Tan delta test of transformer

Tan Delta, also called Loss Angle or Dissipation Factor testing, is a diagnostic method of testing electrical equipment to determine the integrity of the insulation. This is done to try to predict the remaining life expectancy of the equipment. If the insulation free from defects, it approaches the properties of a perfect capacitor. It is very similar to a parallel plate capacitor with the conductor and the neutral being the two plates separated by the insulation material. In a perfect capacitor, the voltage and current are phase shifted 90 degrees and the current through the insulation is capacitive. If there are impurities in the insulation,for example, moisture, the resistance of the insulation decreases, resulting in an increase in resistive current through the insulation. It is no longer a perfect capacitor. The current and voltage will no longer be shifted 90 degrees. It will be something less than 90 degrees. The extent to which the phase shift is less than 90 degrees is indicative of the level of insulation contamination, hence quality/reliability. This "Loss Angle" is measured and analyzed. Below is a representation of an insulation. The tangent of the angle is measured. This will indicate the level of resistance in the insulation. By measuring IR/IC (opposite over adjacent the tangent), we can determine the quality of the insulation. In a perfect insulation, the angle would be nearly zero. An increasing angle indicates an increase in the resistive current through the insulation, meaning contamination. The greater the angle, the worse is the insulation.

Insulation power factor is the angle 90-. If the insulation is excellent, the tan delta or dissipation factor is equal to the power factor. Essentially, both tan delta and power factor are just the same.

TYPE TESTS
S. No. 1 2 Type test Measurement of winding resistance Measurement of voltage ratio and check of voltage vector relationship Measurement of impedance voltage/ short-circuit impedance (principal tapping) and load loss Measurement of no-load loss and current Measurement of insulation resistance Dielectric tests (Lightning impulse on line terminals Temperature rise test Tests on on-load tap changer (where appropriate) Purpose To know resistance of winding utilized To know correct voltage ratio at each tap and to check vector symbol (To ascertain phase displacement) To know copper (load) loss and impedance voltage To know core loss & excitation current To check insulation strength To verify impulse voltage withstand capacity of insulation (Line terminal to earth & other winding) To check temperature rise of transformer under loading conditions To ensure proper operation of OLTC

4 5 6

7 8

S. No. 1

Special test Dielectric test (Modified impulse test on Neutral

Purpose

2 3 4

5 6

To verify impulse voltage withstand capacity of insulation (Neutral terminal to earth & other winding) Measurement of zero sequence To check zero sequence impedance of 3impedance of 3-phase transformers phase transformers Short circuit test To ensure mechanical strength under short circuit condition Measurement of acoustic noise level To measure sound level produced by transformer during rated excitation under no-load condition Measurement of harmonics of the no- To measure harmonics of the no-load load current current Measurement of power taken by fans To know power consumption of fans & & oil pumps oil pumps

SP E CI A L TE ST S

ROUTINE TESTS

S. Routine test Purpose No. Type Tests 1,2,3,4,5,6, and 9 will also be the Routine Tests. In addition, the following Dielectric tests will be performed as a Routine test Dielectric Tests

Separate AC source Induced over voltage

To verify power frequency withstand capacity of winding (winding to other winding and to earth) To verify power frequency withstand capacity of winding (phases to earth and other winding)

Temperature rise in transformer

Transformers are designed to a maximum temperature rise value. This value is usually 80 C, 115 C, or 150 C. These values are usually based on a maximum ambient temperature of 40 C, thus a ransformer with a 115 C maximum temperature rise will not reach a temperature above 155 C (the total temperature is equal to the temperature rise plus the ambient temperature). The insulation of the conductors also have a maximum temperature value. This value is usually 200 C or 220 C. This is the maximum temperature that the insulation can reach without degrading. Once this temperature is exceeded, the life expectancy of a transformer will be cut in half for every 10C to a point where the insulation degrades, destroying the transformer and usually anything connected to it.

Temp rise test This test is made to determine the temperature rise of the transformer under rated Load. Thermometers or thermocouples are installed to measure ambient temperatures, oil surface temperatures in the transformer tank and at some point (perhaps 2 or 3 inches) below the oil surface where maximum temperatures may be expected. Readings on these are taken before the

test is started to obtain base temperatures on which to determine the rise at rated load These are also read periodically during the test, and continued until temperatures do not vary more than a few degrees over a paeriod of hours, and hence may be considered as stabilized.

Partial discharge measurement

A basic measuring circuit for partial discharge test is shown in figure 2 , IEC Standards 60726. The low-voltage windings shall be supplied from an alternate 100 Hz voltage source. The voltage shape shall be as nearly as possible of the sine-wave. Unless otherwise specified, a pre-stress voltage of 1,5 Um shall be induced for 30 s, followed without interruption by a voltage of 1,1 Um for three minutes, during which the partial discharge level shall be measured. The calibration of the measuring circuit is carried out by injecting simulated discharge pulses of 100pC at transforner terminals. Partial discharge measurement shall be carried out by use of an oscilloscope, in order to analise the developing of the ongoing phenomena. Test procedures must be in accordance with IEC Standards 60726. The test is successful if the partial discharge level is lower than 20 Pc unless otherwise agreed between manufacturer and purchaser.

