs from the print version because the page numbers are not indicated and can therefore not be quoted in the text or the source list. You will need to add the date you accessed the document as well as the source from which it was retrieved. EBSCOHost Web is a database provider. Do not quote the provider as the source from which you retrieved the article, but the database itself, e.g. Academic Search Premier.

Quote full text articles in HTML-format from a Web database provided by EBSCOHostWeb as follows: BONN, D. 1991. New Zealand: whos for cricket? Lancet, 333(8754):1402, 6 Aug. Available: Academic Search Premier. Date of access: 3 Jul.2000. BARTLET, C. 1997. Corporate communication. Journal of communication, 13(3):108, 6Aug. Available: Academic Search Premier. Date of access: 3 Jul. 2010. When the article is in PDF-Format the page numbers are available and must be quoted in the text and the source list. The article does not differ from the print version; therefore you need not indicate the date of access. Quote full text articles in PDF-format from a Web database, eg. ScienceDirect or SAePublications, as follows:

KALMAN, S. & BONANNO, G. a. 2003. Trauma and bereavement examining the impact of sudden and violent deaths. Journal of anxiety disorders, 17(2):131147. Available; ScienceDirect.

9.3. Electronic full text databases: e-books No address is needed, the name of the database is sufficient. If the electronic version does not differ from the print version, you need not indicate the date of access, but if it does the date of access must be quoted. ROBERTSON, J., ROSS, A.M. & BURGOYNE, L.A. 2002. DNA forensic science: theory, techniques and applications. New York: Routledge. Available: Netlibrary. Paging is omitted in the electronic version 9.4 INTERNET (WORLD WIDE WEB) If the information is retrieved from a document or journal article on the internet provide the URL or address and the date of access. (Uniform Resource Locator, previously, Universal Resource Locator a unique address for a file that is accessible on the internet). 9.4.1 Internet: electronic journals

If the article is not retrieved from an electronic database but on the internet, give the reference just as in the case of referring to a printed journal PLUS an indication that it is an electronic journal, by providing the URL or address and date of access. The date of access is of importance because the document can be moved or deleted. AUTHOR. Year of publication of article. Heading of the article. Title of the journal, volume (number): pages. URL. Date of access. Source list: Fowel, S.P. 1996. Hypermedia as an experiential learning tool: a theoretical model. Information research, 2(1). http://www.shef.ac.uk-is/lecturer/ircont.htmt date of access: 15 Nov. 2010. 9.4.2 Internet: documents In scientific treatises, it is important to ascertain who is responsible for the intellectual or artistic contents of the information to which you are referring (i.e. authorship). Authorship is the researchers proof of reliability and authority and it simplifies citation. The author may be a person or groups of persons as is the case with societies or institutions. When authorship is not easily ascertainable, the following clues may help to establish the responsible entity. 1. Who created the home page? If it is an individuals home page, which is a subdivision of an institutions home page, was the former authorised by the mother institution? For example, some educational institution allows their students to compile their home pages but disclaim any responsibility for it. It is a home page or web site of a person, society or institution without a title, omit the title. 9

2. 3.

If responsibility could not be ascertained, go back on the address URL and look for clues. If responsibility could still not be ascertained begin the reference with the title of the document.

AUTHOR. Year when information was created or revised. Title. Address/URL date of access. DO NOT USE ANY PUNCTUATION AFTER THE ADDRESS IT MAY BE CONFUSING. PUT A FULL STOP AFTER THE DATE TO END THE REFERENCE. Example 1: Text: In his inaugural speech Siverts (2011) used the following famous words: lets all work together. Source list: SIVERTS, S. 2011. Statement of the Vice Chancellor of the National University of Lesotho, at her inauguration as the 8th Vice Chancellor and 36th Convocation Graduation Ceremony. Roma, Lesotho, 24th Sep. 2011.http://www.nul.ls Date of access 8th Oct. 2011. Example 2: When searching on the internet, be on the lookout for the British or American spelling of words like labour or labor (Open Text Corporation, 1997). Source list: OPEN TEXT CORPORATION. 1997. Hints for better results. http://index.opentext.net/main/tips.html Date of access: 2 Dec. 2010. 9.5 Internet: newspaper reports

Provide the URL or address and the date of access Tlali, C. 2011. 220 factory workers denied chance to vote. Lesotho Times, 27, 5 Oct. http://www.lestimes.com/?p=7309 Date of access: 7 Oct. 2010. 9.6 Internet: Government publications

Provide the URL or address and date of access South Africa. Department of Education. Directorate: Inclusive Education. 2005. Conceptual and educational guidelines for the implementation of inclusive education: full-service schools. 42p. http://www.education.gov.za/content/documents/788.pdf Date of access: 26 Oct. 2005. 9.7 Electronic mail (E-mail) 10

SENDER. (Senders e-mail address) Date. Title/heading/ subject of the message. E-mail to Receiver. Receivers e-mail address. Text: The statistics of the National University of Lesotho.. (Thetsane, 2010) Source list: THETSANE, R.M. (rmthetsane@nul.ls) 5 Oct. 2011. Discussion of library statistics at NUL. E-mail to: Khaola, P.P. (pp.khaola@nul.ls). 10. Reference list and bibliography

Reference list should start on a separate page at the end of your project and is titled REFERENCES. Each item cited in the reference list must have been cited in your project. All sources appearing in the reference list must be ordered alphabetically. Students may sometimes want to include sources that are not cited in their project but which supported their research. In Harvard style, when you list non-cited sources and cited sources, the consolidated list is called a BIBLIOGRAPHY. As with a reference list, the items should be listed in alphabetical order. The department of Business Administration prefers a reference list over a bibliography

Note: The reference list should be single spaced, with one line space between references and no indentation. Italics are the preferred format for titles of books, journals and videos.

11. TYPING HINDS - Textual references and source list 11.1 Textual references Note the spaces between the different elements. SPACES ARE INDICATED WITH AN ASTERISK (* = ONE SPACE) For example: 11.2 Source list Use capital letters for the authors surname and initials to make it more visible. For the reader it improves easy movement between the text and the source list Jones*(1998:12)*noted that ..

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Leave at least one line open between references this also improves readability Do not justify the source list - it often stretches the text awkwardly

Note the spaces in the following examples leave two spaces between elements such as between the author, year, title, etc. 11.2.1 Book JONES,*S.J.,*SMITH,*L*&*GREEN,*D.**1988.**PSYCHOLOGY.*an introduction.**2nd*ed.**London:*Wiley**209*p. 11.2.2 Journal BABBI,*J.**1995.**Drinking among college students.**Journal *of*alcohol*and*drug*education,*40(3):52-64,*12*Oct.

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