,

.


,
,

.

"Oculus reledioptricus
sive tele-scopium" 1685.
(Johannes Zahna) ,

.

.


. To je ( )
.
"De radio astronomico et geometrico liber"
- (Reiner
Ge-mma-Frisius) 1545.

-

.

.



. 1525.
-
(Albreht Duerer)

.
(Giovanni Battista
della Porta) 1558. "Magiae
nuturalis"

.

1545. .

-
(Reiner Gemma-Frisius)

24. 1544. .

.
.
.

.
,
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.
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.
,

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(1452 - 1519) .

.
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,

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.
,
.
.

, 1865. .

1727. (Johann
Heinrich Schuize)
.

.


.



.
(Carl
Wilhelm Scheele)
.
1777.
.

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1865. .

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.



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-
.
,


. ,
(Fox Talbot) .
. ,
, (Hippolyte Bayard)

(Robert Hooke),
1604. .

(Joseph
Nicepho- Niepce), je ,
Chalone-sur-Saone,
, -
, XVI
.

(Clau-dea)
.

,
,
.

,
, , ,

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.
. .

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.


.
, no 8 , .



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.



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.

,
(Lemaitre).
.

,
.


.
1826.
- .
,

.
,
.

.

.
,
,
.


.
(Jacques Louis Mande
Daguerre), 1787. ,
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.
, .

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.
,
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.

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.
, " ,
,

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. ,
.
1833. , , ,

(Isidorea).

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, .


.
.


.

,

.

.
,
, a ca
.

,
,
: (Arago), . .
(J. B. Dumas), (Biot), (Cayeux)
(Delaroche).
,
(Humbolt)
.
.
,
19.1839. ,


,

.

.
.

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:
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15 20 ,
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. Ca
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.
(Louis Philippe)
.
, , .

,
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e
. , ,
.
,
.
,
.
ce
. 1850. 71
,
.
ca

(William Fox Talbot), ,
.
,
.
,

.
(Wedgcwood)

 (Humphry Davy).

,
.
,

.

.
.


,

.
(John Herschel),
,
.

.

.

,
.
,
.


1839.

.
"The Pencil of Nature",
1844.
, ,
.
1845. . "Sun
Pictures in Scotland",
.
,

.
, ,
,

.

"The Pencil of Nature"

, ,
, 1841.

, .


,

.
,

,
, .

.
.
, .

.

.


.

 (David
Octavius Hill) (Robert
Adainson)
.

.
,

.
.
,
"Calotype Cluba" ,
,
,

.

. 1843.

.
-
.
407 ,

.
(Brewstera),
.

1.500



. ,
1848. ,
.

,
(1817-1899).

.

.
1840. .

.

,

.

,
,
.

,

,
.

, , .

, ,
.

,
.
,

, .
1847.
, - (Blanquart-Evrard)

.
, ,
. ,
-
,


.

-
(Chevalier)

.

.
1851. ,, ",

"La Lumiere" (),
.

.

(Gros),
(Bayard),

(Becquerel),

(Mestral),

 . 1865. .

. . (. R. de Monfort),
- (Niepce de Saint-Victor).

(Delacroix)
, (Reynault),
(Champfleury),
(Lemaitre), (Francis Way)
,

.


,

, (Le Graya)
, ,
(De Secque) .

,
.
,
,
.

.
.

,
, ,

.

.
-,
, .
,
.

.

(Gustav le
Gray) 1850. ,

.
(Scott Archer) 1851. .
,

. .


.
,

,
.
,
, ,
, ,
,
, ,
.

.
.
,

.
, ,
.

,
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.
.

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.
1 - 2
.
.
.

.


. , ,

,
.

,
,

(Andreas von Ettinghausen).

, ,

.
,

(Jozef
Max Petzval).

(Peter
von
Voigtiandera),

,

.



.

,

.


60
.

.
1854.
(Roger
Fenton). -

.

-

.


.

,
,
. (Alexander

Gardner) (Matiew Brady)

-
.

.
, ,
.
1867.

(Carleton Watkins)
, .

.
, 40 50 cm,
,
.

(Edweard
Maybridge).
.
; ,

.

,
(Halleck) 1868.

.

.

(William Henry Jackson).

-,
.
' (Timothy O'Sullivan)
.

.
1870.
.
(Cheelle).

,

.

,

. (Charles Negre)

.
(Eugene
Atget).

,
.
,
,
. ,

,

(Berenice Abbot).


.
carte-devisite".
,
, 1851.
(Louis Dodero),

(Andre Adolphe Eugene Disderi; 1819 1890)
1854.
.

. , ,
,
.

