Ebook MA2 1

ENGLISH
MODULE MA2.1
By Virginia Edith Rosete Tenorio
2011
English MA2.1
INDEX
GRAMMAR Simple Past .. 3 Past Continuous ... 16 While vs When.. 21 Prepositions At... 25 By.. 32 About. 35 In 39 Comparatives with asas/not asas..... 40 Comparatives & Superlatives.... 42 Linking words... 46 Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns. 48 Whose... 50 Modals... 51 Adverbs Of Manner .. 56 Of Frequency. 60 Present Perfect... 64 Ever/Never.. 70 How Long/For/Since.. 72 Just/Already/Yet 74 VOCABULARY Internet Glossary... 76 Information Sources. 77 Adjectives Reactions.... 78 Art. 79 Vacation. 81 Cultural Activities 83 Art.. 84 Vacation.. 85 Travel Essentials 87 Travel Collocations 89 Feelings.. 91 Frequency & Time Expressions 93 Active Listening Phrases.. 94
Virginia Edith Rosete Tenorio
English MA2.1
English MA2.1
The simple past tense is used to talk about actions that happened at a specific time in the past. You state when it happened using time adverbs such as: yesterday, last week/month/year, etc.
Simple Past Timeline
You form the simple past tense of a verb by adding -ed at the end of a regular verb but irregular verb forms have to be learned. Verb to be is irregular. The following chart shows how to use it in positive and negative statements as well as in questions.
To be Statements + I was. He was. She was. It was. You were. We were. They were. I wasn't.
To be Statements Was I?
Questions ?
He wasn't. She wasn't. It wasn't. You weren't. We weren't. They weren't.
Was he? Was she? Was it? Were you? Were we? Were they?
English MA2.1
The next table shows some examples of regular verbs and how to write them in the simple past tense. Regular Verb (to work) Regular Verb (to work) Statements Statements Questions + I worked. He worked. She worked. It worked. You worked. We worked. They worked. I didn't work. He didn't work. She didn't work. It didn't work. You didn't work. We didn't work. They didn't work. Did I work? Did he work? Did she work? Short answer + Short answer -
Yes, I did. No, I didn't. Yes, he did. Yes, she did. No, he didn't. No, she didn't. No, it didn't. No, you didn't. No, we didn't. No, they didn't.
Did it work? Yes, it did. Did you work? Did we work? Did they work? Yes you did. Yes we did. Yes they did.
The following charts show irregular verbs grouped according to the way they are conjugated. The charts include the past participle as well (third column). Base Form Bear Shear Swear Tear Wear Bore Shore Swore Tore Wore Past Past Participle Born Shorn Sworn Torn Worn
English MA2.1
Base Form Arise Drive Handwrite Ride Rise Stride Strive Thrive Write Arose Drove
Past
Past Participle Arisen Driven Handwritten Ridden Risen Stridden Striven Thriven/Thrived Written
Handwrote Rode Rose Strode Strove Throve/Thrived Wrote
Awake Break Choose Freeze Speak Steal Tread Wake Weave
Awoke Broke Chose Froze Spoke Stole Trod Woke Wove
Awoken Broken Chosen Frozen Spoken Stolen Trodden Woken Woven
Come Become
Came Became
Come Become
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Base Form Begin Drink Ring Shrink Sing Sink Spin Spring Stink Swim Hold Behold Withhold Began Drank Rang Shrank Sang Sank Span Sprang Stank Swam Held Beheld
Past
Past Participle Begun Drunk Rung Shrunk Sung Sunk Spun Sprung Stunk Swum Held Beheld Withheld
Withheld
Bend Build Lend Send Spend Wend Bite Frostbite Hide
Bent Built Lent Sent Spent Went Bit Frostbit Hid
Bent Built Lent Sent Spent Went Bitten Frostbitten Hidden
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Base Form Bet Bid Broadcast Burst Bust Cast Cost Cut Fit Forecast Hit Hurt Input Knit Let Miswed Preset Put Quit Read Rid Set Shed Shut Bet Bid
Past
Past Participle Bet Bid Broadcast Burst Bust Cast Cost Cut Fit/Fitted Forecast Hit Hurt Input Knit Let Miswed Preset Put Quit Read Rid Set Shed Shut
Broadcast Burst Bust Cast Cost Cut Fit/Fitted Forecast Hit Hurt Input Knit Let Miswed Preset Put Quit Read Rid Set Shed Shut
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Base Form Slit Split Spread Sublet Sweat Thrust Upset Wed Wet Slit Split Spread Sublet Sweat Thrust Upset Wed Wet
Past Slit
Past Participle
Split Spread Sublet Sweat Thrust Upset Wed Wet
Bind Find Grind Wind Bleed Breed Feed Feel Meet Speed Blow Grow Know Throw
Bound Found Ground Wound Bled Bred Fed Felt Met Sped Blew Grew Knew Threw
Bound Found Ground Wound Bled Bred Fed Felt Met Sped Blown Grown Known Thrown
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Base Form Bring Buy Catch Fight Seek Teach Think Burn Dream Kneel Lean Leap Learn Smell Spell Spill Spoil Sunburn Sweep Forsake Mistake Overtake Shake Take Undertake Brought Bought Caught Fought Sought Taught Thought Burnt Dreamt Knelt Leant Leapt Learnt Smelt Spelt Spilt Spoilt
Past
Past Participle Brought Bought Caught Fought Sought Taught Thought Burnt Dreamt Knelt Leant Leapt Learnt Smelt Spelt Spilt Spoilt Sunburnt Swept Forsaken Mistaken Overtaken Shaken Taken Undertaken
Sunburnt Swept Forsook Mistook Overtook Shook Took Undertook
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Base Form Cling Dig Fling Hang Sling Slink Stick Sting Strike String Swing Wring Creep Keep Sleep Weep Clung Dug Flung
Past
Past Participle Clung Dug Flung Hung/Hanged Slung Slunk Stuck Stung Struck/Stricken Strung Swung Wrung Crept Kept Slept Wept
Hung/Hanged Slung Slunk Stuck Stung Struck Strung Swung Wrung Crept Kept Slept Wept
Deal Dwell Mean
Dealt Dwelt Meant
Dealt Dwelt Meant
Draw Overdraw Withdraw Overdraw Withdraw
Drew Overdrew Withdrew Overdrew Withdrew
Drawn Overdrawn Withdrawn Overdrawn Withdrawn
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Base Form Flee Hear Overhear Shoe Fled Heard
Past
Past Participle Fled Heard Overheard Shod
Overheard Shod
Foresee See Foretell Sell Tell Forget Get Forgive Give
Foresaw Saw Foretold Sold Told Forgot Got Forgave Gave
Foreseen Seen Foretold Sold Told Forgotten Got/Gotten Forgiven Given
Go Undergo
Went Underwent
Gone/Been Undergone
Mow Saw Sew Show Sow
Mowed Sawed Sewed Showed Sowed
Mown Sawn Sewn Shown Sown
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Base Form Inlay Interlay Lay Pay Say Soothsay Lead Mislead Melt Prove Re-prove Rive Shave Swell Inlaid Interlaid Laid Paid Said
Past
Past Participle Inlaid Interlaid Laid Paid Said Soothsaid Led Misled Molten Proven Re-proven Riven Shaven Swollen Misunderstood Stood Understood Withstood Shone Won Sat Spat
Soothsaid Led Misled Melted Proved Re-proved Rived Shaved Swelled
Misunderstand Misunderstood Stand Understand Withstand Shine Win Sit Spit Stood Understood Withstood Shone Won Sat Spat
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Examples of sentences in simple past tense: Last year I took my exams. When I was a child we always went to the seaside on holidays.
NEGATIVE IN PAST TENSE

Use did not (didnt) for negative sentences in past tense for all nouns, singular or plural. Structure:
Noun + didnt + verb in base form

Examples: You She didnt dance yesterday. didnt call you last night.
YES/NO QUESTIONS IN PAST TENSE

Use did for yes/no questions. Use did for all pronouns, singular or plural. Structure:
Did + noun + verb in base form?

