Connection Queries of A Wind Farm in Australia

Connection queries of the
Emu Downs wind farm

Willi Christensen & David T. Johnsen
Short circuit and load flow

studies of a wind farm in Australia
Construction of the EMU Downs Wind Farm begins soon. / SNWA
Connection queries of the Emu Downs wind farm
Willi Christiansen & David T. Johnsen
Preface and Acknowledgements

This report has been submitted to rsted-DTU, Section of Electric power Engineering, Technical
University of Denmark (DTU). It has been carried out within the areas of electrical power
engineering and implementation of wind power. The issue of implementing wind power is of
current interest because the amount of installed wind power capacity increases rapidly worldwide.
We, David T. Johnsen and Willi Christiansen, have carried out this project in a co-operation with
the consulting company Balslev A/S and rsted-DTU, section of electric power engineering (DTU).
It was developed during an internship in Balslev as a part time job in autumn 2005.
We are thankful to our supervisor Arne Hejde Nielsen, rsted-DTU and Henrik Rosenberg, project
manager in Balslev. A special thank also to Jarle Nedkvitne, whose help and guidance has been
essential in the understanding of electrical power queries.
Glostrup, the 12th of December 2005,
_____________________________________
David T. Johnsen, david.t.johnsen@gmail.com
__________________________________
Willi Christiansen, wchristiansen@gmx.de
Summary
This report contains short circuit studies and load flow analyses. The studies concern the upcoming
wind farm in Emu Downs in Australia.
The short circuit studies performed on the Emu Downs wind farm include the contributions from
both the wind farm production and the transmission network. The short circuit studies show the
maximum fault current and thereby they define which physical requirements the components within
the network have to fulfil. Furthermore, the short circuit studies provide information about the
design of the protection system of the network.
A significant property of the network is found during the short circuit analyses. The current capacity
of the machine transformer limits the maximum current contribution from the network. This current
capacity has a value, which is reached under high and low load conditions of the transmission
network. This means that the contribution of the network to the fault current at the low side of the
machine transformer is an approx. constant value.
The load flow analyses include all major impedances and equipments within the wind distribution
system. It demonstrates the suitability of the collector system cabling and provides actual loadings
under extreme operating conditions. The overload limits are not reached in any operating condition.
The results also demonstrate that the voltages can be maintained within the design limits over a
range of load conditions in the network. The collector system losses are calculated and found to be
within reasonable values.
Finally analyses of the reactive power regulation of the network are performed. A suggestion to a
decentralized control system, based on reactive power controllers in every wind turbine, is
presented.
I. Introduction.....................................................................................................................................4
II. Presentation of the wind distribution system Emu Downs ........................................................5
II. 1. Draft sketch ..............................................................................................................................5
II. 2. Wind distribution system parameters.......................................................................................5
II. 2. 1. Cables................................................................................................................................6
II. 2. 2. Generators .........................................................................................................................6
II. 2. 3. Transformers and capacitor banks ....................................................................................6
II. 3. Grid connection of the WDS through two 132kV.....................................................................7
II. 4. Assumptions and consequences................................................................................................8
II. 5. Calculation of the grid impedances .........................................................................................8
III. Short circuit analyses ................................................................................................................10
III. 1. Short circuit analysis scenarios ............................................................................................10
III. 2. Short circuit study results .....................................................................................................10
III. 2. 1. Short circuit study results, peak production ..................................................................11
III. 2. 2. Short circuit study results, minimum load condition.....................................................12
III. 3. Sub-conclusion on the short circuit study.............................................................................14
IV. Load flow analyses .....................................................................................................................16
IV. 1. Load flow conditions .............................................................................................................16
IV. 2. Load flow scenarios ..............................................................................................................17
IV. 3. Load flow study results..........................................................................................................17
IV. 3. 1. Load flow at full production and maximum load..........................................................17
IV. 3. 2. Load flow with the generators switched out and minimum load ..................................20
IV. 4. Regulating the reactive output ..............................................................................................20
IV. 4. 1. Controlling the capacitor banks in every wind turbine .................................................21
IV. 4. 2. Generator properties ......................................................................................................23
IV. 4. 3. Results ...........................................................................................................................23
IV. 4. 4. Discussion and sub-conclusion .....................................................................................26
V. Conclusion....................................................................................................................................27
VI. References...................................................................................................................................29
I. Introduction
This report contains studies of connection queries of upcoming wind farms in Emu Downs,
Australia. The aim of this report consists of different aspects. One purpose is to determine the
technical potential and qualifications of the different technical equipments in the distribution
system, wherein several wind farms are connected. The conclusion is based on the results from
short circuit studies and from load flow analyses.
Another purpose of this report is to examine the possibilities for controlling the reactive power flow
in the wind distribution system by regulating the output of the capacitors at the wind farm.
The report will determine the three phase fault currents on the busses within the distribution
network, wherein the wind turbines are going to be implemented. Furthermore, voltage stability
analyses and overload analyses are made. These studies have the purpose to map out eventually
problems with voltage limitations or with overloads of the components within the network. The
results from this study are finally used in an investigation of the reactive power demand of the
network. A suggestion to how the reactive power can be regulated and controlled will be derived.
II. Presentation of the wind distribution system Emu Downs

The purpose of this chapter is to introduce the physical and geographical construction of the wind
distribution system (WDS) in Emu Downs. The base case example consists of six wind farms,
which are going to be connected to two 132kV feeders (feeder A and feeder B). The two feeders
connect the WDS to the transmission grid. The total number of wind turbines is 48. Each turbine
has an installed capacity of 1.65MW. There are no important load costumers within this WDS.
II. 1. Draft sketch

Following figure shows a draft sketch of the WDS:
Figure II.1, network diagram of the WDS
Figure II.1 shows the structure of the WDS. Bus 9001 and 9002 are the two 132kV feeders (feeder
A and feeder B), bus 91001 and 91002 are in practice the same bus with a circuit breaker in
between. Bus numbers 94001 94006 are six busses, whereon four variable Q-compensators and
two fixed Q-compensators can be installed. According to the manufacturer, the capacitors are not
yet scheduled for production and they are therefore not included in the simulations.
The remaining six busses (92008, 92012, 92024, 92027, 92032 and 92043) are connection busses to
the six wind farms within the WDS. The distances between bus 91001/91002 and the wind farms
vary between 1.6km and 4.5km.
II. 2. Wind distribution system parameters

The purpose of this chapter is to describe the wind distribution system (WDS), where the upcoming
wind farms are going to be connected. The network has been implemented into PSS/E and will be
used as a base case in all the following studies. The base case will be presented and described in this
5
chapter.
II. 2. 1. Cables
The WDS contains of a fixed number of cables (20kV) between the wind turbines and bus 91001 or
bus 91002. The cable type varies depended on the expected maximum load. Furthermore, the
system contains of 48 bundles of 0.69kV cables within the wind turbine tower between the machine
transformer and the generator. Each bundle consists of eight 0.69kV cables. Following table shows
the properties and the total number of the installed cable types within the WDS.
2
Cable type Number Area of surface [mm ]
1
2
3
4
5
6
8
5
33
2
1
48
IRated [A] R[ohm/km] R0 [ohm/km] Q [Ohm/km] Q0 [ohm/km] B [F/km]
300 mm Cu (65 grader)

240 mm2 Al (90 grader)
70 mm2 Al (90 grader 12.5 kV)
570 0.0978
420
0.161
290
0.325
365
0.211
465
0.13
195 0.27735
1.09307
0.177
0.0987
0.109
0.103
0.0966
0.075
3.4010-7
3.0010-7
2.3510-7
2.7110-7
3.3210-7
0.28903 1.9510-7
Table II.1, cable parameters of the WDS system, source ABB.com
Cable type 6 describes the properties of a bundle of cables inside the tower of the wind turbine. The
data presented on Figure II.1 are implemented into the PSS/E case in PU values with respect to the
system base of the simulation (100MVA).
II. 2. 2. Generators
The generator of this type of wind turbine is a normal induction generator and it has been modeled
in a constant P-Q mode. It will consume reactive power during normal operation conditions. The
full load pf given by the operator manual is 0.91. The generator impedances used for the induction
generator model are listed in Table II.2:
WTG Nacelle Generators Generator model without feeder cables
Output voltage
Duty
Rating
6 Pole
MVA
1.805
kV
0.69
Transient
Positive sequence
X
X/R
%
20
6
Negative sequence
X
X/R
%
20
6
Table II.2, generator data
The generator impedances are implemented to PSS/E with respect to the machine base 1.805MVA.
II. 2. 3. Transformers and capacitor banks
The WDS consists of 48 machine transformers and 2 power transformers between the 132kV
transmission voltage and the 20kV voltage. All transformers are modeled as two winding
transformers and the impedance data are obtained from the manufacturers data.
The machine transformer data are given in the following tables:
WTG tower base transformers Impedances on 1.8MVA base

Winding
Rating
Primary
Winding
Secondary
Winding
Positive Sequence
R
X
Negative Sequence
R
X
Zero Sequence
R
X
PrimarySecondary
MVA
1.8
kV
0.69
kV
22
%
0.597
%
5.97
%
0.597
%
5.97
%
0.597
%
5.97
Table II.3, data of the machine transformers
In Table II.3, impedance data values of 6% and a X/R ratio of 10 are estimated according to typical
transformers of this size.
The data of the power transformers in the substation are implemented into PSS/E with the following
data:
Substation power transformers Impedances on 42 MVA base
Winding
PrimarySecondary
Rating
MVA
42
Primary
Winding
kV
132
Secondary
Winding
kV
22
Positive Sequence
R
X
%
%
0.51
12.1
Negative Sequence
R
X
%
%
0.51
12.1
Zero Sequence
R
X
%
%
1.12
11.64
Table II.4, data of the substation power transformers
The impedance data on Table II.4 are provided by the manufacturer.

To avoid an eventually demand for reactive power, every turbine has static capacitor banks
installed. The capacitor banks are installed on the low voltage side of the machine transformers in
the bottom of the tower.
The static capacitor banks are modeled as variable shunt capacitors with steps of 60kVAr. The
variability can be used to achieve a pf between 0.95 leading to lagging. In the short circuit analyses
the capacitors are used to achieve a pf of approx. 1 at the 22kV side of the machine transformers.
Switchgear has not been included in the modeling, because the influence of the switchgear on the
results is insignificant.
II. 3. Grid connection of the WDS through two 132kV

Two Thvenin Models have been provided for the grid connection. The fault currents are provided
for normal and minimum fault levels at the EMU downs 132kV Substation. The grid connection is
modelled as typical generators and loads in the PSS/E utility. The grid operator has provided
following information about this connection:
Values of the symmetrical fault current:

o Maximum load condition
2.64kA for feeder A
2.7kA for feeder B
o Minimum load condition
1.31kA for feeder A
1.36kA for feeder B
The correlation between R and X of the transmission grid is given as approx.:

o 4.66R = X (Maximum load condition)
o 2.71R = X (Minimum load condition)
The system operator provides this information and it will be used in the determination of the load
situation of the transmission grid. Before the grid impedances are derived, the following
assumptions are made:
II. 4. Assumptions and consequences

The first assumption is the simplification of the grid outside the wind distribution system (WDS).
Information about the underlying grid outside Emu Downs is not available, therefore two (large)
generators and two (large) loads are connected to each feeder (feeder A and feeder B) as
replacement for the actual grid. The short circuit currents of the generators are adjusted to the
known fault currents on feeder A an B. This assumption makes it possible to induce faults in the
WDS, which contains fault current contributions from both, the WDS itself and from the underlying
grid. The drawback is that it is not possible to include the responses of the transmission grid during
a fault.
The transmission grid will therefore be simulated as one generator and one load on every feeder
(feeder A and feeder B). The voltage level is 132kV and the impedance of the network will be
determined depended on the size of the fault current.
It is assumed that the fault currents on both feeders are mutual dependent of each other.
Consequently, the circuit breaker between bus 91001 and 91002 (see Figure II.1) has to be open
during the fault simulation. The breaker may only be closed when one of the transformers between
the 22kV and the 132kV systems is disconnected.
Furthermore, it is assumed in the following calculations of the fault impedances that no larger
power plant is located close to feeder A and B. This assumption allows a derivation of the grid
impedance independent of the transient and sub transient impedance in the generating units within
the transmission system. This assumption is not 100% correct. Due to the assumed long distances
between feeder A or feeder B and the closest large power plant and due to very short time constants
of the transient and sub transient impedances, the assumption becomes acceptable.
II. 5. Calculation of the grid impedances

The impedance of the grid connection on feeder A during maximum load can be determined to:
Z GR =
U
132k
28.86
=
= 28.86 =
pu = 0.1657 pu
(132k ) 2
3 I sc
3 2.64k
100 M
This means that the grid impedance seen from feeder A is 0.1657pu due to the fault current of
2.64kA.
Furthermore the grid operator informed that the relation between X and R under maximum load
condition is:
X = 4.66 R
The impedance can then be expressed by:
Z max A = 0.1657 = (4.66 R) 2 + R 2 R = 0.03476 Z max A = 0.03476 + j 0.16199 pu
8
The same method is used to determine the required impedances of the transmission grid during
minimum load conditions. Following table shows the results of the impedances during symmetrical
fault calculations (3 phase faults):
Sbase
Ubase
Zbase
100MVA
132kV
174.24
X/R
Maximum
Minimum
Ifault [A]
Zfault [pu]
4.66
2.71
Rfault [pu] Xfault [pu]
Maximum
Feeder A
Feeder B
2640 0.165677 0.034762 0.161989

2700 0.161995 0.033989 0.158389
Minimum
Feeder A
Feeder B
1310 0.333883 0.070054 0.326451

1360 0.321608 0.067478 0.314449
Table II.5, impedances of the grid during different load conditions
These grid impedances can now be used to calculate the short circuit currents within the WDS
during symmetrical fault events.
III. Short circuit analyses

The aim of this chapter is to simulate the upcoming wind farm Emu Downs in PSS/E, for
determining the impact of faults in the distribution system. The load scenarios are sectionalized into
three sub scenarios, bringing the total number of simulations up to six. The short circuit currents
and the ancillary Thvenin equivalent are calculated for every bus within the wind distribution
system (WDS).
The short circuit analyses will be used in the planning and designing of the relay adjustments within
the WDS.
III. 1. Short circuit analysis scenarios

The three different sub scenarios are defined from the assumption that feeder A and feeder B cannot
operate in parallel. Therefore, it is necessary to isolate the situations where feeder A or B are not
operating and the breaker between bus 91001 and 91002 is closed.
As mentioned, the fault scenarios are based on two generating situations. The first is when both, the
wind farm and the grid generators are producing at its absolute maximum. In this case, it is possible
to determine the size and location of the strongest currents. The second case is the minimum
generation situation wherein the wind turbine generators (WTGs) are switched out and wherein the
grid generators operate at minimum load.
The six different short circuit scenarios are listed in the following Table III.1:
Maximum Load
Case Name
AB-max
Operating conditions
Feeder A out, Feeder B out,

Feeder A out, Feeder B out,
Feeder A and
Feeder A and
breaker 91001- breaker 91001breaker 91001- breaker 91001B operating
B operating
91002 closed
91002 closed
91002 closed
91002 closed
Fault
currents
at
2640/2700
9001/9002 [Amps]
WTG Production
100 %
[% of inst. capacity]
A-max
Minimum load
B-max
AB-min
A-min
B-min
2640/2700
2640/2700
1310/1360
1310/1360
1310/1360
100 %
100 %
0%
0%
0%
Table III.1, the six short circuit scenarios
For each of the six short circuit scenarios, all busses of interest are faulted separately. The
concurrent current and short circuit power is measured. Furthermore, the Thvenin impedance is
calculated for each fault.
III. 2. Short circuit study results