Dielectric tests Separate-source voltage withstand test

The single-phase applied voltage wave shape shall be approximately sinusoidal. The test must be performed at rated frequency. At the end of the test, the test voltage shall be rapidly reduced up to 1/3 the full voltage before disconnection. The full test voltage shall be applied for 60 seconds between the winding under test and all the remaining windings, magnetic core, frame and enclosure connected to earth. The test shall be performed on all the windings.The test is successful if no failure occurs at full test voltage. CONNECTION SCHEME:

2 Induced voltage test

The test voltage shall be twice the value corresponding to the rated voltage; it shall be applied between the terminals of the secondary windings, by maintaining the primary winding open. The duration of the test at full voltage shall be 60 s, and the frequency twice the rated value. The test shall start with a voltage lower than 1/3 the full test voltage, and it shall be quickly increased up to full value. At the end of the test, the voltage shall be rapidly reduced up to 1/3 the rated value before disconnection. The test is successful if no failure occurs at full test voltage. CONNECTION SCHEME:

Methods of Drying Out Electric Motor used with Air Compressor

Though you have installed your electric motor with all the pre-commissioning checkups,sometimes any accident happens to your motor and it needs to give attentation before using it again.If any water or any moisture observed in electric motor,it should be dried out.This will ensure safe running of motor as wel as Air Compressor. Various methods are available for "Drying Out" electric motor,but we will see ,the methods which are possible in practical use.In any plant all the facilities are not available at same time,in this it is very important to use the method which is most suitable at that moment.You can use any method from below. Methods of "DRYING OUT" Electric motor. 01)A convenient method of drying out electric motor is to block the motor so that it can not rotate and apply a very low voltage of about 10% of the normal to the starter terminals. In case of Slipring Motor,the rotor windings should be short circuited. Close supervision is necessary during the process of "Drying Out" with this method.The heat generated in the windings is not easily dissipated and one part of the winding may be exceedingly hot before another part has had time to expel the moisture.This may be deviated to some extent by taking every precaution to exclude draughts from exposed parts of windings. 02)The electric motor which is used to run Air Compressor can be placed in an oven,if available,but the temperature shall not be allowed to exceeds 85 degree centigrate.Alternatively,hot air can be blown into the motor.The air must be clean & dry at a temperature not more than 85 degree centigrate. 03)The electric motor can be dried out by placing 6 to 12 carbon filament lamps (According to the frame size of the motor) closer arround the frame of motor,properly hung to the fixtures for more than 24 hours under observation. 04)By applying DC Current (Not more than 80 % of the motor rated current) contineously to the stator of the motor,the large motor can be dried out.An added advantage of DC current is the easy control of DC current through "rheostat" Some points must kept in mind while "Drying Out" of Electric Motor.

While the motor is in drying out process,the small vents,if provided,on both the sides of motor should kept open for escape of moisture.A tested temperature gauge( capillary type) should be placed on the motor to record the optimum temperature the windings achieved and to control the temperature to below 85 degree centigrate.It is necessary to cover the motor with asbestos clothing to prevent heat radiation. Insulation resistance must be measured at an interval of every hour till the insulation value stabilizes at certain point,then the heating process is to be discontinued.When the motor cools down to the ambient temperature will get favourable insulation resistance reading.

DEGREE OF PROTECTION(IP GRADE)

The standard describes a system for classifying the degrees of protection provided by the enclosures of electrical equipment. Developed by the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (CENELEC), these standards are designed to numerically rate an electrical product on the level of protection its enclosure provides. By assigning different number codes, the product's degree of protection can be identified quickly and easily. In the code IP 55, which most of our motors meet, for example, IP identifies this standard, the first digital 5 describes the level of protection from solid objects, and the second digital 5 describes the level of protection from liquids. Below is the description of Ingress Protection (IP) Classification with 2 digits (IP **). 0 No Protection 1 Protected against solid objects up to 50mm e.g. accidental touch by hands 2 Protected against solid objects up to 12mm e.g. fingers 3 Protected against solid objects over 2.5mm e.g. tools 4 Protected against solid objects over 1mm e.g. wires 5 Protected against dust - limited ingress (no harmful deposit) 6 Totally protected against dust\The second digit 0 No Protection 1 Protected against solid objects up to 50mm e.g. accidental touch by hands 2 Protected against solid objects up to 12mm e.g. fingers 3 Protected against direct sprays of water up to 60 deg from the vertical 4 Protected against water sprayed from all directions - limited ingress permitted 5 Protected against low pressure jets of water from all directions - limited ingress permitted 6 Protected against strong jets of water e.g. for use on shipdecks - limited ingress permitted 7 Protected against the affects of immersion between 15cm and 1m 8 Protected against long periods of immersion under pressure IP code is also widely used in the articles about frequency inverter, and related industrial equipment.

