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Fro m Wikipedia, the free encyclo pedia Navigatio n Main page Co ntents Featured co ntent Current events Rando m article Do nate to Wikipedia Interactio n Help Abo ut Wikipedia Co mmunity po rtal Recent changes Co ntact Wikipedia To o lbo x What links here Related changes Uplo ad file Special pages Permanent link Cite this page Print/expo rt Create a bo o k 1 Histo ry 2 Technical details 2.1 GSM carrier frequencies 2.2 Vo ice co decs 2.3 Netwo rk structure 2.4 Subscriber Identity Mo dule (SIM) 2.5 Pho ne lo cking 2.6 GSM service security 3 Standards info rmatio n 4 GSM o pen-so urce so ftware 4.1 Issues with patents and o pen so urce 5 See also 6 References
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For other uses, see GSM (disambiguation). GSM (Global Syst em f or Mobile Communicat ions , originally Groupe Spcial Mobile ), is a standard set developed by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) to describe technologies for second generation (2G) digital cellular networks . Developed as a replacement for first generation (1G) analog cellular networks, the GSM standard originally described a digital, circuit switched network optimiz ed for full duplex voice telephony. The standard was expanded over time to include first circuit switched data transport, then packet data transport via GPRS (General Packet Radio Services). Packet data transmission speeds were later increased via EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution) referred as EGPRS. The GSM standard is more improved after the development of third generation (3G) UMTS standard developed by the 3GPP. GSM networks will evolve further as they begin to incorporate fourth generation (4G) LTE Advanced standards. "GSM" is a trademark owned by the GSM Association.
Co nt e nt s

The GSM logo is used to identify compatible handsets and equipment

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7 Further reading 8 External links

History

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Early European analog cellular networks employed an uncoordinated mix of technologies and protocols that varied from country to country, preventing interoperability of subscriber equipment and increasing complexity for equipment manufacturers who had to contend with varying standards from a fragmented market. The work to develop a European standard for digital cellular voice telephony began in 1982 when the European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations (CEPT) created the Groupe Spcial Mobile committee and provided a permanent group of technical support personnel, based in Paris. In 1987, 15 representatives from 13 European countries signed a memorandum of understanding to develop and deploy a common cellular telephone system across Europe. The foresight of deciding to develop a continental standard paid off, eventually resulting in a unified, open, standard- based network larger than that in the United States.[1][2][3][4] France and Germany signed a joint development agreement in 1984 and were joined by Italy and the UK in 1986. In 1986 the European Commission proposed to reserve the 900 MHz spectrum band for GSM. By 1987, basic parameters of the GSM standard had been agreed upon and 15 representatives from 13 European nations signed a memorandum of understanding in Copenhagen, committing to deploy GSM. In 1989, the Groupe Spcial Mobile committee was transferred from CEPT to the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI).[3] Phase I of the GSM specifications were published in 1990. The historic world's first GSM call was made by the Finnish prime minister Harri Holkeri to Kaarina Suonio (mayor in city of Tampere) on July 1, 1991. The first network was built by Telenokia and Siemens and operated by Radiolinja.[5] In 1992, the first short messaging service (SMS or "text message") message was sent and Vodafone UK and Telecom Finland signed the first international roaming agreement. Work had begun in 1991 to expand the GSM standard to the 1800 MHz frequency band and the first 1800 MHz network became operational in the UK in 1993. Also in 1993, Telecom Australia became the first network operator to deploy a GSM network outside of Europe and the first practical hand- held GSM mobile phone became available. In 1995, fax, data and SMS messaging services became commercially operational, the first 1900 MHz GSM network in the world became operational in the United States and GSM subscribers worldwide exceeded 10 million. In this same year, the GSM Association was formed. Pre- paid GSM SIM cards were launched in 1996 and worldwide GSM subscribers passed 100 million in 1998.[3] In 2000, the first commercial GPRS services were launched and the first GPRS compatible handsets became available for sale. In 2001 the first UMTS (W- CDMA) network was launched and worldwide GSM subscribers exceeded 500 million. In 2002 the first multimedia messaging services (MMS) were introduced and the first GSM network in the 800 MHz frequency band became operational. EDGE services first became operational in a network in 2003 and the number of worldwide GSM subscribers exceeded 1 billion in 2004.[3] By 2005, GSM networks accounted for more than 75% of the worldwide cellular network market, serving 1.5 billion subscribers. In 2005, the first HSDPA capable network also became operational. The first HSUPA network was launched in 2007 and worldwide GSM subscribers exceeded two billion in 2008.[3] The GSM Association estimates that technologies defined in the GSM standard serve 80% of the global mobile market, encompassing
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more than 5 billion people across more than 212 countries and territories, making GSM the most ubiquitous of the many standards for cellular networks.[6]

