Useful language: Discourse markers in writing To begin with, As far as I am concerned, In my opinion, I think, I believe First of all/Firstly, Secondly,

, Secondly, Thirdly, Finally, In addition to, Besides, Moreover, Furthermore, What is more Along with, As well as, Apart from, Likewise, Equally, However, Nevertheless, Yet, On the one hand, On the other hand, As regards, Regarding, Concerning, With reference to For example, For instance, Such as, Especially, In particular Actually, In fact, As a matter of fact, On the whole, In general Although/though, Even if/though, Despite, In spite of Overall, All in all, In conclusion, To conclude, To sum up, In summary Thus, Therefore, Consequently, As a result

Writing Business Letter Essentials Here are a few practical tips on writing business letters to help you when writing your correspondence: Consider your Reader Who is the reader? In a business letter, the reader is usually represented by employees, customers, suppliers or the public. When you are writing a business letter, imagine that you are in the readers' position. Are they happy, frustrated or merely inconvenienced? What essential information does that person need to know through this communication? What are their expectations when they open the letter? Have you addressed all of these issues? By doing this, you will show the reader that you can relate to them and the situation. This will build a relationship between the two of you. Be Responsive If you are responding to or with a letter, address the inquiry or problem. Most of the time, companies rely too much on a handful of form letters to answer all situations. This shows that you do not understand their needs. When you have considered you reader as above, you will be able to respond to them. Be Personal Letters are written by people to people. Don't address it "to whom it may concern" if it is possible. Whatever you do, do not use a photocopied form letter. Please see how to use a form letter for the proper use of form letter if you have to use it. You cannot build a relationship with canned impersonal letters. But also don't be too informal. Avoid using colloquial language or slang such as "you know" or "I mean" or "wanna". If you start your letter with Dear Sir/dear Madam, you will finish it with Yours faithfully If you start your letter with Dear Mr./Mrs./Ms. Smith, you will finish it with Yours sincerely. Be concise and to the point When writing a business letter, explain your position in as few words as possible. Spell out what you can and what they need to do. Use clear and easy to understand language so that any misunderstanding can be minimized. Think before you write. Ask yourself why you are writing? What is it that you want to achieve? Use this 5 step process:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

List out the topics you want to cover. Do not worry about the order. In each topic, list keywords, examples, arguments and facts. Review each topic in your outline for relevance to your aim and audience. Cut out anything that's not relevant. Sort the information into the best order for your readers.

Be friendly, build the relationship Don't use cold, formal language. Some people have the perception that when writing business letters, they must use big words. To them this is a sign of literacy. Some 'big words' have no substitute, but do use the word correctly. You want the reader to feel like they are reading a letter from someone who cares. Emphasize the positive 1. Talk about what you can do not what you can't. For example, if a product is out of stock, don't tell the customer you are unable to fill the order. Instead, tell them the product is very popular and you have sold out. Then tell them when you can get the order to them. 2. Stay away from negative words.. Be Prompt If you cannot respond fully in less than a week, tell them so and say when they can expect a response from you. Check Spelling, Grammar & Facts Always make sure you are 100% correct in spelling, grammar and facts. Use the spelling and grammar checker from your word processor. If you are not very good or need more help, get someone to edit the letter. Use the correct format.

BRITISH BUSINESS LETTER PETER SIMPSON & CO LTD 18 East Road, Tottenham, London N12 OWL, England Telephone: 081-865-0824 Telex: 34521 Fax: 081-865-0765 Your ref. BN/MD Our ref. ST/JW 12 February 2008 Mr. David Woodward Head Buyer Smith&Crawford Ltd. 2 Chester Road BIRMINGHAM B21 MCQ Attn. Purchasing Department Dear Sir, RE: DELIVERY DATES Thank you for your letter of February 1th with your order no. 23764. We are very sorry that there have been problems with deliveries in recent months and we shall do our utmost to let you have your latest order by the end of the week. We have enclosed our new catalogue and price list. If you require any further information about our new series of products please do not hesitate to contact us. Yours faithfully Signature S M Dickson Assistant Commercial Manager

