Substantive has one variation of case and no distinction of gender Adjectives express the degrees of comparison

Karl Verner suprasegmentals

Post Bloomfieldian Descriptive Forms of language to separate grammar & semantic Phonemic analysis at word level

The teaching of grammar constitutes a direct and clear process that require adequate practice to master. The principal design of a grammar of any language is to teach learner to express themselves with appropriateness in that language; And to enable them to ascertain whether the phrase and form of construction, is right or not.

The evolution of English Grammar (Bornstein 1976:3) 17 Century ) French Port Royal School Noam Chomsky Transformational Grammar Literary grammar Letters and sounds Speech forms Usage
th

Descriptive linguistics Charles F. Fries Treatment of syntax Transformational Grammar Discourse Analysis Rules for sentence formation Phrase structure rule Transformational rule Morphophonemic rule

Indo-European Language Family Paninis Astadhyayi a description of Sanskrit written in the fourth century B.C. (a detailed description of sounds and structure) The Greek tradition leaned towards philosophic speculation and analysis based on meaning.

Descriptive Grammar Joseph Priestly Universal grammar Usage Custom speaking

Theory of Syntax Property of recursiveness Syntax & semantics Theory of generative semantics

Plato divided the sentence into nominal and verbal components Aristotle + Conjunctions The Article Pronouns

Prescriptive Grammar use in England and American Schools Robert Lowth Literary past Preserve older forms Prescribe rules Sentence analysis

Sociolinguistics Varo Words Nouns Verbs Conjunctions Participles Functional varieties of Language Individual competence

Bornstein (1976) too advocates grammar as the practical knowledge of the general usage of poets and prose writers. 1. Accurate reading with due to prosodies 2. Explanation of the literary expression in the work 3. The provision of notes on phraseology and subject matter 4. The discovery of etymologies

Historical Grammar Rasmus Rask consonant shift Jacob Grimm 0 language patters in sound shift Jean Forquet habits of articulation

5. The working out of analogical regularities 6. The appreciation of literary composition The Port Royal grammarians Analysed the differences between letters and sounds

Behavioural Psychology: Stimulus-response model Leonard Bloomfield (1933) He use stimulus-response model to describe the communication process and confine description to observable phenomena He also used it to describe language learning, emphasising the role of habit.

5. Particles

Murray/Lowth Spelling Punctuation

Descriptive: Grammar & Semantics The aim:-

Jacob Grimm Sound shift

To separate grammar and semantics completely

Synchronic and Diachronic Study Synchronic study examines a language at a particular point in time Diachronic study traces its development through time

Transformational grammar 1. Phrase structure rules a simple rule which allow for substitutions and for the expansion of grammatical categories 2. Transformational rules is defined as one of the operates structure of a given string or sentence, and convert it into a related structure 3. Morphophonemic rules account for the final written or spoken form of sentences Transformational Grammar: Theory of syntax A grammar is consists of the following parts: 1. A syntactic component 2. A semantic component 3. A phonological component Jespersen five parts of speech 1. 2. 3. 4. Substantives of nouns Adjectives Pronouns Verbs

Saussure La language the system of conventions and signs that is shared by all members of a speech community and allow them to communicate. La parole the speech of individual

Edward Sapir Deductive theories and psychological explanation Grammar resulted from human tendency towards: Economy of thought Economy of speech