DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING ENGINEERI

VI SEM ( EX ) 2012

LITERATURE SURVEY ON

MAGNETIC LEVITATION CIRCUIT

SUBMITTED TOMR. PRAMOD BHATT

HOD ( ELECTRICAL AND ELEX. )

SUBMITTED BYJITENDRA TAMBE PARICHAY JOSHI KETAN SAHU DHARMENDRA BHATI AMZAD SHAH

INTRODUCTION:
This is a simple magnetic levitator which suspends objects a set distance below an electromagnet. The physics behind it is to simply provide a magnetic force which equal and opposite to the gravitational force on the object. The two forces cancel and the object remains suspended. Practically this is done by a circuit which reduces electromagnet force when an object gets to close, and increases it when the object is out of range.

WORKING PRINCIPLE:
If you hold two permanent magnets close together, you see that one of them will jump strongly toward (or away) from the other. In 1842, Samuel Earnshaw expressed the perversity of inanimate magnetic objects in his theorem. It explains this frustrating behavior will always prevent you from suspending one permanent magnet above or below another, no matter how one arranges the two magnets. However, an active control circuit can get around this problem by rapidly adjusting the magnet's strength. The general principle is straight forward: An electromagnet pulls a ball upward while a light beam measures the exact position of the ball's top edge. The magnet's lifting force is adjusted according to position. As less light is detected, the circuit reduces the electromagnet's current. With less current, the lifting effect is weaker and the ball can move downward until the light beam is less blocked. The ball stays centered on the detector! It is a small distance across the photodetector, perhaps a millimeter or two, but this is sufficient to

measure small changes in position. Of course, if the ball is removed the coil runs at full power. And conversely, if the light beam is blocked the coil is turned completely off. This device uses two photodetectors: the "signal" detector looks for an interruption in the light beam, and the "reference" detector measures the background light. The circuit subtracts one signal from the other to determine the ball's position. The use of two detectors is my small contribution to advance the art of levitation. This design automatically compensates for changes in ambient light, and eliminates a manually adjusted potentiometer. For our project, we need to do something similar. The feedback system for this is going to be basically the same.

The Reference Input is now the Position Input or command. The Comparator compares the Position Input to the position Feedback. The Error Amplifier amplifies the difference between the Position Input and the Feedback. The Amplifier Output is the current going to the electromagnet. The Process being controlled is the strength of the electromagnetic field. The Process Output is the position of the suspended object with respect to the electromagnet. The Feedback Amplifier is some kind of device or system used to detect how far away the object is from the electromagnet.

Now, all we have to do is design the circuitry needed for perform each function within each box above. How do we do this? First, we need to decide what we are going to suspend and how we are going to detect the distance of the object from the electromagnet. There are several methods open to us. Here we show a steel ball as the suspended object, with an energized electromagnet providing the force to counterbalance gravity.

Now, how do we detect the distance between the electromagnet and the ball? Looking at the diagrams, we can use an infrared light emitter and detector set up so that the ball will block only a certain portion of the light. If the infrared is totally blocked, the ball is too close. If the infrared isn't blocked at all, the ball is too far away. If just half of the infrared is blocked, the position of the ball is just right.

SCHEMATIC:

PARTS LIST:
Resistors Resistors listed in order by value are 1/4-watt, 5% unless otherwise indicated. 300 ohms 500 ohms 1,000 ohms 1,500 ohms 10,000 ohms 11,000 ohms 22,000 ohms 56,000 ohms 100,000 ohms 150,000 ohms 370,000 ohms 50K linear taper R11 R2 R1, R12, R13, R14 R10 R4 R6 R8 R3 R5 R7 R9 VR1 (and VR2 opt.)

Capacitors

C1,C2 C3 Semiconductors Q1,Q2 Q3 LED1,2,4 LED 3 IC1-4 D1 Miscellaneous

47 uF electrolytic 0.1 uF ceramic or tantalum (must not be electrolytic)

OP505A infrared photo detector, or equivalent 2N3055 NPN power transistor Red light-emitting diode Infrared LED emitter LM741 op amp, Radio Shack 276-007 1N4001 (or 1N4004) silicon diode, 50v (or more) peak inverse voltage

+/- 15 vdc power supply, 1 amp 9 vdc power supply, 1 amp Breadboard wiring pad 18-ga stranded wire for power Solid hook-up wire 24-ga (or thicker) magnet wire for lifting coil 6-terminal barrier strip Wood for base and frame.

APPLICATIONS:
1. It has a wide application in MAGLEV vehicles. 2. Very small changes in magnetic field can be find out by magnetic levitation.

3. Currently, some space agencies, such as NASA, are researching the use of maglev systems to launch spacecraft. 4. Moving of metallic objects in the steel industry using so-called magnetic floaters. 5. Possible military applications eg the so-called Rail-gun. Which uses a magnetic field to push projectiles.

Understanding the principles of magnetic levitation may lead to some innovative solutions to problems.

CONCLUSION:
This is a great project that generates a lot of interest. Levitators are rarely seen they just don't seem to exist on the retail market! This project would make a highly unusual scientific impression, and illustrates the potential for maglev devices.