COMPUTERS AND STRUCTURES, INC.

, BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA SEPTEMBER 2002

COMPOSITE BEAM DESIGN BS 5950-90

Technical Note

General and Notation

This Technical Note provides an overview of composite beam design using the BS 5950-90 design specification (BSI 1990a, 1990b). The various notations used in this series of Technical Notes are described herein. English as well as SI and MKS metric units can be used for input. But the code is based on Newton-Millimeter-Second units. For simplicity, all equations and descriptions presented in this series of Technical Notes correspond to Newton-Millimeter-Second units unless otherwise noted.

BS 5950-90 Design Methodology

The flowchart in Figure 1 shows the general methodology for composite beam design of a single beam element using the BS 5950-90 specification. The numbered boxes in the flowchart correspond to the "Box" identifiers used in the text of this Technical Note. The flowchart is intended to convey the important features of the BS 5950-90 design methodology. It should not be literally construed as a flowchart for the actual computer code included in the program.

Box 1 - Start Here

Before you begin, note that the flowchart is set up for a single beam. Thus you must apply the flow process shown to each beam designed. Do not confuse the beam that is being designed with a trial section for that beam. The beam that is being designed is an actual element in the model. A trial section is simply a beam section size that is checked for the beam that is being designed.

Box 2 - Design Load Combinations

The program creates default design load combinations for composite beam design using the BS 5950-90 specification. Also any user-specified design load combinations can be interpreted and implemented. Refer to Technical Note Design Load Combinations Composite Beam Design BS 5950-90 for a description of the BS 5950-90 default design load combinations.

BS 5950-90 Design Methodology

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Composite Beam Design BS 5950-90

General and Notation

Determine design check locations. 3 Determine checking order for beams. 4 Select a trial beam section. 5 Is the section Yes plastic, compact or semi-compact? 6 Determine transformed section properties for full composite action. 8

Determine design load combinations. 2

Start here to design a beam element. 1

Is there another trial section available that may qualify as the optimum beam Yes No section? 19

The design for this beam element is complete.

20 Determine if trial section is the current optimum section. 18 Determine price of section. 17 Calculate required camber. Yes Is beam shear acceptable? 16

On the basis of section class requirements, determine whether to use a plastic or an elastic stress distribution to calculate the moment capacity, Mn. 7

No

Considering full composite connection, are the maximum moment and deflection acceptable? Yes 9

No No

15 Yes Do the required No shear connectors fit on the beam? 14 Determine the required number of shear connectors. 13 Determine the minimum acceptable percent composite connection considering combined stresses and deflection criteria. 12

Is the vibration criteria satisfied? 10 Yes

No

No Considering full composite action, is the interaction for the combined stresses Yes acceptable? 11

Figure 1: Flowchart for BS 5950-90 Design of a Single Beam

BS 5950-90 Design Methodology

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Composite Beam Design BS 5950-90

General and Notation

Box 3 - Design Check Locations

The program determines all of the design check locations for a given beam. Also refer to Technical Note Beam Unbraced Length Composite Beam Design.

Box 4 - Checking Order for Beams

You must determine the checking order for a beam section if the beam is assigned an auto selection property. The program considers the beam sections in the auto select list in the sequence described in How the Program Optimizes Design Groups in Technical Note General Design Information Composite Beam Design.

Box 5 - Trial Beam Section

The program allows you to select the next trial beam section to be checked for conformance with the BS 5950-90 specification and any additional userdefined criteria. Refer to How the Program Optimizes Design Groups in Technical Note General Design Information Composite Beam Design for a description of this selection process.

Box 6 - Section Class Requirements

For BS 5950-90 design of composite beams, the program requires that the beam section be Class 1 (Plastic), Class 2 (Compact) or Class 3 (SemiCompact). Class 4 (Slender) sections are not designed. The program checks to make sure the beam is not Slender. Refer to Technical Note Classification of Sections Composite Beam Design BS 5950-90 for a description of how the program classifies the sections.

Box 7 - Stress Distribution Used to Calculate Moment Capacity

The program determines whether to use a plastic or an elastic stress distribution when calculating the moment capacity for BS 5950-90 design. See Technical Note Classification of Sections Composite Beam Design BS 5950-90 for more information.

