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Abstract
The Artificial Neural Network, (ANN) not only connects PV system or WTG with EU when the DC
input voltages lay in the allowed range of the power-conditioning unit (PCU) but also disconnects
from EU when the DC input voltages are out of range of the power-conditioning unit. The ANN
detects the value of the DC input voltage from PV system, (Vdcpv) or WTG, (Vdcw) and then it sends an
ON, 1 or OFF, 0 trip signal to the switches S1, S2, S3, S4 and S5.
n
Step-up
tio
dia
Transformer S4
Ra
Step-up
Transformer S5
G. B. I.G. AC/DC DC/AC Filter
Step-down
Transformer
Load
The ANN will send an ON-trip signal to switch S4 only if the following condition is realized:
430 < V < 550 (6)
dcpv
Else, the switch state is OFF.
On the other hand, the ANN will send an ON-trip signal to switch S5 only if the following condition is
realized:
850 < V < 1370 (7)
dcw
Else, the switch state is OFF.
The operation of the five switches shown in Fig. 1 can be summarized as shown in Table (1).
2-2 Load Characteristics
It is assumed here that the load demand varies monthly. This means that each month has daily load
curve different from other months. Therefore, there are twelve daily load curves through the year. Fig.
2 shows the load demand for January, April, July and October [6].
Table (1) Operational modes of PV/WTG HEPS
Mode S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 Generated power vs. Load demand
Pgtotal > PL, Ppv(t)>0, PWTG(t)=0
ON OFF ON ON OFF PV DC voltage within limits
1 WTG DC voltage out of limits
Pgtotal < PL, Ppv(t)>0, PWTG(t)=0
ON ON OFF ON OFF PV DC voltage within limits
WTG DC voltage out of limits
Pgtotal > PL, Ppv(t)=0, PWTG(t)>0
ON OFF ON OFF ON PV DC voltage out of limits
WTG DC voltage within limits
2
Pgtotal < PL, Ppv(t)=0, PWTG(t)>0
ON ON OFF OFF ON PV DC voltage out of limits
WTG DC voltage within limits
Pgtotal > PL, Ppv(t)>0, PWTG(t)>0
ON OFF ON ON ON PV DC voltage within limits
WTG DC voltage within limits
3
Pgtotal < PL , Ppv(t)>0, PWTG(t)>0
ON ON OFF ON ON PV DC voltage within limits
WTG DC voltage within limits
Pgtotal =0, Ppv(t)=0, PWTG(t)=0
4 OFF ON OFF OFF OFF WTG DC voltage out of limits
PV DC voltage out of limits
Fig. 2 The hourly load demand for January, April, July and October [6].
Fig. 3 Structure of the proposed three layers ANN used to interconnect PV/WTG HEPS.
Fig. 4 DC output voltage from WTG during March, June, September and December
Fig. 5 DC output voltage from PV array during March, June, September and December
Fig. 6 Relation between Error and Epoch 5+10+5 ANN
Table (2a) Weights and Biases for 5+10+5 ANN for PV/Wind HEPS Interconnected with EU
W1 Bias
-0.01 -0.85 -1.61 -2.75 -2.97 -7.14
0.19 -2.09 2.44 -2.08 1.05 -4.07
-0.15 1.24 8.68 -1.72 2.32 5.43
-0.37 -0.70 -0.57 -1.72 -0.75 -1.78
0.25 -0.95 1.09 -1.25 -0.13 -1.05
0.30 -0.85 1.41 -0.20 0.18 2.14
0.13 0.22 -0.44 4.76 2.05 6.58
0.09 -1.60 1.74 -5.66 -3.19 -7.93
0.11 -0.16 -0.39 -1.70 0.08 -1.45
0.33 -5.47 5.45 11.26 12.85 5.82
Table (2b) Weights W2 and Biases for 5+10+5 ANN for PV/Wind Interconnected with EU
Weights W2 bias
-8.97 -0.47 8.74 -3.26 -3.72 5.19 6.92 -8.26 -2.35 0.02 5.01
0.63 -4.58 0.89 0.38 0.90 -3.35 -3.43 -4.29 1.45 -16.93 -0.48
-2.53 6.29 -0.90 -0.09 -0.87 2.79 1.04 1.68 -1.70 17.01 0.43
-2.65 -1.06 16.51 0.79 1.27 1.62 -3.61 -1.04 -1.58 0.02 -1.5
-0.84 -4.57 -1.78 -2.04 -2.73 4.00 11.69 -10.29 -5.24 2.43 -5.24
Fig. 7 Optimal Operation of the PV/Wind HEPS interconnected to EU to feed the load demand during
December
From Fig. 7 it can be seen that the deficit energy has been taken from EU and surplus energy has been
injected to EU through the day, which represents the month of December. Figure 8 shows the
difference between output from ANN and the desired output for the test data of 120 examples (Five
months). These differences are displayed for switches S1, S2, S3, S4 and S5. From this Figure, it can
be seen that the ANN of 5+10+5 operates with a high accuracy. Figure 9 displays the output of the
