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smaller DNA lengths or shapes experiences less drag force and thus attains a higher max velocity. A potential is applied and after a given amount of time the gel is removed from the electric field and a dye is added so that the DNA will fluores. If we know the distance traveled and the time this took, then an average velocity can be determined and from this velocity, the characteristics of the DNA can be determined. Because the viscous drag constants are difficult to measure, it is more common to compare the un-sequenced DNA sample to a sample of known length. When the DNA is loaded into the wells of the gel, a ladder marker is loaded into the gel in one well. This ladder marker has many different length of DNA of known size and allows the experimenter to compare the distance traveled by their DNA to the distance travel by DNA of known length, thus determining the length of the DNA sample. Knowing the lengths of the sample and the location of enzyme cleaving, we determine the sequence of the base pairs.
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2.3. Next add 2L of 6x loading dye to each sample to aid in placement in wells. Fill the Electrophoresis box with 1x TBE buffer and place the loaded gel in the box so that it is slightly submerged. Connect electrodes and run the gel at 90V and 80mA for the predetermined time. Remove gel from electrophoresis box and place on UV lightbox. Using UV goggles, examine the gel and take a picture to use later. Clean up all solutions and samples, and place the chemicals back where they were found. Analyze the photo using the ImageJ software to determine total distance covered by DNA leading to determining the characteristics of the DNA.