MAKERERE

UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING DESGIN ART AND TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL OF ENGINEERNG

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEEERING
ELE INTERGRATED CIRCUIT DESIGN AND FABRICATION Bsc. Electrical engineering.

Name: Richard Sseruwagi Reg. No. 08/U/469 Student No. 208 00830

The Evolution of Intel Processors

Introduction The processor is the brain of a computer. It is the portion of a computer system that carries out the instructions of a computer program, to perform the basic arithmetical, logical, and input/output operations of the system. Some Processor properties Clock speed. The clock rate is the speed at which a microprocessor executes instructions. It is measured in hertz. The degree of integration. This refers to the number of transistors per chip. The number of transistors had increased dramatically over the year from thousands to millions per chip. This trend was initially observed and described by Moores law. Cache. This is a smaller faster memory used by the processors to reduce the average time to access memory. There are mainly 3 levels of cache so far that have been implemented L1, L2 and L3 cache. MIPS million instruction per second. Original processors were designed using PMOS and NMOS technology but later processors were designed using CMOS technology. Intel Processors Intel 4004 The first Intel processor that was designed was the Intel 4004. It was a 4bit processor with 108 KHz of clock speed, 640Bytes of usable memory and 2300 transistors. It was designed to be used on the busicom calculator and for arithmetic manipulation.. after that a series of 4 bit Intel processors such as the Intel 4040 were also designed. The Intel 8008 This was the first 8 bit processor. It was designed in April 1972. It had a clock speed of 200KHz with 3500 transistors per chip and was designed to be used on Dumb terminals, general calculators, bottling machines and for data/character manipulation. After this a series of other 8 bit processor such as the Intel 8080, 8085, 8086 and 8088 were designed. The Intel 80186 It was introduced in 1982 with Clock rates of 6 MHz and 1 MIPS. it was a 16 bit processor .The Number of Transistors was 29,000 at 2 m. It was used mostly in embedded applications controllers, point-ofsale systems, terminals, and the like. It was also used in several non-PC-Compatible MS-DOS computers including RM Nimbus, Tandy 2000, and CP/M 86 Tele video PM16 server The Intel 80286

This was designed in February 1982. It was a 16 bit processor. it had about 6 to 13MHz of clock speed with 134000 transistors per chip. It was designed to be used on desktops Intel processors with i386 architecture. These were designed between October 1985 and June 1988. This includes processors such as the Intel 386 SX, Intel 386 SL and Intel 386 DX. These were 32 bit processors. These had clock speeds between 20MHz to 50MHz with about 275 000 to 855 000 transistors. They had about 4GB of addressable memory. Intel 80486 processors These were 32 bit processors. They were introduced in April 1989. They had clock speeds of about 25MHz to 50MHZ with over 1.2million transistors at 1 m. they had 4GB addressable memory. Examples include Intel486 SL, Intel486 DX4, Intel486 DX2, and Intel486 SX Intel Pentium processors These were introduced in March 1993. They were 32 bit processors with a minimum clock speed of 60 or 66MHz. The number of transistors was a minimum of 3.1 million at 0.8 m and 4GB of addressable memory. These processors were designed with P5 micro architecture. Examples include Intel Pentium notebook, Intel Pentium extreme edition 955, Intel Pentium Dual core processor E2160.They were designed to be used on desktops. Intel Pentium Pro processors These processors were introduced in November 1995. They had about 150MHz to 200MHz of clock speed, 5.5million transistors at 0.6 microm. They had 256kB of L1 cache and 1MB of L2 cache. They were designed to be used on high-end desktops, workstations and servers of that day. Intel Pentium II processors These were introduced in May 1997. They had about 7.5 to 27.4 million transistors at 0.25 micro meter. They had 64GB of addressable memory and were 32bit processors. Their clock speeds are about 250MHz to 450MHz. they were designed to be used on high end business desktops, workstations and servers. Intel Pentium II Xeon Processors These processors were introduced in 1998. They have a clock speed of 450MHz with 7.5million transistors at 0.25micro meters. They were designed to be used on servers and workstations. Intel Pentium III Xeon Processors These processors were introduced in March 1999. They had clock speed of about 500 to 900MHz with .28million transistors at 0.18 micro meters. They have 64GB addressable memory. They were designed