The table in APPENDIX B.Appendix.A. contains the steady state fault currents for the entire wind
farm. Note that the fault currents on bus 9001 and 9002 are higher than the rated fault current for
the underlying system listed in Table III.1. This is because the original rated fault currents do not
take the influence of the wind farm into account. The measured fault currents on bus 9001 and bus
9002 are therefore the sum of the rated fault current and the wind farm fault current contribution.
10
Due to the transforming of the voltage, the fault currents are stronger in the low voltage area at the
wind turbines. Because of the transformers, the fault currents are analysed for each voltage level.
The 0.69kV area is also divided into the fault currents at the WTG and at the connection point of the
capacitors.
III. 2. 1. Short circuit study results, peak production
The general statistical values for the fault currents at peak production are listed in the following
Table III.2. The overall strongest fault current for each scenario occurs at bus 99227, which is the
low voltage side of the machine transformer at wind turbine number 27. Besides the cable to the
generator, a capacitor is connected to this bus. The size of the largest fault current is 30.2 kA. The
standard deviation of the fault currents in that area is only 191-224. This means that most of the
steady state fault currents in this area are in between 27.5-30.2 kA.
The fault currents at the generator, which are actually faulty within wind turbine tower, are a bit less
strong compared to the faults at the low voltage side of the machine transformer. This is expected
since the cable connecting the generator in the tower to the machine transformer at ground level
damps the fault current. However, the damping factor is only around 5 %.
The fault currents in the 22kV have a standard deviation of approx. 1838 A. Therefore the fault
currents in this area vary more. The maximum fault current is 12953A and the minimum current for
the same case is 7549A.
By comparing the different scenarios, it is obvious that case B causes stronger fault currents than
case A. The reason for this difference is the fault currents of the simulated transmission grid,
wherein the fault currents at feeder B are stronger than the fault currents coming from feeder A.
This condition will of course re-appear in the minimum-load scenarios. Even though the fault
currents in the 22kV are significantly stronger for case A and B than for case AB, the fault currents
in the 0.69kV area are a bit stronger for case AB. The reason for the similarity is the currentcapacity limits of the machine transformer, which only allows 21-22kA to pass. This consideration
is further described in the next chapter. The reason for the slight difference is the angle of the fault
current.
Following table shows the most interesting values of the fault current from the simulation:
Overall
Max fault current [A]
Case AB
30188.71
Case A
29995.065
Case B
29997.511
At bus
99227
99227
99227
Min fault current [A]
3118.27
3345.44
3406.17
At bus
9001
9001
9002
Generator bus (99101-48), 0.69kV

28763.15
28540.00
28543.11
At bus
99127
99127
99127
27795.73
27475.14
27477.87
At bus
99114
99114
99114
Average [A]
28351.87
28057.51
28060.30
Standard deviation
203.13
224.13
224.23
Low voltage side of the machine transformer (99201-48), 0.69

30188.71
29995.07
11
29997.51
At bus
99227
99227
99227
29331.55
29036.92
29039.50
At bus
99214
99214
99214
Average [A]
29798.88
29529.46
29531.88
Standard deviation
191.70
218.01
218.05
9608.82
12921.55
12952.60
At bus
91002
91001
91001
4458.17
4756.33
4761.95
At bus
93014
93014
93014
Average [A]
6454.58
7535.98
7548.93
Standard deviation
1156.05
1832.36
1838.44
22 kV. Area
Table III.2. General statistic values of fault currents during the full-load simulations
III. 2. 2. Short circuit study results, minimum load condition
The general statistical values for the fault currents with the WTGs switched out are listed in Table
III.3. The highest fault current for each scenario occurs at bus 99227, which is the low voltage side
of the machine transformer at wind turbine number 27. The size of the lowest fault current in the
WDS is 2681A.
Figure III.1, an estimated diagram of the machine transformer
The fact that the short circuit (SC) current contribution from the transmission grid is reduced by
approx. 45% (see Table III.1), while the contribution from the WTGs is completely removed, might
lead to the expectation that the fault currents in this case are less than half the size of the currents in
the peak production. Therefore, it might seem odd that the fault currents are still as high as 2/3
compared to the fault currents in the peak production case. By removing the fault current
contribution from the WTG on the low-voltage side of the machine transformer, it becomes possible
to compare the contribution from the 22kV grid during the two load scenarios. An example from
bus 99214 (low voltage side of the machine transformer of WTG number 14), which is associated
with the minimum fault currents, shows that the fault current coming from the 22kV grid is 20.156
kA for the minimum-load scenario and 21.951kA for the full load scenario. This slight difference
appears in spite of the fact that the fault currents at the high voltage side of the machine transformer
are 2.703kA and 4.400kA respectively. The reason for this damping is the properties of the machine
transformer with an installed capacity of only 1.8MVA. A fault induces a voltage drop in the
transformer, Vdrop. This voltage drop will block any incoming current, when it reaches the value of
12
the high-voltage terminals, VH. An image of the estimated transformer diagram can be seen in
Figure III.1. The location of the machine transformer in the WDS is shown in Figure III.2.
The largest possible current to flow through the machine transformer can thereby be defined as
V
I max = H
Z Tr
Ztr p.u, which is the estimated impedance of the machine transformer, is calculated in physical
values:
V
(22kV )2 = 16.13
Z tr = Z tr , p.u . Z base = Z tr , p.u . base = 0.06
S base
1.8MVA
If the assumption is made that VH is set to 1pu then the maximum fault current is
V
22kV 3
I max = H =
= 787 A
Z Tr
16.13
With the transformer ratio the largest possible fault current flowing through the transformer is:
n
22
787 = 25092 A
I max,L = I max,H 1 =
n2 0.69
The assumption that VH = 1p.u is very unlikely because of the severe voltage drop inflicted by a 3phase fault. The actual Imax is therefore likely to be smaller than the Imax calculated in the above
equation. However, it does define the theoretical maximum current capacity of the machine
transformer during steady state simulations. If this information on the Imax is compared to the
measured fault currents, the explanation for the slightly differences in the full-load and the no-load
fault currents is that the transformer reaches its current capacity at the value 21-22kA.
This means that no matter the load situation on the grid (within general limits), the fault
contribution from the grid into the 0.69kV area are always in the size of 20-22kA. A consequence of
this is that the main difference in the fault currents in the 0.69kV area between the two load
scenarios can be defined as the fault current contribution from the WTG.
Figure III.2. The location of the machine transformer.
The minimum fault current in the 22kV area is 2681A. It occurs when only feeder A is connected.
The deviation of the fault currents in the 22kV in this case is close to 500, which gives large
variations of the fault currents in the 22kV area. The reason for this variation is that the 22kV area
consists of several relatively long cables which damps the fault currents form the grid.
Consequently, the minimum fault current occurs at the high voltage terminals of the machine
13
transformer, which is at the end of the 22kV cables. The minimum fault current is used for adjusting
the relays. This report will not be going into the details of setting up relays, but from the
simulations, it can be concluded that it is urgent that the relay opens the ancillary breaker whenever
a current of 2681A occurs.
Overall
Case AB
Case A
Case B
21765.077
21824.034
21841.289
At bus
99227
99227
99227
1431.7715
1428.2548
1469.3069
At bus
9001
9001
9002
Generator bus (99101-48), 0.69 kV

19902.75
19956.06
19978.19
At bus
99127
99127
99127
18370.88
18398.53
18419.56
At bus
99114
99114
99114
Average [A]
19064.75
19105.05
19126.17
Standard deviation
373.13
373.64
374.0749
Low voltage side of the machine transformer (99201-48), 0.69 kV

21765.08
21824.03
21841.29
At bus
99227
99227
99227
20156.33
20191.15
20209.69
At bus
99214
99214
99214
Average [A]
20854.38
20901.60
20919.05
Standard deviation
408.18
409.10
409.11
4826.62
4764.61
4815.20
At bus
91002
91001
91001
2702.95
2681.31
2702.58
At bus
93014
93014
93014
Average [A]
3510.62
3491.41
3522.34
Standard deviation
501.62
495.56
503.07
22 kV. Area
Table III.3. General statistic values of fault currents during the no-load simulations
The minimum fault current on the generator bus is 18370 A.
III. 3. Sub-conclusion on the short circuit study

The worst-case fault level occurs in case AB during the maximum load situation. The fault current
is close to 30kA and occurs at the low voltage side of the machine transformer on bus 99227. The
fault current deviation in this area is only 218. This means that fault currents at the low voltage side
of the transformer terminals are expected to be around 30kA in any radial within the WDS. The
associated fault current in the tower is approx. 5% smaller.
Fault currents flowing into the 0.69 kV system will have the size of 20-22kA no matter the load
situation. This is shown to be a consequence of the limited current capacity of the machine
transformer.
14
The minimum fault occurs at bus 93014 in the 22kV area when the load in the grid is minimal, the
WTGs are switched out and only feeder A is connected. The size of the fault current is 2681. The
minimum current on the generator bus is 18370.
15
IV. Load flow analyses

IV. 1. Load flow conditions
The load flow conditions during the two main load scenarios are modelled. The purpose of this
examination is to determine the quality of the WDS system during steady state and to ensure that
the system operates according to a standard set up. Since the active current is running out of the
system, the only main difference between case AB, case A and case B is the load on the 132/22kV
transformer. For this reason, only case AB is simulated.
The standard operating parameters of the system are set to be in the area of:
1. Voltage levels should be within the range of 0.95p.u. to 1.08p.u.
2. When in subject to load, the current flowing through the cables should not exceed 90% of
the rated current.
3. The losses in the system should be reasonable.
4. The setting of the auto-tapping transformer has to ensure that the losses in the system are
kept low while at the same time, the voltages are kept well within the range mentioned in the
first statement. Suggestions on the transformer settings will be made.
5. The capacitors at the wind turbine should be set up, so that the power factor at the
connection point of the WDS is as close to unity as possible at all time.
The last statement requires a regulating system for the capacitor banks. Since there is no
information on the system controlling the capacitors, it is assumed that they can obtain unity power
factor at the 22kV terminals of the machine transformer.
Unity power factor at the machine transformer results in a total reactive power consumption of the
WDS of about 10MVAr at full production. This consumption is due to losses caused by the exiting
current in the transformer. The consumption of each area is listed in Table IV.3. The size and the
number of steps of the capacitor banks at the wind turbine permits a unity power factor at the WDS
connection point at all production schemes. It is not possible, with the current set up, to regulate the
capacitors according to bus 91001 or 9001, because these busses are not observable for the
capacitors. However, this problem can be solved by determining the power factor at the WDS
connection point and hence to regulate the power factor at the 22kV terminals of the machine
transformer to ensure a WDS, which is reactive power neutral.
The last part of the load flow chapter contains information of the basics in capacitor controlling and
suggestions on how to solve the reactive power demand within the WDS. Furthermore, a model
with the ability to control and regulate the capacitors is designed.
16
IV. 2. Load flow scenarios

The limit checking in the load flow analyses requires a system, which operates at its limits. It is
therefore reasonable to re-use the minimum- and maximum load cases used in the short circuit
studies.
IV. 3. Load flow study results

The detailed list of the load flow result is enclosed in Appendix.B. Only the case summary and the
most important values are listed in the report. The result for the maximum production case includes
the voltage, the angle, the generator/shunt data, the power flow, the current flow, the ratings and the
losses. Since there is no active power production within the WDS in the minimum production case,
there is no significant current or power flow either. Therefore, only the voltage is listed for the
minimum production case.
IV. 3. 1. Load flow at full production and maximum load
The first analysis of the load flow situation in the WDS concentrates on the maximum load
scenario.
IV. 3. 1. 1. Out of limits voltages examination
The busses with the 10 highest voltages are listed in the following table.
BUS
99135
99134
99138
99146
99137
99147
99145
99136
99148
99144
BASE V.
0.69
0.69
0.69
0.69
0.69
0.69
0.69
0.69
0.69
0.69
V(PU)
V(kV)
1.047
1.047
1.0465
1.0462
1.046
1.0455
1.0445
1.045
1.0445
1.0435
0.722
0.722
0.722
0.722
0.722
0.721
0.721
0.721
0.721
0.72
Table IV.1, the 10 highest voltages
It can be observed from Table IV.1 that no voltages exceed the maximum allowable voltage level of
1.08. Further, it can be mentioned that no voltages are below 1.0p.u. The maximum voltage of
1.047pu is far lower than the maximal limit.
IV. 3. 1. 2. Line and transformer overloads examination
By sorting out the branches and transformers with the highest loads, it can be observed that all the
0.69 cables connecting the generator to the machine transformer are stressed beyond 90%. The two
main 132/22 transformers are also stressed beyond 90%. The machine transformers are operating at
approx. 90% and they are not listed in the following table.
None of the branches in the 22kV area are operating above the stated 90%. The dimensioning of the
cables in the tower must include considerations on limited space, weight and high cost. An over
dimensioned tower cable is therefore undesirable. The fact that the cables are running at 94-97% of
17
the rated current-capacity is therefore accepted. None of the components are stressed beyond their
rated values.
FROM BUS
BASE KV TO BUS
BASE KV
LOADING RATING PERCENT
99124
0.69
99224
0.69
1.8
1.9
97.1
99123
0.69
99223
0.69
1.8
1.9
97
99121
0.69
99221
0.69
1.8
1.9
96.8
99122
0.69
99222
0.69
1.8
1.9
96.8
99108
0.69
99208
0.69
1.8
1.9
96.6
99112
0.69
99212
0.69
1.8
1.9
96.6
99117
0.69
99217
0.69
1.8
1.9
96.6
99116
0.69
99216
0.69
1.8
1.9
96.5
99105
0.69
99205
0.69
1.8
1.9
96.4
99111
0.69
99211
0.69
1.8
1.9
96.4
99118
0.69
99218
0.69
1.8
1.9
96.4
99109
0.69
99209
0.69
1.8
1.9
96.3
99119
0.69
99219
0.69
1.8
1.9
96.3
99120
0.69
99220
0.69
1.8
1.9
96.3
99104
0.69
99204
0.69
1.8
1.9
96.2
99110
0.69
99210
0.69
1.8
1.9
96.1
99127
0.69
99227
0.69
1.8
1.9
96
99103
0.69
99203
0.69
1.8
1.9
95.9
99113
0.69
99213
0.69
1.8
1.9
95.8
99126
0.69
99226
0.69
1.8
1.9
95.8
99106
0.69
99206
0.69
1.8
1.9
95.7
99107
0.69
99207
0.69
1.8
1.9
95.7
99125
0.69
99225
0.69
1.8
1.9
95.7
99131
0.69
99231
0.69
1.8
1.9
95.6
99115
0.69
99215
0.69
1.8
1.9
95.5
99102
0.69
99202
0.69
1.8
1.9
95.4
99114
0.69
99214
0.69
1.8
1.9
95.4
99130
0.69
99230
0.69
1.8
1.9
95.4
99101
0.69
99201
0.69
1.8
1.9
95.3
99129
0.69
99229
0.69
1.8
1.9
95.3
99128
0.69
99228
0.69
1.8
1.9
95.2
99132
0.69
99232
0.69
1.8
1.9
95
99133
0.69
99233
0.69
1.8
1.9
94.9
99143
0.69
99243
0.69
1.8
1.9
94.9
99140
0.69
99240
0.69
1.8
1.9
94.8
99141
0.69
99241
0.69
1.8
1.9
94.7
99142
0.69
99242
0.69
1.8
1.9
94.6
99139
0.69
99239
0.69
1.8
1.9
94.5
99144
0.69
99244
0.69
1.8
1.9
94.5
99145
0.69
99245
0.69
1.8
1.9
94.4
99148
0.69
99248
0.69
1.8
1.9
94.4
99136
0.69
99236
0.69
1.8
1.9
94.3
99147
0.69
99247
0.69
1.8
1.9
94.3
99135
0.69
99235
0.69
1.8
1.9
94.2
99137
0.69
99237
0.69
1.8
1.9
94.2
18
99138
0.69
99238
0.69
1.8
1.9
94.2
99146
0.69
99246
0.69
1.8
1.9
94.2
99134
0.69
99234
0.69
1.8
1.9
94.1
9002
132
91002
22
38.5
42
91.6
9001
132
91001
22
38.4
42
91.5
Table IV.2, the maximum load of the branches and transformers