Technical details
GSM is a cellular network , which means that cell phones connect to it by searching for cells in the immediate vicinity. There are five different cell siz es in a GSM networkmacro, micro, pico, femto and umbrella cells. The coverage area of each cell varies according to the implementation environment. Macro cells can be regarded as cells where the base station antenna is installed on a mast or a building above average roof top level. Micro cells are cells whose antenna height is under average roof top level; they are typically used in urban areas. Picocells are small cells whose coverage diameter is a few doz en metres; they are mainly used indoors. Femtocells are cells designed for use in residential or small business environments and connect to the service providers network via a broadband internet connection. Umbrella cells are used to cover shadowed regions of smaller cells and fill in gaps in coverage between those cells. Cell horiz ontal radius varies depending on antenna height, antenna gain and propagation conditions from a couple of hundred metres to several tens of kilometres. The longest distance the GSM specification supports in practical use is 35 kilometres (22 mi). There are also several implementations of the concept of an extended cell, [7] where the cell radius could be double or even more, depending on the antenna system, the type of terrain and the timing advance.

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Trke Ting Vit emaitka

Indoor coverage is also supported by GSM and may be achieved by using an indoor picocell Deutsches Museum, Munich, Germany base station, or an indoor repeater with distributed indoor antennas fed through power splitters, to deliver the radio signals from an antenna outdoors to the separate indoor distributed antenna system. These are typically deployed when a lot of call capacity is needed indoors; for example, in shopping centers or airports. However, this is not a prerequisite, since indoor coverage is also provided by in- building penetration of the radio signals from any nearby cell. The modulation used in GSM is Gaussian minimum- shift keying (GMSK), a kind of continuous- phase frequency shift keying . In GMSK, the signal to be modulated onto the carrier is first smoothed with a Gaussian low- pass filter prior to being fed to a frequency modulator, which greatly reduces the interference to neighboring channels (adjacent- channel interference).

GSM cell site antennas in the

GSM carrier frequencies

Main article: GSM frequency bands

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GSM networks operate in a number of different carrier frequency ranges (separated into GSM frequency ranges for 2G and UMTS frequency bands for 3G), with most 2G GSM networks operating in the 900 MHz or 1800 MHz bands. Where these bands were already allocated, the 850 MHz and 1900 MHz bands were used instead (for example in Canada and the United States). In rare cases the 400
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and 450 MHz frequency bands are assigned in some countries because they were previously used for first- generation systems. Most 3G networks in Europe operate in the 2100 MHz frequency band. Regardless of the frequency selected by an operator, it is divided into timeslots for individual phones to use. This allows eight full- rate or sixteen half- rate speech channels per radio frequency. These eight radio timeslots (or eight burst periods) are grouped into a TDMA frame. Half rate channels use alternate frames in the same timeslot. The channel data rate for all 8 channels is 270.833 kbit/s, and the frame duration is 4.615 ms. The transmission power in the handset is limited to a maximum of 2 watts in GSM850/900 and 1 watt in GSM1800/1900.

