WirelessLANs:802.

11andMobileIP
SridharIyer LeenaChandranWadia KRSchoolofInformationTechnology IITBombay {sri,leena}@it.iitb.ac.in http://www.it.iitb.ac.in/

Outline
Overviewofwirelessnetworks
Singlehopwireless:Cellular,WirelessLANs(WLANs) multiplewirelesshopsMobileadhocnetworks(MANETS)

Challengesofwirelesscommunications IEEE802.11
spreadspectrumandphysicallayerspecification MACfunctionalspecification:DCFmode
roleinWLANsinfrastructurenetworks roleinMANETs

MACfunctionalspecification:PCFmode

MobileIPv4 MobileIPv6
IITBombay ICPWC'02 2

References
http://standards.ieee.org/getieee802/802.11.html IEEEComputerSociety1999,WirelessLANMAC andPHYlayerspecification J.Schiller,MobileCommunications,Addison Wesley,1999.severalfigures Shorttutorialson802.11andspreadspectrumby J.Zyren,A.Petrick,C.Andrenhttp://www.intersil.com

MobileIPv4RFC3344(main) IPv6andMobileIPv6
manyRFCs,Internetdrafts http://www.iprg.nokia.com/~charliep/
IITBombay ICPWC'02 3

Overviewof wirelessnetworks

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Wirelessnetworks
Accesscomputing/communicationservices,onthemove CellularNetworks
traditionalbasestationinfrastructuresystems

WirelessLANs
infrastructureaswellasadhocnetworkspossible veryflexiblewithinthereceptionarea lowbandwidthcomparedtowirednetworks(110Mbit/s)

MultihopAdhocNetworks
usefulwheninfrastructurenotavailable,impractical,orexpensive militaryapplications,rescue,homenetworking
IITBombay ICPWC'02 5

CellularWireless
Singlehopwirelessconnectivitytothewired world
Spacedividedintocells,andhostsassignedtoacell Abasestationisresponsibleforcommunicatingwith hosts/nodesinitscell Mobilehostscanchangecellswhilecommunicating Handoffoccurswhenamobilehoststarts communicatingviaanewbasestation

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Evolutionofcellularnetworks
Firstgeneration:Analogcellularsystems(450900MHz)
Frequencyshiftkeying;FDMAforspectrumsharing NMT(Europe),AMPS(US)

Secondgeneration:Digitalcellularsystems(900,1800 MHz)
TDMA/CDMAforspectrumsharing;Circuitswitching GSM(Europe),IS136(US),PDC(Japan) <9.6kbpsdatarates

2.5G:Packetswitchingextensions
Digital:GSMtoGPRS;Analog:AMPStoCDPD <115kbpsdatarates

3G:Fullfledgeddataservices
Highspeed,dataandInternetservices IMT2000,UMTS <2Mbpsdatarates
ICPWC'02

IITBombay

WirelessLANs
Infrared(IrDA)orradiolinks(Wavelan) Advantages
veryflexiblewithinthereceptionarea Adhocnetworkspossible (almost)nowiringdifficulties

Disadvantages
lowbandwidthcomparedtowirednetworks manyproprietarysolutions
Bluetooth,HiperLANandIEEE802.11

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WirelessLANsvs.WiredLANs
Destinationaddressdoesnotequaldestination location Themediaimpactthedesign
wirelessLANsintendedtocoverreasonable geographicdistancesmustbebuiltfrombasic coverageblocks

Impactofhandlingmobile(andportable) stations
Propagationeffects Mobilitymanagement Powermanagement
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Infrastructurevs.AdhocWLANs
infrastructure network
AP AP wirednetwork AP:AccessPoint AP

adhocnetwork

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10 Source:Schiller

MultiHopWireless
Mayneedtotraversemultiplelinkstoreach destination

Mobilitycausesroutechanges
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MobileAdHocNetworks(MANET)
Donotneedbackboneinfrastructuresupport Hostmovementfrequent Topologychangefrequent B

Multihopwirelesslinks Datamustberoutedviaintermediatenodes
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ApplicationsofMANETS
MilitarysoldiersatKargil,tanks,planes DisasterManagementOrissa,Gujarat Emergencyoperationssearchandrescue,policeand firefighters Sensornetworks Taxicabsandotherclosedcommunities airports,sportsstadiumsetc.wheretwoormorepeople meetandwanttoexchangedocuments PresentlyMANETapplicationsuse802.11hardware PersonalareanetworksBluetooth
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WirelessTechnologyLandscape
72Mbps 54Mbps 511Mbps

