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Introduction Starting up ANSYS ANSYS Interface FEM Convergence Testing ANSYS Saving an Restoring jobs ANSYS Files Printing and Plotting ANSYS Results to a File Finite Element Method Using Pro-ENGINEER and ANSYS Two Dimensional Truss Space Frame Example Plane Stress Bracket Modeling Tools in ANSYS Solid Model Creation Effect of Self Weight on a Cantilever Beam Application of Distributed Loads Non Linear Analysis of a Cantilever Beam Graphical Solution Tracking Buckling Non Linear Materials Modal Analysis of a Cantilever Beam Harmonic Analysis of a Cantilever Beam Transient Analysis of a Cantilever Beam Simple Conduction example Thermal Mixed Boundary Example Transient Thermal Conduction example Modelling Using Axisymmetry Application of Joints and Springs in ANSYS Design Optimization Substructuring Coupled Structural Thermal Analysis Using P-Elements Melting Using Elements Death Contact Elements ANSYS Parametric Design Language (APDL) Viewing X-Sectional Results Advanced X-Sectional Results Data Plotting Changing Graphical Properties ANSYS Command File Creation and Execution ANSYS Command File Programming Features CLT Two Dimensional Truss
CLT Bicycle Space Frame CLT Plane Stress Bracket CLT Solid Modeling CLT Effect of Self Weight CLT Non Linear Analysis CLT Buckling CLT Dynamic Analysis Modal CLT Dynamic Analysis Harmonic CLT Dynamic Analysis Transient CLT Thermal Examples Transient Heat Conduction CLT Modelling Using Axisymmetry CLT Springs and Joints CLT Design Optimization CLT Substructuring
CLT Coupled Structural Thermal Analysis CLT Using P Elements CLT Melting Using Elements Death CLT - Contact Elements CLT ANSYS Parametric Design Language CLT Viewing Cross Sectional Results CLT Advanced X-Sectional Results CLT Data Plotting Radiation Example ANSYS Utilities Basic Tutorials Intermediate Tutorials Advanced Tutorials PostProc Tutorials Command Line Files
Introduction
ANSYS is a general purpose finite element modeling package for numerically solving a wide variety of mechanical problems. These problems include: static/dynamic structural analysis (both linear and non-linear), heat transfer and fluid problems, as well as acoustic and electro-magnetic problems. In general, a finite element solution may be broken into the following three stages. This is a general guideline that can be used for setting up any finite element analysis. 1. Preprocessing: defining the problem; the major steps in preprocessing are given below: Define keypoints/lines/areas/volumes Define element type and material/geometric properties Mesh lines/areas/volumes as required The amount of detail required will depend on the dimensionality of the analysis (i.e. 1D, 2D, axisymmetric, 3D). 2. Solution: assigning loads, constraints and solving; here we specify the loads (point or pressure), contraints (translational and rotational) and finally solve the resulting set of equations. 3. Postprocessing: further processing and viewing of the results; in this stage one may wish to see: Lists of nodal displacements Element forces and moments Deflection plots Stress contour diagrams
Windows NT Start Up
Starting up ANSYS in Windows NT is simple: Start Menu Programs ANSYS 5.7 Run Interactive Now
Within the Main Window are 5 divisions: a. Utility Menu The Utility Menu contains functions that are available throughout the ANSYS session, such as file controls, selections, graphic controls and parameters. b. Input Lindow The Input Line shows program prompt messages and allows you to type in commands directly. c. Toolbar The Toolbar contains push buttons that execute commonly used ANSYS commands. More push buttons can be added if desired.
d. Main Menu The Main Menu contains the primary ANSYS functions, organized by preprocessor, solution, general postprocessor, design optimizer. It is from this menu that the vast majority of modelling commands are issued. This is where you will note the greatest change between previous versions of ANSYS and version 7.0. However, while the versions appear different, the menu structure has not changed. e. Graphics Window The Graphic Window is where graphics are shown and graphical picking can be made. It is here where you will graphically view the model in its various stages of construction and the ensuing results from the analysis. 2. Output Window
The Output Window shows text output from the program, such as listing of data etc. It is usually positioned behind the main window and can de put to the front if necessary.