Box 8 - Transformed Section Properties

The program computes the transformed section properties of the trial beam section. If there is only positive bending in the beam, only the transformed section properties for positive bending are calculated. Similarly, if there is only negative bending in the beam, only the transformed section properties for negative bending are calculated. If there is both positive and negative bending in the beam, transformed section properties for both positive and negative bending are calculated.

BS 5950-90 Design Methodology

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Composite Beam Design BS 5950-90

General and Notation

Refer to Technical Note Effective Width of the Concrete Slab Composite Beam Design BS 5950-90 for a description of how the program calculates the effective width of the concrete slab for the composite beam. Refer to Technical Note Transformed Section Moment of Inertia Composite Beam Design BS 5950-90 for description of how the program calculates the transformed section properties. In BS 5950-90 design, the transformed section properties are used for calculating deflection, and they are used when the moment capacity is determined based on an elastic stress distribution.

Box 9 - Initial Moment Capacity and Deflection Check

The program checks that the moment capacity of the beam using full composite connection is greater than or equal to the applied factored moment. It also checks if the deflection using full composite connection is acceptable. The main purpose of this check is to quickly eliminate inadequate beam sections. Refer to Technical Note Strength Checks Composite Beam Design BS 5950-90 and Beam Deflection Checks Composite Beam Design BS 5950-90 for more information.

Box 10 - Vibration Criteria Check

The program calculates the vibration parameters. If vibration is specified to be used as one of the tools for selecting the optimum beam size, the program checks if the vibration parameters satisfy the specified limits. If the vibration check is satisfied, the design using the current trial section continues; otherwise, the design for this section is terminated. For more detailed information on the vibration checks, refer to Technical Note Beam Vibration Composite Beam Design BS 5950-90.

Box 11 - P-M Interaction Check

If there is axial load on the beam, the program checks the P-M interaction equations for non-composite sections. If the interaction check is satisfied, the design using the current trial section continues; otherwise, the design for this section is terminated. Refer to Technical Note Moment Capacity for Steel Section Alone Composite Beam Design BS 5950-90 for more information.

Box 12 - Partial Composite Action

A significant amount of design is performed at this point in the process. The program determines the smallest amount of composite connection for which

BS 5950-90 Design Methodology

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Composite Beam Design BS 5950-90

General and Notation

the beam is adequate. Both flexural checks and deflection checks are made at this point. Flexural checks are also made for the construction loads. For more information refer to Technical Notes Partial Composite Connection Composite Beam Design BS 5950-90, Strength Checks Composite Beam Design BS 5950-90, and Beam Deflection Checks Composite Beam Design BS 5950-90.

Box 13 - Required Number of Shear Connectors

The program calculates the required number of shear connectors on the beam and the distribution of those shear connectors. For more information refer to Technical Note Shear Connectors Composite Beam Design BS 5950-90. Also refer to Technical Note Distribution of Shear Studs on a Composite Beam Composite Beam Design and Technical Note Number of Shear Studs that Fit in a Composite Beam Segment Composite Beam Design. Finally refer to Technical Note Effective Width of Concrete Slab Composite Beam Design BS 595090 for limitations associated with composite beams and formed metal deck and Technical Note Transverse Reinforcement Composite Beam Design BS 5950-90 for checking longitudinal shear stress in concrete.

Box 14 - Checking if Shear Connectors Fit on the Beam

The program checks if the number of shear connectors calculated actually fit on the beam. For more information refer to Technical Note Number of Shear Studs that Fit in a Composite Beam Segment Composite Beam Design. If the connectors fit on the beam, the design using the current trial section continues; otherwise, the design for this section is terminated.

Box 15 - Beam Shear

The program checks the beam shear for the reactions at each end of the beam. See Technical Note Beam Shear Capacity Composite Beam Design BS 5950-90 for more information. If the beam shear check is satisfied, the design using the current trial section continues; otherwise, the design for this section is terminated.

Box 16 - Camber
The program determines the camber for the beam, if it is specified to have camber. Refer to Technical Note Camber Calculation Composite Beam Design BS 5950-90 for more information.

BS 5950-90 Design Methodology

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Composite Beam Design BS 5950-90

General and Notation

Box 17 - Section Price

Determination of price of section applies only when price has been specified by the user as the method of selecting the optimum section. In such cases, the program determines the price of the current beam. Refer to Using Price to Select Optimum Beam Sections in Technical Note General Design Information Composite Beam Design for more information.