proposed ANN of 5+10+5 for month of December using test data. This output may be 1 or 0 for each
switch. From Figures 7 and 9 (December) it can be noticed that the trip signal which produced from
ANN sent to switch S1 at hours 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 19, 20, 21, 22 and
23. This means that the PV/WTG feed the load demand at these hours. On the other hand, switch S2
(for example) equal to 1 at hours 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 22, 23 and 24 This
means that the EU should supply the load demand at these hours. On the other hand, the power
injected to EU through switch S3 at hours 1, 2, 3, 13, 20 and 21. From switch S1 and S2 it can be
noticed that the hybrid PV/WTG with EU feed the load demand at hours 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12,
14, 15, 16, 19, 22 and 23. The electric utility feed the load demand without PV/WTG HEPS at hour
24. From switch S4 it can be seen that the PV system feed the load demand at hours 8, 9, 10,11, 12,
13, 14, 15, and 16 which there is no radiation at hours 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 and
24. On the other hand, the WTG feed the load demand at hours 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 13, 19, 20, 21, 22
and 23. Which there is no wind speed or the DC output voltages not lay within acceptable limits of
PCU at hours 8, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 and 24 as shown in switch S5.
5- REFERENCES
[1] International Energy agency report " Key Issues in Developing Renewables", 1997.
[2] K. Mitchell, J. Rizk and M. Nagrial, “A Simple Predictive Controller for Stand-alone and Grid-
connected Renewable Energy Systems”, Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference
(AUPEC) AUPEC2002, Australia, 29th Sept. to 2nd Oct. 2002.
[3] O. Omari1, et. al. , "A Simulation Model For Expandable Hybrid Power Systems", 2nd European
PV-Hybrid and Mini-Grid Conference, Thursday, 25th Sept. and Friday, 26th Sept. 2003, Kassel,
Germany
[4] H. H. El-Tamaly and F. M. El-Kady, "Optimizing the Integration of Photovoltaic/Wind System
with Electric Utility", Proceeding on Al-Azhar Engineering sixth International Conference, Sept.
1-4-2000, pp. 69-80.
[5] E. Koutroulis, et. al. ,"A Hybrid PV-Wind Generator System Using a Maximum Power Point
Tracking Technique", International Conference Renewable Energies for Islands Towards 100%
RES Supply, Chania-Crete, Greece, 14-16 June 2001.
[6] H. H. El-Tamaly and Adel A. El-Baset ,"Design and Control Strategy of Utility Interfaced
PV/WTG Hybrid System", The Ninth International Middle East Power System Conference,
MEPCON'2003, Minoufiya University, Faculty of Eng., Shebin El-Kom, Egypt, Vol. 2, Dec. 16-
18, 2003, pp. 699-674.
[7] Chihchiang Hua, Jongrong Lin and Chihming Shen, " Implementation of a DSP-controlled
photovoltaic system with peak power tracking", IEEE Trans. Industrial electronics, Vol. 45, No.
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[8] Gary L. Johnson, "Wind energy systems", Book, Prentice-Hall.,1985
Biographies
H. H. El-Tamaly was born in Kafer El-sakh-Egypt, on June 15, 1952. He received the B.S. degree
in 1975 from Mansoura university-Egypt, M. Sc. Degree in 1980 from Mansoura university-Egypt,
Ph. D. Degree in 1984 form Cairo university-Egypt, Professor of electrical power engineering in
1994. Currently, he is working as professor and chairman of electrical engineering Dept.- Faculty of
Engineering- Elminia university-Egypt. His major interests are renewable energy system, power
systems, power electronics, neural network and Fuzzy system.
Adel A. Elbaset Mohamed was born in Nag Hamadi- Egypt, on Oct. 24. 1971. He received the
B.S. degree in 1995 from Elminia university-Egypt, M. Sc. Degree in 2000 from Elminia
university- Egypt, where he is currently working toward the Ph.D. degree in the department of
electrical Engineering, Elminia university. His major interests are renewable energy system, power
systems, power electronics, neural network and Fuzzy system.