Examples: Did you dance yesterday? Yes, I did. No, I didnt Did she call you last night? Yes, she did. No, she didnt
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The verb BE is an exception; in this case, we move BE, in its past form, before the subject. Use was with I, he, she and it. Use were with you, we, they. Structure:
Was/were + noun
Examples: Was she sick? Yes, she was.
No, she wasnt
Were you in town last week? Yes, I was. No, I wasnt
INFORMATION QUESTIONS IN PAST TENSE

WH- questions (using words such as what, when, why, which, when and where) are also created by putting the auxiliary did before the subject. Then, you add the WH- word at the beginning. Structure:
Wh-question + did + noun + verb in base form?

Examples: Where did you learn English? When did he go to Mrida? When did John Lennon die? Again, the verb BE is an exception; in this case, we put BE, in its past form, after the wh-question and before the subject, . (or moving BE, as explained above)
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Structure:
Wh-question + was/were + noun

Why was he sad? Where were you last night?
IMPORTANT
Remember, if you are using did for questions or didnt for negative in past tense, the main verb must be in its base form. Did you watched the movie yesterday? Did you watch the movie yesterday?
INCORRECT
CORRECT INCORRECT
My mom didnt went to Mexico City last year. My mom didnt go to Mexico City last year.
CORRECT
PRACTICE
I. The following sentences are incorrect. Correct them in your notebook. 1. My sister didnt came yesterday. 2. Do you played tennis last week? 3. Where does your aunt went last Sunday? 4. I didnt did my homework. 5. Did you were sad?
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Also known as past progressive, this tense is used to describe a past action over a period of time. It can also be used to describe what someone was doing at a particular point in time.
Past Continuous Timeline
Structure:
Noun + was/were + verb ending in -ing

Examples: I was watching TV. She was dancing with her dad. We were playing soccer.
NEGATIVE IN PAST CONTINUOUS

Add not after was (I, he, she, it) or were (you, we, they) to form the negative in past continuous. The contracted forms of was not and were not are wasnt and werent. Structure:
Noun + was/were + not + verb ending in -ing

Examples:
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I was not watching TV. She was not dancing with her dad. We were not playing soccer.
QUESTIONS IN PAST CONTINUOUS

To form a question in past continuous put first the verb BE in past (was/were), then the subject and finally he verb in participle. Structure:
Was/Were + noun + verb ending in -ing

Examples: Was she crying? Yes, she was. No, she wasnt. Were you singing? Yes, I was. No, I wasnt.
Complete List of Past Continuous Forms

Positive I was running. You were running. We were running. They were running. He was running. She was running. It was running. Negative I was not running. You were not running. We were not running. They were not running. He was not running. She was not running. It was not running. Question Was I running? Were you running? Were we running? Were they running? Was he running? Was she running? Was it running?
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USES OF PAST CONTINUOUS USE 1 Interrupted Action in the Past
Use the Past Continuous to indicate that a longer action in the past was interrupted. The interruption is usually a shorter action in the Simple Past. Remember, this can be a real interruption or just an interruption in time. Examples:
I was watching TV when she called. When the phone rang, she was writing a letter. What were you doing when the earthquake started?
USE 2 Specific Time as an Interruption
In USE 1, described before, the Past Continuous is interrupted by a shorter action in the Simple Past. However, you can also use a specific time as an interruption. Examples:
Last night at 7 PM, I was eating dinner. At midnight, we were driving through the desert. Yesterday at this time, I was sitting at my desk at work.
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IMPORTANT
In the Simple Past, a specific time is used to show when an action began or finished. In the Past Continuous, a specific time only interrupts the action. Examples:
Last night at 7 PM, I ate dinner. I STARTED EATING AT 7 PM. Last night at 7 PM, I was eating dinner. I STARTED EARLIER; AND AT 7 PM, I WAS IN THE PROCESS OF EATING DINNER. Yesterday at 8 PM, I watched a movie on TV. I STARTED WATCHING THE MOVIE AT 8 PM. Last night at 8 PM, I was watching a movie on TV. I STARTED EARLIER; AND AT 8 PM, I WAS IN THE PROCESS OF WATCHING A MOVIE.
USE 3 For Parallel Actions
When you use the Past Continuous with two actions in the same sentence, it expresses the idea that both actions were happening at the same time. The actions are parallel. Examples:
I was studying while he was making dinner. Were you listening while he was talking? They were eating dinner, discussing their plans, and having a good time.
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USE 4 Environment
In English we often use a series of parallel actions to describe the environment at a particular time in the past. Example:
When I walked into the classroom, several students were busily writing, some were talking on the cell-phones, the class president was yelling directions, and some girls were singing. One boy was yelling at his girlfriend and waving his hands. Others were watching the whole scene.
USE 5 Repetition and Irritation with Always
The Past Continuous with words such as always or constantly expresses the idea that something irritating or shocking often happened in the past. The concept is very similar to the expression used to but with negative connotation. Remember to put the words always or constantly between was/were and verb+ing. Examples:
She was always coming to class late. He was constantly talking. He annoyed everyone. I didn't like them because they were always complaining.
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While vs. When

Clauses are groups of words which have meaning, but are often not complete sentences. Some clauses begin with the word when such as when she called or when it hit me. Other clauses begin with while such as while she was sleeping and while he was surfing. When you talk about things in the past, when is most often followed by the Simple Past, whereas while is usually followed by Past Continuous. While expresses the idea of during that time. Examples:
I was studying when she called. When she called I was studying. He was riding his bike when he fell. While we were talking, the phone rang. Notice that after a clause with while we should put a comma. On the other hand, we do not need a comma after a clause with when.
IMPORTANT
There are some important exceptions to using continuous tenses. Most importantly, there are a number of common non-continuous verbs that are never or rarely used with continuous forms. Instead of using Past Continuous with these verbs, you must use Simple Past. These verbs fall into a few categories: Mental and Emotional States believe dislike doubt imagine know like love hate prefer realize recognize remember suppose understand want wish
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Examples: She disliked that boy. NOT She was disliking that boy. I recognized you! NOT I was recognizing you! We wanted the big cake. NOT We were wanting the big cake.
Sense appear hear see seem Examples: I saw him when the train arrived. NOT I was seeing him when the train arrived. It tasted strange. NOT It was tasting strange. Did you hear that? NOT Were you hearing that? The flowers smelt well. NOT The flowers were smelling well. Communication agree astonish deny disagree impress Examples You astonished me! NOT You were astonishing me! mean please promise satisfy surprise smell sound taste
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I'm afraid I disagreed with you. NOT I'm afraid I was disagreeing with you. She surprised me. NOT She was surprising me. I meant to tell him yesterday. NOT I was meaning to tell him yesterday. Other States be belong concern consist contain cost depend deserve fit Examples It depended on how much it cost. NOT It was depending on how much it was costing. She said it involved a lot of work. NOT She said it was involving a lot of work. My dad owned that house. NOT My dad was owning that house. It didn't matter. NOT It wasn't mattering. There are also a number of verbs that don't take the continuous forms in one meaning but DO take the continuous forms in other meanings. Here are some of the most important: Non-Continuous Meanings Feel - 'have an opinion' - He feels he should get a second chance. See - 'understand' - I see what you mean. Think - 'have an opinion' - I think we should leave immediately. Appear - 'look like' - That appears to be stale. include involve lack matter need owe own possess
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Look - 'seem' - It looks impossible! Taste - 'to have a taste' - That tastes yummy! Continuous Meanings Feel - 'feel physically' - I'm feeling awful this afternoon. See - 'visit' - She's seeing a doctor this morning. Think - 'use the brain' - He's thinking hard about the problem. Appear - 'be on stage / perform' - Jack Daniels is performing at the Paramount tonight. Look - 'stare at' - I'm looking at that strange man. Taste - 'use the mouth' - The cook is tasting the sauce!
PRACTICE
I. Complete the following sentences with was or were. 1. ____ she flirting with that guy? 2. We ______ playing soccer at school. 3. ____ you waiting for me? 4. They _____ cheating during the exam. 5. The teacher _____ trying to explain us that problem. II. Fill in the blanks with while or when. 1. I was sewing ______ you called. 2. _______ she was watching TV, you were working. 3. _______ they arrived the dog was barking. 4. _______ my dad was writing, he received my e-mail. 5. We were playing soccer ______ it started to rain!
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Preposition At
1. At can indicate location
Structure 1
at + the + place within a city or town

