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Applied Thermal Engineering

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/apthermeng

Effect of lateral n proles on turbulent ow and heat transfer performance of internally nned tubes
Qiu-Wang Wang *, Mei Lin, Min Zeng
State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian 710049, China

a r t i c l e

i n f o

a b s t r a c t
Heat transfer performance of internally nned tubes with blocked core-tube was numerically investigated by the realizable ke turbulence model with wall function method using a commercial software FLUENT. Three kinds of lateral n proles, that is, S-shape, Z-shape and V-shape, were studied and compared. The corresponding correlations of Nusselt number and friction factor for different-shape internally nned tubes were obtained. The comprehensive performances of the studied tubes were compared under identical mass ow rate, identical pumping power and identical pressure drop conditions. It was found that tubes with S-shape ns and Z-shape ns were superior to that with V-shape ns, and moreover, tube with Z-shape ns had the best performance. The n outer curvature radius R near the inner surface of out-tube for the S-shape nned tube had appreciable effect on heat transfer, whereas the n inner curvature radius r near the outer surface of blocked core-tube had little impact on heat transfer. Hence, when manufacturing the internally nned tube with S-shape ns, it is better to select the outer curvature radius R as smaller as possible. 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Article history: Received 4 May 2008 Accepted 23 March 2009 Available online xxxx Keywords: Internally nned tubes Lateral n proles Blocked core-tube Heat transfer performance

1. Introduction Internally longitudinal nned tubes are widely used in many engineering elds to enhance heat transfer, such as power plants, chemical process and petroleum industries. Many researchers have investigated the problem of optimizing the shape of the nned surfaces in order to reduce the weight and the size of heat exchangers and increase heat transfer. Many numerical simulation and experimental investigations have been presented for different kinds of internally longitudinal nned tubes. Webb [1] made a detailed summary about internally nned tube. Fabbri [2,3] has studied the problem of optimizing the lateral prole of longitudinal both symmetrical and asymmetrical ns located in cylindrical tubes and cooled by a uid in laminar ow conditions, and in a subsequent work [4], he investigated the effect of viscous dissipation on heat transfer in a nned tube cooled by a uid under the condition of imposed heat ux. Zeitoum and Hegazy [5] have analyzed the fully developed laminar convection heat transfer in a pipe provided with internally longitudinal ns and with uniform outside different pipe-n geometries, it was shown that the n height greatly affect the ow and heat transfer characteristics. Olson [6] has measured heat transfer and pressure drop of three thin compact heat exchangers and demonstrated that the heat exchanger with the pin n internal geometry has signicantly better heat transfer than other geometries, but it
* Corresponding author. Tel./fax: +86 29 82663502. E-mail address: wangqw@mail.xjtu.edu.cn (Q.-W. Wang). 1359-4311/$ - see front matter 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2009.03.016

also had higher pressure drop. Alam and Ghoshdastidar [7] have numerically studied the optimization of heat transfer in circular tubes tted with four identical longitudinal ns having tapered lateral proles subjected to constant heat ux. Saad et al. [8] made an experiment to determine the detailed module-by-module pressure drop characteristics of turbulent ow inside circular nned tubes. Kumar [9] have obtained the heat transfer rates increase as the n ratio and radius ratio increase with the help of three-dimensional numerical simulation in a vertical annulus with longitudinal ns with various parameters. Yu et al. [10] have performed experimentally the heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics between blocked tubes and unblocked tubes having a double-pipe structure, with the inner tube as an insertion. They measured the local and average heat transfer coefcients and friction factors. It has been found that wave-like ns could enhance heat transfer signicantly with the blocked case being superior. Liu and Jensen [11] have performed a parametric study on turbulent ow and heat transfer in internally nned tubes, including n numbers, n width, n height and helix angle. Moreover, they investigated the impact of n prole on friction factors and Nusselt numbers. Sarkhi and Nada [12] presented a numerical investigation of a vertical internally nned tube subjected to force convection heat transfer. They suggested that for best heat transfer to be achieved there is an optimum combination of n numbers and height. However, lateral wavy n prole of internally nned tube has not been studied in any of the experimental and numerical investigations. In our previous work [13,14], we studied the problem of optimizing the heat transfer of blocked core-tube diameter in