Box 18 - Check if a Section is the Current Optimum Section

This check applies only if price has been specified as the method of selecting the optimum section. The program checks if the price of the current trial beam is less than that of any other beam that satisfied the design criteria. If so, the current beam section becomes the current optimum beam section. Refer to Using Price to Select Optimum Beam Sections in Technical Note General Design Information Composite Beam Design for more information If the optimum beam size is to be selected by weight, this check becomes irrelevant because the beams are checked in order from the lightest to the heaviest beams and thus the first beam found to work is the optimum beam.

Box 19 - Checking for Possible Additional Optimum Sections

This check applies only if the beam has been assigned an auto selection property. The program checks if another section in the auto selection list might qualify as the optimum beam section. Refer to the section titled How the Program Optimizes Design Groups" in Technical Note General Design Information Composite Beam Design for more information.

Box 20 - Design Complete

At this point, the design for this particular beam element is complete. If the beam has been assigned an auto selection property, the current optimum section, assuming one has been found, is the optimum section for the beam. The program will indicate if no beam with an optimum section is included in the auto selection list. If the beam is assigned a regular, non-auto selection property, the design for that beam property will be provided or the beam will be indicated to be inadequate. There are some additional aspects included in the composite beam design module that are not directly addressed in the flowchart shown in Figure 1.

BS 5950-90 Design Methodology

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Composite Beam Design BS 5950-90

General and Notation

Those include designing beams in groups and designing beams with partial length cover plates. For more information on the design by group feature, refer to How the Program Optimizes Design Groups in Technical Note General Design Information Composite Beam Design.

Notation
Abare Ac Area of the steel beam (plus cover plate), mm2. Area of concrete within slab effective width, mm2. For beams with metal deck ribs running perpendicular to the beam span, only the concrete above the metal deck is included. For beams with metal deck ribs running parallel to the beam span, the concrete above the metal deck and the concrete in the deck ribs are included. This value may be different on the left and right sides of the beam. Gross area of steel member, mm2. Area of rolled steel section, or the total area (excluding cover plate) of a user-defined steel section, mm2. Note that the total area of a user-defined steel section is found by summing the area of the top flange, web and bottom flange. Initial displacement amplitude of a single beam resulting from a heel drop impact, mm. Used in vibration analysis. Cross-sectional area of a shear stud connector, mm2. Area of transverse reinforcement with appropriate anchoring required within a spacing, mm2/mm. Major and minor shear areas, mm2. Actual physical width of the concrete flange, mm. Also full width of the steel flange, mm. Width of steel cover plate, mm.

Ag As

ASb

Asc Asv

Av2, Av3 B

Bcp

Notation

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Composite Beam Design BS 5950-90

General and Notation

Be B'e

Effective width of concrete flange of composite beam, mm. Effective width of concrete flange of composite beam in equivalent steel stiffness, mm. Effective width of concrete flange of composite beam in equivalent steel stiffness considering partial connection, mm. Width of the flange of a rolled steel beam, mm. Width of bottom flange of a user-defined steel beam, mm. Width of top flange of a user-defined steel beam, mm. Cope depth at bottom of beam, mm. Cope depth at top of beam, mm. Depth of steel beam from outside face of top flange to outside face of bottom flange, mm. Height of metal deck rib, mm. Damping ratio, percent critical damping inherent in the floor system, unitless. Used in vibration analysis. Modulus of elasticity of concrete slab, N/mm2. Note that this could be different on the left and right sides of the beam. Also note that this is different for stress calculations and deflection calculations. Modulus of elasticity of steel, N/mm2. The maximum concrete force that can be developed in a concrete deck based on a concrete design strength of 0.45 fcu. Ribs are included if the concrete slab is ribbed, and if the ribs run parallel to the beam, N. The maximum steel axial force that can be developed in a composite beam based on the steel design strength py, N.