The Problem
The question that always arises is: How small do I need to make the elements before I can trust the solution?
The Consequences
Finer meshes come with a cost however: more calculational time and large memory requirements (both disk and RAM)! It is desired to find the minimum number of elements that give you a converged solution.
Beam Models
For beam models, we actually only need to define a single element per line unless we are applying a distributed load on a given frame member. When point loads are used, specifying more that one element per line will not change the solution, it will only slow the calculations down. For simple models it is of no concern, but for a larger model, it is desired to minimize the number of elements, and thus calculation time and still obtain the desired accuracy.
General Models
In general however, it is necessary to conduct convergence tests on your finite element model to confirm that a fine enough element discretization has been used. In a solid mechanics problem, this would be done by creating several models with different mesh sizes and comparing the resulting deflections and stresses, for example. In general, the stresses will converge more slowly than the displacement, so it is not sufficient to examine the displacement convergence.
ANSYS Files
Introduction
A large number of files are created when you run ANSYS. If you started ANSYS without specifying a jobname, the name of all the files created will be FILE.* where the * represents various extensions described below. If you specified a jobname, say Frame, then the created files will all have the file prefix, Frame again with various extensions: frame.db Database file (binary). This file stores the geometry, boundary conditions and any solutions. frame.dbb Backup of the database file (binary). frame.err Error file (text). Listing of all error and warning messages. frame.out Output of all ANSYS operations (text). This is what normally scrolls in the output window during an ANSYS session. frame.log Logfile or listing of ANSYS commands (text). Listing of all equivalent ANSYS command line commands used during the current session. etc... Depending on the operations carried out, other files may have been written. These files may contain results, etc.
What to save?
When you want to clean up your directory, or move things from the /scratch directory, what files do you need to save? If you will always be using the GUI, then you only require the .db file. This file stores the geometry, boundary conditions and any solutions. Once the ANSYS has started, and the jobname has been specified, you need only activate the resume command to proceed from where you last left off (see Saving and Restoring Jobs). If you plan on using ANSYS command files, then you need only store your command file and/or the log file. This file contains a complete listing of the ANSYS commands used to get you model to its current point. That file may be rerun as is, or edited and rerun as desired (Command File Creation and Execution). If you plan to use the command mode of operation, starting with an existing log file, rename it first so that it does not get over-written or added to, from another ANSYS run.
Plotting of Figures
There are two major routes to get hardcopies from ANSYS. The first is a quick a raster-based screen dump, while the second is a scalable vector plot.
Now issue whatever plot commands you want within ANSYS, remembering that the plots will not be displayed to the screen, but rather they will be written to the selected file. You can put as many plots as you want into the plot file. When you are finished plotting what you want to the file, redirect plots back to the screen using:
'Utility menu bar'/'PlotCtrls'/'Redirect Plots'/'To Screen'.