Voice codecs

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GSM has used a variety of voice codecs to squeez e 3.1 kHz audio into between 6.5 and 13 kbit/s. Originally, two codecs, named after the types of data channel they were allocated, were used, called Half Rate (6.5 kbit/s) and Full Rate (13 kbit/s). These used a system based upon linear predictive coding (LPC). In addition to being efficient with bitrates, these codecs also made it easier to identify more important parts of the audio, allowing the air interface layer to prioritiz e and better protect these parts of the signal. GSM was further enhanced in 1997 [8] with the Enhanced Full Rate (EFR) codec, a 12.2 kbit/s codec that uses a full rate channel. Finally, with the development of UMTS, EFR was refactored into a variable- rate codec called AMR- Narrowband, which is high quality and robust against interference when used on full rate channels, and less robust but still relatively high quality when used in good radio conditions on half- rate channels.

Network structure
The network is structured into a number of discrete sections: The Base Station Subsystem (the base stations and their controllers). The Network and Switching Subsystem (the part of the network most similar to a fixed network). This is sometimes also just called the core network. The GPRS Core Network (the optional part which allows packet based Internet connections). The Operations support system (OSS) for maintenance of the network.

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Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)

Main article: Subscriber Identity Module

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One of the key features of GSM is the Subscriber Identity Module , commonly known as a SIM card. The SIM is a detachable smart

The structure of a GSM network

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card containing the user's subscription information and phone book. This allows the user to retain his or her information after switching handsets. Alternatively, the user can also change operators while retaining the handset simply by changing the SIM. Some operators will block this by allowing the phone to use only a single SIM, or only a SIM issued by them; this practice is known as SIM locking.

Phone locking
Main article: SIM lock

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Sometimes mobile network operators restrict handsets that they sell for use with their own network. This is called locking and is implemented by a software feature of the phone. Because the purchase price of the mobile phone to the consumer may be subsidiz ed with revenue from subscriptions, operators must recoup this investment before a subscriber terminates service. A subscriber may usually contact the provider to remove the lock for a fee, utiliz e private services to remove the lock, or make use of free or fee- based software and websites to unlock the handset themselves. In some countries (e.g., Bangladesh, Braz il, Chile, Hong Kong, India, Lebanon, Malaysia, Pakistan, Singapore) all phones are sold unlocked. In others (e.g., Finland, Singapore) it is unlawful for operators to offer any form of subsidy on a phone's price.[9]

GSM service security

See also: UMTS security

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GSM was designed with a moderate level of service security. The system was designed to authenticate the subscriber using a preshared key and challenge- response. Communications between the subscriber and the base station can be encrypted. The development of UMTS introduces an optional Universal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM), that uses a longer authentication key to give greater security, as well as mutually authenticating the network and the user whereas GSM only authenticates the user to the network (and not vice versa). The security model therefore offers confidentiality and authentication, but limited authoriz ation capabilities, and no nonrepudiation. GSM uses several cryptographic algorithms for security. The A5/1, A5/2 and A5/3 stream ciphers are used for ensuring over- the- air voice privacy. A5/1 was developed first and is a stronger algorithm used within Europe and the United States; A5/2 is weaker and used in other countries. Serious weaknesses have been found in both algorithms: it is possible to break A5/2 in real- time with a ciphertext- only attack, and in January 2007, The Hacker's Choice started the A5/1 cracking project with plans to use FPGAs that allow A5/1 to be broken with a rainbow table attack.[10] The system supports multiple algorithms so operators may replace that cipher with a stronger one. On 28 December 2009 German computer engineer Karsten Nohl announced that he had cracked the A5/1 cipher. [11] According to Nohl, he developed a number of rainbow tables (static values which reduce the time needed to carry out an attack) and have found new sources for known plaintext attacks . He also said that it is possible to build "a full GSM interceptor ... from open source components" but that they had not done so because of legal concerns.[12] An update by Nancy Owano on Dec. 27, 2011 on PhysOrg.com quotes Nohl as a "security expert", and details these concerns: Nohl said that he was able to intercept voice and text conversations by impersonating another user to listen to their voice
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mails or make calls or send text messages. Even more troubling was that he was able to pull this off using a seven- yearold Motorola cellphone and decryption software available free off the Internet.[13] GSM was also mentioned in a Reuters story "Hackers say to publish emails stolen from Stratfor" on Yahoo! News.[14] New attacks have been observed that take advantage of poor security implementations, architecture and development for smart phone applications. Some wiretapping and eavesdropping techniques hijack [15] the audio input and output providing an opportunity for a 3rd party to listen in to the conversation. At present such attacks often come in the form of a Trojan, malware or a virus and might be detected by security software.[citation needed][original research? ] GSM uses General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) for data transmissions like browsing the web. The most commonly deployed GPRS ciphers were publicly broken in 2011, and the evidence indicates that they were once again intentionally left weak by the mobile industry designers.[16] The researchers revealed flaws in the commonly used GEA/1 and GEA/2 ciphers and published the open source "gprsdecode" software for sniffing GPRS networks. They also noted that some carriers don't encrypt the data at all (i.e. using GEA/0) in order to detect the use of traffic or protocols they don't like, e.g. Skype, leaving their customers unprotected. GEA/3 seems to remain relatively hard to break and is said to be in use on some more modern networks. If used with USIM to prevent connections to fake base stations and downgrade attacks, users will be protected in the medium term, though migration to 128- bit GEA/4 is still recommended. Since GEA/0, GEA/1 and GEA/2 are widely deployed, applications should use SSL/TLS for sensitive data, as they would on wi- fi networks.