Please cite this article in press as: Q.-W. Wang et al., Effect of lateral n proles on turbulent ow and heat transfer performance of internally nned tubes, Appl. Therm. Eng. (2009), doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2009.03.016

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Nomenclature A Ac C1 ; C2 Cu Dh Di Do di do f h k L lf N Nu qw R r Re Res S/ area of heat transfer surface, m2 cross-section area of uid ow, m2 constants in realizable ke model coefcient in realizable ke model hydraulic diameter, m inner diameter of outer-tube, m outer diameter of outer-tube, m inner diameter of core-tube, m outer diameter of core-tube, m Darcy friction factor average heat transfer coefcient, W m2 K1 turbulent kinetic energy, m2 s2 tube length with ns, m periphery unfolded length of the wavy n, m number of waves average Nusselt number wall average heat ux, W m2 curvature radius near the inner surface of the outertube, m curvature radius near the outer surface of the core-tube, m Reynolds number Reynolds number based on the hydraulic diameter of Sshape nned tube source term Tw um u; v ; w xi x, y, z wall temperature of outer-tube, K average velocity in the axial direction, m s1 velocity component, m s1 Cartesian coordinates Cartesian coordinates

Greek symbols thermal diffusivity n thickness, m df Dp pressure drop between inlet and outlet, Pa DT temperature difference, K e dissipation rate of turbulence energy, m2 s3 k thermal conductivity, W m1 K1 l dynamic viscosity, kg m1 s1 lt turbulent viscosity, kg m1 s1 q density, kg m3 U heat transfer rate, W / generalized variables rk ; re turbulent Prandtl number for diffusion of k and e

Subscripts S S-shape nned tube V V-shape nned tube Z Z-shape nned tube

internally plain-nned tubes under the conditions of turbulent ow and both uniform wall temperature and imposed wall heat ux on the tube wall; and then the correlations of heat transfer and pressure drop for the longitudinal wavy nned tube were investigated. Afterwards, we compared turbulent pressure drop and heat transfer characteristics in tubes with three different kinds of internally longitudinal n patterns (interrupted wavy n, sinusoidal wavy n and plain n) [15]. It was found that the sinusoidal wavy n has the best comprehensive performance. This paper presents a numerical simulation and optimization study of heat transfer in round tubes tted with identical numbers of ns having undulated lateral proles for turbulent ow, which are S-shape, Z-shape and V-shape ns. The comprehensive performances of the studied tubes are compared under three constraints: identical mass ow rate, identical pumping power and identical pressure drop. The objective is to investigate the effect of lateral n prole on friction factors and Nusselt numbers for blocked core-tube with internally longitudinal plain ns. 2. Physical model and governing equations Fig. 1 shows three different n proles (S-shape n, Z-shape n and V-shape n) with identical number of ns and identical coretube outer diameter. For S-shape nned tube, R is the curvature radius near the inner surface of outer-tube, and r is the curvature radius near the outer surface of blocked core-tube, as shown in Fig. 2. The tube length is 400 mm and there are 20 waves located in the cross-section of internally nned tube. The tube and ns are made of copper. The undulated ns are within the annulus and distributed uniformly around the periphery of the tube cross-section. Due to the geometrical symmetry of the nned tube, the computational domain is half of one wave region, as shown in Fig. 2. The working uid is dry air. Since the outlet/inlet temperature difference of gas is 70 K, the uid can be regarded as incompressible with constant physical properties. The ow is assumed to be turbulent, steady, three dimensional

with no viscous dissipation. This assumption seems to be reasonable at the considered Reynolds number (Re) ranging from 1142 to 4284. Experimental observations of Eckert and Irvine [16] revealed that the transition from laminar to turbulent ow happens at Re = 1000 for a duct with triangular cross-section of an apex angle of 11.5, and it has also been shown [17] that ow transition occurs at about Re = 600 for 20 waves case of V-shaped nned internally tube. Two main possible reasons leading to an earlier transition from laminar to turbulent are complex tube cross-sectional conguration and small hydraulic diameter. In our previous study [14], we have presented a comparison between three eddy-viscosity turbulence models, i.e., the RNG ke, the realizable ke and SST kx, to simulate the ow of the internally nned tube. The predictions were compared with experimental data and the realizable ke model has been found to be the best one. Therefore, the turbulence was modeled by the realizable ke model by Shih et al. [18] with the wall function method in the present study. The governing equations are written in Cartesian diffusion form as