Display and Conversion The plot file that has been saved is stored in a proprietary file format that must be converted into a more common graphic file format like PostScript, or HPGL for example. This is performed by running a separate program called display. To do this, you have a couple of options: 1. select display from the ANSYS launcher menu (if you started ANSYS that way) 2. shut down ANSYS or open up a new terminal window and then type display at the Unix prompt. Either way, a large graphics window will appear. Decrease the size of this window, because it most likely covers the window in which you will enter the display plotting commands. Load your plot file with the following command:
file,frame,pic
if your plot file is 'plots.pic'. Note that although the file is 'plots.pic' (with a period), Display wants 'plots,pic'(with a comma). You can display your plots to the graphics window by issuing the command like
plot,n
where n is plot number. If you plotted 5 images to this file in ANSYS, then n could be any number from 1 to 5. Now that the plots have been read in, they may be saved to printer files of various formats: 1. Colour PostScript: To save the images to a colour postscript file, enter the following commands in display:
pscr,color,2 /show,pscr plot,n
where n is the plot number, as above. You can plot as many images as you want to postscript files in this manner. For subsequent plots, you only require the plot,n command as the other options have now been set. Each image is plotted to a postscript file such as pscrxx.grph, where xx is a number, starting at 00. Note: when you import a postscript file into a word processor, the postscript image will appear as blank box. The printer information is still present, but it can only be viewed when it's printed out to a postscript printer. Printing it out: Now that you've got your color postscript file, what are you going to do with it? Take a look here for instructions on colour postscript printing at a couple of sites on campus where you can have your beautiful stress plot plotted to paper, overheads or even posters! 2. Black & White PostScript: The above mentioned colour postscript files can get very large in size and
may not even print out on the postscript printer in the lab because it takes so long to transfer the files to the printer and process them. A way around this is to print them out in a black and white postscript format instead of colour; besides the colour specifications don't do any good for the black and white lab printer anyways. To do this, you set the postscript color option to '3', i.e. and then issue the other commands as before
pscr,color,3 /show,pscr plot,n
Note: when you import a postscript file into a word processor, the postscript image will appear as blank box. The printer information is still present, but it can only be viewed when it's printed out to a postscript printer. 3. HPGL: The third commonly used printer format is HPGL, which stands for Hewlett Packard Graphics Language. This is a compact vector format that has the advantage that when you import a file of this type into a word processor, you can actually see the image in the word processor! To use the HPGL format, issue the following commands:
/show,hpgl plot,n
Final Steps It is wise to rename these plot files as soon as you leave display, for display will overwrite the files the next time it is run. You may want to rename the postscript files with an '.eps' extension to indicate that they are encapsulated postscript images. In a similar way, the HPGL printer files could be given an '.hpgl' extension. This renaming is done at the Unix commmand line (the 'mv' command). A list of all available display commands and their options may be obtained by typing:
help
The figure above shows the original model for this demonstration. This is a model of a short cantilevered bracket that bolts to the wall via the thick plate on the left end. Model units are inches. A load is applied at the hole in the right end. Some cosmetic features are located on the top surface and the two sides. Several edges are rounded. For this model, the interest is in the stress distribution around the vertical slot. So, the plate and the loading hole are removed, as are the cosmetic features and rounds resulting in the "de-featured" geometry shown below. The model will be constrained on the left face and a uniform load will be applied to the right face.
Defining Constraints
For our simple model, all we need are constraints, loads, and a specified material. Select Constraints > New We can specify constraints on four entity types (basically points, edges, and surfaces). Constraints are organized into constraint sets. Each constraint set has a unique name (default of the first one is ConstraintSet1) and can contain any number of individual constraints of different types. Each individual constraint also has a unique name (default of the first one is Constraint1). In the final computed model, only one set can be included, but this can contain numerous individual constraints.
Select Surface. We are going to fully constrain the left face of the cantilever. A dialog window opens as shown above. Here you can give a name to the constraint and identify which constraint set it belongs to. Since we elected to create a surface constraint, we now select the surface we want constrained (push the Surface selection button in the window and then click on the desired surface of the model). The constraints to be applied are selected using the buttons at the bottom of the window. In general we specify constraints on translation and rotation for any mesh node that will appear on the selected entity. For each direction X, Y, and Z, we can select one of the four buttons (Free, Fixed, Prescribed, and Function of Coordinates). For our solid model, the rotation constraints are irrelevant (since nodes of solid elements do not have this degree of freedom anyway). For beams and shells, rotational constraints are active if specified. For our model, leave all the translation constraints as FIXED, and select the OK button. You should now see some orange symbols on the left face of the model, along with some text labels that summarize the constraint settings.