Coupled Heat Run

Coupled heat run is the direct-loading method for temperature testing of electric motors. The test machine is coupled to a dynamometer or a load machine. The load on the dynamometer or the load machine is increased until the test machine reaches rated load. In a coupled load test, the test machine is installed with a test coupling and then rigged and aligned to the load machine as shown. It is important that the test motor be set firmly on a stiff test bed. If it is raised on rails or blocks to match the shaft height of the load machine, the rails and blocks must be perfectly squared off and have adequate stiffness. Similarly, the test couplings, the center spool piece, the coupling on the load machine, and the load machine itself must be well balanced and aligned accurately to assure that no vibration is introduced as a result of inferior couplings or rigging. The setup on the test floor is normally temporary since motors of all sizes are tested in the same location. The hot vibration readings need to be taken while the motor is still hot from the loaded run but uncoupled to remove the effects of misalignment, etc. IEEE 112 recommends that the vibrations be measured while the motor is within 25 percent of the normal operating temperature. This is sometimes difficult to do for a coupled heat run test. In this case it can be necessary to stop the machine and uncouple it from the load, then start it up again to measure the vibration. This, of course, is not necessary if the vibration and vectorial change from cold to hot is good while coupled.

Dual-Frequency Heat Run

Dual-frequency heat run is a temperature test of an induction machine under simulated load conditions. The test involves using two separate sources of power with two separate frequencies: a primary source of rated frequency and a secondary source generally 10 hertz below the rated frequency. The two sources are set up to supply power simultaneously to the test machine by being connected either in series or superimposed by use of a series transformer. These are shown schematically in Figure 3 and Figure 4.

Figure 3 Dual-Frequency Power Sources, 50 and 60 Hertz Connected in Series

Figure 4 Dual-Frequency Power Sources, 50 Hertz Power superimposed on 60 Hertz by Use of a Coupling Transformer

The frequency that the motor sees changes completely 10 times per second. This continuous change causes the revolving magnetic field inside the motor to change its synchronous speed between that of 50 hertz and 60 hertz. When the motor is under the influence of the 60-hertz supply, the motor accelerates towards the 60-hertz synchronous speed, drawing current in the process to achieve the acceleration and operating as a motor under high slip. However, because of its rotor inertia, it cannot reach that speed instantly. One tenth of a second later the motor sees 50-hertz power. The motor then decelerates towards the 50-hertz synchronous speed. The slip being negative, the motor now generates current and feeds it back to supply lines as an induction generator. With proper adjustments to input parameters, a steady operating condition can be achieved wherein the motor sees rated root-mean-square (rms) voltage and rated rms line current. The wave shapes are not sinusoidal, but tests show that they produce similar heating in the motor. Table 1 lists comparative test results reported by various manufacturers. The rated condition is generally reached when the 50-hertz input voltage reaches 20 to 30 percent of the 60-hertz rated voltage as measured at V1 and V2, respectively, in Figure 3.. During the duration of the heat run, the terminal voltage and current of the motor are maintained at their rated 60-hertz values. Volt, ampere, and kilowatt readings at the motor terminals are recorded along with the motor temperatures. After the machine temperatures (as indicated by stator resistance temperature detectors or auxiliary thermocouples) have stabilized, the voltages of the auxiliary power and the prime power are reduced. After the motor is stopped and all breakers are opened and locked out, resistance is measured to evaluate temperature rise. During the heat run, the motor is being supplied from two power sources at different frequencies, and is subjected to the oscillatory torques associated with these frequencies. Consequently, the vibration will be abnormal during this condition and may not meet the normal limits of vibration. For this reason a no-load cold vibration is measured at rated voltage before the application of the auxiliary power. Then, at the end of the heat run after the temperatures on the machine have stabilized, the auxiliary power is removed, and the vibration at rated frequency and voltage is measured again to determine the vibration of the machine at normal running temperature. This is done without stopping the test motor, which allows the hot vibration to be recorded quickly since the machine especially an open machine cools down rapidly after the auxiliary power is removed. IEEE 112 recommends that the vibrations should be measured while the motor is within 25 percent of the normal operating temperature.

Dual-frequency load testing is a cost-effective method for temperature testing of general purpose and vertical induction motors. The test setup is simple no test coupling, rigging, or alignment is required. It takes 50 to 60 percent less time to rig and test the motor than by the conventional coupled load method.

Things to cover: 1. Testing of bushings, determination of accuracy and error, testing of auxiliaries and safety devices, over voltage inter turn test, radio interfernce test 2. Hammer test, commissioning steps for I.M, commissionig of induction genreator, trouble shooting and maintenance of I.M 3. Isolator tesing(All things), substation grid earthing

Noise level and vibration testing: Paul Gill 291 Separate source voltage testing-350 JP transformer Induce voltage testing PG 321 Soil resistivity measurement-PG-701-740 Bus bar testing-- 366 pages