BRITISH BUSINESS LETTER (fully blocked) 1 = LETTERHEAD NAME ADDRESS TELEPHONE Telex/Fax P.O. Box = post office/ mail box number 2 REFERENCE LINE (your ref. / Our ref.) 3. DATE : 17 April 2009 17 th April 2009 4. NAME AND ADDRESS OF THE ADDRESSEE (INSIDE ADDRESS) TITLE : Mr/ Mrs/ Miss/Ms Messrs. POSITION IN THE COMPANY NAME OF THE COMPANY (NAME OF BUILDING) NUMBER AND STREET TOWN AND POSTAL CODE Attn for the attention of 5. SALUTATIONS : Dear Sir/Dear Sirs/Dear Madam/ Dear Mr/Mrs/Miss/Ms Smith/Dear John/Margaret or Dear Professor Jones, Dear Doctor Evans 6. SUBJECT HEADING Re: ( = with reference to/ relating to) 7. BODY LETTER 8. COMPLIMENTARY CLOSE Dear Sir/Madam Yours faithfully (Yours truly) Dear Mr. Jones Yours sincerely

Sincerely yours Cordially yours Dear Bob Sincerely/Cordially, Yours truly 9. SIGNATURE 10. ENCLOSURE ENC. (ENC 1, ENC.2) 11. COPIES (=copy to/cc = carbon copy)

SOME KEY SENTENCES: 1)Beginning: - Thank you for your letter dated/ of 15th April 2009. - We acknowledge receipt of your order. - We have the pleasure to inform you that we are sending you under separate cover the documentation requested/full documentation on our latest products. - Following this afternoons/yesterdays telephone conversation, we have the pleasure in confirming that - Further to your enquiry, please find enclosed/we are sending you a general brochure on our latest products. - We regret to say that we still have not received..to date. - We were interested/pleased to learn that. - Unless we are mistaken, you have not yet settled our bill of the 12th ins. 2) Main Body: - If your terms are attractive/satisfactory, we shall place an order with you rapidly. - If we are satisfied with the transport and delivery, we shall do further business with you. - Kindly inform us about any possible delay as soon as possible. - We (urgently) need this information to make a (rapid) decision.

- We were sorry to hear about that incident. - We would be (most) grateful if you would give us the reasons for this situation. - We have duly noted the discount you offer us. - We have given instructions for the goods to be dispatched in time for your exhibition. - Very much to our regret/ We regret that we shall not be able to make the refund. - In addition, I wish to point out that - We enclose the application form to be filled out and returned to us rapidly - Please note that the closing date for the enrolment/registration is 31st December. - Replies must be postmarked no later than midnight, April 30th. 3) Ending: - Please let us know your answer as soon as you can. - Again we apologize for this incident. - Thank you in advance/anticipation for your kind letter. - Kindly reply/We would be most grateful if you would reply by return of post/mail. - We look forward to your reply/your instructions/your visit. - We can assure you that we shall do our utmost/best to give you satisfaction. - We hope that we will hear from you soon. - We look forward to hearing from you soon. - Should you want any further details, we are at your complete disposal. - Yours faithfully/Yours sincerely. FORMAL/INFORMAL LETTER
Reservation Manager Red Lion Hotel 23, Palace Road Edinburgh SW 321 September 23 Dear John/Sir or Madam,

I am writing/This is just a note to confirm a reservation that was made/I asked you for this morning by telephone. The reservation, for a couple of/two days, is for me and my wife/ my wife and myself, Jane and William Brown. I want/I would like a double room with a bathroom from 9-11 inclusive. I will be taking part in/having negotiations with our business partners from China and visiting the Trade Fair which is being held/is going on in Edinburgh in this period. Do you think you could give me/Would it be possible for me to have a room on 2nd floor? I think/I am afraid the room I was given two months ago was rather/very noisy. Thank you/Thanks for sending me the brochure/leaflet about/regarding your conference facilities which I got/received last week. They are of utmost interest/great for me. I regret I cant provide you with some/I am sorry I cant give any definite dates now/at the time being, since/because we have yet to finalize/to sort out the details of our next meeting. But/However, I will announce/ Ill let you know as soon as possible/I can. I look/Im looking forward to meeting you on 15 October. Best wishes/Yours sincerely. William Brown