The women are at the supermarket. Nouns commonly used with this structure: apartment, bus stop, factory, hospital, hotel, house, mall, office, park, parking lot, restaurant, station, store, theater, university. Structure 2
at + an address
She lives at 3757 North 52nd Street, apartment 10. You can contact him by e-mail, @xyz.com. (The symbol @ is pronounced ''at.) Structure 3
at + the + place within another place

He was waiting in the room at the door. Nouns commonly used with this structure: counter, desk, table, window.
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2. At indicates a place of attendance. Structure 1
be + at + A place or meal of regular attendance

The children are at school.
Nouns commonly used with this structure: church, class, home, practice, school, work breakfast, lunch, dinner. Structure 2
be + at + noun of event
They are at the movies.
Nouns commonly used with this structure: breakfast, brunch, celebration, concert, conference, dance, debate, dinner, forum, function, funeral, game, lecture, luncheon, meeting, movies, parade, party, play, program, reading, reunion, show, wedding.
3. At can indicate in the direction of; toward. Structure 1
verb + at + noun
The teacher smiled at the new girl. Verbs commonly used with this structure: aim, frown, glare, grab, grin, growl, hit, howl, laugh, leer, look, rush, shoot,
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shout, slap, smile, snatch, stare, swear, swing, wink, yell. Structure 2
verb + noun + at + noun

The boy threw a rock at the window. Verbs commonly used with this structure: Swing, throw, toss. 4. At is used to express time. Structure
at + specific time
We are leaving at four thirty. They went home at midnight. Expressions With This Meaning at firstwhen something started At first we thought this hike would be easy. at nightwhen it is night I always read or study at night. at onceimmediately (see also number at a time, below) We must pack up and leave at once. at presentnow At present they are sleeping. at lastfinally After that long drive, we are home at last. at lengthfor a long time, thoroughly
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We discussed that topic at length at our meeting. at the beginningat first, when something started At the beginning we tried to go too fast. at the endwhen something ended At the end of the story, everybody was happy. at the momentat present, now I am very busy at the moment. (number) at a timeratio per instance or unit The tall boy liked to go up the steps two or three at a time. at onceseveral things together Try to learn one step at a time, rather than three or four at once.
5. At can mean busy using something; working.

Structure 1
at + the + noun
I have been at the computer all day. Nouns often used after at the: cash register, computer, fax machine, ironing board, sewing machine, stove, (steering) wheel. Structure 2
be + at + work be + at + it
You must not bother him; he is at work. He has been at it for four hours.
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6. At can indicate a condition.

Structure
be + at + noun
Those two countries have been at peace for ten years. Common nouns used after at: attention, ease, peace, rest, risk, war. Expressions With This Meaning sick at heartsad We were sick at heart when the dog died.
7. At can indicate reaction.

Structure 1
adjective of state + at + noun

We were shocked at the condition of the classrooms. Common adjectives used before at aghast, amazed, astonished, astounded, indignant, shocked, speechless, surprised, thrilled, upset. Structure 2
verb + at + noun
The crowd rejoiced at the good news. Verbs commonly used before at: cheer, grumble, guess, hint, hoot, laugh, rebel, rejoice, snort, tremble.
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8. At indicates a degree of skill.

Structure 1
adjective + at + noun
Your son is good at tennis, but not very good at hockey. Structure 2
adjective + at + verb in gerund form

That couple is really great at dancing the tango. Common adjectives used before at: bad, excellent, good, great, lousy, skilled, terrible.
9. At can indicate a rate or level

Structure 1
at + noun indicating price

At the market they are selling apples at sixty-nine cents a pound. I wish we could buy mangoes at that price. Her husband tries to buy everything at a discount. Structure 2:
at + number + a + noun indicating a unit of measurement

They are selling apples at 69 a lb. Structure 3
at + noun indicating level of age or distance

You shouldn't work so hard at your age. He was still singing at (the age of) eighty. We can't see very well at this distance. The plane was flying at three thousand feet.
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Expressions With This Meaning at a distancefrom far away I saw the new baby at a distance, and he looked beautiful.
at arm's lengthnot close I try to stay at arm's length from him to avoid an argument. Structure 4
at + noun indicating level of speed

She shouldn't drive at that speed. At twenty-five miles an hour on the freeway, she should get a ticket. Exception: When speed is expressed in numbers after a verb, at is omitted. Examples:
That driver is going eighty miles an hour. He drove sixty miles an hour the whole way home. 10. At can indicate the highest possible degree in value. Structure
at + superlative adjective used as noun

At best she is an adequate typist. At least she comes to work every day. You should be here by five o'clock at the latest. Superlatives commonly used with this structure: best, least, most, worst, the earliest, the latest.
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Preposition By
1. By indicates an actor, instrument, or cause. Structure
be + past participle + by + noun

The work was done by a carpenter. The mark was made by a hammer. The damage was caused by the storm. 2. By means following the boundary of something; along. They walked by the side of the road.
3. By indicates a method or way.

Structure
verb + (noun) + by + noun

She made a little money by begging. We sent the letter by air mail. They went to the mountains by Route 106.
4. By can mean according to a form, period of time, packaging, weight, number, or amount.
Structure
verb + (noun) + by + the + noun

He makes his decisions by the rules. She charges by the hour. We buy eggs by the dozen. Common nouns after by the:
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day, hour, month, week, job, piece, bag, barrel, box, bucket, bushel, cup, drop, gallon, ounce, pint, pound, quart, ream, tablespoonful, teaspoonful.
5. By can mean not later than.

You must be here by six A.M. sharp. I'm worried; they should have arrived by now. Expression by the timewhen By the time you get up, I'll be in New York.
6. By means near or next to.

His desk is by mine. I hope you will stay by me.
7. By indicates multiplication, division, and square measurement.

We multiplied four by three. (4 3 = 12) They divided ten by two. (10 2 = 5) That room measures ten feet by twelve feet. 8. By can mean a lot of. Structure
by + the + noun
He gets letters by the hundreds every day. Common nouns used after by the: dozens, hundreds, thousands, truckload.
9. By can indicate the extent of a win or a loss.

That horse won by a nose. They lost the basketball game by three points. Expressions: by a mileby a lot; to a great extent
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We won the game by a mile. by farwithout question He is by far the strongest man here.
Expressions with by
by all meanscertainly You should by all means visit the art gallery. (all) by oneselfalone; without help The children are at home by themselves. The girl made the cake all by herself. by dayduring the day; by nightduring the night Most people work by day and sleep by night. by chancefor no apparent reason I saw my teacher at the mall by chance. by (any) chanceperhaps Do you by any chance have change for a dollar? by the wayincidentally By the way, my aunt is coming to visit next week. Why don't you come see her? little by little (adverb)slowly He practiced every day, and little by little, began to show improvement. one by oneone at a time; two by twotwo at a time One by one, she picked up the pearls from her broken necklace. The schoolchildren walked to the museum, two by two, holding hands. by professionindicates one's job He is a teacher by profession. by nature/by dispositionnaturally She is generous by nature.
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He is nervous by disposition. by reputationindicates common belief She is a good lawyer by reputation. go by the boardbe ignored Our suggestions for improving the company went by the board. by and by (adverb)one day, in the future We'll meet again, by and by. by and large (adverb)almost completely The company is doing well, by and large.
Preposition About
1. About identifies a topic.
Structure 1
noun + be + about + noun

This book is about prepositions. Nouns commonly used before about: argument, article, book, conversation, disagreement, discussion, joke, lecture, movie, news, play, program, report, speech, story . Structure 2
noun + about + noun

She gave me advice about my loan. Nouns commonly used before about: assurance, complaint, comment, gossip, lie, question, statement, truth.
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Structure 3
verb + about + noun

He often talks about his job. Verbs commonly used before about: agree, argue, brag, care, complain, cry, do, dream, forget, groan, hear, joke, know, laugh, lie, moan, pray, read, say, scream, sing, talk, think, wonder, worry, yell.
Structure 4
verb + about * noun

She knows about airplanes. Typical verbs used with this structure: ask, find out, know, learn, say. Typical expressions used before about: a little, a lot, quite a bit, nothing, something, very little.
Structure 5
verb + indirect object + about + noun

They asked me about my trip. Verbs commonly used with this structure: advise, ask, bother, contact, harass, question, remind, teach, tell, write. Structure 6
adjective + about + noun

They were very kind about our late arrival.
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Adjectives commonly used before about: charming, kind, nasty, nice, mean, rude, sweet, understanding, unkind.
2. About can identify the cause of an emotion or condition.

