Coordinated Voltage Control Scheme for SEIG-Based Wind Park Utilizing Substation STATCOM and ULTC Transformer

Ragul.D.a, A. Karthikeyanb and P. Somasundaramc

Power Systems Division, DEEE, CEG, Anna University Chennai-600025 ragulceg10@gmail.com , bcontactbpci@gmail.com, c mpsomasundaram@yahoo.com
Abstract My paper presents a coordinated voltage control scheme for improving the network voltage profile and for minimizing the steady-state loading of the STATCOM to effectively support the system during contingencies. The paper addresses implementation issues associated with primary voltage control and optimal tracking secondary voltage control for wind parks based on self-excited induction generators which comprise STATCOM and underload tap changer (ULTC) substation transformers. The voltage controllers for the STATCOM and ULTC transformer are coordinated and ensure the voltage support. In steady-state operation, the voltage is controlled by only stepping the tap changer when the voltage is outside the deadband region of the ULTC to minimize the number of taps changes. Thus, the STATCOM will be unloaded and ready to react with higher reactive power margin during contingencies. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the performance of the controllers in steadystate and in response to system contingency situations.

I. INTRODUCTION Voltage control is important for the integration of wind parks and their interconnections to achieve a required voltage response and fault ride through (FRT) capability according to the grid codes. The voltage control is divided into three hierarchical levels: primary, secondary, and tertiary control [1][4]. The large penetration of wind parks based on self-excited induction generator (SEIG) is often comprised of a central compensator, a STATCOM that controls the voltage by means of reactive power, and also under-load tap changing (ULTC) transformers are used to control the voltage. This makes the application of secondary voltage control schemes to wind parks an interesting approach to improve the operation of the transmission system. Hence, a strategy to perform secondary voltage control by a coordinated use of the ULTC and STATCOM for providing a better voltage support and a larger dynamic margin during system contingencies are needed. Coordinated control methods for ULTCs and compensator devices are proposed in [5]. The ULTC provides a slow voltage control and the tap changing causes transient responses in the power system. Thus, the objective of the coordinated control of the ULTCs and a compensating device is to minimize the number of unnecessary tap operations and to provide a better voltage profile. In [5] and [6], an artificial neural network is used in the coordinated control of the ULTC and STATCOM to minimize the number of tap changes and for increasing the reactive power capability margin of the STATCOM in system contingency situations. Among voltage regulating devices, the ULTC has a larger impact on the voltage profile since it controls the sending voltage. One of the major measures of the ULTC operation is the line drop compensation (LDC) method, which estimates and allows compensation for the line drop at varying load currents [7], [8]. The LDC method has been widely applied to the ULTC operation. This paper presents a new approach to a coordinated voltage control for the STATCOM and the ULTC transformer. Using this control the STATCOM will be unloaded and ready to react with a higher reactive power margin in case of system contingencies. The performance of primary voltage control (PVC) and optimal tracking secondary voltage control (OTSVC) with and without the new coordinated method used by the STATCOM and the ULTC are compared considering steady-state and dynamic measures such as voltage response, voltage recovery, the steady-state loading of the STATCOM, the voltage profile, and the maximum critical clearing time (MCCT) of fault as an indication of the transient stability margin. Subsequently, the influence of a communication time delay on the transient stability margin is evaluated in order to demonstrate the effectiveness of the coordinated OTSVC for improving the system voltage profile and the transient response. II. SEIG WIND PARK MODEL The wind park model analyzed in this paper is shown in Fig. 1 and consists of 12 * 1.5 MW SEIG wind turbines compensated with a STATCOM. The wind turbines are connected to the medium voltage bus via a 0.575/25-kV transformer, and then connected to the 120-kV system at bus B through a 25-MVA 25/120-kV ULTC transformer. The reactive power absorbed by the SEIG is partly compensated by capacitor banks connected to each wind turbine, the rest of the compensation to maintain the bus voltage close to 1 p.u. is provided by the centralized STATCOM rated at 12 MVAr with a 3% droop setting. The control consists of a local wind park control that communicates with the transmission system through a communication link, which is used to transmit data signals obtained from a wide-area measurement system (WAMS). The system parameters are given in Table I in the Appendix.

