Matthew Somerville January 5, 2011 Honors Physics Work Power, and Energy Lab Period 5 Mr.

Szabla Joes Data (#1-3) Distance Mass of Slow Time Slow Slow Fast Fast Fast (m) 2 Books (ts) (s) Power Power Time (tf) Power Power (kg) (Ps) (W) (Ps) (hp) (s) (Pf) (w) (Pf) (hp) 1.95 3.890 1.45 51.4 0.069 0.70 100 0.14 Slow Power Calculations (#4): Fg=mg W=Fgdcos() Ps=W/ts Ps=Ps/746 W Fg=(3.890 kg)(9.81 m/sec2) W=(38.2 N)(1.95 m)(Cos(0)) Ps=74.5 J/1.45 s Ps= 51.4 W/ 746 W Fg=38.2 N W=74.5 J Ps= 51.4 W Ps=0.069 hp Fast Power Calculations (#5): Fg=mg W=Fgdcos() Pf=W/ts Fg=(3.890 kg)(9.81 m/sec2) W=(38.2 N)(1.95 m)(Cos(0)) Pf=74.5 J/0.70 s Fg=38.2 N W=74.5 J Pf= 100 W Pf=Pf/746 W Pf= 100 W/ 746 W Pf=0.14 hp

I. Lifting the books slowly and quickly both required 38.2 N of force, because the mass of the books, and the acceleration due to gravity were the same during both trials. The time was only a factor when determining the power because power is defined as work divided by time, and is a rate. II. Lifting the books slowly and quickly both required 74.5 J of work, because the mass of the books, the acceleration due to gravity, the distance the books were being lifted, and the angle of the work were the same during both trials. The time was only a factor when determining the power because power is defined as work divided by time, and is a rate. III. Lifting the books quickly required more power, because the same amount of work was done over a shorter time interval. Therefore, when a small number is in the denominator of the ratio, the power will be larger than when a large number is in the denomator of the ratio.

IV. If I had lifted four books instead of two, I would have applied more force, which would mean I would do more work. However, the work probably would have been done over a longer time period, because it would take longer to get a larger mass moving. So, in the end, I would probably have close to the same power output, because I would be doing more work over a longer time interval. V. The two factors that determine power output are the mass of the object one is moving, and the time it takes to move that object. Matts Data (#6-7) Distance Mass of (m) 2 Books (kg) 2.21 3.960

Two Books Time (s) 0.88

Power Two Books (W) 97

Power Two Books (hp) 0.13

Mass of 3 Books (kg) 5.999

Three Books Time (s) 8.0*10-1

Power Three Books (W) 160

Power Three Books (hp) 0.21

Two Books Calculations (#6): Fg=mg W=Fgdcos() Ps=W/ts Fg=(3.960 kg)(9.81 m/s2) W=(38.8 N)(2.21 m)(Cos(0)) Ps=85.7 J/0.88 s Fg=38.8 N W=85.7 J Ps= 97 W

Ps=Ps/746 W Ps= 97 W/746 W Ps=0.13 hp

Three Books Calculations (#7): Fg=mg W=Fgdcos() Pf=W/ts Pf=Pf/746 W Fg=(5.999 kg)(9.81 m/s2) W=(58.9 N)(2.21 m)(Cos(0)) Pf=1.30*102J/8.0*10-1s Pf=160 W/746W Fg=58.9 N W=1.30*102 J Pf= 160 W Pf=0.21 hp VI. There does not appear to be a correlation between height and power output, because as stated in question V, the two main factors in determining power output are the mass of the object, and the amount of time it takes to move the object. So, I would not expect there to be a correlation between height and power output. VII. There appears to be a strong correlation between time and power output, because time is one of the major factors in determining power output. As a result, I would expect that a lower time

would cause a higher power output because there would be a smaller number in the denominator of the ratio. The class data confirms this hypothesis, as the students with the lowest times have the highest power output, and the students with the highest times have the lowest power outputs. Matts Data (#9) Distance (m) Mass of 2 Books (kg) 3.960 Two Books Time (s) Power Two Books (W) 130 Power Two Books (hp) 0.17

1.105

0.34

Half Distance Two Books Calculations (#9) Fg=mg W=Fgdcos() Ps=W/ts Ps=Ps/746 W Fg=(3.960 kg)(9.81 m/sec2) W=(38.8 N)(1.105 m)(Cos(0)) Ps=42.9 J/0.34 s Ps= 130 W/ 746 W Fg=38.8 N W=42.9 J Ps= 130 W Ps=0.17 hp VIII. When I only lifted the books halfway, the power output was 130 W, and the output was 97 W when I lifted all the way. The main factor that accounted for this difference was the fact that the books were only in motion for 0.34 seconds while going halfway. This is as opposed to when the books went all the way over my head, when they were in motion for 0.88 seconds. As a result, when the books were in motion longer, there was a lower power output; and when they were in motion for a shorter amount of time there was a larger power output. IX. As the book accelerated, the power output increased because the book is traveling at a faster and faster speed, and the greater the speed, the greater the power needed to maintain and increase that speed. This is due to the fact that the same amount of work is being done over continuously decreasing time intervals. This will also mean that the power will continue to increase throughout the books path of motion. X. Dan was the most powerful in lifting two textbooks and three textbooks and he is the third shortest person in the class. Therefore, distance plays virtually no role in power output.

XI. Because it requires more force to lift three textbooks than two textbooks, Dan did not lift three books the same as two books. He applied more force to the three books as the two books, but applied the greater force over a longer time interval. XII. In order to avoid the textbooks crashing into the ceiling, negative work was done to slow them down, and cause them to stop at the same height as ones extended arms. So, the power outputs are wrong because if positive work and negative work was being done, then the amount of work being done is closer to zero than our results would suggest. So, there should be far less of a power output than we calculated because of the small amount of work being done when the negative work is taken into consideration. Additional Questions: 1. This is not always the case because power is determined by the mass of the objects, greater forces are required to move massive objects, and the amount of time it takes to move the object. So, if a massive object, like a car, is pushed at an extremely slow rate, than the power output would be relatively low compared to what one would expect. However, when a Corvettes engine accelerates a 3300 pound car from zero to 60 miles per hour in 3.43 seconds, a high power output of 638 horsepower is the result. 3. As the car starts from rest and accelerated to 20 mph, the power output will increase until the car reaches 20 mph, then will level out and stay constant. If the car were to then travel up a hill at constant speed, then the power would increase, but then stay constant at the higher output as the car travels up the hill. If the driver accelerates to 40 mph on that same hill, then the power output will increase, and then will level out and stay constant when the car reaches 40 mph. If the hill then gets steeper and steeper, then the power will need to be constantly increased to keep the car

moving at constant velocity up the hill. This is because the x component of the motion is decreasing as the y component is increasing as the hill gets steeper. So, more power is needed to cover the greater distance of the y component. 4. The energy that I used to lift the books came from the sun, because the sun fueled plants that grew and produced sugar by photosynthesis. The solar energy was then transformed into potential energy by the plants photosynthesis. Then, those plants either ended up in my salad that I ate for lunch, or were eaten by the chicken that I would also eat for lunch. Either way, my body takes in that potetial energy in the form of food, and my body brakes it down into simple sugars that it then uses to power my brain which sends a signal to my arm and leg muscles to contract. More potential energy is then transformed into kinetic energy and used to contract my muscles, which lifts the books off of the floor. After my muscles use that kinetic energy, it is lost due to friction in the form of heat.