Structure
adjective + about + noun

We are excited about our vacation. Adjectives commonly used before about: angry, anxious, bashful, concerned, confused, crazy, excited, glad, happy, mad, nervous, objective, optimistic, pessimistic, right, sick, silly, unhappy, upset, worried.
3. About (adverb) can mean approximately.

Structure
about + number
It is about nine o'clock. We have about ten dollars each.
4. About can mean in all parts of.

Structure 1
be + noun + about + noun

There is a lot of excitement about town.
Structure 2
past participle of verb + about + noun

Papers were scattered about the house.
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Typical past participles used before about: scattered, sprinkled, strewn, thrown.
5. About can describe a noun.

Structure
something/nothing + (adjective) + about + noun

There is something adorable about her. There is nothing nice about that. Adjectives commonly used before about: adorable, attractive, bad, cute, exotic, fascinating, familiar, fishy, funny, good, interesting, nice, peculiar, special, strange, unusual, weird, wonderful.
6. About can mean in all directions.

Structure 1
motion verb + about + noun

We wandered about town for a few hours. The baby crawls about the house. Verbs commonly used with this structure: crawl, go, jump, look, move, poke, run, walk, wander.
7. About (adverb) can mean almost.

Structure
be + about + adjective
She is about ready. Adjectives commonly used after about: complete, done, finished, perfect, ready, right, through.
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Preposition in
The preposition in is often used in place phrases. When in is used in this way, it is followed by noun phrases that show the meaning inside or within a place. The place can be a small, a specific one or a general geographic area. Examples What do you have in your hand? He doesn't have much money in his savings account. Julia is working in the kitchen. There are many beautiful flowers in their garden. Dave lives in the San Fernando Valley. There are over 200 computers in that office. Arizona is in the southwestern U.S. Mxico is in North America. How many stars can you see in the sky? Billy! Don't talk with food in your mouth!
IMPORTANT
Do not use in with exact addresses (addresses with house or building numbers.) Alice's office is in 26515 Main Street. INCORRECT Alice's office is at 26515 Main Street. CORRECT
PRACTICE
I. Complete the following sentences with the correct preposition (at, by, about, in 1. The teacher asked ______ you last class. 2. China is ______ Asia. 3. We live _____ 657 South Road. 4. All those trees were damaged _____ the hurricane. 5. The passengers can arrive ______ 9:30 a.m.
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Comparative is the name for the grammar used when comparing two things that generally share the same characteristic. The two basic ways to compare are using as .. as or than. In this lesson we will deal with the first one: asas. As ... as is used to say that the two parts of a comparison are either equal or the same.
Structure
As+ adjective + as As + adverb + as

Examples She is as old as he is. She works as quickly as she can.
Negative form: Not as as Difference can also be shown by using not as ...as
Structure
Not as+ adjective + as
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Not as + adverb + as
Examples Mont Blanc is not as high as Mount Everest. Norway is not as sunny as Thailand. A bicycle is not as expensive as a car. Common modifiers of as as Just as as. (Exactly) Nearly/almost as as (a little difference) Not quite as as (a little difference) Not nearly as as (a big difference) NOTE Quite and nearly are often used with the negative.
PRACTICE
I. Write a comparing sentence for each modifier. 1. Just as as. 2. Nearly as as. 3. Almost as as. 4. Not quite as as. 5.Not nearly as as.
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Comparatives and Superlatives are special forms of adjectives. The comparative is used to compare two things. The superlative is used to say what thing or person has the most of a particular quality within a group of more than two of its kind. Generally, comparatives are formed using -er and superlatives are formed using -est.
Forming the Comparative and the Superlative One syllable adjectives

Adjectives ending in e For comparatives add r. For superlatives add st. Examples large wide wise
larger wider wiser
largest widest wisest
Adjectives ending with pattern consonant-vowel-consonant H o t
Duplicate the last consonant and add -er for comparatives and add -est for superlatives.
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Examples hot thin
hotter thinner
hottest thinnest
All others Add er for comparatives and add est for superlatives. Examples long hard
longer harder
longest hardest
Two syllable adjectives

With most two-syllable adjectives, you form the comparative with more and the superlative with most. Examples pleasant careful shameful
more pleasant more careful more shameful
most pleasant most careful most shameful
Adjectives ending with y Change the y to i and add er for comparatives and add est for superlatives. Examples happy busy tiny
happier busiest tinier
happiest busier tiniest
Adjectives ending with le or ow Add er for comparatives and add est for superlatives.
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Examples: narrow gentle subtle
narrower gentler subtler
narrowest gentlest subtlest
Adjectives that follow two rules These adjectives can be used with er/est and with more/most. Two-Syllable Adjective Clever Clever Gentle Gentle Friendly Friendly Quiet Quiet Simple Simple Comparative Form cleverer more clever gentler more gentle friendlier more friendly quieter more quiet simpler more simple Superlative Form cleverest most clever gentlest most gentle friendliest most friendly quietest most quiet simplest most simple
Exceptions
The following table shows irregular adjectives. These adjectives do not follow the aforementioned rules. Irregular Adjective Good Bad Far Little Many Comparative Form better worse Farther Less More Superlative Form best worst farthest least most
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Use of Comparatives and Superlatives

Take as example the following illustration.
As said at the beginning, comparatives are used to compare two things. You can use sentences with than, or you can use a conjunction like but if the comparative is at the end of a sentence. Joe is taller than Al. Al is tall, but Joe is taller. As aforementioned, superlatives are used to compare more than two things. Superlative sentences usually use the, because there is only one superlative. Ed is the tallest in the office. Al is tall, Joe is taller, but Ed is the tallest.
PRACTICE
I. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate form of the adjectives in parenthesis. 1. Cancun has the ____________ (beautiful) ocean in the world. 2. Valladolid is __________ (small) than Mrida. 3. Da Vinci was the __________ (great) artist ever. 4. She was _______ (angry) than her husband. 5. Our last vacation was the ________ (wonderful) we had had.
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Linking words help you to connect ideas and sentences, so that people can follow your ideas.
Because
Use because to give the reason for something. It can be in the middle of a sentence or at the beginning. Examples I like butterflies because they are beautiful. My mom went shopping because she needed to buy cheese. My dog is tired because she ran around all morning.
If you use because at the beginning of the sentence, you must use a comma after the first part of it. Examples Because they are beautiful, I like butterflies. Because she needed to buy cheese, my mom went shopping. Because she ran around all morning, my dog is tired.
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So
Use so to tell the result or consequence of something. Examples She did not appear, so we went on without her. It was raining very hard, so we stayed home. Paul and Minnie did not have money, so they did not travel. Usually so goes after a comma. When you use so at the beginning of a sentence it acts as a kind of summing up device or transition, and when it does, it is often set off from the rest of the sentence with a comma. Examples So, the sheriff removed the child from the custody of his parents. So, everything was wonderful in that trip. So, she preferred to buy the other dress.
PRACTICE
I. Complete the paragraph with the correct linking words. Yesterday we were busy _____ we had some guests. ____, we were cleaning and cooking when you called. ______ we know you are such a nice person, we know you would understand. If you want , we can go out today ______ our guests want to meet you. _____, what do you think?
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The difference between a possessive pronoun and a possessive adjective is best understood when the definitions of each are clear. A pronoun is a term used in place of a noun: she, you, they, we, and it. An adjective is used to modify or describe a noun: Ugly house, beautiful girl, tasty soup. The main distinction between a possessive adjective and a possessive pronoun is that the possessive pronoun is used in place of a noun, while the possessive adjective will always modify a noun. Consider the following example: The car is Sallys. If we want to replace the noun Sallys, we merely write: The car is hers. This is clearly a possessive pronoun since we take out the possessive noun Sallys and replaced it with hers.
Possessive pronouns replace nouns that show ownership or possession. They are usually used at the end of a sentence and they are not followed by a noun. Examples: That house is mine. The red car is hers.
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Possessive adjectives modify nouns that show ownership or possession and they are usually placed before a noun. Examples: That is your car. This is his dog.
The following table shows the possessive adjectives and pronouns. Pronoun I You He She It We They Possessive Adjective My Your His Her Its Our Their Possessive Pronoun Mine Yours His Hers Its Ours Theirs
PRACTICE
I. Complete the following sentences with the correct possessive adjective or pronoun, according to the prompts in parenthesis. 1. Did you find ____ (she) bag in your car? 2. Maybe that dog is _____ (they). 3. I dont know anything about _____ (he) papers. 4. I think that is _____ (we) car. 5. It is definitely _____ (I).
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Whose is a possessive pronoun like "his," "her" and "our." We use "whose" to find out which person something belongs to. Structure:
Whose + Noun + is/are