B''e

Bf Bbot Btop Cbot Ctop D

Dp Dr

Ec

Es Fconc,max

Fsteel,max

Notation

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Composite Beam Design BS 5950-90

General and Notation

Fstud, Fc

The design concrete force that can be generated in a concrete deck considering the effect of composite shear connection, N. The value of Fstud or Fc for full composite connection, N. Required shear strength, N. Major and minor shear loads, N. Shear modulus of elasticity of steel, N/mm2. Warping constant, mm6. Minor and major moment of inertia, respectively, mm4. Moment of inertia of a steel section, including the cover plate if present, mm4. Ibare becomes equal to Is if there is no cover plate welded to the beam. Effective moment of inertia of a partially composite beam, mm4. Effective moment of inertia based on 100% composite connection, i.e., for full composite connection, mm4. Transformed section moment of inertia about the elastic neutral axis of the gross uncracked section, mm4. If the neutral axis remains within the steel section, Ip for full composite shear connection becomes equal to Ig. Transformed section moment of inertia for negative moment about the elastic neutral axis of the cracked composite section, mm4. Because the longitudinal rebars are ignored, In is the same as Ibare if a cover plate is present, and Is if there is no cover plate. Transformed section moment of inertia for positive moment about the elastic neutral axis of the cracked composite section, mm4. Moment of inertia of the steel beam alone, mm4.

Fp Fv Fv2, Fv3 G H I22, I33 Ibare

Ieff

Ieff, 100

Ig

In

Ip

Is

Notation

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Composite Beam Design BS 5950-90

General and Notation

I x , Iy

Moment of inertia about the x and y axes of the beam, respectively, mm4. Torsional constant for the section, mm4. Effective length factor. Major and minor effective length factors. A unitless coefficient typically equal to 1.57 unless the beam is the overhanging portion of a cantilever with a backspan, in which case Kf is as defined in Figure 1 of Technical Note Beam Vibration Composite Beam Design, or the beam is a cantilever that is fully fixed at one end and free at the other end, in which case Kf is 0.56. This is used for vibration analysis. Center-of-support to center-of-support length of the beam, mm. Effective length of the beam for minor (2-2) axis of bending, mm. Effective length of the beam for major (3-3) axis of bending, mm. Distance from point of maximum moment to the closest point of zero moment or physical end of beam top flange, or physical end of concrete slab, mm. Distance from point of maximum moment to the nearest point of zero moment or physical end of beam top flange, or physical end of concrete slab measured on the other side of the point of maximum moment from the distance L1, mm.

J K K33, K22 Kf

L22

L33

L1

L2

Notation

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Composite Beam Design BS 5950-90

General and Notation

L3

Distance from point load to the point of zero moment, physical end of beam top flange, or physical end of concrete slab measured on the appropriate side of the point load, mm. If the point load is located on the left side of the point of maximum moment, the distance is measured from the point load toward the left end of the beam. If the point load is located on the right side of the point of maximum moment, the distance is measured toward the right end of the beam. Laterally unbraced length of beam; length between points that are braced against lateral displacement of the compression flange or braced against twist of the cross section, mm. Length of a composite beam segment, mm. A composite beam segment spans between any of the following: 1) physical end of the beam top flange; 2) another beam framing into the beam being considered; 3) physical end of concrete slab. Figure 1 of Technical Note Distribution of Shear Studs on a Composite Beam Composite Beam Design illustrates some typical cases for LCBS. Distance between two points used when the program is calculating the maximum number of shear studs that can fit between those points, mm. If the deck span is oriented parallel to the beam span and at least one of the points is at the end of the beam, Ls is taken as the distance between the two points minus 75 mm. Applied moment, N-mm. Applied moment about major axis, N-mm. Applied moment about minor axis, N-mm. Absolute value of moment at the quarter point of the unbraced beam segment, N-mm. Absolute value of moment at the centerline of the unbraced beam segment, N-mm.

Lb

LCBS

Ls

M M33 M22 MA

MB

Notation

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Composite Beam Design BS 5950-90

General and Notation

MC

Absolute value of moment at the three-quarter point of the unbraced beam segment, N-mm. Lateral-torsional buckling moment capacity of a non-composite section, N-mm. Moment capacity, N-mm. Minor moment capacity, N-mm. Major moment capacity, N-mm. Maximum positive moment for a beam, N-mm. Plastic moment capacity of a composite beam section for a PCC after considering the reduced strength for the coexistent shear force, N-mm. Elastic critical moment of a noncomposite section, N-mm. Elastic moment capacity of a composite section, N-mm. Plastic moment capacity of a composite section about the major axis for positive moment for a PCC with the assumption that the web does not contribute to the moment strength, Nmm. Plastic moment capacity of a composite section for positive moment with an appropriate PCC, or for negative moment, as appropriate, N-mm. Axial load, N. Required number of shear connectors between the point of maximum moment and an adjacent point of zero moment (or end of slab) for partial composite connection, unitless. The number of uniformly distributed shear connectors the program specifies for a composite beam segment, unitless.