NOUNS + PREPOSITION
ability in of advantage of for advice on alternative to solution to benefit of/from cause of at/in cost of difficulty with with agreement with/about example of experience of/in hope of knowledge of lack of matter with method of opinion of insurance against price reason reply to substitute for success tax on trouble

agreement with/about belief in comparison with complaint about decision about/on division into focus on information about insistence on awareness of certainty about disappointment with doubt about excitement about fear of interest in involvement in

investment in invitation to knowledge about objection to payment for protection from reference to responsibility for wait for opposition to optimism about pessimism about preparation for satisfaction with similarity to suitability for worry about

I agree with you I agree to your idea In comparison To compare to/compared to

BUSINESS LETTERS LETTER OF INVITATION MAIN PARTS: 1) MAIN IDEA (the invitation request) 2) THE BODY all details that the reader will appreciate and need (Ws who, when, where, why) 3) THE ENDING PARAGRAPH state clearly the desire action of the reader For what kind of events are invitations used in business?

a) invitations to different events (wedding, engagement, baptize, funeral) b) invitations to official meetings, conferences, congresses, symposia) A. INVITATION 1. I have the pleasure to invite you to. 2. It is a great pleasure to extend to you an invitation to. 3. On behalf ofI have the pleasure of extending to you an invitation to 4. We cordially/sincerely invite you to 5. It is a great pleasure and honour to invite you to 6. It would give me very much pleasure if you would accept this invitation. 7. It would be very much appreciated if you could reply to this invitation. 8. I trust you will kindly accept this invitation. 9. We invite you to visit 10. Please let me know the date of your visit. 11. I intend to make a tour of your country. 12. I hope you enjoyed your stay in this country. 13. I will be visiting early next month. I hope to have the pleasure of seeing you then and renewing the pleasant contact of a year ago. 14. I am looking forward with pleasure to welcome/welcoming you in my country. B. ACCEPTING THE INVITATION 1. It is a great honour and privilege for me to accept your invitation to.. 2. I have the pleasure of accepting the kind invitation of the Scientific Committee to deliver one of the main scientific lectures at the Congress to be held in. 3. It gives me great pleasure to accept your invitation to participate in the work of the.. 4. I very much appreciate your kind invitation to participate in . to be held in C. DECLINING THE INVITATION 1. I greatly regret that owing to my illness I am unable to accept your kind invitation to.. 2. I very much regret that I have to decline your. 3. I am awfully sorry that I am obliged to decline your.. 4. I must apologize to you for having to decline your. 5. I am sorry that I am unable to comply with your request. 6. It is with regret that we learn from your letter that you are not in a position to accept our proposal. 7. I have just received your letter of with a request to attend the congress in April. I am extremely grateful for your kind invitation. However, I am afraid I shall have to decline it, as I cant leave my country before. 9. I still regret not being in a position to comply with your request at present as I must make a second lecturing tour of a fortnight. LETTERS OF INVITATION

1) 1) Invitatie la un dineu de afaceri Stimate domn, As dori sa discut cateva probleme legate de noul nostru contract in timpul sejurului mereu la Paris. V-as propune o cina neoficiala la restaurantul libanez vineri, 5 februarie la ora 19. 2) Invitatie la cina adresata unui prieten apropiat Draga Doris, Ce-ai spune sa luam cina impreuna data viitoare cand vii la Londra? Mi-ar face placere sa ne revedem cat mai curand posibil. Astept vesti de la tine. 3) Draga Tom, Iti multumesc pentru scrisoarea in care ne impartaseai intentia de a veni in vizita la Varsovia. Noi nu vom fi in oras cand vei sosi, insa am fi incantati, atat eu cat si sotia mea daca ai veni sa petreci un weekend in casa noastra de la tara aflata la 50 de km de oras. Am putea discuta acolo mai in voie propunerea ta de afaceri si am putea face un plan. Astept raspunsul tau cat de curand. 4) Invitatie adresata unui prieten Draga Paul, Eu si sotia mea vom petrece cateva zile in New York in luna mai. Sejurul nostru face parte dintr-o calatorie de trei saptamani in care am dori sa imbinam afacerile cu distractia. Nu iti pot da numele si adresa hotelului inca deoarece rezervarile nu au fost confirmate, insa iti voi telefona imediat ce ajungem pentru a cina impreuna la hotelul nostru. Complimente. 5) Invitatie adresata unui prieten strain Draga Michael, Corespondam de mai bine de un an si inca nu ne-am intalnit. Schimbul de idei cu privire la cele doua tari in care traim a fost foarte interesant. Vacanta de vara se apropie si as dori sa te invit la mine la inceputul lunii iulie ca sa iti arat o parte a tarii mele. Te-ar interesa sa petreci doua saptamni intr-o familie de elvetieni? Cu prietenie.