Standards information
The GSM systems and services are described in a set of standards governed by ETSI, where a full list is maintained. [17]

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GSM open-source software

Several open- source software projects exist that provide certain GSM features: gsmd daemon by Openmoko [18] OpenBTS develops a Base transceiver station The GSM Software Project aims to build a GSM analyz er for less than $1000 [19] OsmocomBB developers intend to replace the proprietary baseband GSM stack with a free software implementation[20]

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Issues with patents and open source

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Patents remain a problem for any open- source GSM implementation, because it is not possible for GNU or any other free software distributor to guarantee immunity from all lawsuits by the patent holders against the users. Furthermore new features are being added to the standard all the time which means they have patent protection for a number of years.[citation needed] The original GSM implementations from 1991 are now entirely free of patent encumbrances and it is expected that OpenBTS will be able
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to implement features of that initial specification without limit and that as patents subsequently expire, those features can be added into the open source version. As of 2011, there have been no law suits against users of OpenBTS over GSM use.[citation needed]

See also
Personal communications network (PCN) Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) MSISDN Mobile Subscriber ISDN Number Handoff Visitors Location Register (VLR) Um interface GSM- R (GSM- Railway) GSM services Cell Broadcast GSM localiz ation Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) NITZ Network Identity and Time Zone Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) Network simulation Simulation of GSM networks Standards Comparison of mobile phone standards GEO- Mobile Radio Interface Intelligent Network Parlay X RRLP Radio Resource Location Protocol GSM 03.48 Security mechanisms for the SIM application toolkit RTP audio video profile Enhanced Network Selection (ENS) Huawei SingleRAN: RAN technology that allows migration from GSM to UMTS or simultaneous use of both.

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References
1. ^ Leader (7 September 20 0 7). "Happy 20 th Birthday, GSM" . zdnet.co.uk. CBS Interactive. Archived fro m the o riginal o n 5 May 20 11. Retrieved 5 May 20 11. "Befo re GSM, Euro pe had a disastro us mishmash o f natio nal analo gue standards in pho nes and TV, designed to pro tect natio nal industries but instead creating fragmented markets vulnerable to big guns fro m abro ad." 2. ^ "GSM" . etsi.org. Euro pean Teleco mmunicatio ns Standards Institute. 20 11. Archived fro m the o riginal

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o n 5 May 20 11. Retrieved 5 May