Fig .1. Layout of the wind park model.

As shown in Fig.2 a single PV power generation system including solar array, DC-DC converter and inverter. The DC-DC boost converter acts as an interface between the load and the PV Array. Maximum Power Point tracking is achieved by adjusting the Duty cycle of the DC-DC converter. For simple structure and less costly implementation, a 3 point weighted P&O algorithm was chosen in the present structure to generate the MPPT power command.

Fig.1. Concept of isolated power utility.

Fig.2. Single PV power generation system

Fig.3. Isolated power system model. To reduce the steady-state losses caused by the oscillation of the array operating point around the MPP, the amplitude of the duty cycle perturbation d has to be lowered. A low value of makes the algorithm less efficient in case of rapidly changing atmospheric conditions. The optimal choice of d in these situations given by [18] is used so that there will not be much wider oscillation once MPP is reached. The MPPT algorithm is shown in Fig.4.

Fig.4. Three pointed weighted P&O algorithm. As the design of power converter and the control system is significantly influenced by the solar module characteristics, these will be reviewed here briefly. The solar module is a nonlinear device and can be represented as a current source model, as shown in Fig.5. The traditional IV characteristic of a solar module, neglecting the internal series resistance, is given by the following equation [13]: (1) where Io and Vo are the output current and output voltage of the solar module, respectively, I g is the generated current under a given insolation, Isat is the reverse saturation current, q is the charge of an electron, K is the Boltzmanns constant, A is the ideality factor, T is the temperature (in Kelvin), Np is the number of cells in parallel, and Irsh is the current due to intrinsic shunt resistance of the solar module. The saturation current (Isat ) of the solar module varies with temperature according to the following equation [13]: (2) (3)

Fig.5. Equivalent circuit of a solar module. Where Ior is the saturation current at Tr , T is the temperature of the solar array (in Kelvin), Tr is the reference temperature, Eg is the band gap energy, It is the short-circuit current temperature coefficient, Isc is the short-circuit current of solar module, and Si is the insolation in watts per square meter. The current due to the shunt resistance is given by the following equation [13]: (4) Where Ns is the number of cells in series and Rsh is the internal shunt resistance of the solar module.

Fig. 6. Solar module characteristics curves. (a) & (c) Current-Voltage curves. (b) &(d) Power-Voltage curves. For the solar module, (1)(4) are used in the development of MATLAB/SIMULINK based computer simulations. Fig. 6(a) and (b) shows the simulated amperevolt and powervolt curves for the solar module for different insolation at constant temperature. Fig. 6(c) and (d) shows the simulated amperevolt and powervolt curves for the solar module for different temperature at constant insolation. Here, the discrete data points shown are taken from the manufacturers data sheet [6] for validating the model. From these curves, it is observed that the output characteristics of the solar array is nonlinear and is vitally affected by the variation of insolation. III. ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM CONTROL METHOD In order to smooth PV output power fluctuations, average PV power is generated from MPPT generated PV power through a low pass filter. The average PV power is given by the following equation Pavg = Pmaxf(s) Where f(s )= 0.9/20s+1 This average power is used as command power for the battery control system. Therefore, this command power will be achieved from the PV system by charging/discharging action of the Battery. The proposed battery control model is shown in Fig. 8.At first the proposed model calculates PV output power fluctuations by the given below equation. Ppvsys = Pavg Pmax (6) Where Ppvsys is PV output power fluctuations. To reduce the charge/discharge action of the battery, a definite value for the dead zone Dzone is set. Dead zone will activate when Ppvsys is greater than the dead zone value. Therefore, if the dead value is set big, small PV power fluctuations will remain in the system. On the other hand, if the dead zone value is set small, PV output power fluctuations will be smoothed well, however, battery will experience rapid charge/discharge action. So, choosing the optimal parameter for battery control system is a vital issue. From Fig. 7, it can be seen that correction power Pc is added with dead zone. Then, battery output Pbat is computed through the limiter whose maximum range is the converter capacity CI .Battery experiences charge/discharge action when Pbat becomes positive/negative. The batterys remaining capacity Wbat is calculated through integration. This integrator is also considered as a limiter whose maximum range is the battery capacity Cbat . The remaining battery capacity Wbat is passed through a 2-D lookup table to maintain the storage ratio ( 100%) bat bat C W = to near 50%. (5)