Examples:

Whose camera is that? Whose dogs are barking outside? Whose cell phone is ringing?
Whose in Indirect Questions These sentences usually start with a phrase such as: "I am not sure" or "He doesn't know" or "We don't care." After such a statement we use whose. Examples: He is not sure whose house that is. I dont know whose shoes those are.
PRACTICE
I. Write 5 sentences with the structure: Whose + Noun + is/are. Include at least two sentences beginning with I am not sure, They dont care or I dont know.
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Modal verbs are helping/auxiliary verbs that express ideas like ability, permission, and request. Many modal verbs have more than one meaning. They are always followed by the simple form of a verb.
Modals of Permission
Can, could and may are used to ask for permission. They are almost identical when used as modals of permission. Can is considered more informal than could and may. Since can, could and may are modals of permission, they are used in questions. The modals of permission are usually used with questions with I or we. However, they can be used in questions that ask permission for everyone. The following table shows some examples of modals of permission used with different pronouns.
CAN
Can I have some water? Can she play with us?
COULD
Could I have some water? Could she play with us?
MAY
May I have some water? May she play with us? May he have some candy? May we go to the movies? May it come in the house?
Can he have some candy? Could he have some candy? Can we go to the movies? Can it come in the house? Could we go to the movies? Could it come in the house?
Using Please When asking for permission, it is important to be polite. Thus, even though you can ask questions like the ones in the previous table, it is more formal and polite to use the word
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please. Please can follow the subject of the question or it can be placed at the end of the sentence. Examples:

Can I please use your bathroom? Can I use your bathroom, please? May I please borrow your pencil? May I borrow your pencil, please? Could I please leave class early? Could I leave class early, please?
Levels of Formality It is important to be aware of levels of formality when asking for permission.
MORE FORMAL
Could I go to the store, please?
May I go to the bathroom, please?
LESS FORMAL
Can I watch TV?
Modals of Request
In questions, the modals can and will are used to request permission to do something or to ask about possibilities in an informal way. Examples: Can I help you? Will Mike come over for dinner?
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Who can answer the next question? When will we get back the results? Would and could are used to request permission to do something or to ask about possibilities in a formal way. Examples: Would you wait outside please? Could you smoke outside please?
Would and could can make a request sound more polite. Come here! Would/Could you come here?
Stop making that noise! Would/Could you stop making that noise?
MORE FORMAL
Would/Could you smoke outside please?
LESS FORMAL
Can/will you smoke outside please?
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We can use Would with mind to make the request even more polite. If we use mind the verb after it should end in ing. Examples: Would you mind waiting outside please? Would you mind coming back tomorrow? Would you mind sending those papers by mail? As you can notice from the examples above, when used with modal verbs, main verbs always remain in the base form without to. Would you to come tomorrow? Would you come tomorrow? Can we to play soccer? Can we play soccer?
INCORRECT
CORRECT INCORRECT CORRECT
Structure for Modals of Permission and Request For yes/no questions.
Modal + subject + verb in base form

Examples: May I go to the bathroom, please? Could you come tomorrow?
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For information questions.
Wh-question + Modal + subject + verb in base form
Examples: When may I go to the bathroom? How can you help? Where could I put my umbrella?
PRACTICE
I. Complete the following sentences with the appropriate modal and according to the level of formality indicated. 1. You look a bit confused. ____ I help you? (informal) 2. _____ I borrow your dictionary, please? (formal) 3. ______ you mind helping my mom? (formal) 4. ______ we eat that cake? (informal) 5. ______ you repeat that, please? (formal)
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Adverbs of Manner
Adverbs of manner tell us how something happens or how a noun does something. Most adverbs of manner are formed by adding -ly to an adjective (for example: slow slowly).
Rules to Form Adverbs from Adjectives

Adjectives ending with l Just add ly. For example: Adjective Careful Beautiful Meaningful Careful Adverb Carefully Beautifully Meaningfully Carefully
Adjectives ending with y Change y to i and add ly. For example: Adjective Lucky Adverb Luckily
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Happy Ready Fluffy
Happily Readily Fluffily
Adjectives ending with -ble Change ble to bly. For example: Adjective Responsible Comfortable Capable Questionable Adverb Responsibly Comfortably Capably Questionably
However, there are some irregular adverbs.
Irregular Adverbs Adjective Good Fast Hard Late Early Daily Well Fast Hard Late Early Daily Adverb
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Adverbs of manner are usually placed after the main verb or after the object. Examples: After the main verb:

He sings well. She ran... rapidly, slowly, quickly. They spoke... softly, loudly, aggressively. John coughed loudly to attract her attention.
After the object:

I play the flute beautifully. He ate the chocolate bar greedily.
IMPORTANT
The adverb should not be put between the verb and the object.

I ate greedily the biscuit. I ate the biscuit greedily.
INCORRECT CORRECT
If there is a preposition before the object, for example at or towards, we can place the adverb either before the preposition or after the object. Example: The child ran happily towards his mother. The child ran towards his mother happily. Sometimes an adverb of manner is placed before a verb + object to add emphasis: She gently woke the sleeping woman.
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Some writers put an adverb of manner at the beginning of the sentence to catch our attention and make us curious: Slowly the girl picked up the knife.
In the example above we want to know what happened slowly, who did it slowly, why she did it slowly.
However, adverbs should always come AFTER intransitive verbs (verbs which have no object).
Example:

Cancn grew quickly. The students waited patiently.
Also, these common adverbs are almost always placed AFTER the verb:

Well Badly Hard Fast
The position of the adverb is important when there is more than one verb in a sentence. If the adverb is placed after a clause/sentence, then it modifies the whole action described by the clause/sentence. Notice the difference in meaning between the following pairs of sentences: She quickly agreed to re-type the letter. (= her agreement was quick) She agreed to re-type the letter quickly. (= the re-typing was quick)
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He quietly asked me to leave the house. (= his request was quiet) He asked me to leave the house quietly. (= the leaving was quiet)
PRACTICE
I. Fill in the blanks with the adverb according to the prompts in parenthesis. 1. That student speaks _________ (aggressive). 2. Il Divo sings _______ (beautiful). 3. They sent the documents _______ (ready). 4. You can travel very ______ (comfortable) in that bus. 5. She did her homework very _______ (good).
Adverbs of Frequency
Adverbs of frequency tell us how often we do things.
Frequency Adverb of Frequency 100% 90% 80% 70% 50% 30% 10% 5% 0% always usually normally / generally often* / frequently sometimes occasionally seldom / rarely hardly ever never
Example Sentence I always go to bed before 11 pm. I usually walk to work. I normally go to the gym. I often surf the internet. I sometimes forget my USB at school. I occasionally eat junk food. I seldom read the newspaper. I hardly ever swim in the sea. I never drink alcohol.
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The following graphic shows some other adverbs of frequency.
Adverbs of frequency go before a main verb (except with verb To Be).
Subject/Noun + adverb + main verb

Examples: You always remember to do your homework. He normally gets good marks in exams.
An adverb of frequency goes after the verb To Be.
Subject/Noun + to be + adverb
Examples: She isn't usually bad tempered. They are never pleased to see me.
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When we use an auxiliary verb (have, will, must, might, could, would, can, etc.), the adverb of frequency is placed between the auxiliary verb and the main verb. This is also true for verb to be.
Subject/Noun + auxiliary + adverb + main verb

Examples: She can sometimes beat him in a race. He would hardly ever be unkind to someone.
The following adverbs of frequency can also be used at the start of a sentence: Usually Normally Often Frequently Sometimes Occasionally
Occasionally I like to eat fast food.
The following adverbs of frequency cannot be used at the start of a sentence: Always Seldom Rarely Hardly ever Never
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Always I go to school early. I always go to school early.
INCORRECT CORRECT
We use hardly ever and never with positive, not negative verbs:

