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Geography is used to interpret the past, understand the present, and plan for the future. The region of North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia has served as the crossroads for Asia, Africa, and Europe. As a result, it has been home to many ethnic groups and cultures.
North Africa
How have the Sahara and access to water affected the people of North Africa?
North Africa
nomad bedouin infrastructure hieroglyphics geometric boundary
nationalism
domesticate
principal medical
North Africa
A. Egypt B. Morocco C. Algeria D. Tunisia E. Casablanca F. Algiers G. Tunis H. Tripoli J. Cairo K. Suez Canal
I. Libya
North Africa
Do you think that most of the North African culture has adopted modern ways or has held onto tradition? A. Modern ways B. Tradition C. Both
A. A B. B C. 0%C 0%
A B
0%
C
Population Patterns
Indigenous ethnic groups, migrations, and the dramatic climate have shaped population patterns in North Africa.
The primary influence on the subregion is a mix of indigenous and Arab cultures.
Which of the following cultures have influenced this subregion? A. French B. Spanish C. Muslims D. Romans
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A. B. C. D. E.
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A B C D E
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(cont.)
(cont.)
Which of the following has made Egypt a key regional power? A. The Nile River B. The Suez Canal C. Irrigation systems D. Oil
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A
A. B. C. 0% D.
A B C 0% D
C
0%
D
Culture
The Muslim religion and the Arabic language define much of the culture of North Africa.
ReligionIslam
LanguageArabic
Culture (cont.)
Educationmost people attend school, but literacy rates range widely. Health carethis has improved, but doctor shortages mean limited care. The artspyramids; weaving, embroidery, and metalworking influenced by Islam
A. B. C. 0% D.
A B C 0% D
C
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D
identity security
ongoing
A. Islam B. Christianity
C. Judaism D. Buddhism
A
A. A B. B C. C 0% 0% 0% D. D
B C
0%
D
Population Patterns
Migrations, claims to ancestral homes, and boundary disputes have influenced population in the eastern Mediterranean.
The people:
Since Israel was founded as a Jewish state in 1948, has that area experienced more people emigrating or immigrating?
A. Emigrating B. Immigrating
A. A B. B
0%
A
0%
B
Damascus, Syria
(cont.)
Three major religions have deeply rooted histories in this subregion: Judaism
Christianity Islam
(cont.)
By the late 1800s, Western European powers controlled large areas in this subregion.
These countries gained independence around the time of WWII.
(cont.)
Arab-Israeli conflictsin the 1948 and 1967 conflicts, victorious Israeli forces occupied Arab lands. The status of Palestinian refugees is an ongoing dispute.
All three religions share many beliefs, including a belief in which of the following? A. The Bible
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A B C 0% D
C
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D
Culture
The eastern Mediterraneans religions and languages have influenced its art and everyday life for centuries.
ReligionIslam
LanguageArabic
Culture (cont.)
Educationmost young people attend school, but literacy rates vary widely. Health carethis has improved in recent decades. The artsexpression through arts and architecture; artists and writers found inspiration in religion.
A. B. C. 0% D.
A B C 0% D
0%
D
The Northeast
What religious traditions have shaped the history of the Northeast?
The Northeast
culture hearth cuneiform qanats embargo ziggurat
natural boundary
participate assumed
The Northeast
A. Turkey B. Iran C. Iraq D. Tehran E. Mesopotamia F. Fertile Crescent G. Persian Empire
The Northeast
How familiar are you with Islam? A. Very familiar B. Moderately familiar C. Not familiar
A. A B. B 0%C. 0% C
A B
0%
C
Population Patterns
Ethnic diversity and the Muslim religion have profoundly shaped the population of the Northeast subregion.
The people: Turks
Iranians Arabs Kurds
Ethnic Groups in the Northeast
A. B. C. 0% D.
A B C 0% D
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D
(cont.)
(cont.)
Iranians have experienced political and social upheavals over the years.
(cont.)
Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela formed the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) in order to regulate oil prices.
Which civilization created a writing system, code of law, and year-round farming? A. Phoenician
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A. B. C. 0% D.
A B C 0% D
C
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D
Culture
Religion and language shape everyday life in the Northeast subregion.
Languagemostly Arabic; Turkish in Turkey and Persian in Persia Religionmostly Shia Muslims in Iraq and Iran; Sunni Muslims in Turkey
Culture (cont.)
Educationrequired through grade 6 in Iraq and grade 9 in Turkey; literacy rates are fairly high. Health carethis varies, but is struggling in most areas. The artsearly civilizations created sculptures, fine metalwork, and large buildings; literature is based on strong oral traditions, epics, and poetry.
Before the Islamic Revolution, how many Iranians could read and write? A. Less than 30%
0%
A. B. C. 0% D.
A B C 0% D
0%
D
hajj
labor dominant
priority
0%
A. B. C. D.
B
0%
A B C D
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D
Population Patterns
A shared religion, a common language, and rapid modernization have formed todays Arabian Peninsula.