Defining Loads
In the STRC MODEL menu select Loads > New > Surface
The FORCE/MOMENT window opens as shown above. Loads are also organized into named load sets. A load set can contain any number of individual loads of different types. A FEM model can contain any number of different load sets. For example, in the analysis of a pressurized tank on a support system with a number of nozzle connections to other pipes, one load set might contain only the internal pressure, another might contain the support forces, another a temperature load, and more might contain the forces applied at each nozzle location. These can be solved at the same time, and the principle of superposition used to combine them in numerous ways. Create a load called "end_load" in the default load set (LoadSet1) Click on the Surfaces button, then select the right face of the model and middle click to return to this dialog. Leave the defaults for the load distribution. Enter the force components at the bottom. Note these are relative to the WCS. Then select OK. The load should be displayed symbolically as shown in the figure below.
Note that constraint and load sets appear in the model tree. You can select and edit these in the usual way using the right mouse button.
Specify a name for the analysis, like "ansystest". Select the type (Structural or Modal). Enter a short description. Now select the Add buttons beside the Constraints and Loads panes to add ConstraintSet1 and LoadSet1 to the analysis. Now select OK.
This indicates some aspects of mesh quality that may be specified and then, by selecting the Check button at the bottom, evaluated for the model. The results are indicated in columns on the right. If the mesh does not pass these quality checks, you may want to go back to specify mesh controls (discussed below). Select Close. Here is an image of the default mesh, shown in wire frame.
This opens the Run FEM Analysis dialog window shown here. In the Solver pull-down list at the top, select ANSYS. In the Analysis list, select Structural. You pick either Linear or Parabolic elements. The analysis we defined (containing constraints, loads, mesh, and material) is listed. Select the Output to File radio button at the bottom and specify the output file name (default is the analysis name with extension .ans). Select OK and read the message window. We are now finished with Pro/E. Go to the top pull-down menus and select Applications > Standard Save the model file and leave the program. Copy the .ans file from your Pro/E working directory to the directory you will use for running ANSYS.
Updated: 8 November 2002 using Pro/ENGINEER 2001 RWT Please report errors or omissions to Roger Toogood
Problem Description
Determine the nodal deflections, reaction forces, and stress for the truss system shown below (E = 200GPa, A = 3250mm2).
(Modified from Chandrupatla & Belegunda, Introduction to Finite Elements in Engineering, p.123)
Enter the title and click 'OK'. This title will appear in the bottom left corner of the 'Graphics' Window once you begin. Note: to get the title to appear immediately, select Utility Menu > Plot > Replot 2. Enter Keypoints The overall geometry is defined in ANSYS using keypoints which specify various principal coordinates
University of Alberta ANSYS Tutorials - www.mece.ualberta.ca/tutorials/ansys/BT/Truss/Truss.html to define the body. For this example, these keypoints are the ends of each truss. We are going to define 7 keypoints for the simplified structure as given in the following table coordinate keypoint x y 0 0 1 1800 3118 2 3600 0 3 5400 3118 4 7200 0 5 9000 3118 6 10800 0 7 (these keypoints are depicted by numbers in the above figure) From the 'ANSYS Main Menu' select: Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Keypoints > In Active CS
University of Alberta ANSYS Tutorials - www.mece.ualberta.ca/tutorials/ansys/BT/Truss/Truss.html Enter keypoint number 1 in the appropriate box, and enter the x,y coordinates: 0, 0 in their appropriate boxes (as shown above). Click 'Apply' to accept what you have typed. Enter the remaining keypoints using the same method. Note: When entering the final data point, click on 'OK' to indicate that you are finished entering keypoints. If you first press 'Apply' and then 'OK' for the final keypoint, you will have defined it twice! If you did press 'Apply' for the final point, simply press 'Cancel' to close this dialog box. Units Note the units of measure (ie mm) were not specified. It is the responsibility of the user to ensure that a consistent set of units are used for the problem; thus making any conversions where necessary. Correcting Mistakes When defining keypoints, lines, areas, volumes, elements, constraints and loads you are bound to make mistakes. Fortunately these are easily corrected so that you don't need to begin from scratch every time an error is made! Every 'Create' menu for generating these various entities also has a corresponding 'Delete' menu for fixing things up. 3. Form Lines The keypoints must now be connected We will use the mouse to select the keypoints to form the lines. In the main menu select: Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Lines > Lines > In Active Coord. The following window will then appear:
Use the mouse to pick keypoint #1 (i.e. click on it). It will now be marked by a small yellow box.
