bachelor of science (hons) (applied chemistry) (as 225) laboratory report cmt564 -water and wastewater technology

Experiment EXP5: TOTAL PERSULFATE NITROGEN (TPN) NOR HASLIZA BINTI ABD HAMID Name Lecturer Name DR. SHARIFF CHE IBRAHIM ERNIE JALALIN 2010464852 2010882612

TOTAL PERSULFATE NITROGEN (TPN)

Title: ______________________________________________________________________________ Experiment 6: Total Persulfate Nitrogen (TPN)

1.0

Introduction:

______________________________________________________________________________ Nitrogen is an essential ingredient in the formation of proteins for cell growth. From complex organisms like animals to the simple bacteria used to treat wastes in an activated sludge treatment facility, every living thing needs some form of nitrogen to survive. But too much nitrogen freely available in the environment can be a bad thing. Excess nitrogen discharged into our waterways can contribute to eutrophication, the gradual change of water bodies into marshes, meadows, and then forests. It can also contribute to massive algae blooms leading to oxygen depletion in water and its associated problems. Certain forms of nitrogen can cause specific problems too. Ammonia is toxic to fish, and nitrates at high enough dosages in the drinking water cause methemoglobinemia in infants (Nitrates convert to nitrites in the stomach. These nitrites then interfere with the oxygen-carrying capacity of the hemoglobin in blood). In the wastewater field we are concerned with several forms of nitrogen: ammonia, organic, nitrate, and nitrite. Under the right conditions, each of these forms is biologically convertible to one of the other forms. This creates certain challenges in the treatment of nitrogen in wastewater. Because of these challenges, it is important to properly collect, preserve, and analyzes samples for the specific forms of nitrogen so that the appropriate treatment of these wastes can be made.

TOTAL PERSULFATE NITROGEN (TPN)

2.0

Objective:

______________________________________________________________________________ To oxidized all form of nitrogen to nitrates by percolate in alkaline solution 3.0 Data/Results:

______________________________________________________________________________ Refer to Appendix 1(a) Raw waste water Treated water Reading from Hach: Raw waste water Treated waste water DI water Standard : 40mg/L : 19mg/L : 0 mg/L :21 : 1ml sample + 14ml distilled water : 1ml of sample + 7ml distilled water

TPN value Gp 1 Standard (mg/L) 21 Raw w/w (mg/L) 124.5 Treated w/w (mg/L) 31.2 79.17 Percent reduction

TOTAL PERSULFATE NITROGEN (TPN)

4.0

Discussion and Questions:

______________________________________________________________________________ In this experiment, total nitrogen is determined by adding chemicals to convert all of the nitrogen in a sample to nitrate and nitrite. Nitrate and nitrite are most often measured using a colorimetric method (spectrometer), which means the colour of treated sample reflects the concentration of the parameter. A chemical is added to the water sample and the darker the colour of the sample, the more nitrate or nitrite present. The content of nitrogen in the waters is an important index to measure water quality, and the technique of remote sensing plays a large role in monitoring the change in environment. Based on our result, the TPN value for raw waste water and treated waste water was 600mg/L and 152 mg/L respectively with 79.17% percent reduction. The highest percent reduction show that the highest of amount Nitrogen that removed from waste water. Regarding to the result obtained the standard has been accurately prepared. While observing the result, we can see that the standard gives strong yellow colour of solution. It is because it contains higher nitrogen compare to the sample. The blank gives colourless solution means that this method doesnt have any error.The percentage reduction of the total nitrogen is 79.17%. Mean that there is % of nitrogen has been removed in the experiment. The percentage reduction is determined by the formula:

% reduction = TPN sample wastewater TPN Deionized water TPN sample wastewater There are several errors occur while doing the experiment. Errors is may occur during measured volume of wastewater sample that to transfer to the vial because this volume is very small. The largest error is caused by using a non homogeneous sample. Every effort should be made to blend and mix the sample so that solids are never excluded from any aliquot. In this experiment, we have prepared blank determination by performing all steps of analysis in absence of sample. Blank determination is very important to detect and compensate systematic errors in an analysis.
4

TOTAL PERSULFATE NITROGEN (TPN) QUESTION: 1. Name the sources of nitrogen in water and wastewater The sources of the nitrogen in water in wastewater are proteins, chlorophyll, animal wastes, fertilizers and from agricultural activities. 2. What are the environmental effects of excessive nitrogen in water? Excess nitrogen discharged into our waterways can contribute to eutrophication, the gradual change of water bodies into marshes, meadows, and then forests. It can also contribute to massive algae blooms leading to oxygen depletion in water and its associated problems. Certain forms of nitrogen can cause specific problems too. Ammonia is toxic to fish, and nitrates at high enough dosages in the drinking water cause methemoglobinemia in infants (Nitrates convert to nitrites in the stomach. These nitrites then interfere with the oxygencarrying capacity of the hemoglobin in blood). High amount of nitrite and nitrate will cause blue baby syndrome when they react with hemoglobin, limited the capability to carry oxygen. They also can cause brown blood disease when they enter the bloodstream through gills and limited capability to carry oxygen. 5.0 Conclusion:

______________________________________________________________________________ This experiment can be use for the intended purpose. Therefore, the objective in the experiment is achieved in which to determine Total Persulfate Nitrogen (TPN) is measure of nitrogen in form of ammonia, organic nitrogen, nitrate and nitrite. All form of nitrogen can be oxidizing to nitrate via percolate in alkaline solution. The TPN value for raw waste water and treated waste water was 600mg/L and 152 mg/L respectively with 79.17% percent reduction; errors should be reduced to get a great result of experiment.

TOTAL PERSULFATE NITROGEN (TPN) 6.0 References:

______________________________________________________________________________ 6.1 6.2 Book References: www.jstor.org/stable/2835260 www.aslo.org/lo/toc/vol_22/issue_4/0760.pdf Book References: Skoog, West, Holler and Crough, 2000, Analytical Chemistry: An Introduction, 7th Edition, 2000, Brook/Cole Thomson Learning. Manual of Practical: Kasmawati Mohamed & Lee Kok Kheng,Methods of Analysis for Water and Wastewater,UPENA, 2007.

7.0

Appendix:

______________________________________________________________________________ Appendices 1(a) (Experimental Results and calculations) Raw waste water Treated water Reading from Hach: Raw waste water Treated waste water DI water Standard : 40mg/L : 19mg/L : 0 mg/L :21 : 1ml sample + 14ml distilled water : 1ml of sample + 7ml distilled water

TPN value Gp Standard Raw w/w Treated w/w Percent reduction

6

TOTAL PERSULFATE NITROGEN (TPN) (mg/L) 1 21 (mg/L) 124.5 (mg/L) 31.2 79.17

Calculation: TPN value = value from Hach x dilution factor = 40 x 15 = 600mg/L Treated w/water = 19 x 8 = 152 mg/L

Percent Reduction

= (raw w/w treated w/w) x100 TPN value = (600 152) x 100 600 = 79.17%