6) Invitatie de participare la o intrunire Stimate profesor Elvis, Am dori sa va informam ca intrunirea comitetului executiv va avea loc la Praga pe data de 5 septembrie. Ordinea de zi a intrunirii este urmatoarea:

1.. 2 3. Daca aveti sugestii, va rugam sa ne scrieti imediat astlef incat sa le putem transmite si celorlalti membrii ai comtetului. Astept cu interes sa va revad la intrunire. Cele mai bune urari, Al dumneavoastra, 7) Scrisoare de raspuns - acceptarea invitatiei Stimate domnule Confirm primirea scrisorii dumneavoastra in care imi anuntati intrunirea comitetului executiv. As dori sa va informez ca voi participa si ca voi sosi la Praga pe data de 4 septembrie. Va rog sa aveti amabilitatea sa imi faceti rezervarea la un hotel de 4 stele. Gasiti alaturat cateva sugestii pe care comisia noastra doreste sa le faca. Complimente, Al dumneavoastra, 8) Scrisori de acceptare ale unei invitatii Stimate domn, Imi face mare placere sa accept invitatia de a participa la lucrarile intrunirii pe care o prezidati. Va voi anunta data sosirii mele cat mai curand posibil. Astept cu interes sa ne intalnim si sa vad multi alti colegi. Cele mai bune urari, Al dumneavoastra, 9) Scrisori de refuz a) Stimate domn, Apreciez amabila dumneavoastra invitatie de a participa la congresul care se va tine la Paris. Imi pare foarte rau ca ratez ocazia de a veni in tara dumneavoastra si de a ma intalni cu colegii mei. Daca invitatia dumneavoastra ar fi ajuns mai devreme as fi putut sa-mi anulez angajamentul anterior. Sper sa ne vedem cu alta ocazie cat de curand. Al dumneavoastra, b) Stimate domn, Tocmai am primit scrisoarea dumneavoastra din data de 10 aprilie cu rugamintea de a contribui la intrunirea pe care o organizati pe probleme economice. Mi-e teama ca va trebui sa va refuz deoarece am fost invitat sa tin o prelegere in strinatate pe data de 7 aprilie.

Imi exprim inca o data regretul de a nu putea participa la aceasta intrunire, Al dumneavoastra,

c) Stimate Profesore Hill, In primul rand trebuie sa imi cer scuze pentru intarzierea cu care raspund scrisorii dumneavoastra din 2 noiembrie. Nu am avut timp sa va scriu deoarece pe 3 noiembrie am parasit Bucurestiul pentru o calatorie de afaceri care a durat 10 zile. Regret ca nu pot sa dau curs invitatiei dumneavoastra de a participa la congresul pe care il organizati la inceputul lunii ianuarie anul viitor, dar voi fi plecat intr-o calatorie de afaceri in strainatate pentru inca doua saptamani in luna ianuarie. Mii de scuze, Va rog sa transmiteti complimentele mele sotiei si fiicei dumneavoastra. Cele mai bune urari, Al dumneavoastra,

Complete the e-mail using phrasal verbs from the list below that mean the same as the words in brackets. Three verbs need to be put into an ing form. Back up break down get by keep down call on draw up drop off look through print out ring up find out sign in turn up

sort out

From: David R. To: Simon 1.Subject: Things to do Message: .

Sent: 25 May.