Most people in this region are Arabs.
The discovery of oil in the early 1900s led to increased wealth, modernization, and immigration in many Arab countries.
What percentage of the people in the United Arab Emirates are citizens? A. 510%
0%
A. B. 0% C. D.
A B 0% C D
0%
D
(cont.)
The region struggled against invasion by the Ottoman Empire and others. The Unified Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was established in 1932.
(cont.)
Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, and Oman have which type of government? A. Democracy B. Communist C. Monarchy D. Oligarchy
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A
A. B. 0% C. D.
A B 0% C D
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D
Culture
Religious beliefs and a common language influence everyday life on the Arabian Peninsula.
ReligionSunni and Shia Muslim LanguageArabic
Culture (cont.)
Educationmost young people attend school and literacy rates are high in certain areas. Health carethis varies widely.
The artsarchitecture provides some of the best examples of art.
Which country has given secondary and post-secondary education a priority? A. Kuwait B. Qatar C. Bahrain D. Oman
0%
A
A. B. 0% C. D.
A B 0% C D
0%
D
Central Asia
How have geography and climate created challenges for Central Asia?
Central Asia
enclave exclave mujahideen
maintain imposed
Central Asia
A. Afghanistan B. Turkmenistan C. Tajikistan D. Uzbekistan E. Armenia F. Georgia G. Kazakhstan
Central Asia
Afghanistan consists mainly of what type of geography?
A. Desert B. Mountainous C. Marshland
A
A. A B. B 0% 0% C. C
B
0%
C
Population Patterns
Invasions, domination by numerous empires, and the rugged landscape have created challenges for Central Asia.
The people: Pashtun
Armenians
How many ethnic groups and nationalities live in the Caucasus area? A. More than 30
0%
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A B 0% C D
C
0%
D
(cont.)
(cont.)
(cont.)
Numerous countries declared independence when the Soviet Union dissolved in 1991.
Countries, such as Tajikistan and Afghanistan, still struggle for freedom.
Which factor contributed to Central Asia being controlled by various empires? A. A lack of government
0%
A. B. 0% C. D.
A B 0% C D
C
0%
D
Culture
The people of Central Asia share many cultural characteristics and experiences.
Languagethe majority speak a form of the Turkic languages. ReligionIslam, mostly Sunni
Culture (cont.)
Educationit is universal across this region and mandatory through secondary schools in a few countries. Health carethese are lacking. The artsthey have a rich literary history.
Which of the following Central Asian countries is lagging in literacy? A. Kyrgyzstan B. Armenia C. Georgia D. Afghanistan
0%
A
A. B. 0% C. D.
A B 0% C D
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D
Ethnicity and Culture North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia has been a cultural crossroads for much of human history.
The region has two important cultural hearths in Mesopotamia and the Nile Valley.
The region has a large amount of ethnic diversity. Many customs, languages, and beliefs are represented here. This diversity of peoples has led to conflict in parts of the region.
Oil has helped make the region wealthy again. It has also led to conflict as countries fight over the rights to oil reserves in the region.
The Importance of Religion Religion is very important to the people of North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia. Three of the worlds major religionsJudaism, Christianity, and Islamhave deep roots here.
It is also home to the holiest sights of these religions. Muslims must make a pilgrimage to Makkah (Mecca) in Saudi Arabia. Jerusalem is the Jewish capital and religious center. Christians also hold Jerusalem close, because many of Jesus acts took place there.
nomad
a member of a wandering pastoral people
bedouin
member of the nomadic desert peoples of North Africa and Southwest Asia
infrastructure
the basic urban necessities like streets and utilities
domesticate
to adapt plants and animals from the wild to make them useful to people
hieroglyphic
belonging to an ancient Egyptian writing system in which pictures and symbols represent words or sounds
geometric boundary
a fixed limit or extent that follows straight lines
nationalism
belief in the right of each people to be an independent nation
monotheism
belief in one God
prophet
person believed to be a messenger from God
mosque
in Islam, a house of public worship
culture hearth
a center where cultures developed and from which ideas and traditions spread outward
cuneiform
Sumerian writing system using wedge-shaped symbols pressed into clay tablets
qanat
underground canal used in water systems of ancient Persians
natural boundary
a fixed limit or extent defined along physical geographic features such as mountains and rivers
embargo
a ban on trade
ziggurat
large step-like temple of mud brick built in ancient Mesopotamia
sheikhdom
territory ruled by an Islamic religious leader
shariah
Islamic law derived from the Koran and the teachings of Muhammad
emir
a prince or ruler in Islamic countries
hajj
in Islam, the yearly pilgrimage to Makkah
Ibadhism
a conservative form of Islam distinct from Sunni and Shia sects
enclave
a region or community (as within a country or city) made up of people of a different race or cultural background
exclave
distinct group of people who are isolated from the main or larger part of a country
mujahideen
Islamic guerrilla fighters
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