IV. 3. 1. 3. Losses and line charging in the wind distribution system
The summary of the system in the following table shows how the losses in the WDS are about
2.52MW during full production. Taking into account that the system consist of several kilometres of
0.69kV cables and even more 22kV cables, the losses are acceptable. The low voltages will always
result in relative high losses.
The details of the losses in the WDS are listed in Appendix.B.
Summary for the full production case:
CONTENT
148 BUSES
154 BRANCHES
48 MACHINES
48 PLANTS
50 TRANSFORMERS
PRODUCTION
FROM GENERATION
FROM SHUNT
FROM LINE CHARGING
TOTAL
MW
MVAR
79.2
0
0
79.2
-38.4
40,6
1.4
3.6
AREA
VOLTAGE LEVEL
132
22
0.7
BRANCHES
4
102
48
MW
0.36
1.06
1.1
LOSSES
MVAR
8.51
5.17
0.3
TOTAL
154
2.52
13.98
CHARGING
MVAR
0
1.4
0
1.4
Table IV.3, Summary of the losses during the full-load simulations
Table IV.3 is a summarisation of the power flows in the full-load case. The reactive losses in the
system are 13.98MVAr. It is primarily the large 42MVA transformers, which absorbs the reactive
power. Note that the reactive consumption of the generators is not included in the measurements of
the losses. The reactive power consumption of the generators is listed together with the active
production as a negative generation. The total demand of the WDS can be found by subtracting
reactive power losses with the reactive power production and line charging. The result is that the
system absorbs 10.38MVAr during full production. This demand can be decreased by adjusting the
capacitors at the generator. A solution on this matter is described in the chapter IV. 4. Regulating
the reactive output.
19
IV. 3. 1. 4. Setting of the 42MVA auto-tapping transformer
During the simulations, the transformer is set to keep the voltage at the 22kV to bus at 1pu. Since
all voltages are within the limits and since the losses are acceptable it is recommended to adjust the
tap-changing transformer to keep the voltage at bus 91001 and 91002 fixed at 1pu.
IV. 3. 2. Load flow with the generators switched out and minimum load
The second analysis of the load flow situation in the WDS concentrates on the no-load scenario.
IV. 3. 2. 1. Out of limits voltages examination
The voltage level examination of the no-load case concentrates on low voltages.
The following table shows the busses with the 10 lowest voltages. No voltage goes below 1.007p.u.
It can hereby be concluded that the voltages in the system are within the desired limits.
BUS
99230
91002
93026
99126
99226
BASE V.
0.69
22
22
0.69
0.69
V(PU)
1.007
1.007
1.007
1.007
1.007
V(KV)
0.695
22.15
22.15
0.695
0.695
Table IV.4 voltage levels for the minimum-load case
Since there is no production in the WDS in this scenario, there will be no significant currents
flowing and no important losses either. The charging of the cables is very limited. Information on
the voltage levels and the summarisation table of the minimum-load scenario are listed in
Appendix.C.
IV. 3. 2. 2. Setting of the 42MVA auto-tapping transformer
During these simulations, the transformer is set to keep the voltage at the 22kV to bus at 1pu. This
seems reasonable since there has been no out of limits voltages.
All together the measurements of the voltage levels, current capacity ratings and internal losses does
not reveal any out of limits situations or components running beyond their rated capacity.
IV. 4. Regulating the reactive output

All the wind turbines within the Emu downs wind distribution system (WDS) have capacitor banks
installed. The purpose of this chapter is to analyse the potential to control the total demand for
reactive power in the distribution network.
It is in previous chapters shown that there are no voltage problems within the WDS. The two power
transformers, which connect the WDS to the transmission system, can therefore tap change with the
aim to support the reactive power control. If the voltage is kept constant at the low voltage side of
the power transformers, the voltage within the WDS is only dependent on the production of the
wind turbines.
20
The reactive power output of each wind turbine can be regulated by switching in and out capacitors.
A description and a suggestion as to how the reactive power output from the wind turbine could be
controlled are formulated in the following.
IV. 4. 1. Controlling the capacitor banks in every wind turbine
In the bottom of every tower of the wind turbines, the capacitor bank is installed. It is placed on the
low voltage side of the machine transformer. Following figure shows the location within the
electrical circuit of wind turbine number 1:
Figure IV.1, physical construction of the generator, the capacitor bank and the machine transformer
Figure IV.1 shows the generator on the left side, the capacitor bank in the middle and the machine
transformer at the right. Bus number 93001 indicates the output terminals of the wind turbine. The
line between bus 99101 and bus 99201 indicates the bundle of eight 0.69kV cables.
The capacitor bank at bus 99201 measures the current and the voltage at the 0.69kV bus from the
wind turbine generator. This information can be used to determine the reactive power demand of the
wind turbine. The variable shunt capacitor bank can vary between 0 kVAr to 1320 kVAr. These
values allow a pf range of 0.95 leading to lagging at the terminals of the wind turbine at the 22kV
bus. The capacitor bank operates with 23 steps each consisting of 60 kVAr.
The only means in adjusting the power factor of the wind turbine is to adjust the capacitor
compensation. Calculations show that the capacitor contribution required for 0.95-power factor is
257kVAr for reactive power input and 1320kVAr for reactive power export. This means that when
the capacitor is producing 257kVAr, then the pf at the terminals of the WTG is 0.95 leading, i.e. the
WTG absorbs reactive power. 1320kVAr on the other hand means a pf of 0.95 lagging.
Following figure shows a suggestion as to how the controller of the capacitor bank could operate:
21
Pf setting
I
In
Q=3UIsin()
Constant
Q
QWind
U
Wind turbine
Qerr_max
Qref +
Qerr
+
QTrans
Q controller
Q2 = U/Xc
Q2
Out
Qerr_min
Q(P)
Machine transformer
Figure IV.2, scheme of the controller for the capacitor bank in every wind turbine
Qwind is the reactive power demand of the induction generator. Qtrans is the reactive power consumed
by the machine transformer. Figure IV.2 shows a scheme of a possible reactive power controller of
the capacitor bank. The control scheme consists of three inputs (measured current, measured voltage
and measured phase angle) and one output (reactive power production of the capacitor bank).
The Input values are used to determine the demand for reactive power in the induction generator
and in the machine transformer. Both demands are dependent on the actual active power output of
the wind turbine. Due to the pf setting a third value of Q can be added depended on which pf the
WTG should have on its terminals. In this report, it is assumed that a pf of 1 is to be achieved, and
therefore the contribution of the pf setting is zero. The WTGs within the WDS could for instance be
requested to produce the reactive power corresponding to the reactive losses within the WDS. In
that case the pf setting should be lagging, i.e. producing reactive power.
The input, Qref, to the reactive power controller is the sum of both demands, Qtrans and Qwind. A
subtraction of the feedback of the output Q2 and Qref gives the reactive power error, Qerr. If this
value is in between 30 kVAr, which is half the size of a capacitor step, then the standard signal n is
forwarded to the Q controller. Alternatively, a signal of either n+1 or n-1 is forwarded.
The Q-controller has 23 steps equivalent to the number of steps in the capacitor bank. If the signal is
n+1, then an additional step of 60 kVAr is switched and visa versa for n-1. If the signal is n, then
the Q controller does not step. The initial value of n is dependent of the pf setting at zero output. In
the stationary state the output Q2 is approx. equal to the sum of the reactive power demand of the
wind turbine generator and of the machine transformer. The variation between the total demand and
the Q2 production is within 30 kVAr.
The system as it is shown on Figure IV.2 represents an ideal system. Due to information of the wind
turbine manufacturer, the controller used in practice has a time delay of 2 minutes. The limit of 30
kVAr is therefore only satisfied in load flow studies, where the time constant of the production
change is above 2 minutes.
The reactive power controller, as it is shown on Figure IV.2, is used in simulations in PSS/E. The
generator has been simulated as a typical induction generator. The following sub section describes
the properties of the generator type used in the simulations.
22
IV. 4. 2. Generator properties
The manufacturer of the wind turbines has provided following information of the pf development of
the generator:
P [%]
Q [kVAr]
pf
0%
480
0
25%
482.3
0.65
50%
489.5
0.86
75%
563.8
0.91
100%
751.8
0.91
Table IV.5, pf properties of the generator
Due to the lack of data points in Table IV.5, an approximation of the P/Q development of the
generator has been made. Following Figure IV.3 shows the assumed correlation between pf, active
and reactive power:
Q production diagram for the induction generator
1
800
0.9
Q demand
600
0.7
0.6
500
0.5
400
0.4
300
0.3
200
0.2
100
0.1
0
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
Reactive power demand [kVAr]
700
0.8
Pf
Pf development
0
100%
Active power production
Figure IV.3, relationship between P and Q of the generator
The information on Figure IV.3 is used in the simulation of the wind turbine during different load
conditions. It has to be pointed out that Figure IV.3 shows an approximately constant relation
between P and Q within the production interval 0% - 50%. This does not seem realistic, but it is the
only information available for this type of generator. The results on Figure IV.3 are therefore used
without corrections. Following section shows the results of the simulations:
IV. 4. 3. Results
The reactive power controller on Figure IV.2 is implemented at the low voltage side of the machine
transformer in every wind turbine. Following figure shows the power output (reactive and active) at
23
the terminals of a given turbine. The pf setting is 1 and the voltage is kept constantly at 22kV at the
connection point to the transmission grid.
Qshunt
1800
1600
Q-demand
1600
1400
P-production
1400
Reactive power demand [kVAr]
1800
1200
1200
1000
1000
800
800
600
600
400
400
200
200
0
-200 0
20
40
60
80
Active power production [kW]
Production scheme for one turbine
100-200
Time [min]
Figure IV.4, production scheme of a single wind turbine
The red line on Figure IV.4 represents the active power production of the wind turbine. It starts at
zero production and rises up to a maximum power output of 1650 kW. At t = 20 min and at t = 55
min (495kW and 1155kW) the production drops by 20%. The production change every fifth minute,
the time constant of the controller is 2 minutes and the measurement sample time is 1 min.
The black line indicates the reactive power demand of the generator. As it was shown on Figure
IV.3, the reactive power demand is approx. constant within the production interval of 0% < P <
50%. Above P = 50% the reactive power demand increases.
The dark-blue line on Figure IV.4 represents the reactive power demand at the 22kV terminals of
the machine transformer. The reason why the dark blue line sometimes drops outside the 30 kVAr
is the time delay of the reactive power controller.
All in all it can be summarized from Figure IV.4 that the pf is well compensated during the entire
production range from 0% to 100% power output. The blue line indicates that there are no serious
reactive power demands within the wind distribution system (WDS) due to disproportionate
reactive power consumptions from one turbine. The summarized demand for reactive power from
all WTGs will be smoothened due to production changes at different times in all wind turbines.
The following figure shows the total reactive power demand of the WDS together with the reactive
power output of all the wind turbines. The production changes of the wind turbines are occurring
24
simultaneously. The operating mode for the EMU downs wind farm is with an open circuit breaker
between bus 91001 and 91002 and with both power transformers operating (case AB). The power
values on Figure IV.5 do therefore represent only 50% of the total production (see the introduction
chapter for more information about case AB).
Production data at bus 9002
Reactive power
produc. [kVAr]
Active power
[kW]
Reactive power production
3000
35000
Active power production

Smoothened Q-production
30000
2000
25000
1000
20000
0
-1000
20
40
60
80
15000
10000
-2000
5000
-3000
0
Time [min]
Figure IV.5, reactive and active power at the connection point to the transmission grid
The red line on Figure IV.5 represents the active power production measured at the connection
point to the transmission grid at bus 9002. The power development at bus 9001 is close to identical.
The maximum production on Figure IV.5 only reaches 80% (80% 31 MW).
The dark blue line represents the reactive power production at the connection point. Due to the fact
that the production changes instantly and concurrently at all 24 turbines, the peak value reaches
3000 kVAr. In reality, this situation would rarely occur, and the mean value would be way less.
The light blue line approximates the smoothened reactive power production. It is just about a
constant drop down to approx. -5000 kVAr at full power production. This value is caused by
reactive power losses within the WDS (primarily reactive losses in the power transformer). The
wind turbines are operating at pf 1.
A solution on how to neglect the reactive power demand is to add a value to the Qref on Figure IV.2.
This value should be dependent of the power output from each wind turbine. The summation of the
total reactive power production should then become zero at the connection point. This simulation is
not presented in this report due to time limitations. But due to the fact that the curve of the reactive
power on Figure IV.5 is approx. constant declining, a variable value dependent on the active power
production should be added to the reactive power controller within every wind turbine.
25
IV. 4. 4. Discussion and sub-conclusion
A suggestion on how to implement a relatively simple reactive power controller is given. The main
condition is a feedback within the controller and qualitative measurements of the current, the
voltage and the phase shift between current and voltage. The suggested solutions are based on the
assumption that there are no problems with high voltage within the WDS. This is the result of the
previous sub-section Out of limits voltages examination
Furthermore it is demonstrated how the reactive power output from a wind turbine can be regulated
to ensure a fixed pf setting. The same is shown for the total demand for reactive power within the
wind farm.
In the simulation, a problem occurs due to the relatively large time constant of the reactive power
controller. The manufacturer has provided information, saying that the time constant can be up to 2
minutes. This large value can lead to transitory demands for reactive power at the connection point
to the transmission grid.
In the simulation, the transient value is up to 3000 kVAr, while the demand is decreasing constantly
down to 5000 kVAr at rated power. This means that the worst-case transient causes an instantly
change of the reactive power production up to 3000 kVAr. This value seems too high. A method to
decrease it is by setting the time constant to zero (which is practical impossible) or by limiting the
production gradients (curtailment). If the total production gradient is within limits (lower than the
20%/2min like in the simulation), then the transient value of the reactive power demand can be kept
down.
The process of limiting the production gradients is an inconvenient procedure. It is on the other
hand important to remember that the value of 3000 kVAr is the worst-case scenario (and
unrealistic). Only when the production changes simultaneously in all wind turbines, then this worstcase scenario occurs. This would rarely happen, which means that the mean reactive power demand
of all wind turbines is more likely to be a differentiable curve.
Exactly here lies a big advantage of controlling the reactive power decentralized. If the reactive
power is controlled individually and if the changes of the demand for reactive power are within
limits, then the summarized value of the reactive power demand is controllable.
It can be concluded, that a simple suggestion to how a reactive power controller can be
implemented in every turbines has been presented. The summation of 48 independently controllers
give an adjustable reactive power demand of the whole wind farm in Emu Downs. The advantage of
the decentralized system is a relative constant reactive power demand at the connection point to the
transmission grid.
26
V. Conclusion
The purpose of this report is to investigate the connection queries of upcoming wind farms in Emu
Downs. Queries like max/min short circuit currents and reactive power demand from the
transmission grid have been analysed.
In the beginning of this report, different presumptions have been made. Due to the lack of
information of different network components, these assumptions are unavoidable. It is assumed that
there is no additional reactive power compensation installed in the wind distribution system (WDS).
Furthermore different assumptions about the transmission system are made, whereas the most
important one is that the transmission system is simulated as two generators and two loads, each
connected to one of the two 132kV feeders.
The results of the short circuit analyses are presented in the Short circuit analyses chapter. The most
significant result from this study is that the differences in fault currents on the low voltage side of
the machine transformer are primarily dependent on the production in the wind turbine. It is shown
that the short circuit current contribution from the WDS and in the transmission current is limited to
approx. 21 kA. This value is obtained independently of the load condition in the network. It is
shown to be a consequence of the limited current capacity of the machine transformer.
The maximum short circuit current is reached in the high load scenario and the value is 30.19kA.
This means that the components on the 0.69kV level should at least be able to handle this current.
The minimum three-phase fault current on this voltage level is 18.7kA. This value is important for
the relay settings.
In similar manner, the minimum currents in the 22kV and in the 132kV voltage level have been
found. In Table III.3 and Appendix.A. all results are viewable.
In the general load flow study, voltage limitations and reactive power flows are analysed. It is
shown that there are neither is a risk neither for high or low voltages nor for overloads of the
components within the WDS. The bundle of the eight cables within the wind turbine tower is the
component, which is subject to the most stress (still stressed below 100%). This is acceptable,
because it is the last component in every radial of the wind farm.
The losses in the system are relatively low. The maximum active power losses are 2.52MW, and the
reactive power losses are 13.98MVAr, which are acceptable values. It must be taken into account
that the WDS consists of various components in a relative low voltage level (0.69kV and 22kV).
An uncomplicated method on how to control the pf at every wind turbine has been presented.
Simulations have been carried out, where every wind turbine has a fixed pf = 1. In these simulations
the reactive power demand of the network is approx. linear dependent of the active power
production. Finally a suggestion to how this demand can be neglected by expanding the reactive
controller with an additional element corresponding to the reactive power losses within the WDS.
Summarizing the report has shown that relatively few complications have to be taken into account
before implementing the wind farms in EMU Downs. The important short circuit currents have
been determined. It has furthermore been demonstrated that no serious voltage or overload
27
problems would occur with the chosen components. Finally, the reactive power behavior of the
wind distribution system has been mapped out.
28
VI. References
Glover, J.D., Sarma, M.S., Power System, Analysis and Design, third edition, 2002
Kundur, Prabha (1994). Power System Stability and Control
www.ABB.com
29
Appendix.A.
Short circuit currents for the full- load- and minimum-load case.
A&B
Bus
A
Volts ABS(I+)
Thev. R Thev. X
Volts ABS(I+)
Thev. R Thev. X Volts ABS(I+)
132 3118.272765 0.06698
0.12324 132 3345.435293 0.05913
0.1166
132
9002
132 3179.329749 0.06412
0.12172 132
- NA -
132
3406.172095 0.05675 0.11519

