Bending of Beams

Now we consider the elastic deformation of beams (bars) under bending loads.

Prof. AKASH MOHANTY

MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials Bending of Beams

Application to a Bar
Normal Force:

Fn
Bending Moment:

Fn
S.B.

Mt
Shear Force:

Mt

Ft
Torque or Twisting Moment:

Ft
K.J.

Mn Mn
MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials Bending of Beams

Examples of Devices under Bending Loading:

Atrium Structure Car Chassis

Excavator Yacht

MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials

Bending of Beams

2.0 Bending of Beams

2.2 Stresses in Beams P

x
x

Mxz 2.3 Combined Bending and Axial Loading P1 2.4 Deflections in Beams P2

Mxz

MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials

Bending of Beams

Consider the simply supported beam below:

y x

Radius of Curvature, R

P
A B
Deflected Shape

RAy
Mxz

Mxz
Mxz

Mxz

RBy

What stresses are generated within, due to bending?

Bending of Beams

MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials

P W u RAy Recall: Axial Deformation Load (W) Bending Moment (Mxz) Mxz Mxz RBy
A B

Bending

Axial Stiffness

Flexural Stiffness

Extension (u)
MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials

Curvature (1/R)
Bending of Beams

Axial Stress Due to Bending: y x

Mxz=Bending Moment

Mxz x (Compression) Mxz

x=0 x (Tension)
Beam

Unlike stress generated by axial loads, due to bending:

x is NOT UNIFORM through

the section depth

x DEPENDS ON:
(i) Bending Moment, Mxz (ii) Geometry of Cross-section
MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials Bending of Beams

SIGN CONVENTIONS

MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials

Bending of Beams

SIGN CONVENTION ***VVIMP***

MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials

Bending of Beams

Sign Conventions:

y x

Qxy=Shear Force Mxz=Bending Moment

Mxz

Mxz

-ve x

Qxy

Qxy

+ve x

+VE (POSITIVE)

Be Happy

No Happy

Happy Beam is +VE

MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials

Sad Beam is -VE

Bending of Beams

MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials

Bending of Beams

MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials

Bending of Beams

MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials

Bending of Beams

MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials

Bending of Beams

Common Relationships
0 Load Constant Shear Linear Moment
MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials Bending of Beams

Constant

Linear

Linear

Parabolic

Parabolic

Cubic

Common Relationships
0 Load
M

Constant

Constant Shear Linear Moment

MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials

Constant

Linear

Linear

Parabolic

Bending of Beams

IMP
Type of loading Shear Line parallel Force to the Diagram horizontal axis Bending Moment Diagram Inclined straight lines Inclined straight lines Parabolic curves of degree 2 Parabolic curve Quadratic curves of degree 3
Bending of Beams

MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials

MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials

Bending of Beams

Bending Moments (Types of Loading)

Q
0

(SFD)

(BMD)

0
MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials Bending of Beams

Example 1: Bending Moment Diagrams

P
B

y x

Mxz=P.L

A L

RAy=P P.L P Mxz Qxy Mxz Qxy

x

Mxz Qxy Mxz Qxy

Q & M are POSITIVE

MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials

F = 0 ; M = 0 ;
y z

Q xy = P Mxz = P(L x )
Bending of Beams

Q xy = P; Mxz = P(L x )
L

P Mxz B

y x

P.L
A x

Qxy

P
P +ve Shear Force Diagram

Qxy

(SFD)
Bending Moment Diagram

Mxz

-ve

To find x and deflections, need to know Mxz.

MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials Bending of Beams

-P.L

(BMD)

Example 2: Macaulays Notation a

P C

y b

A
R Ay = P b (a + b )

B
R By =

x a

Pa (a + b )

P Mxz Qxy

A P b (a + b )

=0 ;

+ Mxz + P (x a )
Mxz

Pb (x ) = 0 (a + b )

Pb (x ) P (x a ) = (a + b )
can only be +VE or ZERO.
Bending of Beams

Where

(x a )

MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials

P C

y b

A
Pb (a + b )
(i) When x a : (ii) When x > a : x

Pa (a + b )

Mxz = Mxz
Eq. 1

Pb (x ) P (x a ) (a + b ) 0

BMD:

Mxz
Pab (a + b )
0 A

Pb (x ) P (x a ) = (a + b )
Eq. 2 +ve C B

MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials

Bending of Beams

A L

MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials

Bending of Beams

A L

MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials

Bending of Beams

MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials

Bending of Beams

Relationship

dF = dx
dM =F dx
MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials Bending of Beams

Example 3: Distributed Load y x

Distributed Load w per unit length A L x B

wL2 Mxz= 2 RAy=wL wL2 2

wx wL Mxz Qxy

Mxz Qxy

wL2 x wL (x ) + wx = 0 Mxz + z 2 2 MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials

F = 0 ; M = 0 ;
y

wL wx Q xy = 0

Q xy = w (L x )

Bending of Beams

 Q xy = w (L x )

Mxz

wx 2 wL2 = wLx 2 2

Mxz BMD:
L 0 -ve x

-wL2 2
@ x = 0; @ x = L;
Mxz

wL2 = 2

Mxz = 0 Mxz wL2 = 8

MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials

L @x = ; 2

Bending of Beams

Internal Reactions in Beams

At any cut in a beam, there are 3 possible internal reactions required for equilibrium:
normal force, shear force, bending moment.
P

a L
MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials

b
Bending of Beams

Internal Reactions in Beams

At any cut in a beam, there are 3 possible internal reactions required for equilibrium:
normal force, shear force, bending moment.
Left Side of Cut

M N V

Positive Directions Shown!!!