Turbo.11a 802.11{a,b}

802.11b 12Mbps 802.11 Bluetooth

.11ptoplink
waveptoplinks

384Kbps 56Kbps

WCDMA,CDMA2000 IS95,GSM,CDMA Indoor

1030m

3G 2G

Outdoor
50200m

Midrange outdoor
200m4Km

Longrange outdoor
5Km20Km

Longdistance com.
20m50Km

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SpectrumWar:Statustoday
Enterprise 802.11 Network Wireless Carrier Public 802.11

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Source:PravinBhagwat

15

SpectrumWar:Evolution
Enterprise 802.11 Network Wireless Carrier Public 802.11

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Market consolidation Entry of Wireless Carriers Entry of new players Footprint growth

Source:PravinBhagwat

16

SpectrumWar:SteadyState
Enterprise 802.11 Network Wireless Carrier Public 802.11

Virtual Carrier

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Emergence of virtual carriers Roaming agreements

Source:PravinBhagwat

17

802.11MarketEvolution
802.11

Industry Verticals

Campus Networking

Enterprise

Publichotspots MobileOperators

Broadbandaccess tohome

Warehouses Factoryfloors Medical Remotedata entry;business process efficiency improvement IITBombay Freedomfrom wiresforlaptop users; productivity enhancement ICPWC'02

Mobileuser population withoutany officespace

Revenuegeneration opportunity; lowcostalternative toGPRS

Untested proposition; attemptsareon going 18

Source:PravinBhagwat

Challengesof WirelessCommunications

WirelessMedia
Physicallayersusedinwirelessnetworks
haveneitherabsolutenorreadilyobservable boundariesoutsidewhichstationsareunableto receiveframes areunprotectedfromoutsidesignals communicateoveramediumsignificantlylessreliable thanthecableofawirednetwork havedynamictopologies lackfullconnectivityandthereforetheassumption normallymadethateverystationcanheareveryother stationinaLANisinvalid(i.e.,STAsmaybehidden fromeachother) havetimevaryingandasymmetricpropagation
properties
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Limitationsofthemobileenvironment
LimitationsoftheWirelessNetwork
limitedcommunicationbandwidth frequentdisconnections heterogeneityoffragmentednetworks

LimitationsImposedbyMobility

routebreakages lackofmobilityawarenessbysystem/applications

LimitationsoftheMobileDevice
shortbatterylifetime limitedcapacities
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Wirelessv/sWirednetworks
Regulationsoffrequencies
Limitedavailability,coordinationisrequired usefulfrequenciesarealmostalloccupied

Bandwidthanddelays
Lowtransmissionrates
fewKbpstosomeMbps.

Higherdelays
severalhundredmilliseconds

Higherlossrates
susceptibletointerference,e.g.,engines,lightning

Alwayssharedmedium

IITBombay

Lowersecurity,simpleractiveattacking radiointerfaceaccessibleforeveryone Fakebasestationscanattractcallsfrommobilephones secureaccessmechanismsimportant

ICPWC'02 22

DifferenceBetweenWiredand Wireless
EthernetLAN A B C A WirelessLAN B C

IfbothAandCsensethechanneltobeidleatthesame time,theysendatthesametime. CollisioncanbedetectedatsenderinEthernet. Halfduplexradiosinwirelesscannotdetectcollisionat sender.

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HiddenTerminalProblem

AandCcannotheareachother. AsendstoB,CcannotreceiveA. CwantstosendtoB,Csensesafreemedium (CSfails) CollisionoccursatB. Acannotreceivethecollision(CDfails). AishiddenforC.

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ExposedTerminalProblem
B

AstartssendingtoB. Csensescarrier,findsmediuminuseandhasto waitforA>Btoend. DisoutsidetherangeofA,thereforewaitingisnot necessary. AandCareexposedterminals

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Effectofmobilityonprotocolstack
Application
newapplicationsandadaptations

Transport
congestionandflowcontrol

Network
addressingandrouting

Link
mediaaccessandhandoff

Physical
transmissionerrorsandinterference
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802.11basedWirelessLANs ArchitectureandPhysicalLayer

IEEE802.11
WirelessLANstandarddefinedintheunlicensedspectrum (2.4GHzand5GHzUNIIbands)

33cm 26 MHz

12cm 83.5 MHz

5cm 200 MHz

902 MHz 928 MHz

2.4 GHz 2.4835 GHz

5.15 GHz 5.35 GHz

StandardscoverstheMACsublayerandPHYlayers Threedifferentphysicallayersinthe2.4GHzband
FHSS,DSSSandIR