Fig. 7. Proposed battery control model

Fig. 8. Lookup table for correction value of M.

The lookup table is shown in Fig.8. The lookup table produces a correction value M. The product of correct value M and converter capacity CI becomes the correct power Pc. IV. SIMULATION RESULTS In this paper, the effectiveness of output power leveling of PV array and frequency deviation reduction of power system using the proposed method is examined by simulation with system model and parameters as mentioned in [11]-[13]. In order to use parameters of real PV system given in [12], [13], the rated output power of the PV array is 241kW. The total number of PV power generation systems used in this paper is two and the combined rated output power of two PV power generation systems is 481kW. Simulation parameters of power system, PV array and power converter are shown in TABLE I. TABLE I. Simulation Parameters

Insolations for PV plants 1,and 2 are shown in Fig. 9(a),(b). Load is shown in Fig. 9(e). The simulation results without using control i.e. output power of PV plant 1 and 2 are shown in Fig. 9(c),(d). However, from Fig. 9(f), it can be said that when these powers are added together, the combined output power of two PV plants is not significantly smoothed. Fig. 9(h) shows frequency deviation f, which deviates by more than 2 Hz frequently. This is a severe problem for maintaining power system reliability. Output power of diesel generator Pd is shown in Fig. 9(g). From Fig. 9(g), it is observed that the diesel generator output power Pd fluctuates in order to cancel out fluctuations of output power PA and load PL.Fig. 9(j) shows that the PV power produced by the proposed method is leveled by battery charging /discharging action. Fig. 9(m) shows that the diesel power produced by proposed method fluctuates less than the diesel power produced without control. Fig. 9(k) shows that the frequency deviations produced by the proposed method is almost near to zero. Therefore, the proposed method is effectively reduces the frequency deviation of the utility. Fig. 9(l) shows battery charging/discharging action. Fig.

9(i) shows the storage energy ratio which is maintained below 50%, thus reducing the maintenance cost of the battery.

Fig. 9. (a) Insolation of PV generator 1 & (b) Insolation of PV generator 2

Fig.9. (c) Output of PV generator 1&(d) Output of PV generator 2

Fig.9. (e) Load & (f) Combined PV Output power

Fig.9. (g) Diesel power output without PV leveling & (h) Frequency deviation without PV leveling

Fig.9. (i) Energy storage ratio

Fig.9. (j) Leveled combined PV power & (k) Frequency deviation after PV leveling

Fig.9. (l) Battery charging/discharging & (m) Diesel power output after PV leveling V. CONCLUSION In this paper, PV output power fluctuations are leveled through charge/discharge action of Energy Storage System (ESS).Though the addition of battery (ESS) will increase the installation cost of the system, it is small compared with the cost of PV power generation system. So, in the long run, the proposed method with battery will be cost-effective considering the fact that it is supplying all the available maximum PV power. Moreover, the proposed method with battery will reduce great amount of carbon dioxide emission and fuel cost of diesel generator. Considering the situation when insolation will decrease suddenly or no insolation will be present (some hours in a day and in all night), battery power can be used for load leveling, frequency regulation, etc. Therefore, the proposed method can be a good tradeoff between supplying available maximum power and maintaining power quality. From the simulation results, it has been found that the proposed method is able to achieve the required control parameters for ESS to minimize the frequency deviations. REFERENCES
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