V/ div q~ div C/ grad/ S/

In the above equation, / represents generalized variables such as u, v, w, T, k and e, C/ and S/ stand for the appropriate diffusion coefcients and the source terms, respectively. The detail expressions for different variables are referred in our previous study [13] and therefore they are not shown all here due to the space limitation. In fact, the realizable ke model (RKE) can be used to predict not only rotating homogeneous shear ow and ow separation but also the complex secondary ow [18]. In the RKE model the turbulence viscosity formulation is based on the realizability constraints, more specically, ensuring the positivity of normal Reynolds stresses and satisfying the Schwartz inequality for turbulent shear stresses. Therefore, the Cu is no longer constant but a function of the turbulence elds, mean strain and rotation rates. The Cu is con-

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Fig. 1. Cross-sectional view of three n proles in internally nned tube.

Tw =const

outer-tube

symmetry

fin

flow direction

r
x

z
o

for all boundaries of the computational domain. As we know, it is normally far easier and quite accurate to assume an arbitrary condition at the interface and then solve only the uid. However, in our present study, since the boundary condition is imposed on the outside wall of the outer-tube (as shown in Fig. 2) and the n belongs to interior boundary region in the computational domain, it can be considered as the conjugate heat transfer problem, which is more convenient for our problem setup. The upstream boundary condition is given as uniform inlet velocity. The downstream boundary (located in 50 mm after the exit of the tube) is imposed by outow. The outer-tube wall surface is given as uniform temperature. The inner-tube wall surface is given by adiabatic. The wing boundary conditions (yz plane) are symmetry. The Reynolds number is dened as

adiabatic
Fig. 2. Schematic of the computational domain.

Re

qum Dh l

sidered stretching, rotating strain, the system angular velocity of rotations well as the impact of k and . The k equation is identical with the standard ke model but the e equation is based on the dynamic equation of the mean-square vorticity uctuation at large turbulent Reynolds number and it is given by

where um is the inlet average velocity in the net area cross-section. The hydraulic diameter, Dh, is given by

Dh

pD2 d2 4df lf o i pDi do 2lf

@qui e @xi
where

l e2 p l t r2 e q C 1 Ee C 2 re k me
C 2 1:9;

 2

where df is the n thickness, and lf is the n unfolded length at the tube cross-section. The Nusselt number is described as

Nu

hDh k

C 1 max0:43; g=g 5;

rk 1:0; re 1:2

1 k p ; gE e 4:0 As Eij Eij k=e q p  p 1 As 6 cos u; u cos1 6W ; E 2Eij Eij 3  Eij Ejk Ekj 1 @ui @uj W p ; Eij 2 @xj @xi Eij Eij

lt qC u

where k is the thermal conductivity of the working uid and h is dened as

Cu

qw DT

where qw is the average wall heat ux and DT is the logarithmic mean temperature difference. The average Darcy friction factor is dened as

The realizable ke model can give good predictions of the secondary ow patterns, as shown by Ligrani et al. [1921] and Hermanson et al. [22]. In the studies by Ligrani et al. [1921], the heat transfer and uid ow characteristics for seven different dimpled surfaces on one surface of a channel are predicted numerically using FLUENT software, and the turbulent model employed is a realizable ke model without a wall function. The strong instantaneous secondary ows and mixing within the vortex pairs are especially apparent. In the study by Hermanson et al. [22], due to the secondary ows, high gradients in heat transfer are present at the endwall and at the vane or blade surface itself where the passage vortex inuences the main ow, and the results shows that the realizable ke model gives good predictions of the secondary ow patterns. As depicted in Eq. (1), the governing equations are elliptic in the spatial coordinates, hence, the boundary conditions are required

Dp=LDh qu2 =2 m

where Dp is the total pressure drop and L is the tube length with internal ns. 3. Numerical methods The governing equations are solved by a commercially available computer software (FLUENT 6.0). The pressure and velocity elds are linked by the Semi-Implicit Method for Pressure-linked Equations Consistent (SIMPLEC) algorithm. The convection terms is handled by the Quadratic Upwind Interpolation of Convective Kinematics (QUICK) Scheme. The diffusion terms is discretized with Central Differencing Scheme. The criterions of convergence in this study are that the residual is less than 104 and 1011 for the continuity and energy equations, respectively.

