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ABSTRACT

Nanotechnology offers sensing technologies that provide more accurate and timely medical information for diagnosing disease, and miniature devices that can administer treatment automatically if required. Some tests such as diabetes blood sugar levels require patients to administer the test themselves to avoid the risk of their blood glucose falling to dangerous levels. Nanotechnology can now offers new implantable and/or wearable sensing technologies that provide continuous and extremely accurate medical information. Here i illustrate a nanorobot architecture that provides an efficient clinical approach to simulate a remedy for diabetes. The system consists of a micropump, micro needles, insulin reservoir and wireless telemetry. A higher gradient of signal intensity of E-cadherin is used as chemical parameter identification in guiding nanorobots to identify malignant tissues.

INTRODUCTION

The application of nanotechnology to medicine is called nanomedicine. Nanomedicine subsumes three mutually overlapping and progressively more powerful molecular technologies: nanoscale structured materials and devices; genomics, proteomics and artificial engineered microbes; and medical nanorobots. An efficient control strategy must meet three requirements: 1. Fast respond to glucose change 2. Minimize undershoot, which results in hypoglycemia. 3. Adapt to different patients. The control system must ensure a suitable performance. It can be demonstrated with a determined number of nanorobots responding as fast as possible for a specific task based scenario. In this paper, we consider nanorobots flowing in a blood vessel with a small target area on the wall emitting a specific chemical. Manufacturing better sensors and actuators with nanoscale sizes is advancing. The nanorobots, designed with sensors for this chemical, must find the source in a vessel wall. In the 3D workspace the target has surface chemicals allowing the nanorobots to detect and recognize it.

Nanorobots what are they..??


Nanorobots are theoretical microscopic devices measured on the scale of nanometers (1nm equals one millionth of 1 millimeter). When fully realized from the hypothetical stage, they would work at the atomic, molecular and cellular level to perform tasks in both the medical and industrial fields that have heretofore been the stuff of science fiction. Nanomedicine's nanorobots are so tiny that they can easily traverse the human body. Scientists report the exterior of a nanorobot will likely be constructed of carbon atoms in a diamondoid structure because of its inert properties and strength. Super-smooth surfaces will lessen the likelihood of triggering the body's immune system, allowing the nanorobots to go about their business unimpeded. Glucose or natural body sugars and oxygen might be a source for propulsion, and the nanorobot will have other biochemical or molecular parts depending on its task. Nanorobots will possess at least

rudimentary two-way communication; will respond to acoustic signals; and will be able to receive power or even re-programming instructions from an external source via sound waves. A network of special stationary nanorobots might be strategically positioned throughout the body, logging each active nanorobot as it passes, then reporting those results, allowing an interface to keep track of all of the devices in the body. A doctor could not only monitor a patient's progress but change the instructions of the nanorobots in vivo to progress to another stage of healing.

fig 1:A typical nanorobot with camera, group of nanobots clustered in blood stream

Cause for diabetes:


Diabetes mellitus often referred to simply as diabetes is a syndrome of disordered Metabolism, usually due to a combination of hereditary and environmental causes, resulting in abnormally high blood sugar levels (hyperglycemia). There are two major forms of diabetes: Type 2 diabetes is commonly linked to obesity, which promotes insulin resistance. In many obese individuals, insulin resistance is compensated for by increased insulin production, which can occur if there is an increase in cell mass. In approximately one third of obese individuals, there is a decreased cell mass caused by a marked increase in cell apoptosis, rendering these individuals incapable of compensating for the insulin-resistant state. Similarly, type 1 diabetes is associated with a loss of beta cell mass, typically caused by autoimmune-induced inflammation and apoptosis. Thus, both type 1 and type 2 diabetes are negatively affected by the death of beta cells in the

Pancreas, resulting in inadequate insulin production. Metabolic disturbances associated with diabetes can lead to: (1) activation of the polyol Pathway; (2) high levels of the cytokine, TNF- (3) the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs); (4) high levels of protein kinase C activation; and (5) enhanced oxidative stress. The activation of these pathways may be especially important in initiating events linked to inflammation and apoptosis. Long-term manifestations of diabetes include retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy, angiopathy, atherosclerosis, periodontitis, and other diabetic complications, such as impaired wound-healing.

Fig 2: Insulin structure

Glucose monitoring in blood level:


Here I prescribe an artificial red blood cell called respirocyte, a spherical nanorobot of about thebacterium size. This respirocyte would be made up of 18 billion atoms, precisely arranged in a crystalline structure to form a miniature pressure tank. The tank would hold as many as nine billion oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules. When respirocytes are injected into an individuals bloodstream, sensors on the surface would detect oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood. The sensors would then signal when it is time to load oxygen and unload carbon dioxide, or vice versa. Respirocytes could store and transport 200 times more gas than red blood cells. Although still only a theory, respirocyte could become a reality tomorrow.

