Presented by: Dr Saharudin Hamzah Senior Researcher / Senior Consultant SIRIM Berhad. Berhad.

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OVERVIEW OF AIDC TECHNOLOGIES

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Introduction (Automatic Identification Data Capture)

Bar Code Biometric Finger Print

Voice

OCR

AutoAuto-ID

.?

Retina

Smart Cards

RFiD

AIDC is everywhere Retail Manufacturing Distribution Healthcare Financial Military

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Introduction (Automatic Identification Data Capture)

WHAT is the impact of the AIDC technologies? WHERE Business - Industry sectors WHY - Commerce sectors HOW - Service sectors WHEN IT - Network infrastructure - Database structure and storage - Data processing - Data communication Track & Trace of products (traceability) Business Effectiveness & Profitability Increased demand on IT related products (PC & peripherals)
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Introduction (Automatic Identification Data Capture)

WHAT the technologies are used WHERE - Tracking and traceability - Escort information WHY - Product and item identification HOW - Transaction and services support WHEN - Access control - Sortation - Automation support

The AIDC technologies are used in the areas that requires automation or semi-auto in handling the products or services.
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Introduction (Automatic Identification Data Capture)

WHAT using AIDC (the benefits) WHERE - Accuracy effectiveness of data captured WHY HOW - Speed and immediacy of data WHEN data transfer to information management system - Economics fast return of investment customers satisfaction & confidence - Versatility convenient
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Introduction (Automatic Identification Data Capture)

WHAT WHERE WHY HOW WHEN Identifying opportunities for applying the technologies - Efficient solution - Management of information - Capacity to handle goods - Throughput - Inventory space - Personnel - Reliability - Security - Transportation - Sortation

Analysis of data-handling processes is a significant key to identifying appropriate applications and to establishing the requirements that have to be fulfilled in realising an effective AIDC approach
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Introduction (Automatic Identification Data Capture)

WHAT should you use the technologies? - Basic principles and technologies of AIDC WHERE to acquire data for use in computer based processing - The scope and opportunities for applying AIDC WHY to gather data for use in computer based processing - Identify, through process assessment, opportunities within your company HOW consideration for improvement by applying new technology WHEN - Identify needs for open systems development and numbering, including
attention to EAN.UCC numbering system and support standards for data carriers legally protection Identify relevant standards that are necessary or can assist in defining effective solutions is it relevant to the applications Develop or acquire expertise with in your company to prioritize opportunities and determine feasibility and economic justification for using AIDC understanding of the process requirements and technology Select suppliers capabilities to handle your requirements Develop or acquire expertise to apply and use AIDC systems effective integration into existing system

A step-by-step guide to getting started using AIDC

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Introduction (Automatic Identification Data Capture)

Bar Code Biometric Finger Print

Voice

OCR

AutoAuto-ID

.?

Retina

Smart Cards

RFiD

AIDC is everywhere Retail Manufacturing Distribution Healthcare Financial Military

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Typical AIDC System

WAN
Central

LAN
Local Server

Standalone

Database

Scanner

(PC)

High performance PC Centralized Database Able to TX/RX information to/from central database Communication media: Cable Wireless

Normally is a PC Store database for a specific regions Able to TX/RX information to/from central database Communication media: Cable Wireless Support multiple scanners RFiD Smartcard Magnetic Card Barcode Etc

Standalone/Network system Embedded system Industrial PC uController based hardware Control other devices such as; LCD Keypad Communication devices etc Temporarily store small database

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Barcode
The oldest (past 20 yrs) and be the best known and most successful to date of the AIDC technology. The most common examples in use today are: UPC/EAN, Code 128, Code 39, Code 93, and Interleaved 2 of 5. Typical data content capacity varies from 8 to 30 characters with some barcodes restricted to numerals only, and others using full alpha-numeric information. Linear barcodes are used in many applications where the use of a simple numeric or alpha-numeric code can provide the key to a database of "products". The most obvious limitation is the amount of data that can be stored in a linear barcode.