She hardly ever comes to my parties. They never say 'thank you'.
We use ever in questions and in negative statements: Have you ever been to New Zealand? I haven't ever been to Russia.
PRACTICE
I. Unscramble the following sentences. 1. never / They / nice / are / to / employees. 2.periodically / checks / she / her / mail. 3. hardly / ever / would / I / arrive / to / class / late. 4. call / your / parents / seldom / You. 5. We / soccer / play / frequently.
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The present perfect is a verb tense we use to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now. The exact time is not important. We cannot use the present perfect with specific time expressions like yesterday, ten years ago, last month, when I was a child, etc. The time expressions we use with present perfect are unspecific like ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, yet, already, etc.
AFFIRMATIVE IN PRESENT PERFECT

Structure:
Noun + have/has + verb in past participle

Examples: I have finished my homework. Cancn has grown very fast.
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The students have gotten very good grades. Use have for I, you, we, and they. Use has for he, she and it. For regular verbs the past participle is formed in the same way as the past (page 3 on this e-book). For irregular verbs refer to the charts on pages 4 to 12.
NEGATIVE IN PRESENT PERFECT

Structure:
Noun + have/has + not + verb in past participle

Examples: I have not finished my homework. Cancn has not grown very fast. The students have not gotten very good grades. In this case you can use the contracted form of have not = havent and has not = hasnt.
QUESTIONS IN PRESENT PERFECT

Structure:
Have/has + Noun + verb in past participle

Examples: Have I finished my homework? Has Cancn grown very fast? Have the students gotten very good grades?
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USES OF PRESENT PERFECT USE 1 Unspecified Time Before Now
The concept of unspecified time may be confusing. The best is to associate the present perfect with the following topics:
Experience
We can use the present perfect to describe our experience. Is like saying I have the experience of We can use this tense to say they we have never had certain experience. We cannot use the present perfect to describe a specific event. Examples: I have travelled to the States. (This sentence means that you had the experience of travelling to the States.) I have travelled to the States two times. (We can add the number of times at the end of the sentence.) I have never travelled to the States. (If we use never, that means that we have not had the experience of travelling to the States.) My mom has studied in the States. You have swum in the sea.
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Change Over Time

We can use the present perfect to talk about a change or changes that have happened over a period of time. Examples: These kids have grown since last year. Japan has recovered from the tsunami. Your Spanish have improved since you moved to Mexico.
Accomplishments
We can use the present perfect to list the accomplishments of individuals and mankind. We cannot mention a specific time. Examples: Man has walked on the Moon. My dog has learned to fetch a ball. Doctors have cured many diseases.
Uncompleted Actions You Are Expecting

We often use the present perfect to say that an action we expected has not happened. When we use the present perfect we are suggesting that we are still waiting for the action to happen. In this instance we use the negative for present perfect. Examples: You have not finished your homework. Becky has not come back. We have not arrived to Cozumel. He has not gotten married.
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Multiple Actions at Different Times

You can also use the present perfect to talk about different actions which have occurred in the past at different times. When you use the present perfect you suggest the process is not complete and more actions are possible. Examples: The UT Cancun has won two soccer championships. We have visited Valladolid three times. Some English teachers have had three different language tests.
USE 2 Duration From the Past Until Now

(Non-Continuous Verbs)
With non-continuous verbs and non-continuous uses of mixed verbs, you use the present perfect to show that something started in the past and has continued up until now. With this use of present perfect you can use expressions like for three weeks or since last year, for example. Examples: She has had a headache for two hours. I have loved dogs since I can remember.
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Tom has been in Cancun since 2005. Although this use of present perfect is usually limited to non-continuous verbs, the verbs live, work, teach and study are sometimes used in this way. Non-continuous verbs are usually things you cannot see somebody doing. The following chart shows this kind of verbs.
Abstract Verbs Possession Verbs

to be to want to cost to seem to need to care to contain to owe to exist to possess to own to belong
Emotion Verbs
to like to love to hate to dislike to fear to envy to mind
PRACTICE
I. Turn the following affirmative sentences into 1) a question and 2) a negative. Example: You have travelled to the US in the past. Question: Have you travelled to the US in the past? Negative: You have not travelled to the US in the past. 1. She has drunk alcohol before. 2. We have told you to be careful. 3. My dog has won three obedience contests. 4. My friends have played soccer many times. 5. You have had problems with her.
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USE OF EVER AND NEVER

The adverbs ever and never express the idea of an unidentified time before now. For example: Have you ever visited Berlin?
EVER
We use ever in questions. The structure in this case is:
Have/has + subject/noun + ever + past participle

Examples: Have you ever played soccer? Has she ever gone to the beach? Has your dad ever smoked? We can also use ever in negative questions. For this use the structure is:
Havent/hasnt + subject/noun + ever + past participle

Examples: Havent you ever been to Canada? Hasnt Pamela ever drunk wine? Havent they ever talked to the boss? We can use ever in negative statements using the pattern Nothingever Nobodyever
Structure:
Nobody/nothing + has + ever + past participle

Examples:
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Nothing has ever happened to her. Nobody has ever talked to me about that matter. Nothing has ever changed his beliefs. We also use ever with the expression the first time using the structure:
The first time + subject/noun + have/has + ever + past participle

Examples: This is the first time I have ever eaten iguana. It is the first time he has ever kissed me.
NEVER
We use never to say something did not happen at no time before now. It is the same as not..ever. The structure is:
Subject/noun + have/has + never + past participle

Examples: Nancy has never argued with her classmates. You have never believed me. Roy and Sheila have never gone to Paris.
IMPORTANT
You must not use never and not together. I have not never been to Kohunlich. I have never been to Kohunlich.
INCORRECT
CORRECT
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PRACTICE
I. Find the mistake in the sentences. Write them correctly in your notebook. 1. Has you ever been to Europe? 2. She has not never told a lie. 3. Those girls have ever cooked! 4. Nobody have ever kissed her. 5. This is the first time he has never watched a movie.
USE OF HOW LONG, FOR AND SINCE

The question How long? is used to ask about amounts or periods of time. It is used to know how much a condition has lasted. This construction is often used with the prepositions for or since in the reply. Examples: How long have you been waiting? Only for a minute or two. How long have they been married? They have been married since 1981. How long has Martha been living in this house? She has been living here for three years.
FOR
We use for when we want to measure duration - when we want to say how long something lasts. Therefore, we use for when we give the length of the time. When we
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use for we should say how many minutes, days, weeks, months, years, etc. the action has lasted. Examples: We have been in Cancun for four years. The girls have played soccer for two months. Dennis has studied for ten minutes.
SINCE
Since tells about the starting time of the action and how it has continued up to the present time. After the word since we should state a date or specific day or time. Examples: We have been friends since 1985. The patients have waited since 3:00 p.m.
Sarah has lived in Chetumal since 2004.
PRACTICE
I. Write two answers for each question. One answer using since and the other using for. 1. How long have you been married? 2. How long has she been playing volleyball? 3. How long have they been waiting for me? 4. How long have you been working in this project?
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JUST, ALREADY AND YET JUST

Use just to express actions that have happened RECENTLY. Just goes after the auxiliary have/has and before the past participle. Structure:
Subject/noun + have/has + just + past participle

Examples: The students have just finished their exam. We have just arrived from the market.
ALREADY
Already is used to say that something has happened early or earlier than it might have happened, or before we had expected it to finish. Already usually comes in midposition. Structure:
Subject/noun + have/has + already + past participle

Examples: The girls have already finished their homework. They have already called their mom.
YET
We use yet for negative sentences and questions. It is used for actions that you think has happened. It is used to express expectations. It means at any time up to now.
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Structure for questions:
Have/has + subject/noun + past participle + yet?