OFDMbasedPhyslayerinthe5GHzband(802.11a)
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802.11intheTCP/IPstack
mobileterminal server infrastructurenetwork accesspoint application TCP IP LLC 802.11MAC 802.11PHY LLC 802.11MAC 802.11PHY 802.3MAC 802.3PHY application TCP IP LLC 802.3MAC 802.3PHY fixedterminal

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802.11Layersandfunctions
MAC
accessmechanisms, fragmentation,encryption

PLCPPhysicalLayerConvergence
Protocol

MACManagement
synchronization,roaming, MIB,powermanagement
LLC MAC PLCP PMD MACManagement PHYManagement

clearchannelassessment signal(carriersense)

PMDPhysicalMediumDependent
modulation,coding

PHYManagement
StationManagement

channelselection,MIB coordinationofall managementfunctions

PHY

DLC

StationManagement

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ComponentsofIEEE802.11 architecture
Thebasicserviceset(BSS)isthebasicbuildingblockof anIEEE802.11LAN Theovalscanbethoughtofasthecoverageareawithin whichmemberstationscandirectlycommunicate TheIndependentBSS(IBSS)isthesimplestLAN.Itmay consistofasfewastwostations
adhocnetwork
BSS1 BSS2

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802.11adhocnetwork
802.11LAN

STA1

BSS1

STA3

Directcommunication withinalimitedrange
Station(STA): terminalwithaccess mechanismstothe wirelessmedium BasicServiceSet(BSS): groupofstationsusingthe sameradiofrequency

STA2

BSS2 STA5 STA4 802.11LAN

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802.11infrastructurenetwork
802.11LAN

Station(STA)
802.xLAN

terminalwithaccessmechanisms tothewirelessmediumandradio contacttotheaccesspoint

STA1

BasicServiceSet(BSS)
BSS1 Access Point Portal

groupofstationsusingthesame radiofrequency

AccessPoint
stationintegratedintothewireless LANandthedistributionsystem

DistributionSystem ESS BSS2 Access Point

Portal
bridgetoother(wired)networks

DistributionSystem
interconnectionnetworktoform onelogicalnetwork(EES: ExtendedServiceSet)based onseveralBSS
802.11LAN STA3

STA2

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DistributionSystem(DS)concepts
TheDistributionsysteminterconnectsmultipleBSSs 802.11standardlogicallyseparatesthewireless mediumfromthedistributionsystemitdoesnot preclude,nordemand,thatthemultiplemediabe sameordifferent AnAccessPoint(AP)isaSTAthatprovidesaccess totheDSbyprovidingDSservicesinadditionto actingasaSTA. DatamovesbetweenBSSandtheDSviaanAP TheDSandBSSsallow802.11tocreateawireless networkofarbitrarysizeandcomplexitycalledthe ExtendedServiceSetnetwork(ESS)
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ExtendedServiceSetnetwork

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802.11Physicallayer
3versionsofspreadspectrum:2radio(typ.2.4GHz),1IR
datarates1or2Mbps

FHSS(FrequencyHoppingSpreadSpectrum)
spreading,despreading,signalstrength,typically1Mbps min.2.5frequencyhops/s(USA),twolevelGFSKmodulation

DSSS(DirectSequenceSpreadSpectrum)
DBPSKmodulationfor1Mbps(DifferentialBinaryPhaseShiftKeying), DQPSKfor2Mbps(DifferentialQuadraturePSK) preambleandheaderofaframeisalwaystransmittedwith1Mbps,rest oftransmission1or2Mbps chippingsequence:+1,1,+1,+1,1,+1,+1,+1,1,1,1(Barkercode) max.radiatedpower1W(USA),100mW(EU),min.1mW

Infrared
850950nm,diffuselight,typ.10mrange carrierdetection,energydetection,synchronization
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Spreadspectrumcommunications

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DSSSBarkerCodemodulation

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DSSSproperties

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Hardware
OriginalWaveLANcard(NCR)
914MHzRadioFrequency Transmitpower281.8mW TransmissionRange~250m(outdoors)at2Mbps SNRT10dB(capture)

WaveLANII(Lucent)
2.4GHzradiofrequencyrange TransmitPower30mW Transmissionrange376m(outdoors)at2Mbps(60m indoors) ReceiveThreshold=81dBm CarrierSenseThreshold=111dBm

Manyothers.Agere,Cisco,
IITBombay ICPWC'02 40

802.11basedWirelessLANs MACfunctionalspecDCF

802.11MAClayer
Trafficservices
AsynchronousDataService(mandatory)DCF TimeBoundedService(optional)PCF