12952.6031 0.04667 0.19469
0.0642
0.26988
- NA -
- NA -
- NA -
Thev. R Thev. X
9001
- NA -
- NA -
91001
22 9557.99633
22 12921.5503 0.04749 0.19499
22
91002
22 9608.823284 0.06266 0.26881
22 12921.5503 0.04749 0.19499
22
12952.6031 0.04667 0.19469
93001
22 4704.745479 0.33423
0.46968
22 5045.690078 0.32947 0.40964
22
5051.718646 0.32885 0.40932
93002
22 5017.089751 0.29225
0.45432
22 5435.457119 0.28717 0.39412
22
5442.421402 0.28654 0.39381
93003
22 6139.621308 0.16639
0.40629
22 6942.582564 0.15874 0.34486
22
6952.429216 0.15809 0.34457
93004
22 6354.49696 0.14456
0.39776
22 7258.448072 0.13581 0.33583
22
7268.79677 0.13514 0.33554
93005
22 6642.849715 0.12422
0.38414
22 7690.673359 0.11416 0.32124
22
7701.852251 0.11348 0.32096
93006
22 5914.515678 0.18954
0.41538
22 6622.895519 0.18278 0.35437
22
6632.233275 0.18213 0.35407
93007
22
5404.4377 0.24617
0.43537
22 5942.981617 0.23984 0.37456
22
5951.006402 0.2392 0.37426
93008
22 7063.505796 0.11277
0.36176
22 8334.628753 0.10186 0.29699
22
8347.806574 0.10115 0.2967
93009
22 6003.548871 0.18185
0.40863
22 6802.860446 0.17252 0.34523
22
6812.78682 0.17183 0.34494
93010
22 6074.512281 0.17448
0.40716
22 6883.622416 0.16616 0.34422
22
6893.747524 0.16549 0.34392
93011
22 6423.998046 0.13908
0.39387
22 7395.329776 0.1294 0.33032
22
7406.149629 0.12871 0.33003
93012
22 6587.86407 0.12566
0.38667
22 7645.581308 0.11509 0.32259
22
7656.804164 0.11439 0.3223
93013
22 5603.636395 0.22408
0.42622
22 6227.083889 0.21711 0.36391
22
6235.981689 0.21645 0.3636
93014
22 4458.173375 0.37005
0.4823
22 4756.332776 0.36517
0.421
22
4761.947679 0.36453 0.42068
93015
22 4746.03333 0.32824
0.46679
22 5110.464797 0.32303 0.40534
22
5116.895201 0.32239 0.40501
93016
22 6998.318922 0.15859
0.34843
22 8231.293855 0.14873 0.28139
22
8247.070765 0.14801 0.28109
93017
22 7384.874415 0.12995
0.33853
22 8826.48567 0.11984 0.27139
22
8843.555941 0.11911 0.27109
93018
22 7034.308089 0.15571
0.34798
22 8273.780893 0.14633 0.28115
22
8289.718249 0.14561 0.28084
93019
22 6681.186321 0.18273
0.35778
22 7740.401049 0.17384 0.29117
22
7754.962987 0.17313 0.29085
93020
22 6163.546124 0.22554
0.37288
22 6995.549946 0.21702 0.30643
22
7008.059115 0.21631 0.30611
93021
22 6131.513341 0.24063
0.36353
22 6988.861488 0.22963 0.29521
22
7001.959236 0.22889 0.2949
93022
22 7843.427484 0.10697
0.3234
22 9578.891724 0.09565
0.2554
22
9597.914918 0.09491 0.2551
93023
22 7687.214222 0.12607
0.32338
22 9349.77231 0.11405 0.25465
22
9369.24636 0.11329 0.25435
93024
22 8314.283113 0.08461
0.30908
22 10396.4651 0.07182 0.24005
22
10417.09584 0.07105 0.23976
93025
22 7417.946347 0.16923
0.31639
22 9031.459312 0.15478 0.24318
22
9052.984525 0.15399 0.24287
93026
22 7892.589796 0.14051
0.3064
22 9824.931331 0.12577 0.23308
22
9848.995042 0.12498 0.23277
93027
22 9116.804159 0.07106
0.28232
22 12038.47359 0.05493 0.20851
22
12065.99512 0.05412 0.20821
93028
22 6303.767874 0.23189
0.35556
22 7277.991275 0.22046
0.2842
22
7292.55069 0.21971 0.28387
93029
22 6672.14961 0.20342
0.34543
22 7824.804398 0.19173 0.27396
22
7841.205504 0.19097 0.27364
93030
22 7050.882473
0.1764
0.33543
22 8414.049623 0.16417 0.26375
22
8432.305764 0.16341 0.26343
93031
22 7842.541313 0.12445
0.31616
22 9733.804028 0.1106 0.24386
22
9755.789061 0.10982 0.24355
93032
22 6636.759529 0.12482
0.38432
22 7711.076564 0.11356 0.32058
22
7722.205833 0.11288 0.3203
93033
22 6361.164353 0.13296
0.40073
22 7299.195781 0.12236 0.33837
22
7309.062498 0.12169 0.33809
93034
22 5198.607115 0.24514
0.45915
22 5692.769296 0.23804 0.39933
22
5699.725893 0.23743 0.39903
93035
22 5421.335523 0.21705
0.44918
22 5982.470918 0.20974 0.38927
22
5990.018348 0.20912 0.38897
93036
22 5752.080257 0.17746
0.43472
22 6425.875047 0.16949 0.37451
22
6434.074166 0.16886 0.37422
93037
22 5530.208332 0.20381
0.44432
22 6127.229332 0.19627
0.3843
22
93038
22 5302.699888 0.23194
0.45425
22 5828.906674 0.22462 0.39433
22
5836.172277
93039
22 6007.414252 0.15672
0.42029
0.3593
22
6792.881724 0.14704 0.35901
93040
22 6585.185605 0.14396
0.3819
22 7592.292005 0.13382 0.31928
22
7603.660372 0.13316
22 6783.972998 0.14768
30
6135.00451 0.19565 0.38401