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0.09

0.06

Z-shape fin S-shape fin V-shape fin

f
0.04 0.03 0.02 1000

2000

5000

10 0 0 0

20000

(a) f vs. Re
50

Re

Fig. 3. Schematic of computational grid meshes for three n proles.

20

Z-shape fin S-shape fin V-shape fin

Grid independence and code validation can be found in our previous study [13]. To ensure the accuracy and validity of numerical results, four grid systems (29001 nodes, 36860 nodes, 45708 nodes and 53700 nodes) have been made. It is found that the relative deviation of the average Nusselt numbers between solutions of 45708 nodes and 36860 nodes is less than 2.8% at Re = 1142. Hence, the mesh with 36860 nodes was selected for most of the studied cases [13]. In the present study, the computational meshes for S-shape, Z-shape and V-shape ns are 41076 nodes, 42864 nodes, and 48624 nodes, respectively. The crosssectional view of the grid meshes for the three ne proles is shown in Fig. 3. As for the code validation, the average deviations of both friction factor and Nusselt number are less than 10% and 17%, respectively, between numerical results and experimental data [13]. 4. Results and discussion 4.1. Friction factor and average Nusselt number It is known from [13] that the optimal ratio of blocked coretube outside diameter to outer-tube inside diameter (do/Di) is about 0.5. Therefore, in the present study, the numerical simulation is performed under the optimal outer diameter of core-tube, do = 16 mm and inner diameter of outer-tube, Di = 32 mm. The boundary condition of outer-tube wall surface is isothermal, Tw = 303 K. The gas inlet temperature and pressure are 373 K and 0.2 MPa, respectively. The thermal conductivity of n (copper) is k 387 W m1 K1. The geometries for the internally nned tubes are shown in Table 1. Fig. 4 depicts the variation of the friction factors and average Nusselt numbers versus Reynolds number for three different n proles. As can be seen in Fig. 4a, the friction factor of S-shape nned tube is the highest at Re > 7000, and the friction factor of V-shape nned tube is the highest at Re < 7000. However, in Fig. 4b, the Nusselt number of Z-shape nned tube is the highest,

Nu

10

1000

2000

1 0000

20000

Re

(b) Nu vs. Re
Fig. 4. Friction factors and Nusselt numbers for different internally nned tubes.

while that of V-shape nned tube is the lowest. This phenomenon can be better understood by observing the velocity and temperature distributions at the fully developed turbulent region in the optimal nned tube, as shown in Fig. 5. For S-shape and Z-shape nned tube, the velocity and temperature distributions are nearly symmetric and parabolic in neighbor sub-channels. However, for V-shape nned tube, the velocity and temperature distributions are not symmetric and parabolic due to the fact that the n divides the section into two non-equal parts. The correlated equations of both the friction factors and Nusselt numbers for three internally nned tubes are described as follows: For S-shape nned tube:

Nu 0:105Re0:575 ;

f 5:482Re0:593

For Z-shape nned tube:

Nu 0:105Re0:584 ;

f 3:954Re0:568

For V-shape nned tube:

Nu 0:0712Re0:602 ;

f 5:77Re0:599

10

The tness relative deviations of friction factor and Nusselt number for three nned tubes as shown in Eqs. (8)(10) are listed in Table 2. 4.2. Thermal performance comparisons

Table 1 Geometry of the studied internally longitudinal tube. Outer diameter of outer-tube (Do ) Inner diameter of outer-tube (Di ) Outer diameter of core-tube (do ) Tube length with ns (L) Number of waves (N) Fin thickness (df ) 35 mm 32 mm 16 mm 400 mm 20 0.2 mm

The internally nned tube usually could provide a noticeable increase in heat transfer, whereas the pressure drop will also increase. In order to evaluate the thermal performance of three n proles in internally longitudinal nned tubes, comparisons are performed under three conditions [1]: (i) identical mass ow rate, (ii) identical pumping power, and (iii) identical pressure drop.