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Barcode Structure
Quite Zone
Non-printed zones immediately before and after the barcode. Quiet zone be at least 10 times the narrow bar width (< 10 x, barcode become unreadable)

Start/Stop character
A pattern of bars and spaces that provides the scanner with start and stop reading instructions

Data (Message)
The bar patterns which are represented as data by numbers or letters are placed from the left. ("0", "1", & "2 represent the data "012".

Check Digit
A digit included within a barcode whose value is used to perform a mathematical check that ensures the accuracy of the read. It is placed immediately after the barcode data

Specification Standard of Bar Code

Barcodes consist of bars and spaces of different width. The standard ratio is: NB:WB = NS:WS = 1:2.5

Label Length
Length of label including left and right quiet zones. A read cannot be made if the quiet zones are not large enough

Label Height
The height must be at least 2 mm (0.08") for a single line option and at least 5 mm (0.20") for a raster option

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Modulo 10 (ECC)
Country Code 1 2 digits MAL 0 1 Manufacturer Code 2 3 5 digits CADBURY 4 5 1 3 Item Code 5 5 digits CHOCOLATE 6 0 Check Digit 5 1 digit x

The check digit is calculated by a modulo 10 algorithm from all the other digits in the Global Trade Item Number (GTIN) and its applicable to GTIN-13, GTIN-8, GTIN-12 and Interleaved Two-of-Five (ITF) or GTIN-14 barcode. The type of barcode used by the supplier must be registered with GS1 Malaysia and before ordering film masters or barcode stickers, the suppliers must check the check digit number. Modulo-10 (error check character) calculation. Assume the barcode data is 1 01234 51356 0 1. 2 + 4 + 6 = 12 2. 12 * 3 = 36 3. 1 + 1 + 3 + 5 + 1 + 3 + 5 = 19 4. 36 + 19 = 55 5. 55 + X = 60 (the nearest equal or higher multiple of 10) Therefore X = 5 (checksum)
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Barcode Implementation
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Get a GS1 Company Prefix Assign Numbers Select a Bar Code Printing Method Select a 'Primary' Scanning Environment Select a Bar Code Pick a Bar Code Size Format the Bar Code Text Pick a Bar Code Colour Pick the Bar Code Placement

10. Build a Bar Code Quality Plan

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Barcode Encoding
ASCII CHARACTER 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Start Stop WIDTH ENCODING 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 BARCODE ENCODING 100100100100 100100100110 100100110100 100100110110 100110100100 100110100110 100110110100 100110110110 110100100100 110100100110 110 1001

Rules 0 Narrow Bar Wide Space = 100 1 Wide Bar Narrow Space = 110

RESULT =

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Advantages & Disadvantages

Speed
A bar code label of twelve characters can be read in approximately the time it takes a keyboard operator to make two keystrokes

Duplicate
A bar code label can be easily duplicated

Line-of-sight Cannot work in harsh environment

Oily, Moisture, Dirty, Corrosive, Vibration, etc

Accuracy
Barcode systems approach one error in every 3,000,000 characters, and with laser technology, they approach one error in 70 million entries.

Data Integrity
Keyboard Entry OCR Scanning Barcode scanning (Code 39) 10,000 300 1

Ease of Implementation
Operators of bar code scanners can learn to use the equipment effectively in less than 15 minutes. System costs are lower than other means of data entry because of the existence of interfacing hardware and software. Barcode labels can cost less than a penny apiece, are easily read by thousands of commonly available devices, and can be printed universally.

Cost Effectiveness
Barcode systems create value not only by saving time, but also by preventing costly errors.

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2D Barcode
A new growth area in the world of barcode is the two-dimensional versions. Examples of the three types of 2D barcodes include PDF417, Code 49 Code 16K (stacked), Code One, MaxiCode, Data Matrix, Aztec Code, QR Code (matrix), and Super Code (packet). 2D barcodes have a major advantage over linear barcodes, they can store vast amounts of data in a very small space. For example; symbols can store as much as 7000 numeric only or 4200 alpha-numeric characters. The disadvantage of the 2D barcodes is that a special scanner is needed such as a vision based scanner or a rastering laser scanner to read the data.