Accessmethods
DCFCSMA/CA(mandatory)
collisionavoidanceviarandomizedbackoffmechanism ACKpacketforacknowledgements(notforbroadcasts)

DCFw/RTS/CTS(optional)
avoidshidden/exposedterminalproblem,providesreliability

PCF(optional)
accesspointpollsterminalsaccordingtoalist
IITBombay ICPWC'02 42

802.11CSMA/CA
DIFS mediumbusy directaccessif mediumisfree DIFS DIFS

contentionwindow (randomizedbackoff mechanism) nextframe t

slottime

stationwhichhasdatatosendstartssensingthemedium (CarrierSensebasedonCCA,ClearChannelAssessment) ifthemediumisfreeforthedurationofanInterFrameSpace (IFS),thestationcanstartsending(IFSdependsonservice type) ifthemediumisbusy,thestationhastowaitforafreeIFSplus anadditionalrandombackofftime(multipleofslottime) ifanotherstationoccupiesthemediumduringthebackofftime ofthestation,thebackofftimerstops(fairness)

IITBombay ICPWC'02 43

802.11DCFbasicaccess
IfmediumisfreeforDIFStime,stationsendsdata receiversacknowledgeatonce(afterwaitingforSIFS)ifthe packetwasreceivedcorrectly(CRC) automaticretransmissionofdatapacketsincaseof transmissionerrors
DIFS sender receiver other stations

data SIFS ACK DIFS waitingtime data t

contention

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802.11RTS/CTS
IfmediumisfreeforDIFS,stationcansendRTSwithreservationparameter (reservationdeterminesamountoftimethedatapacketneedsthemedium) acknowledgementviaCTSafterSIFSbyreceiver(ifreadytoreceive) sendercannowsenddataatonce,acknowledgementviaACK otherstationsstoremediumreservationsdistributedviaRTSandCTS
DIFS sender receiver

RTS SIFS CTS SIFS

data SIFS ACK

other stations

NAV(RTS) NAV(CTS) deferaccess

DIFS

data t

contention

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802.11CarrierSensing
InIEEE802.11,carriersensingisperformed attheairinterface(physicalcarriersensing),and attheMAClayer(virtualcarriersensing) Physicalcarriersensing detectspresenceofotherusersbyanalyzingalldetected packets Detectsactivityinthechannelviarelativesignalstrength fromothersources VirtualcarriersensingisdonebysendingMPDUduration informationintheheaderofRTS/CTSanddataframes Channelisbusyifeithermechanismsindicateittobe Durationfieldindicatestheamountoftime(inmicroseconds) requiredtocompleteframetransmission StationsintheBSSusetheinformationinthedurationfieldto adjusttheirnetworkallocationvector(NAV)
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802.11CollisionAvoidance
IfmediumisnotfreeduringDIFStime.. GointoCollisionAvoidance:Oncechannelbecomes idle,waitforDIFStimeplusarandomlychosen backofftimebeforeattemptingtotransmit ForDCFthebackoffischosenasfollows:
Whenfirsttransmittingapacket,chooseabackoffinterval intherange[0,cw];cwiscontentionwindow,nominally31 Countdownthebackoffintervalwhenmediumisidle Countdownissuspendedifmediumbecomesbusy Whenbackoffintervalreaches0,transmitRTS Ifcollision,thendoublethecwuptoamaximumof1024

Timespentcountingdownbackoffintervalsispartof MACoverhead
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Examplebackoff

B1=25 wait data B2=20

B1=5 data wait B2=15 B2=10

cw=31

B1andB2arebackoffintervals atnodes1and2

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Backoffmorecomplexexample
DIFS station1 station2 station3 station4 station5 busy boe bor busy boe busy boe busy boe bor boe bor t mediumnotidle(frame,acketc.) packetarrivalatMAC
IITBombay ICPWC'02

DIFS

boe boe

bor busy

DIFS

boe bor

DIFS

boe

busy

boe elapsedbackofftime bor residualbackofftime

49 Source:Schiller

802.11Priorities
definedthroughdifferentinterframespacesmandatoryidle timeintervalsbetweenthetransmissionofframes SIFS(ShortInterFrameSpacing)
highestpriority,forACK,CTS,pollingresponse SIFSTimeandSlotTimearefixedperPHYlayer(10 sand20 srespectivelyinDSSS)

PIFS(PCFIFS)
mediumpriority,fortimeboundedserviceusingPCF PIFSTime=SIFSTime+SlotTime