1. Mr. Yamanaka Mr. Yamanaka will be arriving at the airport at 10.30 tomorrow. Can you (1) pick..him.up..(collect by car) from there and (2)..him

(leave) at his hotel? Hes staying at the Marriott. I wont be able to (3)..(arrive) there until about 1 p.m., so perhaps you could stay with him and make sure there are no problems (4) (registering) etc. Then Ill be with Mr. Yamanaka for most of the afternoon, so Mike and Kath will have to (5).(manage) without me in the sales meeting. 2.Subject: Spain trip Message Im trying to (6).(organise) the itinerary for my trip to Spain next

Month. Can you (7).(think about then write) a list of all our Spanish customers by (8) (examining) our customer accounts database? Id like to know exactly who I need to (9)..(visit). Also the flight needs to be booked-can you (10).(telephone) the travel agency and check flight times and prices? Were trying to (11)..(control to stop them increasing) travel expenses at the moment so just (12) (discover) prices for Eurotraveller class. 3. Subject: March Spreadsheet The printer keeps (13)..(stopping working), and I didnt have a chance to (14)(print) the spreadsheet for last months figures. Can you do it and then (15).(make a copy) the file onto a disk for me to use my laptop? Thanks Complete this newspaper article by choosing the correct adverb from those in brackets. TRAVEL ON THE NET Larry Diller, Chief Executive of e-travel, stepped (1) down (off/down/out),yesterday in a dramatic move for the on-line travel agency. Revenues at e-travel are currently 15% down on the same period last year, and theyve had to cut (2)..(off/up/back) their advertising budget severely. Earlier in the year e-travel laid (3)..(off/up/out) a quarter of its staff in a bid to keep costs (4)(off/down/out), but these measures were not enough to make the company profitable. Diller had been in negotiations with the Internet portal YoHo to get exclusive rights to advertise on their site, but the deal fell (5)(off/through/out) at the last minute. It seems that this news finally forced investors to call for Mr Dillers resignation. E-travels finance officer Martha Piper will now take (6)(through/up/on) the task of trying to sort (7).(over/up/out) their problems, but the most likely outcome is that e-travel will be taken (8)..(over/up/out) by another company, perhaps online rival HiFly.com. Bid to bid bade bidden Auction Lay off to make redundant to lay laid laid Fall through to fail To take over To take up a task/a job/ studies To keep costs down to cut down on the amount of money you spend

FAX TRANSMISSION From.. To.. For the attention of From fax no

Page 1 of Date To fax no

Message a) rooms hotel I to some would like reserve at your b) in 28 August. We on Allicante are arriving c) ten hope stay to We for nights leaving 7 September on d) and husband like room I My double balcony a would with preferably a e) require Our a two teenage daughters twin room f) are all en-suite that We understand your bedrooms g) a sea view possible is have it room to with? h) please you this confirm Could? E-mail 1) You have just received the e-mail below from Ms Smith, confirming some arrangements for a meeting. Unfortunately, your plans have since changed. Reply to Ms Smith and do the following: thank her for the message apologize, and explain that you will have to change the arrangement (give a reason) suggest a new date apologize again end the message appropriately.

MEETING NEXT WEEK

RE: MEETING NEXT WEEK I just wanted to confirm the arrangements we made for next week. Ill be arriving at Terminal 2, and my flight should arrive at 11.45, but it may be later because there may be a strike by the air traffic controllers. I hope to be at your office at around 13.30. Dont worry about organizing any food, as Ill have eaten on the plane. Id be grateful if you could send me an agenda for the meeting (particularly the information-sharing and decision-making) before I leave so that I can bring with me any documents that might be useful. Well, I think thats everything, and I look forward to seeing you on Tuesday. Best regards, Anne Smith 2) E-MAIL FROM: Mira Melisse

To: Pierre Lascaux, Technical Director

Sent: 16 May 1991

Subject: Visit to Poland Message: Ive booked your flight to Poland. Youre leaving on Monday 3rd at 8.45 in the morning, so youll arrive in Warsaw before lunch. Someone will be at the airport to meet you. Your first meeting is with Aleksander, and you are seeing him at 1 pm at our local office. Hell take you out to lunch. After lunch you arent doing anything until 6 pm, so youll have time to go to the hotel. You are staying at the Intercontinental, which is in a very central location. Im going to the travel agents to pick up the tickets this afternoon, so Ill give them to you tomorrow.