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Fig. 5. Velocity distributions and temperature distributions at z = 0.31 m, Re = 5000.

In this paper, we choose the tube with V-shape n prole to be the base one for comparisons. It can be drawn that for the above three constraints, following conditions must be satised [1]: Identical mass ow rate:

Identical pressure drop:

fRe =D3 S h

or Z

fRe =D3 V h

13

Ac Re=Dh S
3

or Z

Ac Re=Dh V
3

11

In the Eqs. (11)(13), the air properties are assumed to be constant, then the ratio of heat transfer rate (US or Z/UV) under the same temperature difference may be dened as:

Identical pumping power:

Ac fRe =D4 S h

or Z

Ac fRe =D4 V h

12

US or Z NuA=Dh S or UV NuA=Dh V

14

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6 Table 2 Fitness relative deviations for Eqs. (8)(10). Fin Nu Max relative deviation (%) S-shape Z-shape V-shape 19.9 17 11.8 Average relative deviation (%) 1.4 1 1.9 f Max relative deviation (%) 22.3 18.3 13 Average relative deviation (%) 2.7 2.1 1.7 Q.-W. Wang et al. / Applied Thermal Engineering xxx (2009) xxxxxx

where the subscripts V, S or Z represent the V-shape nned tube, S-shape nned tube, and Z-shape nned tube, respectively. The corresponding results are depicted in Fig. 6, where the Reynolds number of S-shape n prole case is taken as the abscissa. It can be seen that for the three conditions adopted (Eqs. (11)(13)), the performance of both S-shape and Z-shape nned tubes are much better than that of V-shape nned tubes. The detailed results of enhanced heat transfer are illustrated as follows.

1.5 1.4
v

1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0

2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000
S-shape fin Z-shape fin V-shape fin

Under the condition of identical mass ow rate, the heat transfer of S-shape and Z-shape nned tubes are 29% and 33% higher than that of V-shape nned tube, respectively. Under the condition of identical pumping power, heat transfer of S-shape and Z-shape nned tubes are 26% and 29% higher than that of V-shape nned tube, respectively. Under the condition of identical pressure drop, heat transfer of S-shape and Z-shape nned tubes are about 23% and 25% higher than that of V-shape nned tube. Moreover, the performance of Z-shape nned tube is always superior to that of S-shape nned tube under three constraints in the range of studied Reynolds numbers. As mentioned above, for V-shape nned tube, the velocity and temperature distributions are not symmetric and parabolic due to the fact that the n divides the section into two non-equal parts. The signicant heat transfer enhancement obtained from both S-shape nned tube and Z-shape nned tubes over the V-shape nned tube may be attributed to following two aspects: (i) The increase in contact surface area between the inner surface of outer-tube and n. For example, the contact surface area for Z-shape nned tube and S-shape nned tube are about 13.4, 2.93 times of the area for V-shape nned tube, respectively. (ii) The reduction of hydraulic diameter: For example, the hydraulic diameters of V-shape, S-shape and Z-shape nned tubes are 2.54 mm, 2.43 mm and 2.27 mm, respectively. It is well known that the decrease of channel hydraulic diameter can be used to enhance heat transfer. 4.3. Effects of R and r on heat transfer characteristics for S-shape nned tube The effect of n outer curvature radius near the inner surface of the outer-tube of S-shape nned tube (as shown in Fig. 2), R, on the friction factors are presented in Fig. 7a, with the n inner curvature radius near the outer surface of the core-tube, r, keeping constant

s or z

Re v

(a) Identical mass flow rate

1.5 1.4
0.06
v

0.09

s or z

1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000

R=0.2mm R=0.3mm R=0.5mm R=0.7mm R=0.9mm (r=0.2mm)