DIFS(DCFIFS)
lowestpriority,forasynchronousdataservice DCFIFS:DIFSTime=SIFSTime+2xSlotTime
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SolutiontoHidden/ExposedTerminals
AfirstsendsaRequesttoSend(RTS)toB OnreceivingRTS,BrespondsCleartoSend(CTS) HiddennodeCoverhearsCTSandkeepsquiet
TransferdurationisincludedinbothRTSandCTS

ExposednodeoverhearsaRTSbutnottheCTS
DstransmissioncannotinterfereatB

RTS D

RTS A CTS DATA B CTS C

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802.11Reliability
Useacknowledgements
WhenBreceivesDATAfromA,BsendsanACK IfAfailstoreceiveanACK,AretransmitstheDATA BothCandDremainquietuntilACK(topreventcollisionof ACK) Expecteddurationoftransmission+ACKisincludedinRTS/ CTSpackets RTS D RTS A CTS DATA ACK
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CTS

802.11CongestionControl
Contentionwindow(cw)inDCF:Congestion controlachievedbydynamicallychoosingcw largecwleadstolargerbackoffintervals smallcwleadstolargernumberofcollisions BinaryExponentialBackoffinDCF:
WhenanodefailstoreceiveCTSinresponseto itsRTS,itincreasesthecontentionwindow
cwisdoubled(uptoaboundcwmax=1023)

Uponsuccessfulcompletiondatatransfer,restore cwtocwmin=31
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Fragmentation
DIFS sender receiver

RTS SIFS CTS SIFS

frag1 SIFS ACK1 SIFS

frag2 SIFS ACK2

NAV(RTS) NAV(CTS) other stations

NAV(frag1) NAV(ACK1)

DIFS contention

data t

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802.11MACmanagement
Synchronization
trytofindaLAN,trytostaywithinaLAN timeretc.

Powermanagement
sleepmodewithoutmissingamessage periodicsleep,framebuffering,trafficmeasurements

Association/Reassociation
integrationintoaLAN roaming,i.e.changenetworksbychangingaccesspoints scanning,i.e.activesearchforanetwork

MIBManagementInformationBase
managing,read,write
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802.11Synchronization
AllSTAswithinaBSSaresynchronizedtoacommon clock
Infrastructuremode:APisthetimingmaster
periodicallytransmitsBeaconframescontainingTiming Synchronizationfunction(TSF) ReceivingstationsacceptsthetimestampvalueinTSF

Adhocmode:TSFimplementsadistributedalgorithm
Eachstationadoptsthetimingreceivedfromanybeaconthathas TSFvaluelaterthanitsownTSFtimer

ThismechanismkeepsthesynchronizationoftheTSF timersinaBSStowithin4 splusthemaximum propagationdelayofthePHYlayer

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SynchronizationusingaBeacon (infrastructuremode)

beaconinterval

access point medium

B busy busy

B busy B

B busy

t beaconframe

valueofthetimestamp

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SynchronizationusingaBeacon (adhocmode)
beaconinterval

station1 station2 medium

B1 B2 busy busy busy B beaconframe B2 busy

B1

valueofthetimestamp

t randomdelay

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802.11Powermanagement
Idea:switchthetransceiveroffifnotneeded Statesofastation:sleepandawake TimingSynchronizationFunction(TSF)
stationswakeupatthesametime

Infrastructure
TrafficIndicationMap(TIM)
listofunicastreceiverstransmittedbyAP

DeliveryTrafficIndicationMap(DTIM)
listofbroadcast/multicastreceiverstransmittedbyAP

Adhoc
AdhocTrafficIndicationMap(ATIM)
announcementofreceiversbystationsbufferingframes morecomplicatednocentralAP collisionofATIMspossible(scalability?)
IITBombay ICPWC'02 59

802.11EnergyConservation
PowerSavingininfrastructuremode
Nodescangointosleeporstandbymode AnAccessPointperiodicallytransmitsabeacon indicatingwhichnodeshavepacketswaitingforthem Eachpowersaving(PS)nodewakesupperiodically toreceivethebeacon Ifanodehasapacketwaiting,thenitsendsaPS Poll
Afterwaitingforabackoffintervalin[0,CWmin]

AccessPointsendsthedatainresponsetoPSpoll
IITBombay ICPWC'02 60

Powersavingwithwakeuppatterns (infrastructure)
TIMinterval DTIMinterval

access point medium station

D B busy busy

T busy

d busy p d

D B

T B

TIM

t DTIM awake p PSpoll d datatransmission to/fromthestation

broadcast/multicast

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Powersavingwithwakeuppatterns (adhoc)
ATIM window B1 B2 B2 beaconinterval

station1 station2

B1 d

beaconframe awake

randomdelay

A transmitATIM

D transmitdata

a acknowledgeATIM d acknowledgedata

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802.11Frameformat
Types
controlframes,managementframes,dataframes