Pb/L

x
MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials Bending of Beams

Internal Reactions in Beams

At any cut in a beam, there are 3 possible internal reactions required for equilibrium:
normal force, shear force, bending moment. M N
Pa/L

Positive Directions Shown!!!

Right Side of Cut

L-x
MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials Bending of Beams

Finding Internal Reactions

Pick left side of the cut:
Find the sum of all the vertical forces to the left of the cut, including V. Solve for shear, V. Find the sum of all the horizontal forces to the left of the cut, including N. Solve for axial force, N. Its usually, but not always, 0. Sum the moments of all the forces to the left of the cut about the point of the cut. Include M. Solve for bending moment, M

Pick the right side of the cut:

MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials

Same as above, except to the right of the cut. of Beams Bending

Example: Find the internal reactions at points indicated. All axial force reactions are zero. Points are 2-ft apart.
P = 20 kips
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

8 kips

12 ft 20 ft

12 kips

Point 6 is just left of P and Point 7 is just right of P.

MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials Bending of Beams

P = 20 kips
8 9 10 6 7

8 kips

12 ft 20 ft
8 kips

12 kips

V
(kips)
-12 kips 64 80 96 72 48 24

M
(ft-kips)

16

32

48

MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials

Bending of Beams

V & M Diagrams

P = 20 kips

8 kips

12 ft 20 ft
8 kips

12 kips

V
(kips) x -12 kips 96 ft-kips b

What is the slope of this line?

96 ft-kips/12 = 8 kips

What is the slope of this line?

-12 kips c x

M
(ft-kips)

MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials

Bending of Beams

V & M Diagrams

P = 20 kips

8 kips

12 ft 20 ft
8 kips

12 kips

V
(kips) What is the area of the blue rectangle? 96 ft-kips -12 kips 96 ft-kips b x

What is the area of the green rectangle? -96 ft-kips

M
(ft-kips)

MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials

Bending of Beams

Draw Some Conclusions

The magnitude of the shear at a point equals the slope of the moment diagram at that point. The area under the shear diagram between two points equals the change in moments between those two points. At points where the shear is zero, the moment is a local maximum or minimum.
MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials Bending of Beams

The Relationship Between Load, Shear and Bending Moment

w ( x ) = the load function

M( x ) = V ( x )dx
V( x ) =
MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials

w ( x )dx

Bending of Beams

Example: Draw Shear & Moment diagrams for the following beam
12 kN
A B C

8 kN
D

1m RA = 7 kN

3m

1m RC = 13 kN

MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials

Bending of Beams

12 kN
A B C

8 kN
D

1m
7 V
(KN)

3m
8

1m

7 -5 7 -15

M
(KN-m)

2.4 m
MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials

-8
Bending of Beams

TYPES OF LOADS:
A load can be classified as: (i) Concentrated: which is regarded as acting wholly at one. Examples are loads P, P2, P3 and P4 in Figure 3.1. (ii) Distributed Load: A load that is spread along the axis of the beam, such as q in Figure 3.1 a. Distributed loads are measured by their intensity, which is expressed in force per unit distance e.g. kN/m.

MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials

Bending of Beams

TYPES OF LOADS CONTD.

A uniformly distributed load, or uniform load has constant intensity, q per unit distance (Figure 3.1. a). A linearly varying load (Figure 3.1 b) has an intensity which changes with distance. (iii) Couple: This is illustrated by the couple of moment M acting on the overhanging beam in Figure 3.1 c).

MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials

Bending of Beams

SHEAR FORCES AND BENDING MOMENTS

When a beam is loaded by forces or couples, stresses and strains are created throughout the interior of the beam. To determine these stresses and strains, the internal forces and internal couples that act on the cross sections of the beam must be found.
MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials Bending of Beams

SHEAR FORCES AND BENDING MOMENTS CONTD.

To find the internal quantities, consider a cantilever beam in Figure 3.2 . Cut the beam at a cross-section mn located at a distance x from the free end and isolate the left hand part of the beam as a free body (Figure 3.2 b). The free body is held in equilibrium by the force P and by the stresses that act over the cut cross section.
MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials Bending of Beams

SHEAR FORCES AND BENDING MOMENTS CONTD.

The resultant of the stresses must be such as to maintain the equilibrium of the free body. The resultant of the stresses acting on the cross section can be reduced to a shear force V and a bending moment M. The stress resultants in statically determinate beams can be calculated from equations of equilibrium.

MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials

Bending of Beams

Point of contra flexure

it is the point at which the bending moment curve intersects with the zero line

MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials

Bending of Beams

MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials

Bending of Beams

MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials

Bending of Beams

MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials

Bending of Beams

MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials

Bending of Beams

MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials

Bending of Beams

Problem
A horizontal beam 10m long carries a uniformly distributed load of 180N/m and in addition a concentrated load of 200N at the left end. The beam is supported at two points 7meters apart, so chosen that each support carries half the total load. Draw Shear force and bending moment diagram. Also locate the points of contra flexure.

MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials

Bending of Beams

MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials

x= 1, y = 4.4 from left A

Bending of Beams

Home work

MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials

Bending of Beams

Give the values for load, distance and couple, solve it.

MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials

Bending of Beams

Give the values for load, distance and couple, solve it.

MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials

Bending of Beams

Give the values for load, distance and couple, solve it.

MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials

Bending of Beams

Summary Is anything Necessary for Revision

Generating Bending Moment Diagrams is a key skill you must revise. From these we will determine:

Stress Distributions within beams, and the resulting Deflections

www.engineering.auckland.ac.nz/mechanical/MechEng242

MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials

Bending of Beams