Examples: Have you been to Cozumel yet? (You expect that the other person has already been to Cozumel.) Has she tried the lobster yet? (You expect that she has already tried the lobster.) Structure for negative sentences:
Subject/noun + have/has + not + past participle + yet

Examples: Bernard has not proposed to Mary yet. They have not cooked duck yet. It has not started raining yet. As you can notice from the examples above, yet usually comes at the end of the sentence.
PRACTICE
I. Fill in the blanks with just, already or yet as appropriate. Mind the prompts in parenthesis. 1. They have ______ arrived from France. (2 minutes ago.) 2. Has he met your parents _____? 3. We have _______ eaten lunch. (Earlier than expected) 4. I have not called the doctor ______. 5. The cook has ________ decorated the cake. (1 minute ago)
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Glossary
Animate Check your e-mail Delete Download files Network Play online games Scroll Send e-mail Shop on line Surf the Internet Text Use a search engine Write a blog -To make something move. -To look at your e-mail. -To erase one or more characters or files. -To get files from the Internet. -Connects computers to share files and information. -To play games on the Internet. -Moving through the page on the screen. -To post e-mail. -To buy things on the Internet. -To look at Web sites. -To write and send messages. -To look for information. -To keep an online journal.
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Glossary
Blog Books -A web site containing the writers own experiences. -A written or printed work, usually on sheets of paper fastened or bound together. Fax/facsimile Letter/e-mail Newspaper/magazine Online Encyclopedia Online Video Other People Radio Telegraphy Telephone Text message TV Web Site -Method or device for transmitting images or documents. -A written or printed communication. -Publication issued at regular intervals. -A book or set of books containing articles on various topics. -Video you can see on Internet. -Teacher, parents, friends, classmates. -The broadcasting of sound. -Wired system of telecommunication. -Process for transmission of sound or speech. -Written message sent by phone. -The broadcasting of still or moving images. -A set of interconnected web pages on Internet.
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DESCRIBING REACTIONS Glossary

Amazed at Amazed at/by Angry about Annoyed by Bored by Excited about Happy about Interested in Shocked at/by Startled by Surprised by Tormented by Upset about Worried about -To be greatly surprised. Can be a negative or positive emotion. -To be greatly surprised. Can be a negative or positive emotion. -To feel or express discontent. Negative emotion. -To be irritated by repeated acts. Negative emotion. -To be disinterested. Negative emotion. -To be emotionally agitated. Positive emotion. -To be glad over a particular thing. Positive emotion. -To be attentive to something or someone. Positive emotion. -To have a sudden, sharp surprise. Negative emotion. -To have a sharp surprise of sudden fright. Negative emotion. -Positive or negative reaction caused by something unexpected. -To suffer greatly. Negative emotion. -To be mentally or emotionally disturbed. Negative emotion. -To be anxious about a situation or thing. Negative emotion.
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DESCRIBING ART Glossary

Amazing Antiquated Awe-striking Boring Calming Contemplative Decadent Decorative Dull Emotional Expressive -That causes great surprise or sudden wonder. -Resembling or adhering to the past. -That inspires admiration or wonder. -That is tedious, not interesting. -That causes to be tranquil or serene. -That causes to be meditative. -Belonging to a period of decline in artistic standards. -Serving to adorn. -That is uninteresting, tedious. -That is sentimental, demonstrative. -That serves to express. Full of expression.
Incomprehensible -impossible to understand or comprehend. Incredible Inexplicable Inspiring Irrational Meditative -So extraordinary as to seem impossible. -Incapable of being explained. Mysterious. -That fills or affects with a specified feeling or thought. -Not in accordance to reason. -Indicative of meditation.
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Mesmerizing Modern Old-fashioned Passionate Personal Poetic Popular Silly Soothing Special Strange Terrible Terrific Unique Unusual Well-liked Wonderful
-That hypnotizes or fascinates. -That pertains to recent or present time. Contemporary. -Style that is no longer popular. -Expressed, showed or marked by intense or strong feeling. -Related to the private aspects of a persons life. -Being elevated, sublime. -That has the favor, approval or affection of people in general. -That is stupid, irrational or ridiculous. -That tranquilizes or calms. -That excels others of its kind. -That is unusual, extraordinary or curious. -Extremely bad. Horrible. -Extremely good, great or intense. -That has no like or equal. Incomparable. -That is not common or ordinary. -That many people like it. -That is excellent, great or marvelous.
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DESCRIBING VACATION Glossary

Amazing: That causes great surprise or sudden wonder. Awesome: Very impressive. Awful: Extremely bad. Boring: Causing or marked by boredom. Captivating: Of great interest or attraction. Cheap: Low in price. Be careful it can also mean of low quality. Cloudy: With many cloud in the sky. Comfortable: Producing or affording mental or physical comfort. Cozy: Warm and comfortable. Exciting: Producing excitement. Thrilling Expensive: Of high price. Fun: That provides amusement. Good: Satisfactory in quality, quantity or degree. Horrendous: Shockingly dreadful. Horrible: Extremely unpleasant. Incredible: So extraordinary as to seem impossible. Inexpensive: Of low price. Lovely: Exquisitely beautiful.
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Majestic: Of lofty dignity or imposing aspect. Peaceful: Free from war, violence or disorder. Pleasant: That gives pleasure. Quaint: Strange or unusual in an interesting, pleasing or amusing way. Rainy: Wet with rain. Regal: Of or pertaining to a king. Restful: Giving or conducive to rest. Romantic: Pertaining to romance. Serene: Calm, peaceful. Stormy: With storms. Stunning: Of striking beauty or excellence. Sunny: With sun. Terrible: Extremely bad. Terrific: Extraordinarily great or intense. Terrifying: Extremely frightening. Tranquil: Free from commotion or tumult. Unbelievable: Too improbable to be believed. Unforgettable: Impossible to forget. Unpleasant: Offensive. Wonderful: Excellent, marvelous.
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Belong to a book club Belong to a language class Belong to a music group Belong to a reading club Belong to a sculpture class Belong to an art club Go to a painting class Go to a photography club Go to art exhibitions Go to the ballet Go to the museum Go to the theater Learn about architecture See a documentary See a foreign movie See comedy shows Write poetry
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Arts
Architecture: Art and science of designing and erecting buildings and other structures. Ballet: A formalized kind of performance dance. Calligraphy: Visual art often called the art of fancy lettering. Comics: Graphic medium in which images are utilized to convey a sequential narrative. Dance: Refers to the movement of the body, usually rhythmic and to music. Fiber art: Style of fine art which uses textiles. Mosaics: Images formed with small pieces of stone or glass, called tesserae. Movies: Recorded series of still or moving images. Music: Art form whose medium is sound. Opera: Art form in which singers and musicians perform a dramatic work. Painting and Drawing: Form of visual expression. Photography: Photographs created to fulfill the creative vision of the artist. Printmaking and Imaging: The process of making artworks by printing, normally on paper. Sculpture: The shaping of hard or plastic material. Theater Play: Live representation of written works.
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TYPES OF VACATION
Adventure travel: This often emphasizes interaction with the environment, people and cultures of the regions visited. African safari: This vacation is intended to know wild animals in Africa. Amusement vacation: This vacation includes visits to amusement parks like Disneyland. Backpacking trip: This is a form of low-cost international travel with few personal items packaged in a backpack. Beach vacation: As its name says, this is a vacation on the beach. Car driving: To rent a car to drive to your destination and leave the car there. Another person takes it back. City breaks: To travel to major cities and get immersed in the local culture. Diving vacation: This vacation is just to dive in the sea, or other water mass, like cenotes. Escorted tours: These tours include the services of a tour director. Tour operators negotiate low group rates on everything.
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Health and well-being vacation: This type of vacation usually involves going to SPAs or taking massages. Hiking and camping trip: Vacation involving walking great distances and camping, especially in rural or mountainous areas. House Swapping: When a person likes your house and you like his and you agree to swap houses for a certain time. Learning and experiencing vacation: To travel to learn or practice a language, study a culture or help people in other countries. Relaxing vacation: To travel to do nothing but to relax. Religious tours: Vacation to places considered holy by certain religious groups. Romantic vacation: When you travel with your significant other. Shopping vacation: If you enjoy shopping this is the vacation for you. Singles travel: People travel alone. Skiing trip: Cross country skiing for pleasure. Tour by train: A trip with visits to various destinations travelling by train. Vacation with children: All the family goes on vacation together. Walking vacation: For walking lovers. Vacation planned to enjoy the surroundings in a paradisiacal destination while you walk.
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GLOSSARY
Backpack: A pack or knapsack, often of canvas or nylon, to be carried on one's back. Camera: A device to take pictures, to film movies or both. Credit Card: A card issued by a bank, that identifies a person as entitled to have food, merchandise, services, etc, billed on a charge account. Drivers License: Official permit issued by a government, authorizing the holder to drive an automotive vehicle. Guidebook: A book of directions, advice and information, especially for travelers or tourists. ID: A means of identification, as a card containing official or approved identification information. Luggage: Set of suitcases containing personal belongings for a journey. Map: A representation, usually on a flat surface, as of the features and landmarks of a city. Medication: Personal prescribed medicaments.
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Passport: An official document issued by the government of a country to a citizen, authorizing travel to foreign countries. Sneakers: Comfortable shoes to walk all day long. Suitcase: A usually rectangular piece of luggage especially for carrying clothes while travelling. Sunglasses: Eyeglasses with colored or tinted lenses that protect the eyes from the glare of sunlight. Suntan Lotion: Liquid cosmetic intended to get tanned. Tickets: A slip, usually of paper or cardboard, serving as evidence that theholder has paid a fare or admission or is entitled to a service, right or the like. Toiletries: Personal shampoo, conditioner, skin lotion, gels, spray, etc. Toothbrush: A small brush with a long handle, for cleaning the teeth. Visa: An endorsement made by a country upon a passport issued by another, permitting the passport holder entry into, or transit through the country making the endorsement. Wallet: A flat, folding pocketbook large enough to carry paper money, credit cards, etc.
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Common Expressions When Travelling