Mb

Mc Mc22 Mc33 Mmax Mcv

ME Me Mf

Mp

N Na

NCBS

Notation

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Composite Beam Design BS 5950-90

General and Notation

Neff

The effective number of beams resisting the heel drop impact, unitless. Used in vibration analysis. Required number of shear connectors between a point load and a point of zero moment (or end of slab), unitless. Required number of shear connectors between the point of maximum moment and an adjacent point of zero moment (or end of slab) for full composite connection, unitless. Number of shear stud connectors in one rib at a beam intersection; not to exceed three in computations, although more than three studs may be installed, unitless. Available number of metal deck ribs between two points, unitless. Maximum number of shear stud connectors between two points a distance of Ls apart, unitless. Percent composite connection, unitless. This represents the partial composite connection ratio, and it is expressed as a percentage. Heel drop force, kips. This force is taken as 0.6 kips. This is used for vibration analysis. Major and minor shear capacities, N. Character strength of one shear connector (shear stud), N. Design strength of one shear connector (shear stud) for negative moment, N. Design strength of one shear connector (shear stud) for positive moment, N. Wiss-Parmelee rating factor, unitless. Used in vibration analysis.

Ni

Np

NR

NR

NSmax

PCC

PO

Pv2, Pv3 Qk Qn

Qp

Notation

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Composite Beam Design BS 5950-90

General and Notation

RSmax

Maximum number of rows of shear stud connectors that can fit between two points a distance of Ls apart, unitless. Plastic section modulus of the steel beam alone plus cover plate if applicable, mm3. Major and minor plastic section moduli, mm3. Minimum edge distance from midheight of a metal deck rib to the center of a shear stud, mm. For an example see paragraph 1b of the section entitle Solid Slab or Deck Ribs Oriented Parallel to Beam Span in Technical Note Number of Shear Studs that Fit in a Composite Beam Segment Composite Beam Design. The default value is 25 mm. You can change this in the preferences and the overwrites. Maximum number of shear stud connectors that can fit in one row across the top flange of a composite beam, unitless. Thickness of flange, mm. Thickness of bottom flange of a user-defined steel beam, mm. Thickness of top flange of a user-defined steel beam, mm. Thickness of cover plate, mm. Total load supported by the beam, N. You specify a load combination that the program uses to determine this weight. Specified yield strength, N/mm2. Section modulus about the 3-3 and 2-2 axes of the beam respectively, mm3. Robertson constant, unitless. Also the depth of the concrete compression block, mm. Average width of concrete rib, mm.

S33, S22 Sed

SRmax

T Tbot Ttop Tcp W

Ys Z33, Z22

br

Notation

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Composite Beam Design BS 5950-90

General and Notation

Clear distance between flanges less the fillet or corner radius at each flange for rolled shapes and clear distance between flanges for welded shapes, mm. Average depth of concrete slab, including the concrete in the metal deck ribs, mm. Used in vibration analysis. Diameter of a shear stud connector, mm. First natural frequency of the beam in cycles per second. Characteristic cube strength of concrete, N/mm2. Yield strength of transverse reinforcement, N/mm2. Acceleration caused by gravity, mm/sec2. Length of shear stud connector after welding, mm. Distance from outer face of a rolled beam flange to the web toe of a fillet, mm. Distance from inner face of a rolled beam flange to the web toe of a fillet, mm. Width of idealized fillet of rolled beam section, mm. Controlling laterally unbraced length of a member, mm. Laterally unbraced length of a member for buckling about the local 2-2 and 3-3 axes of the beam respectively, mm. Major and minor effective lengths, mm (K33l33, K22l22). Equivalent uniform moment factor. Equivalent uniform moment factor for the minor (2-2) and major (3-3) axes of bending.