Sequencenumbers
importantagainstduplicatedframesduetolostACKs

Addresses
receiver,transmitter(physical),BSSidentifier,sender(logical)

Miscellaneous
sendingtime,checksum,framecontrol,data
bytes 2 Frame Control 2 6 6 6 2 6 Duration Address Address Address Sequence Address ID 1 2 3 Control 4 version,type,fragmentation,security,... 02312 Data 4 CRC

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TypesofFrames
ControlFrames
RTS/CTS/ACK CFPoll/CFEnd

ManagementFrames
Beacons ProbeRequest/Response AssociationRequest/Response Dissociation/Reassociation Authentication/Deauthentication ATIM

DataFrames
IITBombay ICPWC'02 64

802.11Roaming
BadconnectioninInfrastructuremode?Perform: scanningofenvironment sendReassociationRequest
listenintothemediumforbeaconsignalsorsendprobesintothe mediumandwaitforananswer stationsendsarequesttoanewAP(s) success:APhasanswered,stationcannowparticipate failure:continuescanning signalsthenewstationtothedistributionsystem thedistributionsystemupdatesitsdatabase(i.e.,location information) typically,thedistributionsystemnowinformstheoldAPsoitcan releaseresources
IITBombay ICPWC'02 65

receiveReassociationResponse

APacceptsReassociationRequestand

802.11basedWirelessLANs PointCoordinationFunction(PCF)

802.11PointCoordinationFunction

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CoexistenceofPCFandDCF
APointCoordinator(PC)residesintheAccessPointand controlsframetransfersduringaContentionFreePeriod (CFP) ACFPollframeisusedbythePCtoinviteastationto senddata.Stationsarepolledfromalistmaintainedby thePC TheCFPalternateswithaContentionPeriod(CP)in whichdatatransfershappenaspertherulesofDCF ThisCPmustbelargeenoughtosendatleastone maximumsizedpacketincludingRTS/CTS/ACK CFPsaregeneratedattheCFPrepetitionrate ThePCsendsBeaconsatregularintervalsandatthe startofeachCFP TheCFEndframesignalstheendoftheCFP
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CFPstructureandTiming

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802.11PCFI
t0 t1 mediumbusy PIFS D1 point SIFS coordinator wireless stations stations NAV

SuperFrame SIFS SIFS SIFS

D2 U2

U1 NAV

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802.11PCFII
t2 D3 PIFS D4 SIFS U4 SIFS CFend t3 t4

point coordinator wireless stations stations NAV

NAV contentionfreeperiod

contention period

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ThroughputDCFvs.PCF
OverheadstothroughputanddelayinDCFmodecomefrom lossesduetocollisionsandbackoff Theseincreasewhennumberofnodesinthenetwork increases RTS/CTSframescostbandwidthbutlargedatapackets (>RTSthreshold)sufferfewercollisions RTC/CTSthresholdmustdependonnumberofnodes OverheadinPCFmodescomesfromwastedpolls Pollingmechanismshavelargeinfluenceonthroughput ThroughputinPCFmodeshowsupto20%variationwith otherconfigurationparametersCFPrepetitionrate SaturationthroughputofDCFlessthanPCFinallstudies presentedhere(heavyloadconditions)
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IITBombay

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IEEE802.11Summary
InfrastructureandadhocmodesusingDCF CarrierSenseMultipleAccess Binaryexponentialbackoffforcollisionavoidanceand congestioncontrol Acknowledgementsforreliability Powersavemodeforenergyconservation TimeboundserviceusingPCF SignalingpacketsforavoidingExposed/Hidden terminalproblems,andforreservation
Mediumisreservedforthedurationofthetransmission RTSCTSinDCF PollsinPCF
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802.11currentstatus
802.11i
security LLC
WEP

InterAccessPointProtocol

802.11f

MAC PHY
DSSS FH IR

MAC Mgmt MIB

QoSenhancements

802.11e

5,11Mbps

802.11b

OFDM

20+Mbps
IITBombay ICPWC'02

802.11g

6,9,12,18,24 36,48,54Mbps

802.11a

75

MobileIP

TraditionalRouting
Aroutingprotocolsetsuparoutingtableinrouters

RoutingprotocolistypicallybasedonDistanceVectoror LinkStatealgorithms
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RoutingandMobility
Findingapathfromasourcetoadestination Issues
Frequentroutechanges
amountofdatatransferredbetweenroutechangesmaybe muchsmallerthantraditionalnetworks