Example: PDF417 Data is encoded in both the horizontal and vertical dimensions. A special barcode generation software is needed to generate the 2D barcode.

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Magnetic Card
The first magnetic stripe cards were used in the early 1960s on transit tickets and in the 1970s for bank cards. Since then the use of magnetic stripes continues to grow. Credit cards were first issued in 1951, but it wasn't until the establishment of standards in 1970 that the magnetic stripe became a factor in the use of the cards. The uses for magnetic stripe technology have grown considerably. Credit card sized plastic card, a thin paper ticket or an airline boarding card Today with an infra-structure that encompasses every store in the high street giving them an ability to read the information on the magnetic stripe, the technology is everywhere. The limitations is, the amount of information that can be stored. Magnetic stripe technology provides the ideal solution to many aspects of our life. It is very inexpensive and readily adaptable to many functions. The standardization of high co-activity for the financial markets has provided the industry with a new lease on life. This coupled with the advent of the security techniques now available means that many applications can expect to be using magnetic stripe technology for the next ten to twenty years.

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Magnetic Card
3 tracks for magnetic cards Track 1 holds the cardholders name, account Track 2 is most commonly used ATM, and credit card Track 3 for data read and written data on it Data in magnetic stripes is in digital format
Bit Density Character encoding (including Parity bit) 7 bits/char 5 bit/char 5 bit/char Information Content (inc. control character) 79 alpha numeric char 40 alpha numeric char 107 alpha numeric char

Track 1 Track 2 Track 3

210 bits/inch 75 bits/inch 210 bits/inch

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Advantages & Disadvantages

Data can be modified or rewritten High data capacity in relation to bar codes Add security since it is not in human readable form Immune to contamination with dirt, water, oil, moisture, etc No moving components, physically robust Well established standards ISO 7811 No consumables required for writing or rewriting It doesn't work in a distance, thus requiring close contact to the reader Data can be damaged by stray magnetic fields Since it's not in human readable form can be a disadvantage in some applications

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Optical Character Recognition (OCR)

Definition:
OCR is the process of using computer systems to translate images of typewritten text into machine-editable text, converts texts in image form into its digital equivalent For example, OCR Enables you to scan a book or a magazine article; feed the text in the scanned image into an electronic file; and edit the file using a word processor.

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Optical Character Recognition (OCR)

OCR was first used in 1960s Special fonts were developed readable by both people & machine. The advantages: high density of information and the possibility of reading data visually. OCR is used in production, service, bank (cheque) and administrative. The disadvantages: high price of readers

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OCR - Procedures
1. Learning - (from an image file and corresponding text file or learning interactively 2. Extraction and isolation of individual characters from an image 3. Determination of the properties of the extracted characters 4. Comparison of the properties of the learned and extracted characters 5. Additional operations on extracted characters if no good match is found

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OCR - Common Problems

OCR is commonly accurate when the text is sharply printed. The accuracy ranging from 90 99%. OCR typically fails to recognize the text when; The characters are broken or not properly printed,. Pages with complex formatting, smudges, and unusual fonts Mixing character sets The character sets of certain languages Spelling mistakes Low resolutions or the original physical documents are stained

Mathematic symbols Boxes

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Advantages & Disadvantages of OCR

Image processing gives users immediate access to a copy of an original document. Image processing eliminates the cost of time spent searching for lost documents. OCR generally reduces cost and error-prone manual data entry. Image processing eliminates the need for physical storage No OCR product is perfect. NonEnglish text, mathematical or chemical symbols, and other special characters often unsuccessfully translated Good OCR software packages, and good hardware, such as scanners, can be very expensive. Expanding an application's dictionary to include specialized terms can become difficult, time consuming, slower production time, higher costs, and the need for more staff

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Smart Card Definition

What is smart card ? A plastic card with an embedded microprocessor chip What is the essence of a smart card ? Authentication Data storage Validation Self-lock mechanism