Complete this article by choosing the correct alternative A,B or C below. TRANSLATION ON THE NET The world of online translation is dominated by Amsterdam-based Aquarius.net and California-based Proz.com. (1) ..B.. maintain a list of translators who bid for jobs posted on the site, but (2).has a different business plan. (3)charges clients to post translation jobs on the site, but Aquarius has started charging translators to register, and also charges transaction fees of up to 7.5% to the translator who gets the job. Meanwhile Proz is still a free site, and gets (4)revenue from the advertising. (5)trying to deal with the problem of quality assurance, and (6).translator has their diplomas and qualifications online. And what about the Old Economy off-line translations agencies? They offer better guarantees of quality and (7)..them havent looked to the Internet for a solution yet, but (8).is changing very fast, and the Net offers significant cost benefits to clients. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. A A A A A A Both them each one Either of them all its Each they are all B B B B B B Both of them every one Neither of company most its Both they are all of C C C C C C Every of them all of them Neither company much its They are both every

7. 8.

A A

most all

B B

most of C the only thing

every of C everything

Read this report about the convergence of mobile phones and handled computers. Underline either the adjective or adverb each time. It seems (1) strange/strangely, but some people are walking around with a mobile phone, a handled computer like a Palm, a pager, and even a notebook computer with a (2) conventional/conventionally keyboard as well. These digital devices are converging (3) rapid/rapidly, but manufacturers are finding it difficult to get all the parts to integrate (4) proper/properly. Contemporary mobile phones look (5) good/well, are relatively (6) good/well at sending short text messages, but dont work (7) good/well as handheld computers. They lack memory, synchronise (8) bad/badly with desktop PCs, and are not (9) easy/easily to use for writing emails. Searching for an address-book entry or scrolling through a contact list is (10) slow/slowly, although once you find the name you can call the person (11) direct/directly by just touching the phone number. Of course the big issue in the future is Internet access it needs to be fast, (12) easy/easily and (13) cheap/cheaply, but still allow phone companies to make a profit. Things are moving very (14) quick/quickly in this area, and the manufacturers who succeed in getting everything (15) right/rightly are going to make (16) huge/hugely profits.

Translate the following sentences into Romanian paying attention to the words in italics: 1. He is an auditor as his job is to examine the financial records of companies or business organizations. 2. Every year the shareholders take part in the General Annual Meeting where the annual report is presented. 3. Which is the first item on the agenda in todays meeting? 4. Each year the shareholders are sent the companys balance sheet that shows if the company has been profitable or not. 5. The Board of Directors is presided by a Chairman. 6. The economic crisis may lead to the bankruptcy of many small and medium-sized companies. They may go bankrupt in a very short time. 7. The shareholders will have to accept a takeover bid. To take over takeover auction bid-bade bidden

To merge merger

8. Increasing taxation further will have bad effects for small companies. Taxes fee tuition fee fare fine fair/trade fair

9. The Charter is an official document describing the aims, rights and principles of an organization. 10. He has never been employed but he has been working as a freelancer for five years. Self-employed 11. A public companys shares can be bought on the Stock Exchange 12. The Japanese stockholders own 60% percent of this company. Shares stocks shareholder stockholder 13. The owner of a sole proprietorship or one-man business incurs all the debts of the company. To incur debts/losses 14. Our company has just opened a new subsidiary in Latin America. branch 15. The sleeping partner invests money in a business but does not take part in its management. Nominal partner 16. This merger will create the biggest airline company in our country. 17. Holland is a country with high levels of bike ownership. 18. What is your companys annual turnover? 19. In a limited partnership the owners are responsible for a limited amount of the companys debts. 20. The notification will be sent to all employees within two weeks.

Translate into English: 1. Imaginea noastra de marca se imbunatateste incontinuu Our brand image keeps improving. 2. Mai devreme sau mai tarziu va trebui sa abandonam acest produs. Cu cat mai devreme cu atat mai bine. Sooner or later we will have to abandon this product. The sooner the better 3. Studiul motivatiei nu a fost foarte concludent. The motivation study has not been very conclusive. 4. Ca agent exclusiv, el ar trebui sa se intereseze mai mult de noile noastre produse. As a sole agent, he should take more interest in our products. 5. Lansarea va avea loc mai intai local, apoi la scara nationala. The launching will take place locally first, then at national level.