Routechangesmayberelatedtohostmovement Lowbandwidthlinks Goalofroutingprotocols decreaseroutingrelatedoverhead findshortroutes findstableroutes(despitemobility)

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MobileIP(RFC3344):Motivation
Traditionalrouting
basedonIPaddress;networkprefixdeterminesthesubnet changeofphysicalsubnetimplies
changeofIPaddress(conformtonewsubnet),or specialroutingtableentriestoforwardpacketstonewsubnet

ChangingofIPaddress
DNSupdatestaketolongtime TCPconnectionsbreak securityproblems

Changingentriesinroutingtables
doesnotscalewiththenumberofmobilehostsandfrequent changesinthelocation securityproblems

Solutionrequirements
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retainsameIPaddress,usesamelayer2protocols authenticationofregistrationmessages,
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MobileIP:BasicIdea

MN

Router 3

Home agent Router 1 Router 2

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MobileIP:BasicIdea
move S Router 3 Foreignagent Homeagent Router 1 Router 2
Packetsaretunneled usingIPinIP

MN

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81

MobileIP:Terminology
MobileNode(MN)
nodethatmovesacrossnetworkswithoutchangingitsIPaddress

HomeAgent(HA)
hostinthehomenetworkoftheMN,typicallyarouter registersthelocationoftheMN,tunnelsIPpacketstotheCOA

ForeignAgent(FA)
hostinthecurrentforeignnetworkoftheMN,typicallyarouter forwardstunneledpacketstotheMN,typicallythedefaultrouter forMN

CareofAddress(COA)
addressofthecurrenttunnelendpointfortheMN(atFAorMN) actuallocationoftheMNfromanIPpointofview

CorrespondentNode(CN)
hostwithwhichMNiscorresponding(TCPconnection)
IITBombay ICPWC'02 82

Datatransfertothemobilesystem
HA

MN

homenetwork Internet

3
FA

receiver foreign network

CN
sender
IITBombay

1.SendersendstotheIPaddressofMN, HAinterceptspacket(proxyARP) 2.HAtunnelspackettoCOA,hereFA, byencapsulation 3.FAforwardsthepackettotheMN

ICPWC'02 83 Source:Schiller

Datatransferfromthemobilesystem
HA

MN

homenetwork Internet

sender

FA

foreign network

CN
receiver
IITBombay ICPWC'02

1.SendersendstotheIPaddress ofthereceiverasusual, FAworksasdefaultrouter

84 Source:Schiller

MobileIP:BasicOperation
AgentAdvertisement
HA/FAperiodicallysendadvertisementmessagesintotheir physicalsubnets MNlistenstothesemessagesanddetects,ifitisin home/foreignnetwork MNreadsaCOAfromtheFAadvertisementmessages

MNRegistration
MNsignalsCOAtotheHAviatheFA HAacknowledgesviaFAtoMN limitedlifetime,needtobesecuredbyauthentication

HAProxy
HAadvertisestheIPaddressoftheMN(asforfixedsystems) packetstotheMNaresenttotheHA independentofchangesinCOA/FA

PacketTunneling
IITBombay

HAtoMNviaFA

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85

MobileIP:OtherIssues
ReverseTunneling
firewallspermitonlytopologicalcorrectaddresses apacketfromtheMNencapsulatedbytheFAisnow topologicalcorrect

Optimizations
TriangularRouting
HAinformssenderthecurrentlocationofMN

ChangeofFA
newFAinformsoldFAtoavoidpacketloss,oldFAnow forwardsremainingpacketstonewFA
IITBombay ICPWC'02 86

Agentadvertisement
0 type #addresses 7 8 code addr.size routeraddress1 preferencelevel1 routeraddress2 preferencelevel2 ... type length registrationlifetime sequencenumber R B H F M G V reserved COA1 COA2 ... 15 16 23 24 checksum lifetime 31

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Registration
MN r FA egis requ tration es
t regi s r equ t r ati on es t
ratio gist re y repl n

HA

MN r HA egis requ tration e

st
ti on

stra regi y repl

r ati o gist re y repl

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Registrationrequest
0 type 7 8 15 16 S B DMG V rsv homeaddress homeagent COA identification extensions... 23 24 lifetime 31

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Encapsulation
originalIPheader originaldata

newIPheader outerheader

newdata innerheader originaldata

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IPinIPencapsulation
IPinIPencapsulation(mandatoryinRFC2003)
tunnelbetweenHAandCOA

ver.