.
,
6 9 cm,
.
, , ,
,
.
carte-de-visite"
.
,
.
,
.

.

10

 1888.

", .

.

.

. , ,
,
.
, ,

. , ,
,
. ,
,
.

,
.
,
.

.

.
, , ,

, ,
.

.
(Gaspard Felix
Tournachon), (1820 - 1910),
(Nadar),
1850.
.

,
, ,

(Lesepse), ,
, , "Revue
comique", "Charivari"
.

.

.
,

11

, .
,
.
.
,
, .

.
,

.

,
(Etienne Carjat; 1828 1906). (Charlesa
Baudelairea)
.
,
,
"Le Boulevard",
,
(Adam Salomon)
.
,
, .
,

.

,
.
,


(Julia Margaret Cameron;
1815 - 1879). 48.


.
:

".
. .
, ,

.
(Alfred Tennyson), (Darwina),
(Carlyl)

(Joseph Joachim),


.
. .
,

,
,
.
. . , ,
,
(Charles Lutwidge Dogson)
(Lewis Caroll),
.
,
, je

.
,
.
,
.
,


.

,
,
, .
(Alfred Stieglitz),
,

,
(Imogen Cuningam),
(Clarence White), (Gertrude
Kasebier) .

(Edward
Steichen),



.
.
. . .

12

"Museum of modern
Art". je

"

.
,
(Cecil Beaton)
,
,
.

,
(Phillippe Halsmann).
,
.

(Jousuf Karsh).

,

. ,
,
.
,
, .

,
,
.

,

.
,
. ,
, ,
.

(Le Gray) (Russel).
. . (B. J.
Sayce) . . (W. B. Bolton)
, je
.

1851.
(Poitevin), 1871.
(dr Richard Leach Maddox),
,

.

1880. .
1874.
"Liverpool dry Plate Company".
1882. ,
,

1880.
.

1891, , 1893.
.
.

(George Eastmann).

,
.
1877.
,
,
,

.
1881. "The Eastmann dry Plate
Company"
.
(Leon Warnerke) ,

,

.
,
.
100 .

.

13

1894.
.

(Moisson).
je
.

23.03.1895.
.

1884.

(John
Wesley Hyatt).

.

,
.
, ,
(Reichenbacha)
,

.
-

,
(Goodwin) 1887. ,
.

.
je ,
,
.
.

,
.

(Edwearda Maybridgea),
.
,

.
.
,
. . (.
.
Edison),

, (Louis Lumiere)

28.12.1895.
" " cafea".
, 1900.
.
21 m 16 m ,
20.000

(Auguste),
.

" ,
.

(Charles) (Emile
Pathe). , ,
.

.

"Vincennesu". 1904.
"Pathe cinema"

. "Pathe cinema"

.


.
"Pathe"

.
,


.


. ",

(Schott)

14

,
(Abbe), 1866.
"Zeiss", a 1875. .

.

-. ,
, ,

.

"Zeiss"
(dr Paul Rudolph) je 1890.

(Protar). - ,
-
(Dubl-protar), (Goertz)
(Dagor),
(Emil von Hoegh).

.
je
,


(Gauss).

(Harold Denis Taylor)

"Cooke & Sons" 1894.

,
Cooke-lens".
,
.
,
. "Zeiss"
.
(Tessar),
,

,
.
,
je


.

je
"Zeiss".

.

, . "
, -"
,

-" .

,

- (Leica).
(Oskar Barnack)
"E.Leitz
Wetzlar". 1924. ,
1930. .

,
.
,
.

"Zeiss"
(Contax) , ,
.
, 1928.

.
,
(Rolleiflex), & (Francke &
Heidecke), -
6x6 cm.

.

15


, "Zeiss"- ,
,

.
, , , ,

.

1948.

(Hasselblad),
.

.


.

.
(Isaak
Newton)


.
, ,
,
(James
Clerk Maxwell).
1861.
.
- ,
,
.

.


.

(Ducos du
Hauron; 1873 - 1900) (Charles
Cross; 1842 - 1888). ,
,
,

.

.
,
"

-.
.

, .

.
, ,
.
,

.
,

.

(Autochrom) . (Louis
Lumiere), ,
(Augusteom),
.
1904.

.

16

, .

. ,
.
- .
.


.

Press- 4 5 (9 12), "Graflex"

.
.

-

.

(Rudolf Fischer).
(Siegrist)
1912. ,

,
.


,
"Agfa",
"Agfacolor".
,
(Leopold Mannes)
(Leopold
Godowsky)

.
,

. 1935.

.
"Kodachrome" 1936. .
, "Agfa"
"Agfacolor".

.