0.224 0.39404
0.319
93041
22 6157.189366
0.1843
0.39635
22 6981.560629 0.17485 0.33402
22
6991.96976 0.1742 0.33373
93042
22 5733.000813 0.22691
0.41134
22 6400.784947 0.21781 0.34915
22
6410.038001 0.21716 0.34886
93043
22 6861.316761 0.11848
0.37279
22 8000.571133 0.10763 0.30989
22
8012.426342 0.10696 0.30961
93044
22 5934.43662 0.20113
0.40754
22 6662.551767 0.19266 0.34588
22
6672.268969 0.19202 0.34558
93045
22 5406.525399 0.25776
0.42763
22 5957.088461 0.24974 0.36617
22
5965.261551 0.2491 0.36587
93046
22 5326.314157 0.26661
0.432
22 5843.740149 0.25937 0.37089
22
5851.614499 0.25874 0.37059
93047
22 5708.213901 0.22423
0.41687
22 6346.772957 0.21665 0.35561
22
6355.730993 0.21601 0.35531
93048
22 5965.385119 0.19777
0.40702
22 6697.435887 0.18975 0.34557
22
6707.124669 0.18911 0.34527
99201 0.69 29462.87088 0.57184
2.89651 0.69 29159.12981 0.56654 2.85885
0.69
29161.67322 0.56614 2.85867
99202 0.69 29572.48118 0.54479
2.88844 0.69 29269.8504 0.53928 2.85069
0.69
29272.3382 0.53887 2.85052
99203 0.69 29800.44001 0.46361
2.86299 0.69 29504.33018 0.45644 2.82457
0.69
29506.69418 0.45601 2.8244
99204 0.69
29797.191 0.44953
2.85845 0.69 29503.29727 0.44163 2.81975
0.69
29505.50455 0.4412 2.8196
99205 0.69 29811.4869 0.43618
2.85065 0.69 29523.28297 0.42743 2.81138
0.69
29525.51702 0.42699 2.81123
99206 0.69 29784.1047 0.47856
2.86784 0.69 29486.12801 0.47195 2.82964
0.69
29488.51533 0.47153 2.82947
99207 0.69 29644.82907 0.42811
2.83698 0.69 29345.39192 0.50869 2.84018
0.69
29347.82425 0.50828 2.84001
99208 0.69 29902.48811 0.47345
2.86388 0.69 29628.72555 0.46513 2.82427
0.69
29630.98806 0.46469 2.82411
99209 0.69 29655.80239 0.46874
2.86323 0.69 29372.47049 0.46109 2.82388
0.69
29374.83634 0.46065 2.82372
99210 0.69 29735.1854 0.44592
2.85621 0.69 29450.17897 0.43738 2.81652
0.69
29452.45899 0.43694 2.81637
99211 0.69 29756.38765 0.43719
2.85219 0.69 29474.1212 0.42806
2.8122
0.69
29476.34854 0.42761 2.81205
99212 0.69 29754.48132 0.50074
2.87334 0.69 29474.9304 0.49396 2.83433
0.69
29477.22032 0.49353 2.83416
99213 0.69 29665.64224 0.59491
2.90309 0.69 29377.43818 0.58948 2.86464
0.69
29379.85113 0.58907 2.86446
99214 0.69 29331.5546 0.56796
2.89492 0.69 29036.92242 0.56232 2.85638
0.69
29039.49764 0.5619 2.8562
99215 0.69 29442.72733 0.45648
2.82682 0.69 29149.3659 0.44769 2.78494
0.69
29151.87701 0.44722 2.78478
99216 0.69 29991.76173 0.43804
2.82168 0.69 29739.25296 0.42909 2.77975
0.69
29741.80341 0.42863 2.77958
99217 0.69 30060.77722 0.43804
2.82168 0.69 29809.00826 0.44617 2.78488
0.69
29811.54457 0.4457 2.78471
99218 0.69 30025.96237 0.45464
2.82664 0.69 29772.56677 0.44617 2.78488
0.69
29775.1623 0.4457 2.78471
99219 0.69 29972.60939 0.47205
2.83179 0.69 29717.90378 0.46389 2.79014
0.69
29720.47165 0.46343 2.78997
99220 0.69 29865.3378 0.49962
2.83967 0.69 29609.22101 0.4917
2.7981
0.69
29611.83685 0.49124 2.79793
99221 0.69 29764.28862 0.50877
2.83319 0.69 29519.5032 0.49922 2.79055
0.69
29522.07156 0.49874 2.79038
99222 0.69 30102.22722 0.42298
2.81302 0.69 29856.08086 0.41323 2.77059
0.69
29858.5616 0.41276 2.77043
99223 0.69 30047.81222 0.43502
2.81228 0.69 29806.52995 0.4248 2.76941
0.69
29808.99648 0.42431 2.76925
99224 0.69 30122.79749 0.40833
2.80485 0.69 29883.16833 0.39762 2.76183
0.69
29885.59689 0.39713 2.76168
99225 0.69 29990.01846 0.46196
2.80622 0.69 29792.29959 0.45004 2.76062
0.69
29794.93458 0.44953 2.76046
99226 0.69 30060.64952 0.44346
2.80102 0.69 29863.95073 0.43137 2.75537
0.69
29866.4857 0.43085 2.75521
99227 0.69 30188.71491 0.39877
2.7885 0.69 29995.06548 0.38577
2.7426
0.69
29997.51056 0.38525 2.74244
99228 0.69 29855.71786 0.50296
2.8285 0.69 29645.2088 0.49301 2.78396
0.69
29647.89363 0.49252 2.78378
99229 0.69 29928.3127 0.48462
2.82321 0.69 29718.91287 0.47451 2.77861
0.69
29721.58292 0.47402 2.77843
99230 0.69 29983.7762 0.46721
2.81794 0.69 29775.81757 0.45675 2.77323
0.69
29778.56341 0.45625 2.77305
99231 0.69 30056.47751 0.43372
2.80779 0.69 29852.18994 0.42222 2.76274
0.69
29854.77804 0.42171 2.76258
99232 0.69 29808.73091 0.43656
2.85074 0.69 29534.7984 0.42702 2.81099
0.69
29537.03073 0.42658 2.81084
99233 0.69 29743.46424 0.44233
2.86077 0.69 29458.97851 0.43325 2.82187
0.69
29461.14711 0.43282 2.82172
99234 0.69 29527.61332 0.51528
2.89329 0.69 29227.86835 0.50851 2.85586
0.69
29230.19952 0.50811 2.8557
99235 0.69 29596.5236 0.49719
2.88809 0.69 29297.30792 0.49028
2.8506
0.69
29299.66141 0.48988 2.85044
99236 0.69 29672.37497 0.47168
2.88049 0.69 29374.63284 0.46435 2.84284
0.69
29376.97337 0.46394 2.84268
99237 0.69 29622.12371 0.48866
2.88553 0.69 29323.50412 0.48161 2.84799
0.69
29325.82251 0.4812 2.84783
99238 0.69 29553.68526 0.50677
2.89071 0.69 29254.51182 0.49986 2.85322
0.69
29256.85377 0.49946 2.85306
99239 0.69 29706.80925 0.45806
2.87219 0.69 29413.80478 0.45002 2.83409
0.69
29416.03205 0.4496 2.83393
99240 0.69 29881.22219 0.44854
2.84848 0.69 29600.49321 0.43974
2.8094
0.69
29602.78711 0.43931 2.80924
99241 0.69 29804.90947 0.47452
2.85604 0.69 29522.66855 0.46618 2.81711
0.69
29524.96983 0.46575 2.81696
99242 0.69 29700.17995 0.50196
2.86386 0.69 29417.06955 0.49383
2.825
0.69
29419.46777 0.49341 2.82484
99243 0.69 29912.63257 0.43212
2.84372 0.69 29633.09862 0.42288 2.80448
0.69
29635.28356 0.42244 2.80433
99244 0.69 29786.46515 0.48556
2.86245 0.69 29500.36981 0.47786
0.69
29502.69785 0.47744 2.82374
31
2.8239
99245 0.69 29645.36867 0.52203
2.87294 0.69 29357.79936 0.51461 2.83451
0.69
29360.2602 0.5142 2.83434
99246 0.69 29660.69809 0.52777
2.87536 0.69 29371.61657 0.52086 2.83711
0.69
29373.97975 0.52045 2.83695
99247 0.69 29767.55531 0.50048
2.86745 0.69 29479.46501 0.49335 2.82912
0.69
29481.86326 0.49294 2.82896
99248 0.69 29820.83082 0.48342
2.86225 0.69 29533.88353 0.47601 2.82382
0.69
29536.25873 0.47559 2.82366
99101 0.69 27943.91606 0.90668
3.00896 0.69 27615.76101 0.90591
2.9731
0.69
27618.42272 0.90555 2.97289
99102 0.69 28077.12908 0.88224
2.99838 0.69 27750.26613 0.8813 2.96242
0.69
27752.97003 0.88093 2.96221
99103 0.69 28389.03706 0.80907
2.96549 0.69 28070.67252 0.80664 2.92871
0.69
28073.35048 0.80626 2.92851
99104 0.69 28404.32031 0.79639
2.95967 0.69 28089.09283 0.79332 2.92255
0.69
28091.72817 0.79293 2.92235
99105 0.69 28430.26812 0.78476
2.95087 0.69 28121.30711 0.78095 2.91312
0.69
28124.06953 0.78055 2.91293
99106 0.69 28354.9221 0.82252
2.9717 0.69 28033.89825 0.8206 2.93519
0.69
28036.564 0.82023 2.93498
0.8555
2.98553 0.69 27855.54786 0.85383 2.94916
0.69
27858.24276 0.85346 2.94895
99108 0.69 28510.66612 0.77872
2.93717 0.69 28214.49548 0.77447 2.89828
0.69
28217.3015 0.77406 2.89809
99109 0.69 28238.1343 0.81818
2.96742 0.69 27932.14643 0.81482
2.9294
0.69
27934.88426 0.81442 2.9292
99110 0.69 28319.58549 0.81385
2.96629 0.69 28011.03427 0.81107 2.92858
0.69
28013.7454 0.81068 2.92838
99111 0.69 28369.31557 0.79326
2.95716 0.69 28064.88486 0.7897 2.91905
0.69
28067.59093 0.7893 2.91885
99112 0.69 28377.32103 0.78553
2.95242 0.69 28076.26689 0.78145 2.91396
0.69
28078.92816 0.78105 2.91377
99113 0.69 28214.49173 0.84268
2.97933 0.69
27901.635 0.84068 2.94204
0.69
27904.43109 0.8403 2.94183
99114 0.69 27795.73496 0.92754
3.0177 0.69 27475.13554 0.92675 2.98109
0.69
27477.87184 0.92638 2.98087
99115 0.69 27928.88894 0.90321
3.00704 0.69 27609.65454 0.90223 2.97032
0.69
27612.48987 0.90187 2.97011
99116 0.69 28528.57009 0.80643
2.93082 0.69 28247.76296 0.80287 2.89063
0.69
28250.69222 0.80245 2.89042
99117 0.69 28618.74567 0.78974
2.92395 0.69 28339.21524 0.78604 2.88368
0.69
28342.05247 0.78562 2.88348
99118 0.69 28563.47957 0.80473
2.93045 0.69 28281.46076 0.80145
2.8904
0.69
28284.39067 0.80104 2.89019
99119 0.69 28490.35667 0.82046
2.93721 0.69 28206.39298 0.81747
2.8973
0.69
28209.36233 0.81705 2.89709
99120 0.69 28354.13685 0.84539
2.94767 0.69 28068.22306 0.84261 2.90786
0.69
28071.22499 0.8422 2.90765
99121 0.69 28234.9715 0.85468
2.94263 0.69 27960.62068 0.8505 2.90163
0.69
27963.59423 0.85006 2.90142
99122 0.69 28672.54726
0.7766
2.91416 0.69 28399.15684 0.77221 2.87334
0.69
28402.09477 0.77178 2.87314
99123 0.69 28598.54088 0.78795
2.91481 0.69 28329.60056 0.78317 2.87353
0.69
28332.56113 0.78274 2.87332
99124 0.69 28707.22949
0.7638
2.90488 0.69 28441.20246 0.75857 2.86339
0.69
28444.13633 0.75813 2.86319
99125 0.69 28486.87328 0.81386
2.91214 0.69 28256.54184 0.80779 2.86811
0.69
28259.66264 0.80733 2.8679
99126 0.69 28578.5207 0.79712
2.90521 0.69 28349.79076 0.79089 2.86111
0.69
28352.87623 0.79043 2.8609
99127 0.69 28763.14816 0.75666
2.8885 0.69 28540.00069 0.74962 2.84406
0.69
28543.11327 0.74915 2.84386
99128 0.69 28323.06812 0.84976
2.93759 0.69 28078.15483 0.84542 2.89477
0.69
28081.31215 0.84499 2.89455
99129 0.69 28414.51571 0.83318
2.93058 0.69 28171.23181 0.82869 2.88769
0.69
28174.26705 0.82825 2.88747
99130 0.69 28489.01541 0.81746
2.9237 0.69 28247.96443 0.81266 2.88067
0.69
28251.09989 0.81222 2.88045
99131 0.69 28602.40552 0.78724
2.91046 0.69 28367.06357 0.7815 2.86699
0.69
28370.07197 0.78104 2.86678
99132 0.69 28427.21092 0.78511
2.951 0.69 28132.31193 0.78061 2.91271
0.69
28134.98901 0.78022 2.91252
99133 0.69 28369.87178 0.78939
2.96103 0.69 28065.68687 0.78523 2.92359
0.69
28068.27052 0.78484 2.9234
99134 0.69 28089.72069 0.85407
2.99963 0.69
27768.722 0.85191 2.96382
0.69
27771.30117 0.85155 2.96362
99135 0.69 28176.65074 0.83771
2.99274 0.69 27856.40871 0.83543 2.95686
0.69
27859.08283 0.83507 2.95667
99136 0.69 28279.91185 0.81467
2.98277 0.69 27961.83248 0.81201
2.9467
0.69
27964.46918 0.81164 2.94651
99137 0.69 28211.21879 0.83001
2.98939 0.69 27891.75854 0.82759 2.95345
0.69
27894.38287 0.82723 2.95325
99138 0.69 28124.50717 0.84639
2.99626 0.69 27804.14844 0.8441 2.96039
0.69
27806.73345 0.84374 2.96019
99139 0.69
28324.015 0.80284
2.97348 0.69 28010.95533 0.79957 2.93691
0.69
28013.63213 0.79919 2.93671
99140 0.69 28470.55651 0.79658
2.95022 0.69 28168.40847 0.7927 2.91264
0.69
28171.12313 0.79232 2.91245
99141 0.69 28364.48079 0.82006
2.9602 0.69 28060.05185 0.81659 2.92281
0.69
28062.74545 0.81621 2.92262
99142 0.69 28231.22694 0.84488
2.97058 0.69 27925.37435 0.84161 2.93329
0.69
27928.07557 0.84123 2.93309
99143 0.69 28522.39737 0.78174
2.94392 0.69 28222.34538 0.77746 2.90615
0.69
28225.0195 0.77707 2.90596
99144 0.69 28337.48463 0.82968
2.96743 0.69 28028.66813 0.82677 2.93048
0.69
28031.37954 0.8264 2.93028
99145 0.69 28159.75345 0.86266
2.98133 0.69 27849.04279 0.86001 2.94451
0.69
27851.7018 0.85964 2.94431
99146 0.69 28168.09209 0.86777
2.98423 0.69 27855.24842 0.86557 2.94765
0.69
27857.90249 0.8652 2.94745
99147 0.69 28301.62444 0.84309
2.97378 0.69 27990.18874 0.8407 2.93709
0.69
27992.88829 0.84033 2.93689
99148 0.69 28372.96544
2.96701 0.69 28063.06875 0.82505 2.93019
0.69
28065.69787 0.82468 2.92999
99107 0.69 28178.35927
0.8277
32
A&B
Bus
Volts
A
ABS(I+)
Thev. R Thev. X
Volts
ABS(I+)
9001
132 1431.7715 0.22476
0.20689
132 1428.2548
132
Thev. R
0.22587
Thev. X Volts ABS(I+)
Thev. R Thev. X
0.2068
9002
132 1472.7599 0.21453
0.20536
91001
22 4776.2945 0.23853
0.49698
22 4764.6108
0.24132 0.49921
22 4815.2014 0.23087 0.49772
91002
22
4826.6 0.22827
0.4955
22 4764.6108
0.24132 0.49921
22 4815.2014 0.23087 0.49772
93001
22 2776.2113 0.57452
0.75539
22 2753.8085
0.5876 0.75909
93002
22 2895.5544 0.52921
0.74021
22 2871.4764
0.54229 0.74391
22 2894.5435 0.53182 0.74242
93003
22 3340.7099 0.38093
0.69055
22 3311.3769
0.39401 0.69426
22 3338.2588 0.38354 0.69277
93004
22 3441.5492 0.35076
0.68046
22 3411.2056
0.36384 0.68416
22 3438.7103 0.35337 0.68267
93005
22 3580.9148 0.32077
0.66212
22 3548.8193
0.33384 0.66583
22 3577.4855 0.32338 0.66433
93006
22
0.4111
0.70065
22 3214.9653
0.42417 0.70436
22
3241.167
93007
22 3058.6671 0.47151
0.7209
22 3032.4636
0.48459
22
3057.032 0.47412 0.72311
93008
22 3773.5737 0.30248
0.62917
22 3737.5034
0.31555 0.63288
22 3769.1751 0.30508 0.63138
93009
22 3359.1525 0.38402
0.68384
22 3329.0944
0.39709 0.68755
22 3356.5137 0.38663 0.68606
93010
22
3359.027 0.38411
0.68383
22 3329.0577
0.39718 0.68753
22 3356.4756 0.38671 0.68604
93011
22
3514.826 0.33871
0.66866
22 3483.2729
0.35178 0.67237
22 3511.6376 0.34132 0.67088
93012
22 3597.7014 0.31905
0.6591
22 3565.2764
0.33212 0.66281
22 3594.2701 0.32166 0.66132
93013
22 3164.0248 0.44461
0.70405
22 3136.2258
0.45768 0.70776
22 3162.0265 0.44722 0.70627
93014
22 2702.9503 0.61074
0.75968
22 2681.3144
0.62382 0.76339
22 2702.5784 0.61335
93015
22 2818.2212 0.56543
0.74451
22 2795.0096
0.57851 0.74821
22 2817.4717 0.56804 0.74672
93016
22 3779.9469 0.35125
0.60176
22 3739.5793
0.36432 0.60547
22 3774.8905 0.35386 0.60397
93017
22 3912.2967 0.32115
0.59165
22 3870.2454
0.33421 0.59536
22 3906.7958 0.32375 0.59387
93018
22 3779.8605 0.35127
0.60176
22 3739.4936
0.36433 0.60547
22 3774.8905 0.35387 0.60397
93019
22 3652.9796 0.38138
0.61187
22 3614.3584
0.39445 0.61557
22 3648.6188 0.38399 0.61408
93020
22 3472.5687 0.42669
0.62704
22
3436.581
0.43976 0.63075
22 3468.9156
93021
22 3533.6261 0.42735
0.61063
22 3495.7437
0.44041 0.61434
22
93022
22 4095.7465 0.29121
0.57332
22 4050.7414
0.30427 0.57703
22 4089.1824 0.29381 0.57553
93023
22 4068.2791 0.30659
0.57016
22 4022.5814
0.31966 0.57387
22 4061.7842
93024
22 4293.5404 0.26125
0.55498
22 4245.3429
0.27431 0.55869
22 4285.9487 0.26385
93025
22 4033.9799
0.3533
0.54884
22 4026.7235
0.3561 0.55107
93026
22 4191.1683
0.3232
0.53874
22 4183.0616
0.326 0.54096
22 4227.3931 0.31554 0.53947
93027
22 4619.1193 0.24766
0.51343
22 4608.6328
0.25046 0.51566
22 4656.1443 0.24001 0.51416
93028
22 3589.0319 0.43211
0.59295
22 3584.2362
0.43491 0.59517
22 3620.3351 0.42446 0.59368
93029
22 3719.0484 0.40201
0.58284
22 3713.6912
0.40481 0.58507
22
93030
22 3856.0703
0.3719
0.57273
22 3849.9289
0.3747 0.57496
93031
22 4151.7293 0.31146
0.55249
22 4144.1714
0.31426 0.55472
93032
22 3552.3554
0.331
0.66363
22 3548.8638
0.3338 0.66586
93033
22 3422.3915 0.34467
0.68833
22 3419.5355
0.34747 0.69056
22 3446.2906
93034
22 2923.1669 0.48635
0.75887
22 2922.0808
0.48915
22 2944.4329 0.47869
93035
22 3004.8514 0.45625
0.74876
22 3003.5573
0.45905 0.75099
22 3026.6119 0.44858 0.74949
93036
22 3133.4207 0.41092
0.73358
22 3131.7573
0.41373 0.73581
22
93037
22 3047.2706 0.44104
0.74369
22 3045.7238
0.44384 0.74592
22 3069.0247 0.43337 0.74443
93038
22 2963.9559 0.47114
0.7538
22 2962.7689
0.47394 0.75603
22 2985.4852 0.46348 0.75454
93039
22 3251.1607 0.38097
0.71525
22 3248.9711
0.38377 0.71748
22 3273.9935 0.37331 0.71599
93040
22 3489.1687 0.35661
0.6655
22 3485.8064
0.35942 0.66773
22 3514.6977 0.34895 0.66624
93041
22 3332.6711 0.40194
0.68068
22 3329.8768
0.40474 0.68291
22 3357.6958 0.39428 0.68142
93042
22 3184.8404 0.44725
0.69586
22 3182.5274
0.45005 0.69809
22 3209.1659 0.43959 0.69659
3243.316
132 1469.3069 0.21555 0.20532
33
0.7246
0.7611
22 2775.6827 0.57713
0.7576
0.4137 0.70286
0.7619
0.4293 0.62926
3529.686 0.42995 0.61285

0.3092 0.57237
0.5572
22 4069.4505 0.34564 0.54958
3751.28 0.39435 0.58357
22 3889.1291 0.36424 0.57346