6. Am convocat pe toti reprezentantii nostri la o sedinta de marti intr-o saptamana. We have called all our representatives Tuesday a week. 7. Obiceiurile in ceea ce priveste cumparaturile variaza mult in functie de grupele de varsta. Buying habits vary a lot according to the age groups. 8. Rezistenta consumatorilor la noile produse este ingrijoratoare. Consumers resistance to the new products is worrying. 9. Aceasta o sa creeze o competitie (rivalitate) intre diversii responsabili de produs. This will create a competition among the various persons in charge with the product/product managers. 10. Este o greseala de tipar in instructiunile de folosire. There is a misprint in the instructions for use. 11. Concurenta pentru piata Americana este din ce in ce mai acerba. The competition for the American market is keener and keener. 12. Acesta este genul de defect care va face imediat sa reactioneze asociatiile de consumatori. This is the kind of flaw that will cause immediate reaction to the consumers associations. 13. Acest articol va fi progresiv retras de pe piata in urmatorii trei ani. This item will be phased out of the market in the next three years. 14. Este o regiune unde suntem foarte prost aprovizionati. This is a region where we are very badly distributed. 15. Aceasta imbunatatire tehnica ar trebui sa ne ajute sa sporim vanzarile. This technical improvement should help us to boost our sales. 16. Ne-am indeplinit obiectivul (de plan). We have reached our target. 17. In total, concurentii nostri par sa aiba un mic avantaj. All in all, our competitors seem to have a slight advantage. 18. Sunt prea multi intermediari intre clienti si noi. There are too many middlemen between our clients and us. 19. Ne aflam in fata unei probleme de reaprovizionare. We are facing a restocking problem.

20. Ar trebui sa tinem mai strans legatura cu distributorii nostri si sa-i informam mai temeinic. We should keep in touch closer with our suppliers and inform them more thoroughly. You have to write a thorough report. I have studied it thoroughly. 21. Usoara crestere de preturi nu pare sa fi incetinit vanzarile. The slight increase in prices does not seem to have slowed down the sales. 22. Gama noastra (de produse) este prea redusa pentru a ne asigura o pozitie dominanta pe piata. 23. Our range of products is too limited to ensure us a leading position on the market. I want to ensure my son a better life. This course will ensure you a better position in the company. To insure YOU MUST INSURE YOUR CAR. To assure I assure you that he is right. Marfurile pot fi vandute direct de la producator sau de la fabricant catre consumatori. Dar in general serviciile unui intermediar sau angrosist cum este numit sunt necesare. El dispune de mijloace de stocare si depozitare pe care un detailist obisnuit nu si le poate permite. El vinde o gama considerabila de marfuri si poate sa acorde conditii de creditare avantajoase. The goods can be sold directly from the producer or manufaturer to the consumers.But in general the services of a middleman or wholesaler - as he is called are necessary. He has storage and warehouse means which a common retailer cannot afford. Wholesale wholesaler Retail retailer He sells a wide range of goods and he can grant advantageous crediting terms. Vanzarea catre marele public poate fi facuta prin comis-voiajori sau prin comanda prin posta. Dar cea mai mare parte a oamenilor isi fac cumparaturile, de obicei, in magazine de desfacere cu amanuntul, cum ar fi supermagazinele amplasate la periferia oraselor, magazinele in retea sau la pravalia din colt. Si asociatiile cooperatiste pot detine si exploata retele de comercializare cu amanuntul. The sale to the great public can be done/performed through door-to-door salesmen or through mail order. But most people usually do their shopping in retail outlets such as the supermarkets located in the outskirts of the city, chain stores or at the corner shop. The cooperative associations can also own and operate retail networks. Intr-un supermagazin sau un magazin cu autoservire, cumparatorii se pot servi de pe rafturi si tejghele si isi transporta cumparaturile intr-un carucior. Ei platesc la punctul de control de la iesirea din magazin, care a inlocuit traditionala casa de plata. In a supermarket or in a self-sevice shop, the buyers/purchasers can help themselves from the shelves and counters and they carry their shopping in a trolley.They pay at the check-out point which has replaced the traditional cashdesk.