To arrive at: Get to a place. To book: To make a reservation for a hotel, room, passage on a ship, etc. To confirm an arrangement: To say that an arrangement is definite. Travelers: People travelling.
Collocations
A collocation is the arrangement, especially of words in a sentence. Collocation can also be defined as two or more words that often go together. These combinations just sound right to native English speakers, who use them all the time. Following are some common collocations often used when we are on vacation. To change money To check in at a hotel/at an airport To find a restaurant/a museum/a gas station/a hotel To go abroad
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To go fishing/diving/sailing To go on a tour/a river cruise/a diving trip/a fishing trip To have a good time To have a problem To have a rest To have breakfast/lunch/dinner To keep the change To make a hotel reservation/a flight reservation/an online reservation To make a mistake To make a mistake To pack your luggage/your passport/your clothes To pay by credit card To pay cash To pay the bill To rent a car/an apartment/a boat/a bycicle To save money To save someones seat To save time To take a break/a rest To take a train/a bus/a taxi
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GLOSSARY
Amazed: Greatly surprised. Angry: Feeling or showing anger. Anguished: Showing anguish. Anxious: Full of mental distress because of fear of danger or misfortune. Ashamed: Feeling shame by feelings of guilt or foolishness. Baffled: To be perplexed. Comfortable: To have mental ease. Concerned: To have a connection or involvement. Confused: To fail to distinguish between. Content: Satisfied with what one is or has. Daring: To feel intrepid or adventurous. Desperate: Having an urgent need or desire. Embarrassed: To be uncomfortably self-conscious. Enchanted: To be fascinated like under a magical influence.
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Encouraged: To be inspired with confidence. Excited: To be emotionally agitated. Exhausted: Very tired. Frightened: To be afraid of something. Gloomy: Dark, deeply shaded. Guilty: Having committed a crime or offense. Happy: To be pleased or glad. Lucky: Having or marked by good fortune. Mesmerized: To be like hypnotized. Proud: Feeling satisfaction over something regarded as highly honorable. Sad: Affected by unhappiness or grief. Scared: To be filled with terror. Sleepy: To be somnolent. Stressed: To be subjected to strain. Thirsty: To need water. Tired: That needs rest. Uncomfortable: To lack of mental ease. Unlucky: Lacking good fortune. Upset: To be mentally or emotionally disturbed.
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Frequency Expressions
Once: One time Twice: Two times Refer to page 61 for more frequency expressions.
Time Expressions
An hour A day/week/month/year (Number) hours/days/weeks/months/years (Three +) times Last Monday/Tuesday/Wednesday/Thursday/Friday/Saturday/Sunday. Last week/month/year. For a while: For a short time A long time ago: From way back. Refer to pages 69 - 73 for more frequency expressions.
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Active listening is a communication technique that requires the listener to understand, interpret, and evaluate what (s)he hears. The ability to listen actively can improve personal relationships through reducing conflicts, strengthening cooperation, and fostering understanding. You demonstrate that you are actively listening when you: make eye contact, your body language is open (arms not folded), you have an interested facial expression, among others. There are words or expressions that show that you are listening to the speaker. Following are some of these active listening expressions.
WORDS
Fine Good OK Sure Uh-huh Yeah
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Expressions for Active Listening

Encouraging: Can you tell me more? How would you feel if it were you? Clarifying: When did this happen? Summarizing: Let me see if I understand what you just said. Acknowledging: I can see you are feeling very angry right now. Open Questioning: Why? What would you like to see happen? Responding: I see it this way .... How do you see it? Requesting: I would like your advice about how we can resolve this. Normalizing: Many people feel the way you do. Empathizing: I can appreciate why you feel that way. I understand. Reframing: I understand that you feel .... when s/he .... Validating I appreciate your willingness to be here.

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ENGLISH

Virginia Edith Rosete Tenorio

Virginia Edith Rosete Tenorio

Simple Past Timeline

He wasn't. She wasn't. It wasn't. You weren't. We weren't. They weren't.

Virginia Edith Rosete Tenorio

Virginia Edith Rosete Tenorio

Handwrote Rode Rose Strode Strove Throve/Thrived Wrote

Awake Break Choose Freeze Speak Steal Tread Wake Weave

Awoke Broke Chose Froze Spoke Stole Trod Woke Wove

Awoken Broken Chosen Frozen Spoken Stolen Trodden Woken Woven

Virginia Edith Rosete Tenorio

Bend Build Lend Send Spend Wend Bite Frostbite Hide

Bent Built Lent Sent Spent Went Bit Frostbit Hid

Bent Built Lent Sent Spent Went Bitten Frostbitten Hidden

Virginia Edith Rosete Tenorio

Virginia Edith Rosete Tenorio

Split Spread Sublet Sweat Thrust Upset Wed Wet

Virginia Edith Rosete Tenorio

Sunburnt Swept Forsook Mistook Overtook Shook Took Undertook

Virginia Edith Rosete Tenorio

Deal Dwell Mean

Dealt Dwelt Meant

Dealt Dwelt Meant

Draw Overdraw Withdraw Overdraw Withdraw

Drew Overdrew Withdrew Overdrew Withdrew

Drawn Overdrawn Withdrawn Overdrawn Withdrawn

Virginia Edith Rosete Tenorio

Base Form Flee Hear Overhear Shoe Fled Heard

Past Participle Fled Heard Overheard Shod

Foresee See Foretell Sell Tell Forget Get Forgive Give

Foresaw Saw Foretold Sold Told Forgot Got Forgave Gave

Foreseen Seen Foretold Sold Told Forgotten Got/Gotten Forgiven Given

Mow Saw Sew Show Sow

Mowed Sawed Sewed Showed Sowed

Mown Sawn Sewn Shown Sown

Virginia Edith Rosete Tenorio

Soothsaid Led Misled Melted Proved Re-proved Rived Shaved Swelled

Virginia Edith Rosete Tenorio

NEGATIVE IN PAST TENSE

Noun + didnt + verb in base form

YES/NO QUESTIONS IN PAST TENSE

Did + noun + verb in base form?

Virginia Edith Rosete Tenorio

No, she wasnt

Were you in town last week? Yes, I was. No, I wasnt

INFORMATION QUESTIONS IN PAST TENSE

Wh-question + did + noun + verb in base form?

Virginia Edith Rosete Tenorio

Wh-question + was/were + noun

Virginia Edith Rosete Tenorio

Past Continuous Timeline

Noun + was/were + verb ending in -ing

NEGATIVE IN PAST CONTINUOUS

Noun + was/were + not + verb ending in -ing

Virginia Edith Rosete Tenorio

QUESTIONS IN PAST CONTINUOUS

Was/Were + noun + verb ending in -ing

Complete List of Past Continuous Forms

Virginia Edith Rosete Tenorio

USES OF PAST CONTINUOUS USE 1 Interrupted Action in the Past

USE 2 Specific Time as an Interruption