22
4186.242
0.3038 0.55322
22 3577.6241 0.32333 0.66437

0.337 0.68907
0.7596
3155.563 0.40326 0.73432
93043
22 3597.8401 0.32649
0.6554
22 3594.1215
0.32929 0.65763
22 3623.5816 0.31882 0.65613
93044
22 3232.1344 0.42624
0.69476
22 3229.7771
0.42904 0.69699
22 3256.4845 0.41857
93045
22 3045.9838 0.48665
0.71501
22 3044.3512
0.48946 0.71724
22 3069.4075 0.47899 0.71575
93046
22 3002.0539 0.50167
0.72005
22
0.50447 0.72228
22 3025.1421 0.49401 0.72078
93047
22 3137.4689 0.45636
0.70487
22 3135.4206
0.45916
22 3161.3009
93048
22 3232.1344 0.42624
0.69476
22 3229.7771
0.42905 0.69699
99201
0.69 20216.067 0.90619
4.05543
0.69 20251.423
0.91927 4.05913 0.69 20269.621
99202
0.69 20335.941 0.86088
4.04025
0.69 20371.797
0.87396 4.04395 0.69 20389.771 0.86349 4.04246
99203
0.69 20722.604
0.7126
3.99059
0.69 20760.619
0.72568
3.9943 0.69 20777.691 0.71521 3.99281
99204
0.69 20800.039 0.68243
3.9805
0.69 20838.518
0.69551
3.9842 0.69
99205
0.69 20918.827 0.65244
3.96216
0.69 20957.734
0.66551 3.96587 0.69 20974.359 0.65505 3.96437
99206
0.69 20644.752 0.74277
4.00069
0.69 20682.293
0.75584
99207
0.69
20487.2 0.80318
4.02094
0.69
20523.83
0.81626 4.02464 0.69 20541.559 0.80579 4.02315
99208
0.69 21103.694 0.63415
3.92921
0.69 21142.898
0.72876 3.98759 0.69 21159.708 0.63675 3.93142
99209
0.69 20752.711 0.71569
3.98388
0.69 20790.612
0.72885 3.98757 0.69 20807.726
99210
0.69 20753.097 0.71578
3.98387
0.69 20790.997
0.68345 3.97241 0.69 20808.112 0.71838 3.98608
99211
0.69 20869.842 0.67038
3.9687
0.69 20908.455
0.66379 3.96285 0.69 20925.326 0.67299 3.97092
99212
0.69 20935.364 0.65072
3.95914
0.69
0.78935
99213
0.69 20595.842 0.77628
4.00409
0.69 20632.868
0.95549 4.06343 0.69 20650.431 0.77889 4.00631
99214
0.69 20156.328 0.94241
4.05973
0.69 20191.149
0.91018 4.04825 0.69 20209.693 0.94502 4.06194
99215
0.69 20277.108
0.8971
4.04455
0.69 20312.541
0.69599 3.90551 0.69 20330.847 0.89971 4.04676
99216
0.69 21199.733 0.68292
3.9018
0.69 21238.044
0.66588
99217
0.69 21280.567 0.68292
3.9018
0.69 21319.424
0.696 3.90551 0.69
99218
0.69 21199.797 0.65282
3.89169
0.69 21238.125
0.696 3.90551 0.69 21255.847 0.68554 3.90401
99219
0.69
21118.58 0.68294
3.9018
0.69 21156.449
0.72612 3.91561 0.69 21174.314 0.71566 3.91412
99220
0.69 20995.742 0.71305
3.91191
0.69 21032.885
0.77143 3.93079 0.69
99221
0.69 21079.412 0.75836
3.92708
0.69 21116.514
0.77208 3.91438 0.69 21134.924 0.76162 3.91289
99222
0.69
21404.67 0.75902
3.91067
0.69 21443.938
0.63594 3.87707 0.69 21461.238 0.62548 3.87557
99223
0.69
21407.88 0.62288
3.87336
0.69 21446.993
0.65133 3.87391 0.69 21464.401 0.64087 3.87241
99224
0.69 21529.032 0.63826
3.8702
0.69 21568.891
0.60598 3.85873 0.69 21585.916 0.59552 3.85724
99225
0.69 21474.995 0.59292
3.85502
0.69 21533.025
0.68777 3.85111 0.69 21551.283 0.67731 3.84962
99226
0.69 21558.439 0.68497
3.84888
0.69 21616.758
0.65767
99227
0.69 21765.077 0.65487
3.83878
0.69 21824.034
0.58213
99228
0.69
21162.82 0.57933
3.81347
0.69 21220.091
0.76658 3.89521 0.69 21238.622 0.75613 3.89372
99229
0.69 21246.485 0.76378
3.89299
0.69 21303.947
0.73648 3.88511 0.69
99230
0.69 21329.729 0.73368
3.88288
0.69 21387.382
0.70637
99231
0.69 21495.085 0.70357
3.87277
0.69 21553.236
0.64593 3.85476 0.69 21570.887 0.63547 3.85326
99232
0.69 20901.391 0.64313
3.85253
0.69 20958.424
0.66547
3.9659 0.69 20975.051
99233
0.69 20764.932 0.66267
3.96367
0.69 20821.575
0.67914
3.9906 0.69 20838.099 0.66867 3.98911
99234
0.69 20288.713 0.67634
3.98837
0.69 20344.047
0.82082 4.06114 0.69 20361.378 0.81036 4.05964
99235
0.69 20366.233 0.81802
4.05891
0.69 20421.767
0.79072 4.05103 0.69 20438.898 0.78025 4.04953
99236
0.69 20482.071 0.78792
4.0488
0.69 20537.971
99237
0.69 20404.992 0.74259
4.03362
0.69 20460.692
0.77551 4.04596 0.69
99238
0.69 20327.636 0.77271
4.04373
0.69 20383.137
0.80561 4.05607 0.69 20400.359 0.79515 4.05458
99239
0.69 20599.067 0.80281
4.05384
0.69 20655.305
0.71544 4.01752 0.69 20672.034 0.70498 4.01603
99240
0.69 20869.576 0.71264
4.01529
0.69 20926.404
0.69109 3.96777 0.69 20943.365 0.68062 3.96628
99241
0.69 20751.464 0.68828
3.96554
0.69 20807.949
0.73641 3.98295 0.69 20825.253 0.72595 3.98146
99242
0.69 20632.459 0.73361
3.98072
0.69 20688.582
0.78172 3.99813 0.69 20706.252 0.77126 3.99663
99243
0.69 20947.576 0.77892
3.9959
0.69
0.66096 3.95767 0.69 21021.319 0.65049 3.95617
3000.507
20974.27
21004.7
34
0.7071
0.6955
0.4487 0.70561
22 3256.4845 0.41858
0.6955
0.9088 4.05764
20855.33 0.68504 3.98271
4.0044 0.69 20699.536 0.74537
0.7183
4.0029
3.9861
4.0078 0.69 20990.993 0.65333 3.96136
3.8954 0.69 21255.667 0.68553 3.90402

21336.8 0.65542 3.89391
21051.11 0.76097
3.9293
3.841 0.69 21634.685 0.64721 3.83951

3.8157 0.69 21841.289 0.57168
3.8142
21322.31 0.72602 3.88361
3.875 0.69 21405.507 0.69591
3.8735
0.655 3.96441
0.7454 4.03585 0.69 20554.734 0.73493 4.03436

20477.72 0.76504 4.04447
99244
0.69 20658.606 0.65816
3.95544
0.69 20714.842
0.76071 3.99703 0.69 20732.204 0.75024 3.99554
99245
0.69 20499.727 0.75791
3.99481
0.69 20555.453
0.82113 4.01728 0.69 20573.301 0.81066 4.01579
99246
0.69 20460.026 0.81832
4.01505
0.69 20515.682
0.83614 4.02232 0.69
99247
0.69 20579.604 0.83334
4.02009
0.69 20635.546
0.79083 4.00714 0.69 20653.186 0.78037 4.00565
99248
0.69 20658.685 0.78803
4.00491
0.69 20714.941
0.76072 3.99703 0.69 20732.302 0.75025 3.99554
99101
0.69 18440.346 0.83334
4.02009
0.69 18468.163
1.64747 4.25604 0.69 18489.114
99102
0.69 18563.595 0.78803
4.00491
0.69 18591.825
1.60216 4.24086 0.69 18612.669 1.59169 4.23937
99103
0.69 18969.141 0.75791
3.9948
0.69 18998.542
1.45388 4.19121 0.69 19019.214 1.44341 4.18972
99104
0.69 19051.855 1.63439
4.25234
0.69 19081.538
1.42371 4.18111 0.69 19102.153 1.41324 4.17962
99105
0.69 19168.299 1.58908
4.23716
0.69 19198.161
1.39371 4.16278 0.69 19218.856 1.38325 4.16128
99106
0.69 18886.512
1.4408
4.1875
0.69 18915.683
1.48404 4.20131 0.69 18936.361 1.47357 4.19981
99107
0.69 18720.884 1.41063
4.17741
0.69 18749.517
1.54446 4.22155 0.69 18770.381 1.53399 4.22006
99108
0.69 19330.219 1.38064
4.15907
0.69 19360.166
1.37542 4.12983 0.69 19381.084 1.36495 4.12833
99109
0.69 18991.154 1.47097
4.1976
0.69 19020.454
1.45696
99110
0.69 18991.464 1.53138
4.21785
0.69 19020.729
1.45705 4.18448 0.69 19041.576 1.44658 4.18299
99111
0.69 19116.408 1.36235
4.12612
0.69 19146.047
1.41165 4.16932 0.69 19166.792 1.40119 4.16783
99112
0.69 19182.756 1.44389
4.18079
0.69 19212.643
1.39199 4.15976 0.69 19233.407 1.38153 4.15827
99113
0.69 18825.179 1.44398
4.18078
0.69 18854.048
1.51755 4.20471 0.69 18874.939 1.50709 4.20322
99114
0.69 18370.883 1.39858
4.16561
0.69 18398.528
1.68369 4.26034 0.69 18419.564 1.67322 4.25885
99115
0.69 18494.369 1.37892
4.15605
0.69 18522.252
1.63838 4.24516 0.69 18543.262 1.62791 4.24367
99116
0.69 19372.042 1.50448
4.201
0.69 19401.293
1.42419 4.10242 0.69 19422.974 1.41373 4.10093
99117
0.69
4.25664
0.69 19488.124
1.39408 4.09231 0.69 19509.698 1.38362 4.09082
99118
0.69 19372.104
1.6253
4.24146
0.69 19401.449
1.4242 4.10242 0.69 19423.004 1.41375 4.10092
99119
0.69 19285.727 1.41112
4.09871
0.69 19314.766
1.45432 4.11252 0.69 19336.405 1.44386 4.11103
99120
0.69 19156.091 1.38102
4.0886
0.69 19184.752
1.49963
99121
0.69
19222.28 1.41114
4.09871
0.69 19250.793
1.50028 4.11129 0.69 19272.731 1.48982
99122
0.69
19580.34 1.44125
4.10882
0.69 19610.051
1.36414 4.07398 0.69
99123
0.69 19571.538 1.48656
4.12399
0.69 19601.109
1.37953 4.07082 0.69 19622.779 1.36907 4.06932
99124
0.69 19702.901 1.48722
4.10758
0.69 19732.891
1.33418 4.05564 0.69 19754.537 1.32372 4.05415
99125
0.69 19590.141 1.35108
4.07027
0.69 19642.724
1.41597 4.04802 0.69 19665.016 1.40551 4.04653
99126
0.69 19679.204 1.36646
4.06711
0.69 19732.003
1.38587 4.03791 0.69 19754.227 1.37541 4.03642
99127
0.69 19902.752 1.32112
4.05193
0.69 19956.059
1.31033 4.01261 0.69 19978.186 1.29988 4.01111
99128
0.69 19284.874 1.41317
4.04579
0.69 19336.687
1.49478 4.09212 0.69 19358.885 1.48433 4.09063
99129
0.69 19372.713 1.38307
4.03569
0.69 19424.777
1.46468 4.08202 0.69 19446.847 1.45422 4.08052
99130
0.69 19460.707 1.30753
4.01038
0.69 19512.986
1.43457 4.07191 0.69 19535.006 1.42411 4.07041
99131
0.69 19637.346 1.49198
4.0899
0.69 19690.091
1.37413 4.05167 0.69 19712.032 1.36367 4.05017
99132
0.69 19147.024 1.46188
4.07979
0.69 19198.793
1.39367 4.16281 0.69
99133
0.69 19027.606 1.43177
4.06968
0.69 19079.097
1.40734 4.18751 0.69 19099.589 1.39687 4.18602
99134
0.69 18552.511 1.37133
4.04944
0.69 18602.847
1.54902 4.25805 0.69 18623.285 1.53856 4.25655
99135
0.69 18633.524 1.39087
4.16058
0.69 18684.208
1.51892 4.24794 0.69 18704.562 1.50845 4.24644
99136
0.69 18755.682 1.40454
4.18528
0.69 18806.633
99137
0.69 18674.427 1.54622
4.25582
0.69 18725.157
1.50371 4.24287 0.69
99138
0.69 18593.209 1.51612
4.24571
0.69 18643.718
1.53381 4.25298 0.69 18664.196 1.52335 4.25149
99139
0.69 18869.531 1.47079
4.23053
0.69 18920.738
1.44364 4.21443 0.69 18941.094 1.43318 4.21294
99140
0.69 19103.672 1.50091
4.24064
0.69 19155.315
1.41929 4.16468 0.69 19176.233 1.45415 4.17837
99141
0.69 18978.092 1.53101
4.25075
0.69 19029.374
1.46461 4.17986 0.69
99142
0.69
18852.66 1.44084
4.2122
0.69 18903.644
1.50992 4.19504 0.69 18924.594 1.49946 4.19354
99143
0.69 19187.373 1.41648
4.16245
0.69 19239.267
1.38916 4.15458 0.69
99144
0.69
4.17763
0.69 18938.526
1.48891 4.19394 0.69 18959.423 1.47844 4.19245
19458.67 1.67061
18887.41 1.46181
35
20533.62 0.82568 4.02082
4.1845 0.69 19041.266
1.637 4.25455
1.4465 4.18301
4.1277 0.69 19206.467 1.48917 4.12621

4.1098
19631.72 1.35368 4.07248
19219.49
1.3832 4.16132
1.4736 4.23276 0.69 18826.956 1.46313 4.23127