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20 11. "GSM was designed principally fo r vo ice telepho ny, but a range o f bearer services was defined...allo wing circuit-switched data co nnectio ns at up to 9 6 0 0 bits/s." 3. ^ a b c d e "Histo ry" . gsmworld.com. GSM Asso ciatio n. 20 0 1. Archived fro m the o riginal o n 5 May 20 11. Retrieved 5 May 20 11. "19 8 2 Gro upe Speciale Mo bile (GSM) is fo rmed by the Co nfederatio n o f Euro pean Po sts and Teleco mmunicatio ns (CEPT) to design a pan-Euro pean mo bile techno lo gy." 4. ^ "Cellular Histo ry" . etsi.org. Euro pean Teleco mmunicatio ns Standards Institute. 20 11. Archived fro m the o riginal o n 5 May 20 11. Retrieved 5 May 20 11. "The task was entrusted to a co mmittee kno wn as Gro upe Spcial Mo bile (GSMTM), aided by a 'permanent nucleus' o f technical suppo rt perso nnel, based in Paris." 5. ^ "Maailman ensimminen GSM-puhelu [Wo rld's first GSM call]" . yle.fi . Yelisradio OY. 22 February 20 0 8 . Archived fro m the o riginal o n 5 May 20 11. Retrieved 5 May 20 11. "Harri Ho lkeri made the first call o n the Radio linja (Elisa's subsidiary) netwo rk, at the o pening ceremo ny in Helsinki o n 0 7.0 1.19 9 1." 6 . ^ "GSM Wo rld statistics" . gsmworld.com. GSM Asso ciatio n. 20 10 . Retrieved 8 June 20 10 . . . The New Yo rk Times . Retrieved 2 7. ^ Mo to ro la Demo nstrates Lo ng Range GSM Capability 30 0 % Mo re Co verage With New Extended Cell 8 . ^ "GSM 0 6 .51 versio n 4.0 .1" (ZIP). ETSI. December 19 9 7 . Retrieved 5 September 20 0 7 . 9 . ^ Victo ria Shanno n (20 0 7). "iPho ne Must Be Offered Witho ut Co ntact Restrictio ns, German Co urt Rules" February 20 11. 10 . ^ "The A5/1 Cracking Pro ject" 12. ^ "A5/1 Cracking Pro ject" . http://www.scribd.co m . Retrieved 0 3 No v 20 11. . New York Times . 11. ^ Kevin J. O'Brien (28 December 20 0 9 ). "Cellpho ne Encryptio n Co de Is Divulged" . Retrieved 30 December 20 0 9 .

13. ^ Owano , Nancy (Dec. 27, 20 11). "GSM pho nes -- call them unsafe, says security expert" . Archived fro m the o riginal o n Dec. 27, 20 11. Retrieved Dec. 27, 20 11. "No hl said that he was able to intercept vo ice and text co nversatio ns by imperso nating ano ther user to listen to their vo ice mails o r make calls o r send text messages. Even mo re tro ubling was that he was able to pull this o ff using a seven-year-o ld Mo to ro la cellpho ne and decryptio n so ftware available free o ff the Internet." 14. ^ Finkle, Jim; Orlo fsky, Steve; (Dec. 27, 20 11). "Hackers say to publish emails sto len fro m Stratfo r" . Reuters. Archived fro m the o riginal o n Dec. 28 , 20 11. Retrieved Dec. 28 , 20 11. "Separately, a German expert o n mo bile pho ne security said that flaws in the widely used GSM wireless techno lo gy co uld allo w hackers to gain remo te co ntro l o f pho nes and instruct them to send text messages o r make calls." 15. ^ "cPanel " . Info securityguard.co m. Retrieved 30 August 20 10 . 16 . ^ "Co debreaker Karsten No hl: Why Yo ur Pho ne Is Insecure By Design" 17. ^ "GSM UMTS 3GPP Numbering Cro ss Reference" 18 . ^ "Gsmd Openmo ko " 20 . ^ "Osmo co mBB" 19 . ^ "The Hacker's Cho ice Wiki" . Forbes.com. 20 11-0 8 -12. Retrieved 20 11-0 8 -13. . ETSI. Retrieved 30 December 20 0 9 .