IHL TOS length IPidentification flags fragmentoffset TTL IPinIP IPchecksum IPaddressofHA CareofaddressCOA ver. IHL TOS length IPidentification flags fragmentoffset TTL lay.4prot. IPchecksum IPaddressofCN IPaddressofMN TCP/UDP/...payload

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Optimizationofpacketforwarding
TriangularRouting
sendersendsallpacketsviaHAtoMN higherlatencyandnetworkload

Solutions
senderlearnsthecurrentlocationofMN directtunnelingtothislocation HAinformsasenderaboutthelocationofMN bigsecurityproblems!

ChangeofFA
packetsontheflyduringthechangecanbelost newFAinformsoldFAtoavoidpacketloss,oldFAnow forwardsremainingpacketstonewFA thisinformationalsoenablestheoldFAtoreleaseresources fortheMN
IITBombay ICPWC'02 92

Changeofforeignagent
CN request update ACK data data registration update ACK data HA FAold FAnew MN

MNchanges location

registration

data warning update ACK data

IITBombay

data

data
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t
93

Reversetunneling(RFC3024)
HA

MN

homenetwork Internet

1
FA

sender foreign network

CN
receiver
IITBombay

1.MNsendstoFA 2.FAtunnelspacketstoHA byencapsulation 3.HAforwardsthepackettothe receiver(standardcase)

ICPWC'02 94

MobileIPwithreversetunneling
Routeracceptoftenonlytopologicalcorrect addresses(firewall!)
apacketfromtheMNencapsulatedbytheFAisnow topologicalcorrect furthermoremulticastandTTLproblemssolved(TTLinthe homenetworkcorrect,butMNistoofarawayfromthe receiver)

Reversetunnelingdoesnotsolve
problemswithfirewalls,thereversetunnelcanbeabusedto circumventsecuritymechanisms(tunnelhijacking) optimizationofdatapaths,i.e.packetswillbeforwarded throughthetunnelviatheHAtoasender(doubletriangular routing)

Thenewstandardisbackwardscompatible
theextensionscanbeimplementedeasilyandcooperate withcurrentimplementationswithouttheseextensions
IITBombay ICPWC'02 95

MobileIPv4Summary
Mobilenodemovestonewlocation AgentAdvertisementbyforeignagent Registrationofmobilenodewithhomeagent Proxyingbyhomeagentformobilenode Encapsulationofpackets Tunnelingbyhomeagenttomobilenodevia foreignagent

Optimizationsfortriangularrouting Reversetunneling
IITBombay ICPWC'02 96

IPv6AddressArchitecture
Unicastaddress
providerbasedglobaladdress linklocal(atleastoneperinterface),sitelocal IPv4compatibleIPv6address(IPv6node) IPv4mappedIPv6address(IPv4node)

Asingleinterfacecanhavemultipleaddressesofany typeorscope Multicastaddressidentifiesagroupofstations/interfaces (112bitgroupID) NoBroadcastaddresses

BroadcastapplicationsinIPv4willhavetoberewritteninIPv6

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Autoconfiguration
Plug&Playamachinewhenpluggedinwill automaticallydiscoverandregistertherequired parametersforInternetconnectivity Autoconfigurationincludes
creatingalinklocaladdress verifyingitsuniquenessonalink determiningwhatinformationshouldbe autoconfigured,addressesand/orotherinfo Inthecaseofaddresses,theymaybeobtained throughstatelessorstatefulmechanism(DHCPv6),or both

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MobileIPv6protocol
Home Agent
Local Router correspondent node

correspondent node with binding

Advertisementfromlocalroutercontainsroutingprefix SeamlessRoaming:mobilenodealwaysuseshome address Addressautoconfigurationforcareofaddress BindingUpdatessenttohomeagent&correspondent nodes MobileNodealwaysonbywayofhomeagent

IITBombay ICPWC'02

(homeaddress,careofaddress,bindinglifetime)
99

IPv6andMobileIPv6Summary
ProliferationofwirelessdevicesdrivingadoptionofIPv6 340undecillionaddresses
(340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456)total!

BillionsofIPaddressablewirelesshandsets SpeciallyinterestingforChinawhichhas
8millionIPv4addressesand50+millionhandsets

MobileIPconsidersthemobilityproblemasaroutingproblem
managingabindingthatis,adynamictunnelbetweenacare ofaddressandahomeaddressBindingupdatesinIPv6 replaceregistrationrequestsinIPv4 Ofcourse,thereisalotmoretoitthanthat!

MobileIPv6stillhamperedbythelackofsecuritysolutions
IPSecrequiresdeployedPKI(notavailableyet)
IITBombay ICPWC'02 100