University of Alberta ANSYS Tutorials - www.mece.ualberta.ca/tutorials/ansys/BT/Truss/Truss.html Now move the mouse toward keypoint #2. A line will now show on the screen joining these two points. Left click and a permanent line will appear. Connect the remaining keypoints using the same method. When you're done, click on 'OK' in the 'Lines in Active Coord' window, minimize the 'Lines' menu and the 'Create' menu. Your ANSYS Graphics window should look similar to the following figure.
Disappearing Lines Please note that any lines you have created may 'disappear' throughout your analysis. However, they have most likely NOT been deleted. If this occurs at any time from the Utility Menu select: Plot > Lines 4. Define the Type of Element It is now necessary to create elements. This is called 'meshing'. ANSYS first needs to know what kind of elements to use for our problem: From the Preprocessor Menu, select: Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete. The following window will then appear:
For this example, we will use the 2D spar element as selected in the above figure. Select the element shown and click 'OK'. You should see 'Type 1 LINK1' in the 'Element Types' window. Click on 'Close' in the 'Element Types' dialog box. 5. Define Geometric Properties We now need to specify geometric properties for our elements: In the Preprocessor menu, select Real Constants > Add/Edit/Delete
Click Add... and select 'Type 1 LINK1' (actually it is already selected). Click on 'OK'. The following window will appear:
As shown in the window above, enter the cross-sectional area (3250mm): Click on 'OK'. 'Set 1' now appears in the dialog box. Click on 'Close' in the 'Real Constants' window. 6. Element Material Properties You then need to specify material properties: In the 'Preprocessor' menu select Material Props > Material Models
We are going to give the properties of Steel. Enter the following field:
EX 200000
Set these properties and click on 'OK'. Note: You may obtain the note 'PRXY will be set to 0.0'. This is poisson's ratio and is not required for this element type. Click 'OK' on the window to continue. Close the "Define Material Model Behavior" by clicking on the 'X' box in the upper right hand corner. 7. Mesh Size The last step before meshing is to tell ANSYS what size the elements should be. There are a variety of ways to do this but we will just deal with one method for now. In the Preprocessor menu select Meshing > Size Cntrls > ManualSize > Lines > All Lines
In the size 'NDIV' field, enter the desired number of divisions per line. For this example we want only 1 division per line, therefore, enter '1' and then click 'OK'. Note that we have not yet meshed the geometry, we have simply defined the element sizes. 8. Mesh Now the frame can be meshed. In the 'Preprocessor' menu select Meshing > Mesh > Lines and click 'Pick All' in the 'Mesh Lines' Window Your model should now appear as shown in the following window
Plot Numbering To show the line numbers, keypoint numbers, node numbers...
University of Alberta ANSYS Tutorials - www.mece.ualberta.ca/tutorials/ansys/BT/Truss/Truss.html From the Utility Menu (top of screen) select PlotCtrls > Numbering... Fill in the Window as shown below and click 'OK'
Now you can turn numbering on or off at your discretion Saving Your Work Save the model at this time, so if you make some mistakes later on, you will at least be able to come back to this point. To do this, on the Utility Menu select File > Save as.... Select the name and location where you want to save your file. It is a good idea to save your job at different times throughout the building and analysis of the model to backup your work in case of a system crash or what have you.
Ensure that 'Static' is selected; i.e. you are going to do a static analysis on the truss as opposed to a dynamic analysis, for example. Click 'OK'. 2. Apply Constraints It is necessary to apply constraints to the model otherwise the model is not tied down or grounded and a singular solution will result. In mechanical structures, these constraints will typically be fixed, pinned and roller-type connections. As shown above, the left end of the truss bridge is pinned while the right end has a roller connection. In the Solution menu, select Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On Keypoints
Select the left end of the bridge (Keypoint 1) by clicking on it in the Graphics Window and click on 'OK' in the 'Apply U,ROT on KPs' window.