davg

dsc f fcu fyr g hs k

kdepth

kwidth l l22, l33

le22, le33 m m22,m33

Notation

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Composite Beam Design BS 5950-90

General and Notation

Slenderness correction factor dependent on moment gradient, unitless. This factor modifies the slenderness to consider the effect of variation of moment along the length of the beam. This is used to calculate Mb. Euler strength, N/mm2. Minimum specified yield stress of structural steel, N/mm2. Minimum specified yield stress of cover plate, N/mm2. Governing radius of gyration, mm. Also the ratio of average axial stress in steel to yield stress of steel, unitless. Radius of gyration about the local 2-2 and 3-3 axes of the beam respectively, mm. Beam spacing, mm. Center-to-center spacing of metal deck ribs, mm. Thickness of web of steel beam, mm. Thickness of concrete slab, mm. If there is metal deck, this is the thickness of the concrete slab above the metal deck, tc = Ds - Dp. Time to the maximum initial displacement of a single beam resulting from a heel drop impact, seconds. Used in vibration analysis. Buckling parameter. Longitudinal shear force per unit length, N/mm. Maximum resistance per unit length imparted by concrete alone to the longitudinal shear, N/mm. Maximum resistance per unit length to the longitudinal shear that is allowed with or without transverse reinforcement, N/mm.

py pycp r

r22, r33

sb sr t tc

tO

u v vrc

vr,max

Notation

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Composite Beam Design BS 5950-90

General and Notation

wa

Additional metal deck rib width, mm. This term is used to specify metal deck ribs that are split over the beam. The width wa is added to the width br when determining the width of deck rib available for shear studs. Currently this term is always zero. The assumed gap distance from the supporting beam or column flange to the end of the beam flange, mm. The default value for this length is 10 mm. Distance from the bottom of the bottom flange of the steel beam section to the elastic neutral axis of the fully composite beam, mm. The distance from the bottom of the bottom flange of the steel beam to the neutral axis of the noncomposite steel beam plus cover plate if applicable, mm. Distance of the bottom of the compression block from the bottom of the beam bottom flange (no cover plate), mm. The distance from the bottom of the bottom flange of the steel beam to the neutral axis of the partially composite beam, mm. Distance of the plastic neutral axis of composite section from the bottom of the beam bottom flange (no cover plate), mm. Distance from the plastic neutral axis of composite section to the top of the concrete slab, mm. Note that this distance may be different on the left and right sides of the beam. Axial compression stress level indicator for classification of section. Modular ratio Es/Ec for short term and long term loading, respectively, unitless. Effective modular ratio for a specific value of l Ratio of smaller to larger end moments.

x1

ybare

yc

yeff

yp

zp

s, l e

Notation

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Composite Beam Design BS 5950-90

General and Notation

c LL TL allow camber LL,allow TL,allow

Maximum span deflection considering the effect of PCC, mm. Maximum span deflection for full composite connection, mm. Maximum span deflection for live load component of a load combination, mm. Maximum span deflection for total load of a load combination, mm. Allowable maximum span deflection, mm. Maximum camber deflection, mm. Allowable maximum span deflection for live load component of a load combination, mm Allowable maximum span deflection for total load of a load combination, mm. 275 Constant py
1 2

Slenderness parameter. It is the minor axis slenderness ratio Lb / r22 for lateral-torsional buckling of non-composite beam. For composite beam, this parameter is not required.
0

Limiting slenderness. Equivalent slenderness. Limiting equivalent slenderness. Perry factor. Perry coefficient. Slenderness factor.

LT

Lo

LT

Notation

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Composite Beam Design BS 5950-90

General and Notation

Proportion of the long term loading to the total loading in a load combination. This ratio is taken by considering the ratio of the corresponding moments in the program, unitless. It ranges between 0 and 1. Monosymmetry index.

References
British Standard Institution (BSI). 1990a. British Standard Structural Use of Steelwork in Buildings. Part 1. Code of Practice for Design of Simple and Continuous Construction: Hot Rolled Sections. 389 Chiswick High Road, London, U.K. W4 4AL. British Standard Institution (BSI). 1990b. British Standard Structural Use of Steelwork in Buildings. Part 3. Design in Composite Construction, Section 3.1 Code of Practice for Design of Simple and Continuous Composite Beams. 389 Chiswick High Road, London, U.K. W4 4AL.

References

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