18745.52 1.49324 4.24138
19050.33 1.45415 4.17837

19260.01 1.37869 4.15308
99145
0.69 18721.072 1.50712
4.19281
0.69 18771.715
1.54933 4.21419 0.69
18792.61 1.53886
99146
0.69
18679.82 1.38636
4.15235
0.69 18730.418
1.56434 4.21923 0.69
18751.31 1.55388 4.21773
4.2127
99147
0.69 18804.403 1.48611
4.19172
0.69
18855.36
1.51903 4.20405 0.69 18876.236 1.50857 4.20256
99148
0.69 18887.505 1.54652
4.21196
0.69
18938.62
1.48892 4.19394 0.69 18959.517 1.47845 4.19245
Appendix.B.
Load flow details from the full-load case (Case AB-max)
From Bus
Bus no. Base V.
[KV]
9001
132
Volts
Angle Generator
[PU/KV]
1
132
132
91001
22
1.0104
6.4
22.228
91002
22
0.996
6.4
21.912
93001
22
1.0187
7.8
22.411
93002
22
1.018
7.8
22.395
93003
22
1.0123
7.7
22.271
93004
22
1.0099
7.7
22.218
93005
22
1.0071
7.6
22.156
93006
22
1.0142
7.7
22.313
93007
22
1.0152
22.334
Shunt
7.8
Load Flow
Bus no. Base V.
[MW/MVAR] [MW/MVAR]
132
9002
To Bus
Power Flow
Rating
Losses
[KV]
MW MVAR AMPS %I [Amps/MVA] MW MVAr
-------
-------
------- -------
------ ----
1001
132
38.2
-4.5
168
91001
22
-38.2
4.5
168
-------
91
42M
-------
-------
-------
------- -------
------ ----
1002
1132
38.1
-5.1
168
91002
22
-38.1
5.1
168
92
42M
-------
0.2
4.25
0.2
4.26
-------
-------
------- -------
------ ----
9001
132
38.3
-0.2
996
90
42M
0.2
4.25
92027
22
-11.3
0.1
293
51
570A
0.02
92032
22
-12.7
331
58
570A
0.2
0.26
92043
22
-14.3
0.1
372
65
570A
0.2
0.32
-------
-------
-------
------- -------
------ ----
9002
132
38.3
-0.9
1010 92
42M
0.2
4.26
92008
22
-12.7
0.3
335
59
570A
0.1
0.22
92012
22
-11.2
0.2
294
52
570A
0.1
0.2
92024
22
-14.4
0.4
380
67
570A
0.1
0.12
------ ----
-------
-------
-------
92002
22
------- ------1.6
42
14
290A
99201
0.69
-1.6
42
88
2M
0.08
-------
-------
92002
22
------- ------1.6
42
99202
0.69
-1.6
42
------- -------
------ ----
-------
-------
92003
22
1.6
-0.1
42
99203
0.69
-1.6
0.1
42
------- -------
------ ----
-------
-------
92004
22
1.6
-0.1
42
99204
0.69
-1.6
0.1
42
------- -------
-------
-------
92005
22
1.6
-0.1
42
99205
0.69
-1.6
0.1
42
89
------ ----
-------
-------
92006
22
1.6
42
99206
0.69
-1.6
42
89
------ ---89
------ ----
2M
0.08
------2M
0.08
------2M
0.08
------2M
0.08
------2M
0.08
-------
-------
92006
22
1.6
42
14
290A
99207
0.69
-1.6
42
89
2M
0.08
36
------- -------
89
------ ----
------- -------
88
-------
-------
93008
22
1.0051
7.3
22.112
93009
22
1.0084
7.5
22.185
93010
22
1.0105
7.5
22.232
93011
22
1.0077
7.5
22.169
93012
22
1.0058
7.4
22.128
93013
22
1.0134
7.6
22.295
93014
22
1.018
7.7
22.395
93015
22
1.0173
7.7
22.38
93016
22
1.0062
7.1
22.136
93017
22
1.0057
7.1
22.126
93018
22
1.0072
7.1
22.157
93019
22
1.0081
7.1
22.179
93020
22
1.0088
7.1
22.194
93021
22
1.0039
6.9
22.086
93022
22
1.0034
22.074
93023
22
1.002
6.9
22.043
93024
22
1.0005
6.9
22.012
93025
22
1.0142
6.5
22.313
93026
22
1.0137
6.5
-------
-------
92008
22
------- ------1.6
-0.1
42
99208
0.69
-1.6
0.1
42
------- -------
------ ---89
2M
0.08
-------
-------
92011
22
1.6
-0.1
42
15
290A
99209
0.69
-1.6
0.1
42
89
2M
0.08
------- -------
------ ----
-------
-------
-------
92010
22
1.6
-0.1
42
99210
0.69
-1.6
0.1
42
------- -------
------ ----
-------
-------
92011
22
1.6
-0.1
42
99211
0.69
-1.6
0.1
42
------- -------
------ ----
-------
-------
92012
22
1.6
-0.1
42
99212
0.69
-1.6
0.1
42
------- -------
89
------ ----
-------
-------
92013
22
1.6
42
99213
0.69
-1.6
42
------- -------
89
89
------ ---89
------2M
0.08
------2M
0.08
------2M
0.08
------2M
0.08
-------
-------
92015
22
1.6
42
14
290A
99214
0.69
-1.6
42
88
2M
0.08
------- -------
------ ----
-------
-------
-------
92015
22
1.6
42
99215
0.69
-1.6
42
------- -------
------ ---88
------2M
0.08
-------
-------
92017
22
1.6
-0.1
42
15
290A
99216
0.69
-1.6
0.1
42
89
2M
0.08
------- -------
------ ----
-------
-------
-------
92017
22
1.6
-0.1
42
99217
0.69
-1.6
0.1
42
------- -------
------ ----
-------
-------
92018
22
1.6
-0.1
42
99218
0.69
-1.6
0.1
42
------- -------
------ ----
-------
-------
92019
22
1.6
-0.1
42
99219
0.69
-1.6
0.1
42
------- -------
89
89
------ ---89
------2M
0.08
------2M
0.08
------2M
0.08
-------
-------
92019
22
1.6
-0.1
42
15
290A
99220
0.69
-1.6
0.1
42
89
2M
0.08
------- -------
------ ----
-------
-------
-------
92023
22
1.6
-0.1
42
15
290A
99221
0.69
-1.6
0.1
42
90
2M
0.08
------- -------
------ ----
-------
-------
-------
92022
22
1.6
-0.1
42
99222
0.69
-1.6
0.1
42
------- -------
------ ----
-------
-------
92023
22
1.6
-0.1
42
99223
0.69
-1.6
0.1
42
------- -------
------ ----
-------
-------
92024
22
1.6
-0.1
42
99224
0.69
-1.6
0.1
42
90
------ ---90
2M
0.08
------2M
0.08
------2M
0.08
-------
-------
92026
22
1.6
42
14
290A
99225
0.69
-1.6
42
89
2M
0.08
-------
-------
37
------- -------
------ ----
-------
------- -------
90
-------
------ ----
-------
-------
22.302
93027
22
1.0114
0
6.5
22.25
93028
22
1.0197
6.7
22.433
93029
22
1.0192
6.7
22.422
93030
22
1.0182
6.7
22.401
93031
22
1.0154
6.6
22.338
93032
22
1.0219
7.5
22.482
93033
22
1.0234
7.7
22.515
93034
22
1.0311
7.9
22.683
93035
22
1.0306
7.9
22.673
93036
22
1.0292
7.9
22.642
93037
22
1.0301
7.9
22.662
93038
22
1.0306
7.9
22.673
93039
22
1.0268
7.8
22.59
93040
22
1.0241
7.6
22.531
93041
22
1.0256
7.7
22.562
93042
22
1.0263
7.7
22.578
93043
22
1.0227
7.6
22.5
93044
22
1.0277
22.609
7.7
92026
22
1.6
42
99226
0.69
-1.6
42
-------
-------
92027
22
------- ------1.6
-0.1
42
99227
0.69
-1.6
0.1
42
------- -------
89
------ ---89
0.08
------2M
0.08
-------
-------
92029
22
1.6
42
14
290A
99228
0.69
-1.6
42
88
2M
0.08
------- -------
------ ----
2M
-------
-------
92029
22
1.6
42
99229
0.69
-1.6
42
------- -------
------ ----
-------
-------
92030
22
1.6
42
99230
0.69
-1.6
42
------- -------
------ ----
-------
-------
92031
22
1.6
42
99231
0.69
-1.6
42
------- -------
-------
-------
92032
22
1.6
42
99232
0.69
-1.6
42
89
------ ----
-------
-------
92033
22
1.6
42
99233
0.69
-1.6
42
------- -------
88
------ ----
------- -------
88
88
------ ---88
------2M
0.08
------2M
0.08
------2M
0.08
------2M
0.08
------2M
0.08
-------
-------
92035
22
1.6
41
14
290A
99234
0.69
-1.6
41
87
2M
0.08
------- -------
------ ----
-------
-------
-------
92035
22
1.6
41
99235
0.69
-1.6
41
------- -------
------ ----
-------
-------
92036
22
1.6
41
99236
0.69
-1.6
41
------- -------
------ ----
-------
-------
92037
22
1.6
41
99237
0.69
-1.6
41
------- -------
87
87
------ ---87
------2M
0.08
------2M
0.08
------2M
0.08
-------
-------
92037
22
1.6
41
14
290A
99238
0.69
-1.6
41
87
2M
0.08
------- -------
------ ----
-------
-------
-------
92039
22
1.6
41
99239
0.69
-1.6
41
------- -------
------ ----
-------
-------
92040
22
1.6
41
99240
0.69
-1.6
41
------- -------
------ ----
-------
-------
92041
22
1.6
41
99241
0.69
-1.6
41
------- -------
88
88
------ ---88
------2M
0.08
------2M
0.08
------2M
0.08
-------
-------
92041
22
1.6
41
14
290A
99242
0.69
-1.6
41
88
2M
0.08
-------
-------
92043
22
1.6
42
99243
0.69
-1.6
42
-------
-------
92044
22
38
------- -------
------ ----
-------
------- ------1.6
------ ---88
------ ---41
-------
------2M
0.08
-------
93045
22
1.0287
7.8
22.63
93046
22
1.0303
7.8
22.667
93047
22
1.0296
7.8
22.651
93048
22
1.0286
7.8
22.63
99201
0.69
1.024
10.8
0.7066
99202
0.69
1.0233
10.8
0.7061
99203
0.69
1.0173
10.7
0.7019
99204
0.69
1.0148
10.7
0.7002
99205
0.69
1.0118
10.6
0.6981
99206
0.69
1.0193
10.7
0.7033
99207
0.69
1.0203
10.7
0.704
99208
0.69
1.0097
10.4
0.6967
99209
0.69
1.0132
10.5
0.6991
99210
0.69
1.0155
10.5
0.7007
99211
0.69
1.0124
10.5
0.6986
99212
0.69
1.0104
10.4
0.6972
99213
0.69
1.0185
10.6
0.7028
99214
0.69
1.0233
0.7061
10.6
99244
0.69
-------
-------
-1.6
92044
22
1.6
41
14
290A
99245
0.69
-1.6
41
87
2M
0.08
------- -------
------- -------
41
88
------ ----
0.08
-------
-------
92047
22
1.6
41
14
290A
99246
0.69
-1.6
41
87
2M
0.08
------- -------
------ ----
2M
-------
-------
-------
92047
22
1.6
41
99247
0.69
-1.6
41
------- -------
------ ----
-------
-------
92048
22
1.6
41
99248
0.69
-1.6
41
------- -------
87
------ ---87
------2M
0.08
------2M
0.08
-------
-------
-0.8
93001
22
1.6
1330 88
2M
0.08
99101
0.69
-1.6
0.8
1483 95
1556A
0.01
-------
------ ----
-------
------- -------
------ ----
-------
-------
-------
-0.8
93002
22
1.6
1331 88
2M
0.08
99102
0.69
-1.6
0.8
1485 95
1556A
0.01
-------
------ ----
-------
-------
------- -------
-0.8
93003
22
1.6
1338 89
2M
0.08
99103
0.69
-1.6
0.8
1493 96
1556A
0.01
-------
------ ----
-------
-------
------- -------
-0.8
93004
22
1.6
1342 89
2M
0.08
99104
0.69
-1.6
0.8
1497 96
1556A
0.01
-------
------ ----
-------
-------
------- -------
-0.8
93005
22
1.6
1345 89
2M
0.08
99105
0.69
-1.6
0.8
1501 96
1556A
0.01
-------
------ ----
-------
-------
-0.8
93006
22
1.6
1336 89
2M
0.08
99106
0.69
-1.6
0.8
1490 96
1556A
0.01
-------
-------
------ ----
-------
-0.8
------- -------
------- -------
93007
22
1.6
1335 89
2M
0.08
99107
0.69
-1.6
0.8
1489 96
1556A
0.01
------ ----
-------
-------
-------
-0.8
93008
22
------- ------1.6
1348 89
2M
0.08
99108
0.69
-1.6
0.8
1504 97
1556A
0.01
-------
------ ----
-------
-------
------- -------
-0.8
93009
22
1.6
1344 89
2M
0.08
99109
0.69
-1.6
0.8
1499 96
1556A
0.01
-------
------ ----
-------
-------
------- -------
-0.8
93010
22
1.6
1341 89
2M
0.08
99110
0.69
-1.6
0.8
1496 96
1556A
0.01
-------
------ ----
-------
-------
------- -------
-0.8
93011
22
1.6
1345 89
2M
0.08
99111
0.69
-1.6
0.8
1500 96
1556A
0.01
-------
------ ----
-------
-------
------- -------
-0.8
93012
22
1.6
1347 89
2M
0.08
99112
0.69
-1.6
0.8
1503 97
1556A
0.01
-------
------ ----
-------
-------
------- -------
-0.8
93013
22
1.6
1337 89
2M
0.08
99113
0.69
-1.6
0.8
1491 96
1556A
0.01
-------
------ ----
-------
-------
-0.8
93014
22
1.6
1331 88
2M
0.08
99114
0.69
-1.6
0.8
1485 95
1556A
0.01
39
------- -------
99215
0.69
1.0225
10.6
0.7055
99216
0.69
1.0109
10.1
0.6975
99217
0.69
1.0104
10.1
0.6971
99218
0.69
1.0119
10.1
0.6982
99219
0.69
1.0129
10.1
0.6989
99220
0.69
1.0136
10.1
0.6994
99221
0.69
1.0084
10
0.6958
99222
0.69
1.0079
10
0.6954
99223
0.69
1.0064
9.9
0.6944
99224
0.69
1.0049
9.9
0.6934
99225
0.69
1.0193
9.5
0.7033
99226
0.69
1.0188
9.5
0.703
99227
0.69
1.0163
9.4
0.7012
99228
0.69
1.0251
9.6
0.7073
99229
0.69
1.0246
9.6
0.707
99230
0.69
1.0236
9.6
0.7063
99231
0.69
1.0205
9.6
0.7042
99232
0.69
1.0274
10.5
0.7089
99233
0.69
1.029
10.6
-------
-------
-0.8
93015
22
------- ------1.6
1332 88
2M
0.08
99115
0.69
-1.6
0.8
1486 95
1556A
0.01
-------
------ ----
-------
------- -------
------ ----
-------
-------
-0.8
93016
22
1.6
1346 89
2M
0.08
99116
0.69
-1.6
0.8
1502 97
1556A
0.01
-------
------ ----
-------
-------
------- -------
-0.8
93017
22
1.6
1347 89
2M
0.08
99117
0.69
-1.6
0.8
1503 97
1556A
0.01
-------
------ ----
-------
-------
------- -------
-0.8
93018
22
1.6
1345 89
2M
0.08
99118
0.69
-1.6
0.8
1501 96
1556A
0.01
-------
------ ----
-------
-------
------- -------
-0.8
93019
22
1.6
1344 89
2M
0.08
99119
0.69
-1.6
0.8
1499 96
1556A
0.01
-------
------ ----
-------
-------
------- -------
-0.8
93020
22
1.6
1343 89
2M
0.08
99120
0.69
-1.6
0.8
1498 96
1556A
0.01
-------
------ ----
-------
-------
------- -------
-0.8
93021
22
1.6
1350 90
2M
0.08
99121
0.69
-1.6
0.8
1506 97
1556A
0.01
-------
------ ----
-------
-------
------- -------
-0.8
93022
22
1.6
1350 90
2M
0.08
99122
0.69
-1.6
0.8
1507 97
1556A
0.01
-------
------ ----
-------
-------
------- -------
-0.8
93023
22
1.6
1352 90
2M
0.08
99123
0.69
-1.6
0.8
1509 97
1556A
0.01
-------
------ ----
-------
-------
------- -------
-0.8
93024
22
1.6
1354 90
2M
0.08
99124
0.69
-1.6
0.8
1511 97
1556A
0.01
-------
------ ----
-------
-------
-0.8
93025
22
1.6
1336 89
2M
0.08
99125
0.69
-1.6
0.8
1490 96
1556A
0.01
-------
-------
------ ----
-------
-0.8
------- -------
------- -------
93026
22
1.6
1336 89
2M
0.08
99126
0.69
-1.6
0.8
1491 96
1556A
0.01
------ ----
-------
-------
-------
-0.8
93027
22
------- ------1.6
1340 89
2M
0.08
99127
0.69
-1.6
0.8
1495 96
1556A
0.01
-------
------ ----
-------
-------
-0.9
93028
22
1.6
1329 88
2M
0.08
99128
0.69
-1.6
0.8
1482 95
1556A
0.01
-------
-------
------ ----
-------
-0.9
------- -------
------- -------
93029
22
1.6
1329 88
2M
0.08
99129
0.69
-1.6
0.8
1483 95
1556A
0.01
------ ----
-------
-------
-------
-0.8
93030
22
------- ------1.6
1331 88
2M
0.08
99130
0.69
-1.6
0.8
1484 95
1556A
0.01
-------
------ ----
-------
-------
------- -------
-0.8
93031
22
1.6
1334 89
2M
0.08
99131
0.69
-1.6
0.8
1488 96
1556A
0.01
-------
------ ----
-------
-------
-0.9
93032
22
1.6
1326 88
2M
0.08
99132
0.69
-1.6
0.8
1479 95
1556A
0.01
-------
-------
------ ----
-------
40
------- -------
------- -------
0.71
99234
0.69
1.0371
0
10.8
0.7156
99235
0.69
1.0366
10.8
0.7152
99236
0.69
1.0351
10.8
0.7142
99237
0.69
1.0361
10.8
0.7149
99238
0.69
1.0366
10.8
0.7152
99239
0.69
1.0326
10.7
0.7125
99240
0.69
1.0298
10.6
0.7105
99241
0.69
1.0313
10.6
0.7116
99242
0.69
1.032
10.6
0.7121
99243
0.69
1.0283
10.5
0.7095
99244
0.69
1.0335
10.6
0.7131
99245
0.69
1.0345
10.6
0.7138
99246
0.69
1.0363
10.7
0.715
99247
0.69
1.0355
10.6
0.7145
99248
0.69
1.0345
10.6
0.7138
99101
0.69
1.0341
11.3
0.7135
99102
0.69
1.0333
11.3
0.713
99103
0.69
1.0274
0.7089
11.2
-0.9
93033
22
1.6
0.1
1324 88
2M
0.08
99133
0.69
-1.6
0.8
1476 95
1556A
0.01
------ ----
-------
-------
-------
-0.9
93034
22
------- ------1.6
0.1
1314 87
2M
0.08
99134
0.69
-1.6
0.8
1465 94
1556A
0.01
------ ----
-------
-------
-------
-0.9
93035
22
------- ------1.6
0.1
1315 87
2M
0.08
99135
0.69
-1.6
0.8
1466 94
1556A
0.01
------ ----
-------
-------
-------
-0.9
93036
22
------- ------1.6
0.1
1317 87
2M
0.08
99136
0.69
-1.6
0.8
1468 94
1556A
0.01
------ ----
-------
-------
-------
-0.9
93037
22
------- ------1.6
0.1
1316 87
2M
0.08
99137
0.69
-1.6
0.8
1467 94
1556A
0.01
------ ----
-------
-------
-------
-0.9
93038
22
------- ------1.6
0.1
1315 87
2M
0.08
99138
0.69
-1.6
0.8
1466 94
1556A
0.01
------ ----
-------
-------
-------
-0.9
93039
22
------- ------1.6
0.1
1320 88
2M
0.08
99139
0.69
-1.6
0.8
1471 95
1556A
0.01
------ ----
-------
-------
-------
-0.9
93040
22
------- ------1.6
0.1
1323 88
2M
0.08
99140
0.69
-1.6
0.8
1475 95
1556A
0.01
------ ----
-------
-------
-------
-0.9
93041
22
------- ------1.6
0.1
1321 88
2M
0.08
99141
0.69
-1.6
0.8
1473 95
1556A
0.01
------ ----
-------
-------
-------
-0.9
93042
22
------- ------1.6
0.1
1320 88
2M
0.08
99142
0.69
-1.6
0.8
1472 95
1556A
0.01
------ ----
-------
-------
-------
-0.9
93043
22
------- ------1.6
0.1
1325 88
2M
0.08
99143
0.69
-1.6
0.8
1477 95
1556A
0.01
------ ----
-------
-------
-------
-0.9
93044
22
------- ------1.6
0.1
1319 88
2M
0.08
99144
0.69
-1.6
0.8
1470 94
1556A
0.01
------ ----
-------
-------
-------
-0.9
93045
22
------- ------1.6
0.1
1317 87
2M
0.08
99145
0.69
-1.6
0.8
1469 94
1556A
0.01
------ ----
-------
-------
-------
-0.9
93046
22
------- ------1.6
0.1
1315 87
2M
0.08
99146
0.69
-1.6
0.8
1466 94
1556A
0.01
------ ----
-------
-------
-------
-0.9
93047
22
------- ------1.6
0.1
1316 87
2M
0.08
99147
0.69
-1.6
0.8
1467 94
1556A
0.01
------ ----
-------
-------
-------
-0.9
93048
22
1.6
0.1
1317 87
2M
0.08
99148
0.69
-1.6
0.8
1469 94
1556A
0.01
1.6
-------
-------
-0.8L
99201
0.69
1.6
-------
-------
-0.8L
99202
0.69
1.6
-------
-------
-0.8L
99203
0.69
41
------- -------
------- ------1.6
-0.8
------- ------1.6
-0.8
------- ------1.6
-0.8
------ ----
-------
1483 95
1556A
------ ----
-------
1485 95
1556A
------ ----
-------
1493 96
1556A
0.02 0.01
0.01
0.01
99104
0.69
1.0249
11.2
0.7072
99105
0.69
1.022
11.1
0.7052
99106
0.69
1.0294
11.2
0.7103
99107
0.69
1.0304
11.2
0.711
99108
0.69
1.0199
10.9
0.7037
99109
0.69
1.0233
11
0.7061
99110
0.69
1.0256
11
0.7077
99111
0.69
1.0226
11
0.7056
99112
0.69
1.0206
10.9
0.7042
99113
0.69
1.0286
11.1
0.7097
99114
0.69
1.0334
11.1
0.713
99115
0.69
1.0326
11.1
0.7125
99116
0.69
1.0211
10.6
0.7045
99117
0.69
1.0206
10.6
0.7042
99118
0.69
1.0221
10.6
0.7052
99119
0.69
1.0231
10.6
0.7059
99120
0.69
1.0238
10.6
0.7064
99121
0.69
1.0187
0.7029
10.5
1.6
-------
-------
-0.8L
99204
0.69
1.6
-------
-------
-0.8L
99205
0.69
1.6
-------
-------
-0.8L
99206
0.69
1.6
-------
-------
-0.8L
99207
0.69
1.6
-------
-------
-0.8L
99208
0.69
1.6
-------
-------
-0.8L
99209
0.69
1.6
-------
-------
-0.8L
99210
0.69
1.6
-------
-------
-0.8L
99211
0.69
1.6
-------
-------
-0.8L
99212
0.69
1.6
-------
-------
-0.8L
99213
0.69
1.6
-------
-------
-0.8L
99214
0.69
1.6
-------
-------
-0.8L
99215
0.69
1.6
-------
-------
-0.8L
99216
0.69
1.6
-------
-------
-0.8L
99217
0.69
1.6
-------
-------
-0.8L
99218
0.69
1.6
-------
-------
-0.8L
99219
0.69
1.6
-------
-------
-0.8L
99220
0.69
1.6
-------
-------
-0.8L
99221
0.69
42
------- ------1.6
-0.8
------- ------1.6
-0.8
------- ------1.6
-0.8
------- ------1.6
-0.8
------- ------1.6
-0.8
------- ------1.6
-0.8
------- ------1.6
-0.8
------- ------1.6
-0.8
------- ------1.6
-0.8
------- ------1.6
-0.8
------- ------1.6
-0.8
------- ------1.6
-0.8
------- ------1.6
-0.8
------- ------1.6
-0.8
------- ------1.6
-0.8
------- ------1.6
-0.8
------- ------1.6
-0.8
------- ------1.6
-0.8
------ ----
-------
1497 96
1556A
------ ----
-------
1501 96
1556A
------ ----
-------
1490 96
1556A
------ ----
-------
1489 96
1556A
------ ----
-------
1504 97
1556A
------ ----
-------
1499 96
1556A
------ ----
-------
1496 96
1556A
------ ----
-------
1500 96
1556A
------ ----
-------
1503 97
1556A
------ ----
-------
1491 96
1556A
------ ----
-------
1485 95
1556A
------ ----
-------
1486 95
1556A
------ ----
-------
1502 97
1556A
------ ----
-------
1503 97
1556A
------ ----
-------
1501 96
1556A
------ ----
-------
1499 96
1556A
------ ----
-------
1498 96
1556A
------ ----
-------
1506 97
1556A
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
99122
0.69
1.0181
10.5
0.7025
99123
0.69
1.0166
10.4
0.7015
99124
0.69
1.0151
10.4
0.7004
99125
0.69
1.0294
10
0.7103
99126
0.69
1.0289
10
0.71
99127
0.69
1.0264
9.9
0.7082
99128
0.69
1.0351
10.1
0.7142
99129
0.69
1.0346
10.1
0.7139
99130
0.69
1.0336
10.1
0.7132
99131
0.69
1.0306
10.1
0.7111
99132
0.69
1.0374
10.9
0.7158
99133
0.69
1.039
11.1
0.7169
99134
0.69
1.047
11.3
0.7224
99135
0.69
1.0465
11.3
0.7221
99136
0.69
1.045
11.3
0.7211
99137
0.69
1.046
11.3
0.7218
99138
0.69
1.0465
11.3
0.7221
99139
0.69
1.0426
11.2
0.7194
99140
0.69
1.0398
11
1.6
-------
-------
-0.8L
99222
0.69
1.6
-------
-------
-0.8L
99223
0.69
1.6
-------
-------
-0.8L
99224
0.69
1.6
-------
-------
-0.8L
99225
0.69
1.6
-------
-------
-0.8L
99226
0.69
1.6
-------
-------
-0.8L
99227
0.69
1.6
-------
-------
-0.8L
99228
0.69
1.6
-------
-------
-0.8L
99229
0.69
1.6
-------
-------
-0.8L
99230
0.69
1.6
-------
-------
-0.8L
99231
0.69
1.6
-------
-------
-0.8L
99232
0.69
1.6
-------
-------
-0.8L
99233
0.69
1.6
-------
-------
-0.8L
99234
0.69
1.6
-------
-------
-0.8L
99235
0.69
1.6
-------
-------
-0.8L
99236
0.69
1.6
-------
-------
-0.8L
99237
0.69
1.6
-------
-------
-0.8L
99238
0.69
1.6
-------
-------
-0.8L
99239
0.69
1.6
-------
-------
43
------- ------1.6
-0.8
------- ------1.6
-0.8
------- ------1.6
-0.8
------- ------1.6
-0.8
------- ------1.6
-0.8
------- ------1.6
-0.8
------- ------1.6
-0.8
------- ------1.6
-0.8
------- ------1.6
-0.8
------- ------1.6
-0.8
------- ------1.6
-0.8
------- ------1.6
-0.8
------- ------1.6
-0.8
------- ------1.6
-0.8
------- ------1.6
-0.8
------- ------1.6
-0.8
------- ------1.6
-0.8
------- -------
------ ----
-------
1507 97
1556A
------ ----
-------
1509 97
1556A
------ ----
-------
1511 97
1556A
------ ----
-------
1490 96
1556A
------ ----
-------
1491 96
1556A
------ ----
-------
1495 96
1556A
------ ----
-------
1482 95
1556A
------ ----
-------
1483 95
1556A
------ ----
-------
1484 95
1556A
------ ----
-------
1488 96
1556A
------ ----
-------
1479 95
1556A
------ ----
-------
1476 95
1556A
------ ----
-------
1465 94
1556A
------ ----
-------
1466 94
1556A
------ ----
-------
1468 94
1556A
------ ----
-------
1467 94
1556A
------ ----
-------
1466 94
1556A
------ ----
-------
-0.8
1471 95
1556A
------- -------
------ ----
-------
1.6
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.7174
99141
0.69
1.0413
11.1
0.7185
99142
0.69
1.042
11.1
0.719
99143
0.69
1.0383
11
0.7164
99144
0.69
1.0435
11.1
0.72
99145
0.69
1.0445
11.1
0.7207
99146
0.69
1.0462
11.1
0.7219
99147
0.69
1.0455
11.1
0.7214
99148
0.69
1.0445
0.7207
11.1
-0.8L
99240
0.69
1.6
-------
-------
-0.8L
99241
0.69
1.6
-------
-------
-0.8L
99242
0.69
1.6
-------
-------
-0.8L
99243
0.69
1.6
-------
-------
-0.8L
99244
0.69
1.6
-------
-------
-0.8L
99245
0.69
1.6
-------
-------
-0.8L
99246
0.69
1.6
-------
-------
-0.8L
99247
0.69
1.6
-------
-------
-0.8L
99248
0.69
44
1.6
-0.8
------- ------1.6
-0.8
------- ------1.6
-0.8
------- ------1.6
-0.8
------- ------1.6
-0.8
------- ------1.6
-0.8
------- ------1.6
-0.8
------- ------1.6
-0.8
------- ------1.6
-0.8
1475 95
1556A
------ ----
-------
1473 95
1556A
------ ----
-------
1472 95
1556A
------ ----
-------
1477 95
1556A
------ ----
-------
1470 94
1556A
------ ----
-------
1469 94
1556A
------ ----
-------
1466 94
1556A
------ ----
-------
1467 94
1556A
------ ----
-------
1469 94
1556A
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
Appendix.C.
Voltage levels for the minimum load case (Case AB-min)
BUS#
Base V. V(PU)
V(KV)
Base V. AREA
V(KV)
91001
22
1.0067
22.147
22
22.147
93001
22
1.0073
22.161
22
22.161
93003
22
1.0073
22.16
22
22.159
93005
22
1.0072
22.159
22
22.16
93007
22
1.0073
22.16
22
22.157
93009
22
1.0072
22.159
22
22.159
93011
22
1.0072
22.159
22
22.158
93013
22
1.0073
22.16
22
22.16
93015
22
1.0073
22.16
22
22.152
93017
22
1.0069
22.152
22
22.152
93019
22
1.0069
22.152
22
22.152
93021
22
1.0069
22.152
22
22.152
93023
22
1.0069
22.151
22
22.151
93025
22
1.0067
22.148
22
22.148
93027
22
1.0067
22.148
22
22.149
93029
22
1.0068
22.149
22
22.149
93031
22
1.0068
22.149
22
22.16
93033
22
1.0073
22.161
22
22.162
93035
22
1.0074
22.162
22
22.162
93037
22
1.0074
22.162
22
22.162
93039
22
1.0073
22.162
22
22.16
93041
22
1.0073
22.16
22
22.16
93043
22
1.0073
22.16
22
22.16
93045
22
1.0073
22.161
22
22.161
93047
22
1.0073
22.161
22
22.16
99101
0.69
1.0073
0.695
0.69
0.695
99103
0.69
1.0073
0.695
0.69
0.695
99105
0.69
1.0072
0.695
0.69
0.695
99107
0.69
1.0073
0.695
0.69
0.695
99109
0.69
1.0072
0.695
0.69
0.695
99111
0.69
1.0072
0.695
0.69
0.695
99113
0.69
1.0073
0.695
0.69
0.695
99115
0.69
1.0073
0.695
0.69
0.695
99117
0.69
1.0069
0.695
0.69
0.695
99119
0.69
1.0069
0.695
0.69
0.695
99121
0.69
1.0069
0.695
0.69
0.695
99123
0.69
1.0069
0.695
0.69
0.695
99125
0.69
1.0067
0.695
0.69
0.695
99127
0.69
1.0067
0.695
0.69
0.695
99129
0.69
1.0068
0.695
0.69
0.695
99131
0.69
1.0068
0.695
0.69
0.695
99133
0.69
1.0073
0.695
0.69
0.695
99135
0.69
1.0074
0.695
0.69
0.695
99137
0.69
1.0074
0.695
0.69
0.695
99139
0.69
1.0073
0.695
0.69
0.695
99141
0.69
1.0073
0.695
0.69
0.695
45
99143
0.69
1.0073
0.695
0.69
0.695
99145
0.69
1.0073
0.695
0.69
0.695
99147
0.69
1.0073
0.695
0.69
0.695
99201
0.69
1.0073
0.695
0.69
0.695
99203
0.69
1.0073
0.695
0.69
0.695
99205
0.69
1.0072
0.695
0.69
0.695
99207
0.69
1.0073
0.695
0.69
0.695
99209
0.69
1.0072
0.695
0.69
0.695
99211
0.69
1.0072
0.695
0.69
0.695
99213
0.69
1.0073
0.695
0.69
0.695
99215
0.69
1.0073
0.695
0.69
0.695
99217
0.69
1.0069
0.695
0.69
0.695
99219
0.69
1.0069
0.695
0.69
0.695
99221
0.69
1.0069
0.695
0.69
0.695
99223
0.69
1.0069
0.695
0.69
0.695
99225
0.69
1.0067
0.695
0.69
0.695
99227
0.69
1.0067
0.695
0.69
0.695
99229
0.69
1.0068
0.695
0.69
0.695
99231
0.69
1.0068
0.695
0.69
0.695
99233
0.69
1.0073
0.695
0.69
0.695
99235
0.69
1.0074
0.695
0.69
0.695
99237
0.69
1.0074
0.695
0.69
0.695
99239
0.69
1.0073
0.695
0.69
0.695
99241
0.69
1.0073
0.695
0.69
0.695
99243
0.69
1.0073
0.695
0.69
0.695
99245
0.69
1.0073
0.695
0.69
0.695
99247
0.69
1.0073
0.695
0.69
0.695
46