Fig 3: A typical nanobot model for glucose level monitoring In the simulation, the nanorobot is programmed also to emit a signal based on specified lunch times, and to measure the glucose levels in desired intervals of time. The nanorobot can be programmed to activate sensors and measure regularly the BGLs early in the morning, before the expected breakfast time. Levels are measured again each 2 hours after the planned lunchtime. The same procedures can be programmed for other meals through the day times. A multiplicity of blood borne nanorobots will allow glucose monitoring not just at a single site but also in many different locations simultaneously throughout the body, thus permitting the physician to assemble a whole-body map of serum glucose concentrations. Examination of time series data from many locations allows precise measurement of the rate of change of glucose concentration in the blood that is passing through specific organs, tissues, capillary beds, and specific vessels. This will have diagnostic utility in detecting anomalous glucose uptake rates which may assist in determining which tissues may have suffered diabetes-related damage, and to what extent. Other onboard sensors can measure and report diagnostically relevant observations such as patient blood pressure, early signs of tissue gangrene, or changes in local metabolism that might be associated with early-stage cancer. Whole-body time series data collected during various patient activities levels (e.g., resting, exercising,

postprandial, etc.) could have additional diagnostic value in assessing the course and extent of disease.

Architecture of nanorobot:
Virtual Reality was considered a suitable approach for nanorobot design and for the use of macro- and micro-robotics concepts given certain theoretical and practical aspects that focus on its domain of application. The nanodevice design must be robust enough to operate in an aqueous environment with movement having six-degrees of freedom. The nanorobot design is derived from biological models and is comprised of components such as molecular sorting rotors and a robot arm (telescoping manipulator) . The nanorobot exteriors considered is comprised of diamonded new material, to which may be attached an artificial glycocalyx surface that minimizes fibrinogen (and other blood protein) absorption and bioactivity, thus ensuring sufficient biocompatibility fo the nanorobot to avoid immune system attack. Different molecule types are distinguished by a series of chemotactic sensors whose binding sites have a different affinity for each kind of molecule. The control system must ensure a suitable performance. It can be demonstrated with a determined number of nanorobots responding as fast as possible for a specific task based scenario. In our work, we consider nanorobots flowing in a blood vessel with a small target area on the wall emitting a specific chemical. Manufacturing better sensors and actuators with nanoscale sizes is advancing . The nanorobots, designed

Fig 4: nanorobot architecture with sensors for this chemical, must find the source in a vessel wall. In the 3D workspace the target has surface chemicals allowing the nanorobots to detect and recognize it.
.

Manufacturing silicon-based chemical- and motion sensor arrays using a two-level system architecture hierarchy has been successfully conducted in the last 15 years. Applications range from automotive and chemical industry with detection of air to water element pattern recognition through embedded software programming, and biomedical uses. Through the use of nanowires, existing significant costs of energy demand for data transfer and circuit operation can be decreased by up to 60% . CMOS-based sensors using nanowires as material for circuit assembly can achieve maximal efficiency for applications regarding chemical changes, enabling new medical applications. Sensors with suspended arrays of nanowires assembled into silicon circuits can drastically decrease self-heating and thermal coupling for CMOS functionality. Factors like low energy consumption and high-sensitivity are among some of the advantages of nanosensors. Nanosensor manufacturing array processes can use electrofluidic alignment to achieve integrated CMOS circuit assembly as multi-element systems. Passive and buried electrodes can be used to enable cross-section drive transistors for signal processing circuitry readout. The passive and buried aligned electrodes must be electrically isolated to avoid loss of processed signals.

Fig 4: A chemical sensor

Working of a nanorobot:
Nano pumping:

Fig 5: A pictorial representation of nano pumping technique

Based on the MEMS Nanopump technology, the Insulin Nanopump offers unmet improvement in diabetes therapy. It was designed with the help and assistance of diabetic patients, nurses and endocrinologists with the objective of bringing a significant contribution to patients Quality of Life. Conceived as a patch pump without tubing, it gives more flexibility and freedom to the patient. Its extremely small size and weight allows wearing it completely hidden under the clothes, its ultra-precision permits an accurate delivery of insulin even at very low delivery rates and independently of external conditions, its built-in functional monitoring guarantees perfect safety during its use and its general conception makes it more affordable for patients. Chemically assembled electronic nanotechnology provides an alternative to using complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) for constructing circuits with feature sizes in the tens of nanometers . A CMOS component can be configured in a semiconductor substrate as part of the circuit assembly . An insulating layer is configured on the semiconductor substrate,

which covers the CMOS component. A nanoelectronic component can be configured above an insulating layer. If several nanoelectronic components are provided, they are preferably grouped in nanocircuit blocks.