.
,

,
.
,
,
.

.


.

,

.

2 2,8/50, . Leitz. Vetzlar.

35 mm ,
,

.

.

17


"Agfa-colora"
, "Kodachroma"
.

.
, 1900.
256 ,
29, 23.

.
,
(David Octavius Hill)
(Robert Adamson),
.
(Oscar Gustav Rejiander; 1813 -1875)

-.
.

",

.
.

,
, ,
.
,
.

(Henry Peach Robinson). ,
,
. "Pictorial Photography".

.



. The
photographic News" (Peter
Henry Emerson; 1856 - 1936),

.

.

, (Courbet).

(George Davison),
(Benjamin Gay Wilkinson), (Joseph
Gale) . (Franc M. Sutcliff).


Linked Ring" ,

.
-

. "carte-de-visite"

.
, , .
,
, , .
,

.
"
.

.

.
"
.

.

.
, ,
.

,

.
, .

, ,
.


.
, ,

18

 .
,
.
1894.
(Demachy)
.

(Kuehn),

(Hennenberg) (Watzek).

" ,

.
,


.

.
,
1905. 1914. ,
,

.
(Alfred Stieglitz),
,
.
,

. ,
,
. 1902.
" (Coburne),
(Frank Eugen), . (G.
Kasebier), (Steichen),
(Clarens White) .
,
, ,
.
"Camera Work",

.
,

, ,
,
,
,
.

"Camera Work"
,
,
.
. 291
. ,
,
(Toulouse Lautrec),
(Henri Rosseau),
(Cezanne), (Picasso) (Braque).
1912.
, 1914.
.

.
,

,

.

,
.
,
,

.

.


(Jacques Henri Lartigue).

: ,

,
, , .
, ,
, ,
.


.

.



.

.

19

 .
,

, .

.
,
-


, . , .
.
,
,
.
(Roger Fenton)

"Illustrated London Newsu". ,
"Le journal illustre",
(Marie Eugene
Chevreil),
,
.
,
-
,

.
,
21. 1897.
"Tribune" .

- .

,

.
1910.

.

.

1910.
,

.
.

.
.
1917.
,
1919.
,
,

.
.
1920. ,
,
,
.


. (Ermanox)

, ,
,
.
,
,
.

(dr Erich Salomon),
. (Felix H. Mann)
(Wolfgang Weber). je
.
"Ermanoxom" ,
,

. "Berliner
Ilustrierte"
,
.
1943. .

"Berliner
Ilustrierte" "Muenchner Ilustrierte Presse".
"
. .
"Muenchner Ilustrierte", (Stefan
Lorant)
, "life"
.

20

 "Weekly Illustrated",

.
(Brassai) ,
, ,
.

,
.

,
.
, ,

.

, ,
,
, ,
, , ,
, ,
,

,
,
,
, ,
,
.

,

, 1935. ,

, "Farm Security Administration".
(Roy
Stryker)
.
,
.

, e
.
(Walker Evans), (Dorothea Lange),
(Carl Mydens),
(Arthur Rotstein), (Jacques Delano),
(Roussel Lee),
(Gordon Roger Parks).


(Ben Shan).

,
.
150.000
,
.

.
.

, ,
.

1936. "Life".

:

"Life" je
.
"Look", "See", "Photo", "Picture Post"
.

(Margaret
BourkeWhite)
.
(Fort Pecku)
,
,

"Taxi-Dancers".
(John Shaw Billings)


-

.
(Alfred
Eisenstaedt) Lifeovog
Staffa".

.

.

,
(Andreas Feininger),
(David Douglas Dunkan),
(Eugen Smith),

21

(Lionel Me Combe)
,

(Philipp
Halsmann)
ca

"Life"-.

- (Cartier-Bresson),
(Robert ), (David
Seymor) (George Roger) 1947.
"Magnum Photos",
"Magnum Press".

,

.


,
,
. ,
, ,
.

,

.

,
,
-,
.

, ,

. "

,
.
,
je
- ,
je
.
1912. "Vogue"

,

(Adolphe de Meyer),
. 1930.
"Vogue" "Vanity Fair"
.
,

, (Edward
Steichen), (Cecil Beaton)
(George Hoyningen
Huene),
.
1945.
"Harper's Bazaara"
(Alexey Brodvitch).

,


.
"New Scool for social
Research", "Yale Scool of Design"
"American
Institute
of
Graphic
Art".

(Avedon),
(Irwing Penn), (Hiro) (Art
Kane).
(Trumana
Capota) -
, ,
,

,

.

,
,
.

je cy
,
22

, , , ,
, , , , , ,
(Helmut Newton),
.

,

.

23