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Smart Card
First patent was filed in France in 1974 and the first cards were used in France in 1982. The smart card provided the mechanism to move that verification off line, reducing the cost without sacrificing any of the security. Smart cards are credit card-sized plastic cards that contain relatively large amounts of information in an imbedded micro-chip. There are two types of smart card: Memory card - used to store information. Microprocessor card or true "smart" card where a microprocessor is embedded in the card along with memory. Secure environment. The smart card comes in two flavors - the contact version and the contactless version. Both types of card have the microprocessor embedded in the card. The advantage of the contactless system is there are no contacts to wear out, no chance of an electric shock coming through the contacts and destroying the integrated circuit, and the knowledge that the components are completely embedded in the plastic with no external connections. The disadvantage to this is that the card and reader are more sophisticated and hence are more expensive. The biggest disadvantage today with smart cards is the cost to create a smart card system. The biggest advantage is of course the amount of data that can be stored and the security that can be built into the card.

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Memory Card
Memory cards have no sophisticated processing power and cannot manage files dynamically. In all memory cards you read and write to a fixed address on the card. There are three primary types of memory cards: 1) Straight
Store data and have no data processing capabilities. Lowest cost per bit for user memory like a floppy disks Easily duplicated and cannot be tracked by on-card identifiers.

2) Protected
Have built-in logic to control the access to the memory of the card. Referred to as Intelligent Memory cards - write protect some or all of the memory array. Not easily duplicated but can possibly be impersonated by hackers.

3) Stored Value
Is designed for the specific purpose of storing value - disposable or rechargeable. Permanent security measures at the point of manufacture (password keys/hard-coded) Memory arrays on these devices are set-up as decrements or counters application such as a telephone card.

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Smart Card - Block

S E C U R I T Y
Data and / or Program Storage

Contact

Microprocessor

Contactless

S E C U R I T Y

Operating System

Antenna
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Smart Card - Physical

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Smart Card

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Smart Card

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Smart Card Memory Structure

Manufacturer code (Serial number) Data Block (read/write area) Security Block - key A or B

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Smart Card - Benefits

Smart card contain unique features that bring many benefits to both consumers and issuing organizations. Security
Chip is tamper-resistant, physical protection * It is hard to open a smart card and access data in it * It is not impossible, but is much harder than tempering workstations or PC Information stored on the card can be PIN code and/or read-write protected Capable of performing encryption Each smart card has its own, unique serial number Capable of processing, not just storing information Smart cards can communicate with computing devices through a smart card reader Information and applications on smart card can be updated without having to issue new cards Flexible Open Platform support different types of applications Smart cards provide a potable A user can carry a smart card, physically separating it from the outside world Insert/swipe smart card to the reader for payment No counting and balancing cash receipts, it directly to the bank

Intelligence

Convenience

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Biometrics
What is a biometrics ? Biometrics is the authentication of a person identity by verifying his unique physiological or behavioral characteristic. Why biometrics ? - Card can be stolen, lost, duplicated and left at home - Password or Pins No can be forgotten and shared - Biometrics can authenticate you as you
Facial Scan
15%

Signature Scan
3%

Finger
45%

Voice Scan
10%

10% 12%

50%

Iris Scan
6%

Retina Scan
2%
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Hand Scan
20%

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Biometrics Fingerprint In Brief

Fingerprint Sensor

Information to be EXTRACTED
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Summary of AIDC
Barcode
Data (bytes) Data Density Readability Readability by people Dirt/Damp Cover Direction or Position Degradation Purchase Cost Operating Cost Modification Speed Read Distance
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OCR
1-100 Low Good Simple Very High Total Failure Low Limited Medium Low Slight Low ~3s <1 cm

Voice
High Expensive Simple Total Failure Very High Possible Very Low >5s 0-50 cm

Biometric
High Expensive Difficult Total Failure Very High Impossible Very Low >5-10s Direct Contact

Smart Card
16-64 k Very High Good Impossible Possible Total Failure Unidirectional Contacts Low Medium Impossible Low ~4ms *Direct Contact

RFiD
16-64 k Very High Good Impossible No Influence No Influence No Influence No Influence Medium Impossible Very Fast < 3ms 0-5 m

1-100 Low Good Limited Very High Total Failure Low Limited Very Low Low Slight Low ~4s 0-50 cm

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