Chem 1310J/K Study Guide for Exam 2 Exam 3 will cover material from Chapters 8, 9.1-9.

2, 10, 11 and 12. The exam format will be 20 multiple choice items, 5 points each with no partial credit. What to Bring: Calculator (without wireless capabilities and/or keyboard) Two number 2 Pencils One 8.5 x 11 Handwritten Crib Sheet (one sided) You will need to bring your student Photo ID to the exam! Arrive no later than five after the hour. If you arrive later than half past the hour, you cannot start the exam. The emphasis of the exam will be on problem solving and knowledge of key concepts. The questions will be largely similar to those in the homework, worked in class, the sample exam, or examples from the text. Chapters and Topics Chapter 8: Gas Laws Chapter 9: Intermolecular Forces (sections 9.1 and 9.2 only) Chapter 10: Solutions (Ignore Osmotic Pressure) Chapter 11: Equilibrium Chapter 12: Acid Base Chemistry (Ignore hydrolysis that is emphasized in chapter 13)

Keep in mind that material from the first exam will not tested directly is still relevant. A sound understanding of molarity, stoichiometry, ions, etc. is expected and may be useful on the exam.

Chapter 8 Gases
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Describe how pressure and absolute temperature are defined and measured. Use the ideal gas law to relate the pressure, volume, temperature of a gas. Use ideal gas law to do stoichiometric calculations for reactions involving gases. Be able to use Daltons law for calculating partial pressures. Be able to calculate molar mass or density of a gas using the ideal gas law. Understand the molecular origin of pressure. Describe the connection between temperature and speeds or kinetic energies of molecules in a gas. 8. Understand the meaning of the average (av), most probable (mp) or root mean square (rms) speed of molecules in a gas for a Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution, and use them to perform calculations. 9. Know how to order gases according to the speed given their formula or their masses given their speed distributions. 10. Be able to calculate the effusion rate of a gas or the enrichment factor for a mixture two gases.

Chapter 9 (9.1- 9.2 only) Intermolecular Forces

1. Understand the difference between intramolecular and intermolecular interactions. 2. Know the different types and relative strengths of intermolecular interactions: ionion; ion-dipole; dipole-dipole; ion-induced dipole; dipole-induced dipole; and London dispersion. interaction and determine what interaction(s) would be involved between a given pair of chemical species. 3. Be able to identify whether hydrogen bonding can occur between molecules and which atom are involved. 4. Be able to predict relative boiling points, freezing points and vapor pressures for chemical species considering intermolecular interactions and the mass of the molecules. 5. Know the differences in characteristics of gases, liquids and solids. 6. Distinguish cohesive vs adhesive forces and how they influence the formation of a meniscus. 7. Know the basic types of crystal lattices and understand Braggs equation

Chapter 10 Solutions
1. Understand that solutions can be formed from combinations of gases, liquids, and solids; identify solute and solvent. 2. Know and be able to calculate mass percentage, mole fraction, molality, and molarity. Be familiar with dilution problems. 3. Understand factors affecting solubility: structure, gas pressure, and temperature. For most solids, solubility increases with temperatures, but for exothermic dissolutions, heating reduces solubility. Gas solubility generally decreases with increasing temperature. 4. Use Henrys Law to perform calculations on gas/liquid solutions. 5. Understand Raoults Law and what factors cause positive or negative deviations from Raoults Law. 6. Know that colligative properties depend on the number of molecules and not their chemical identity: vapor pressure, boiling point, melting point. 7. Know how to calculate melting point depression and boiling point elevation and how to use the change in melting/boiling temperature to calculate the molar mass of a solute in a solution. 8. Know how to specify the Vant Hoff factor (the number of particles formed upon dissolutions) for a solute and to calculate the boiling point elevation of the solution or determine the molar mass of the solute.

Chapter 11 Chemical Equilibrium

1. Understand and be able to describe an equilibrium condition for a chemical reaction (dynamic, reversible process where concentrations do not change with time).

2. Understand what large and small values of K mean. (product vs. reactant favored reaction). 3. Know how to tell if a set of concentrations correspond to an equilibrium state, using the reaction quotient, and in which direction the reaction will proceed if not at equilibrium. 4. Describe Le Chateliers principle. 5. Know how to write an equilibrium constant expression given a balanced chemical equation. 6. Know that liquids and solids are left out (appear as factor of unity) in equilibrium constant expressions based. 7. Know how to manipulate equilibrium constant equations for different situations: reversing the direction of reaction, adding chemical equations, or stoichiometric coefficients are modified by a factor. 8. Be able to calculate an equilibrium constant given the equilibrium concentrations. 9. Be able to calculate an unknown equilibrium concentration given an equilibrium constant and the initial concentrations. 10. Be able to use Le Chateliers principle to predict the which way an equilibrium will shift in response to a change in concentrations, a change in temperature, or a change in volume or pressure of gases.

Chapter 12 Acids and Bases

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Be able to describe Bronsted-Lowry acids and bases. Be able to identify the conjugate base or acid of an acid or base, respectively. Know what the terms monoprotic, polyprotic and amphoteric mean. Describe what is meant by a strong acid or base vs. a weak acid or base. Be able to define what Ka, Kb and Kw are Be able to compare the relative strength of acids or bases given their Ka or Kb values or pKa or pKb values; Or state the strength based on the strength of their conjugate base or acid. Remember for conjugate pairs Ka*Kb =Kw. 7. Explain what the autoionization of water is. 8. Be able to tell whether a solution is acidic or basic from its pH value. 9. Understand that the reaction of most acids and bases, including the reaction of a weak acid and a weak base go to completion. 10. Calculate the pH of a solution given amounts of a strong acid or base. 11. Calculate the hydronium or hydroxide concentration given the pH of a solution. 12. Calculate the hydronium or hydroxide ion concentration, or pH of a solution of a weak acid or base. 13. Know when it is acceptable to use the approximate method for solving acid-base equilibrium equations; the 5% rule. 14. Calculate the pH of a solution given amounts of weak acid or base.