Nano-tetherball biosensor precisely detects glucose:

Fig 6: A typical nano bio sensor

This image, taken with a scanning electron microscope and digitally colorized and enhanced, shows a new precise biosensor for detecting blood glucose and other biological molecules using hollow structures called single-wall carbon nanotubes anchored to goldcoated "nanocubes." The device resembles a tiny cube-shaped tetherball anchored to electronic circuitry by a nanotube about 25,000 times thinner than a human hair. Researchers have created a precise biosensor for detecting blood glucose and potentially many other biological molecules by using hollow structures called single-wall carbon nanotubes anchored to gold-coated "nanocubes." The device resembles a tiny cubeshaped tetherball. Each tetherball is a sensor and is anchored to electronic circuitry by a nanotube, which acts as both a tether and ultrathin wire to conduct electrical signals, said Timothy Fisher, a Purdue University professor of mechanical engineering. The technology, which detects glucose more precisely than any biosensors in development, also might be used in medicine to detect other types of biological molecules and in future biosensors for scientific research, said Marshall Porterfield, an associate professor of

agricultural and biological engineering at Purdue. "It might be part of a catheter to continuously monitor blood glucose for diabetics," Porterfield said. "And it might have many other applications, including basic scientific research to study diseases and biological processes."

Power supply:

power on the order of milliwatts . To operate nanorobots, a low frequency energy source may be enough. This functional approach presents the possibility of supplying energy in a wireless manner in order to operate sensors and actuators necessary for the controlled operation of nanorobots inside the human body. The use of CMOS for active telemetry and power supply is the most effective and secure way to ensure energy as long as necessary to keep the nanorobot in operation. The same technique is also appropriate for other purposes like digital bit encoded data transfer from inside a human body . Thus nanocircuits with resonant electric properties can operate as a chip providing electromagnetic energy supplying 1.7 mAat 3.3V for power, allowing the operation of many tasks with few or no significant losses during transmission. RF-based telemetry procedures have demonstrated good results in patient monitoring and power transmission with the use of inductive coupling, using well established techniques already widely used in commercial applications of RFID . The energy received can be also saved in ranges of ~1W while the nanorobot stays in inactive modes, just becoming active when signal patterns require it to do so. Some typical nanorobotic tasks may require the device only to spend low power amounts, once it has been strategically activated. For communication, sending RF signals ~1mW is required. Allied with the power source devices, the nanorobots need to perform precisely defined actions in the workspace using available energy resources as efficiently as possible. A practical way to achieve easy implementation of this architecture will obtain both energy and data transfer capabilities for nanorobots by employing mobile phone in such process. The mobile phone should be uploaded with the control software that includes the communication and energy transfer protocols

Fig 7: Accepted levels of glucose. The nanorobot sends a signal to the mobile phone at every observed critical level.

CURRENT & FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS:


This paper has outlined a pathway toward effective ways to advance nanotechnology as a diagnostic and treatment tool for patients with diabetes, and showed at the same time how actual developments in new manufacturing technologies are enabling innovative works and patents which may help in constructing and employing nanorobots most effectively for biomedical problems. The joint use of nanophotonic and nanotube-based technologies may further accelerate the actual levels of CMOS resolution ranging down to 45nm devices.

Conclusion:
In the foreseeable future, the most important clinical application of nanotechnology will probably be in pharmaceutical development. These applications take advantage of the unique properties of nanoparticles as drugs or constituents of drugs or are designed for new strategies to controlled release, drug targeting, and salvage of drugs with low bioavailability. Hopefully, the new kind of treatment may help in making the everyday lives of millions of diabetes patients more tolerable.

References:
1. Freitas Jr RA, Nanomedicine, Vol. I: Basic Capabilities, Landes Bioscience, 1999, http://www.nanomedicine.com/NMI.htm. 2. Katz E, Riklin A, Shabtai VH, Willner I, Bckmann AF, Glucose Oxidase Electrodesvia Reconstitution of the Apo-Enzyme: Tailoring of Novel Glucose Biosensors. Anal Chim Act 1999; 385: 45-5 3. G.M. Patel, G.C. Patel, R.B. Patel, J.K. Patel, M. Patel, Nanorobot: A versatile tool in nanomedicine, Journal of Drug Targeting, 14 (2): 63-6 Feb 2006. 4. Insulin Nanodrug under Development; [electronic resource] [accessed 2007 Oct 02].Available from: URL: http://thefutureofthings.com/news/1014/insulinnanodrugunderdevelopment.html. 5. Liang H F, Hong M H, Ho R M, Chung C K, Lin Y H, Chen C H and Sung H W.Novel method using a temperature-sensitive polymer (methylcellulose) to thermally gel aqueous alginate as a pH-sensitive hydrogel Biomacromolecules 5, 1917 25(2004). 6. 7. www.nanorobotdesign.com. Sauer C, Stanacevic M, Cauwenberghs G, Thakor N. Power harvesting and telemetry in CMOS for implanted devices. IEEE Trans Circ Sys 2005; 2605-2613. 52(12)

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