Astazi tendinta in randul detailistilor independenti este de a forma asociatii voluntare capabile sa lupte impotriva concurentei marilor magazine cu stocuri si suprafete comerciale extinse. Nowadays the trend among independent retailers is to form volunteering associations capable to fight against the great stocked, extended shops competition. Indiferent de modul de vanzare, normele privind afisarea preturilor, etichetarea marfurilor si indicarea continutului real al cutiilor de conserve si al ambalajeor de alt tip tind sa fie tot mai drastice, sub presiunea asociatiilor de consumatori, a caror putere este in crestere. No matter the way of selling, the regulations concerning the price listing, the goods labelling and the indication of the real contents of cans/tins and of other types of packaging tend to be more and more severe, under the pressure of the consumer associations whose power is increasing. MANAGEMENT AND MANAGERIAL ROLES Management comprises planning, organizing, leading or directing, and controlling an organization (a group of one or more people or entities) for the purpose of accomplishing a goal. Resourcing encompasses the deployment and manipulation of human resources, financial resources, technological resources, and natural resources. To comprise/to encompass Some would define management as an art, while others would define it as a science. Whether management is an art or a science isn't what is most important. Management is a process that is used to accomplish organizational goals; that is, a process that is used to achieve what an organization wants to achieve. An organization could be a business, a school, a city, a group of volunteers, or any governmental entity. Managers are the people to whom this management task is assigned, and it is generally thought that they achieve the desired goals through the key functions of (1) planning, (2) organizing, (3) directing, and (4) controlling.

Basic functions of management Management can also refer to the person or people who perform the act(s) of management. Management operates through various functions, often classified as 1) Planning: deciding what needs to happen in the future (today, next week, next month, next year, over the next five years, etc.) and generating plans for action. 1) Organizing: making optimum use of the resources required to enable the successful carrying out of plans.

2) Leading/Motivating: exhibiting skills in these areas for getting others to play an effective part in achieving plans. 3) Controlling: monitoring -- checking progress against plans, which may need modification based on feedback.

Formation of the business policy

The mission of the business is its most obvious purpose -- which may be, for example, to make soap. The objective of the business refers to the ends or activity at which a certain task is aimed. The business's policy is a guide that stipulates rules, regulations and objectives, and may be used in the managers' decision-making. It must be flexible and easily interpreted and understood by all employees.

The business's strategy refers to the plan of action that it is going to take place, as well as the resources that it will be using, to achieve its mission and objectives. It is a guideline to managers, stipulating how they ought to use best the factors of production to the business's advantage. Initially, it could help the managers decide on what type of business they want to form

Traditional Interpretation
There are a variety of views about this term. Traditionally, the term "management" refers to the activities (and often the group of people) involved in the four general functions listed below. (Note that the four functions recur throughout the organization and are highly integrated): 1)Planning, includes identifying goals, objectives, methods, resources needed to carry out methods, responsibilities and dates for completion of tasks. Examples of planning are strategic planning, business planning, project planning, staffing planning, advertising and promotions planning, etc. 2) Organizing resources to achieve the goals in an optimum fashion. Examples are organizing new departments, human resources, office and file systems, re-organizing businesses, etc. 3) Leading, includes setting direction for the organization, groups and individuals and also influences people to follow that direction. Examples are establishing strategic direction (vision, values, mission and / or goals) and championing methods of organizational performance management to pursue that direction.

4) Controlling, or coordinating, the organization's systems, processes and structures to effectively and efficiently reach goals and objectives. This includes ongoing collection of feedback, and monitoring and adjustment of systems, processes and structures accordingly. Examples include use of financial controls, policies and procedures, performance management processes, measures to avoid risks etc. Another common view is that "management" is getting things done through others. Yet another view, quite apart from the traditional view, asserts that the job of management is to support employee's efforts to be fully productive To most employees, the term "management" probably means the group of people (executives and other managers) who are primarily responsible for making decisions in the organization. In a nonprofit, the term "management" might refer to all or any of the activities of the board, executive director and/or program directors 4) Managers roles To meet the many demands of performing their functions, managers assume multiple roles. A role is an organized set of behaviors. Henry Mintzberg has identified ten roles common to the work of all managers. The ten roles are divided into three groups: interpersonal, informational, and decisional. The informational roles link all managerial work together. The interpersonal roles ensure that information is provided. The decisional roles make significant use of the information. The performance of managerial roles and the requirements of these roles can be played at different times by the same manager and to different degrees depending on the level and function of management. The ten roles are described individually, but they form an integrated whole. To liaise Figurehead/Leader/Liaison Monitor/Disseminator/Spokesperson Entrepreneur Disturbance Handler Resource Allocator Negotiator