Connection Queries of A Wind Farm in Australia

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Connection queries of the

Emu Downs wind farm

Short circuit and load flow

Construction of the EMU Downs Wind Farm begins soon. / SNWA

Connection queries of the Emu Downs wind farm

Willi Christiansen & David T. Johnsen

Preface and Acknowledgements

Connection queries of the Emu Downs wind farm

Willi Christiansen & David T. Johnsen

Connection queries of the Emu Downs wind farm

Willi Christiansen & David T. Johnsen

Connection queries of the Emu Downs wind farm

Willi Christiansen & David T. Johnsen

Connection queries of the Emu Downs wind farm

Willi Christiansen & David T. Johnsen

II. Presentation of the wind distribution system Emu Downs

II. 1. Draft sketch

Figure II.1, network diagram of the WDS

II. 2. Wind distribution system parameters

Connection queries of the Emu Downs wind farm

Willi Christiansen & David T. Johnsen

Cable type Number Area of surface [mm ]

IRated [A] R[ohm/km] R0 [ohm/km] Q [Ohm/km] Q0 [ohm/km] B [F/km]

300 mm Cu (65 grader)

Table II.1, cable parameters of the WDS system, source ABB.com

Table II.2, generator data

WTG tower base transformers Impedances on 1.8MVA base

Connection queries of the Emu Downs wind farm

Willi Christiansen & David T. Johnsen

Table II.3, data of the machine transformers

Table II.4, data of the substation power transformers

The impedance data on Table II.4 are provided by the manufacturer.

II. 3. Grid connection of the WDS through two 132kV

Values of the symmetrical fault current:

The correlation between R and X of the transmission grid is given as approx.:

Connection queries of the Emu Downs wind farm

Willi Christiansen & David T. Johnsen

II. 4. Assumptions and consequences

II. 5. Calculation of the grid impedances

Connection queries of the Emu Downs wind farm

Willi Christiansen & David T. Johnsen

2640 0.165677 0.034762 0.161989

1310 0.333883 0.070054 0.326451

Table II.5, impedances of the grid during different load conditions

Connection queries of the Emu Downs wind farm

Willi Christiansen & David T. Johnsen

III. Short circuit analyses

III. 1. Short circuit analysis scenarios

Feeder A out, Feeder B out,

Table III.1, the six short circuit scenarios

III. 2. Short circuit study results

Connection queries of the Emu Downs wind farm

Willi Christiansen & David T. Johnsen

Min fault current [A]

Generator bus (99101-48), 0.69kV

Min fault current [A]

Low voltage side of the machine transformer (99201-48), 0.69

Connection queries of the Emu Downs wind farm

Willi Christiansen & David T. Johnsen

Min fault current [A]

Max fault current [A]

Min fault current [A]