to be used in multi way processing systems, multi way servers and workstations. (e.g. 4 and 8 way servers) For examples Intel Pentium III Xeon, Intel Pentium III Xeon Intel Celeron processors These processors were introduced in 1998. They had more than 1GHz of clock speed with about 7.5 to 205 million transistors per chip at about 6.5 nano meters. They were designed to be used on mobile PCs and desktop computers. For examples the Intel Celeron 723,570, Intel Celeron dual core, Intel Celeron M and D; and Intel Celeron notebook Intel Pentium III processors These were first introduced in 1999. They had 400MHz to 1.3 GHz of clock speed. They have about 5million to 44 million transistors at about 0.13 micro meters. They were designed to be used on mobile PCs, some business consumer PCs of the day. Examples include the Pentium III M notebook and Pentium III processors Intel Pentium IV processors These were introduced in 2000. Their clock speeds are more than 2GHz but up to 4GHz. The number of transistors is about 40 to 190 million transistors at the nano meter scale. They have about 512kB of advanced transfer L2 cache. Examples include the Intel Pentium IV notebook, extreme edition. These processors were designed to be used on desktop computers, mobile PCs, gaming computers The Intel Xeon processor family These processors were designed to be used on servers. Their clock speeds were up to 4GHz and they had up to 1TB of addressable memory. They have up to 2 billion transistors on a 45nm and up to 16MB of cache. Examples include the Dual core Intel Xeon, Quad core Intel Xeon, Intel Xeon MP The Intel itanium processors These processors were introduced in 2001.They have up to 1.8GHz of clock speed, 1024GB of addressable memory, 24MB of cache and have up to 1.8 billion transistors at 90nm. They were designed to be used on demanding enterprise class servers and for high performance applications such as video and image editing. Examples include dual core Intel itanium processor and Intel Itanium 2 Processor The Intel Pentium M processor These processors were introduced in 2003. They have up to 2.2GHz of clock speed with about 140 million transistors at 90nm. They have up to 2048kB of L2 cache and 4GB of addressable memory. They were designed to be used on laptops, examples include the Intel Pentium M 755, 765, 745, 715 and 730 The Intel Pentium D processors

These processors were designed in 2005. They have clock speed of about 3.2-2.8GHz ,64GB of addressable memory and 1024kB of L2 cache. They were designed to be used on desktop PCs. Examples include the Intel Pentium D 800 and 900. The Intel core processors These processors were introduced in 2006. They have up to 780 million transistors at 65nm. The clock speed of each chip is up to 4GHz per core. They have 8MB of L2 cache, up to 64GB of addressable memory. They were designed to be used on laptops and mini laptops. Examples include the Intel core i7(965,940,920),the Intel core Duo (T2700-2300,T2300E),the Intel core ULV,intel core Solo, Intel core Solo ULV The Intel core 2 processors. These processors were introduced in 2006. They have clock speeds of up to 2.7GHz with up to 410 million transistors at 45nm. They were designed to be used on laptops, mini laptops, desktop PCs and notebooks .Examples include the mobile Intel core 2 duo, Intel core 2 solo ULV, Intel core 2 quad, Intel core 2 extreme The Intel Atom Processor These processors were introduced in 2008. They have clock speed between 800MHz to 1.6GHz. They have 47million transistors at 45nm and 512kB of L2 cache. They are designed to be used on mini computers.

Sources. 1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_microprocessors March 14th 2012 2. http://www.intel.com/pressroom/kits/quickreffam.htm March 15th 2012.