. Wiki.o penmo ko .o rg. 8 February 20 10 . Retrieved 22 April 20 10 . . Retrieved 30 August 20 10 .

. Bb.o smo co m.o rg. Retrieved 22 April 20 10 .

Further reading
Redl, Siegmund M.; Weber, Matthias K.; Oliphant, Malcolm W (February 1995). An Introduction to GSM . Artech House. ISBN 9780890067857. Redl, Siegmund M.; Weber, Matthias K.; Oliphant, Malcolm W (April 1998). GSM and Personal Communications Handbook . Artech House Mobile Communications Library. Artech House. ISBN 978- 0890069578.

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Hillebrand, Friedhelm, ed. (Devember 2001). GSM and UMTS, The Creation of Global Mobile Communications . John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978- 0470843222. Mouly, Michel; Pautet, Marie- Bernardette (June 2002). The GSM System for Mobile Communications . Telecom Publishing. ISBN 9780945592150. Salgues, Salgues B. (April 1997). Les tlcoms mobiles GSM DCS, 2e dition. Hermes. Hermes Sciences Publications. ISBN 2- 86601608- 8.

External links
GSM Association worldwide 3GPP
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[edit] Official industry trade group representing GSM network operators

3G GSM standards development group

Ce llular ne t wo rk st andards
MTS MTA MTB MTC IMTS MTD AMTS OLT Autoradiopuhelin AMPS f amily O t he r

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: GSM Standard

0G ( rad io t e le p ho ne s) 1G

AMPS (TIA/EIA/IS- 3, ANSI/TIA/EIA- 553) N- AMPS (TIA/EIA/IS- 91) TACS ETACS NMT Hicap Mobitex DataTAC G SM CSD cdmaOne (TIA/EIA/IS- 95 and ANSI- J- STD 008) D- AMPS (IS- 54 and IS- 136) CDPD iDEN PDC PHS HSCSD GPRS EDGE/EGPRS (UWC- 136) CDMA2000 1X (TIA/EIA/IS- 2000) 1X Advanced WiDEN

G SM/3G PP f amily 2G 3G PP2 f amily AMPS f amily O t he r G SM/3G PP f amily 2G t ransit io nal ( 2.5G , 2.75G ) 3G PP2 f amily O t he r 3G ( IMT- 2000) 3G PP f amily 3G PP2 f amily 3G PP f amily 3G t ransit io nal ( 3.5G , 3.75G , 3.9G ) 4G ( IMT- Ad vance d ) 5G 3G PP2 f amily IEEE f amily 3G PP f amily IEEE f amily

UMTS (UTRAN) WCDMA- FDD WCDMA- TDD UTRA- TDD LCR (TD- SCDMA) CDMA2000 1xEV- DO Release 0 (TIA/IS- 856) HSPA HSPA+ LTE (E- UTRA) CDMA2000 1xEV- DO Revision A (TIA/EIA/IS- 856- A) EV- DO Revision B (TIA/EIA/IS- 856- B) DO Advanced Mobile WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e) Flash- OFDM IEEE 802.20 LTE Advanced (E- UTRA) WiMAX- Advanced (IEEE 802.16m)

Research concept, not under formal development Cellular networks Mobile telephony History List of standards Comparison of standards R e lat e d art icle s Channel access methods Spectral efficiency comparison table Cellular frequencies PDFmyURL.com

Links Ext e rnal links

GSM frequency bands UMTS frequency bands Mobile broadband NGMN Alliance MIMO 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) IMT- 2000/IMT- Advanced Portal International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Third Generation Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2) Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA)

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Te le co m m unicat io ns in So ut h Am e rica
Argentina Bolivia Braz il Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Panama Paraguay Peru Suriname Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Venez uela Aruba Bonaire Curaao Falkland Islands French Guiana South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands

So ve re ig n st at e s D e p e nd e ncie s and o t he r t e rrit o rie s

Categories: Channel access methods

1991 introductions

GSM standard

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