S-shape fin Z-shape fin v-shape fin

0.04 0.03

0.02 1000

2000

3000

5000

10000

20000

Re v

(b) Identical pumping power

1.4
30

(a) f vs. Re

Re

1.3
v

20

s or z

1.2

S-shape fin Z-shape fin V-shape fin

1.1

Nu

R=0.2mm R=0.3mm R=0.5mm R=0.7mm R=0.9mm (r=0.2mm)

10

1.0 0 3000 6000 9000 12000 15000

1000 2000 3000 5000 10000 20000

Re

Re v

(b) Nu vs. Re
Fig. 7. (a) Friction factor comparison for different outer curvature radius (R) of n and (b) Nusselt number comparison for different outer curvature radius (R) of n.

(c) Identical pressure drop

Fig. 6. Evaluations of heat transfer performance.

Please cite this article in press as: Q.-W. Wang et al., Effect of lateral n proles on turbulent ow and heat transfer performance of internally nned tubes, Appl. Therm. Eng. (2009), doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2009.03.016

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0.09

0.06

r=0.2mm r=0.3mm r=0.4mm r=0.5mm (R=0.7mm)

0.04

0.03

0.02 1000

2000

3000

5000

10000

20000

(a) f vs. Re
30

Re

(2) The thermal performance of internally nned tube with different lateral n proles is enhanced under three conditions: identical mass ow rate, identical pumping power and identical pressure drop. It is found that, under the above three constraints, the heat transfer performances of S-shape and Z-shape nned tubes are superior to that of V-shape nned tube. Moreover, the heat transfer performance of Z-shape nned tube is better than that of S-shape nned tube. (3) The n outer curvature radius (R) of the S-shape nned tube has an appreciable effect on heat transfer, whereas the n inner curvature radius (r) has little impact on heat transfer. Hence, when manufacturing the internally nned tube with S-shape n, it is better to select smaller outer curvature radius (R) although it is usually difcult to obtain the Zshape nned tube from the manufacturing point of view.

20

r=0.2mm r=0.3mm r=0.4mm r=0.5mm (R=0.7mm)

Acknowledgements This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 50821604) and Higher Academy Young Teacher Foundation Project of Fok Ying-Tung Education Foundation (Grant No. 91056).

Nu
10

References
1000 2000 3000 5000 10000 20000

Re

(b) Nu vs. Re
Fig. 8. (a) Friction factor comparison for different inner curvature radius (r) of n and (b) Nusselt number comparison for different inner curvature radius (r) of n.

(r 0:2 mm). Fig. 7b shows the corresponding variation of Nusselt numbers versus Reynolds number. As can be expected, the Nusselt numbers decrease with the increasing of R, while the corresponding friction factors increase. The largest differences of friction factor and Nusselt number are both about 5% between the largest outer curvature radius (R 0:9 mm) and the smallest one (R 0:2 mm) at Re = 5000. Fig. 8 depicts the variations of the friction factor and Nusselt number versus Reynolds number for different inner curvature radius r of S-shape nned tube, with the outer curvature radius, R, keeping constant (R 0:7 mm). As can be seen, tubes with different inner curvature radius r have similar behaviors. The largest differences of friction factor and Nusselt number are 1% and 0.5%, respectively between the largest inner radius (r 0:5 mm) and the smallest one (r 0:2 mm) at Re = 5000. Hence, it can be concluded that the n inner curvature radius r almost has no impact on the heat transfer characteristics of internally longitudinal nned tube. This may be because the blocked core-tube is adiabatic as shown in Fig. 2. 5. Conclusions The present study has numerically performed the investigation of internally nned tube with different lateral n proles by threedimensional model. For S-shape, Z-shape and V-shape ns, lateral n proles have remarkable impact on the friction factor and Nusselt number. The following conclusions can be demonstrated: (1) The Nusselt numbers of S-shape and Z-shape nned tubes are higher than that of V-shape nned tube. And the friction factor of V-shape nned tube is the lowest at the studied range of Reynolds number.

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Please cite this article in press as: Q.-W. Wang et al., Effect of lateral n proles on turbulent ow and heat transfer performance of internally nned tubes, Appl. Therm. Eng. (2009), doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2009.03.016