This location is fixed which means that all translational and rotational degrees of freedom (DOFs) are constrained. Therefore, select 'All DOF' by clicking on it and enter '0' in the Value field and click 'OK'. You will see some blue triangles in the graphics window indicating the displacement contraints. Using the same method, apply the roller connection to the right end (UY constrained). Note that more than one DOF constraint can be selected at a time in the "Apply U,ROT on KPs" window. Therefore, you may need to 'deselect' the 'All DOF' option to select just the 'UY' option. 3. Apply Loads As shown in the diagram, there are four downward loads of 280kN, 210kN, 280kN, and 360kN at keypoints 1, 3, 5, and 7 respectively. Select Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Force/Moment > on Keypoints. Select the first Keypoint (left end of the truss) and click 'OK' in the 'Apply F/M on KPs' window.
Select FY in the 'Direction of force/mom'. This indicate that we will be applying the load in the 'y' direction Enter a value of -280000 in the 'Force/moment value' box and click 'OK'. Note that we are using units of N here, this is consistent with the previous values input. The force will appear in the graphics window as a red arrow. Copyright 2002 University of Alberta
University of Alberta ANSYS Tutorials - www.mece.ualberta.ca/tutorials/ansys/BT/Truss/Truss.html Apply the remaining loads in the same manner. The applied loads and constraints should now appear as shown below.
4. Solving the System We now tell ANSYS to find the solution: In the 'Solution' menu select Solve > Current LS. This indicates that we desire the solution under the current Load Step (LS).
The above windows will appear. Ensure that your solution options are the same as shown above and click 'OK'. Once the solution is done the following window will pop up. Click 'Close' and close the /STATUS Copyright 2002 University of Alberta
2. Results Using ANSYS Reaction Forces A list of the resulting reaction forces can be obtained for this element from the Main Menu select General Postproc > List Results > Reaction Solu.
Select 'All struc forc F' as shown above and click 'OK'
These values agree with the reaction forces claculated by hand above. Deformation In the General Postproc menu, select Plot Results > Deformed Shape. The following window will appear.
Select 'Def + undef edge' and click 'OK' to view both the deformed and the undeformed object.
Observe the value of the maximum deflection in the upper left hand corner (DMX=7.409). One should also observe that the constrained degrees of freedom appear to have a deflection of 0 (as expected!) Deflection For a more detailed version of the deflection of the beam, From the 'General Postproc' menu select Plot results > Contour Plot > Nodal Solution. The following window will appear.
Select 'DOF solution' and 'USUM' as shown in the above window. Leave the other selections as the default values. Click 'OK'.
Looking at the scale, you may want to use more useful intervals. From the Utility Menu select Plot Controls > Style > Contours > Uniform Contours... Fill in the following window as shown and click 'OK'.
The deflection can also be obtained as a list as shown below. General Postproc > List Results > Nodal Solution select 'DOF Solution' and 'ALL DOFs' from the lists in the 'List Nodal Solution' window and click 'OK'. This means that we want to see a listing of all degrees of freedom from the solution.
Are these results what you expected? Note that all the degrees of freedom were constrained to zero at node 1, while UY was constrained to zero at node 7. If you wanted to save these results to a file, select 'File' within the results window (at the upper lefthand corner of this list window) and select 'Save as'. Axial Stress For line elements (ie links, beams, spars, and pipes) you will often need to use the Element Table to gain access to derived data (ie stresses, strains). For this example we should obtain axial stress to compare with the hand calculations. The Element Table is different for each element, therefore, we need to look at the help file for LINK1 (Type help link1 into the Input Line). From Table 1.2 in the Help file, we can see that SAXL can be obtained through the ETABLE, using the item 'LS,1' From the General Postprocessor menu select Element Table > Define Table Click on 'Add...'
As shown above, enter 'SAXL' in the 'Lab' box. This specifies the name of the item you are defining. Next, in the 'Item,Comp' boxes, select 'By sequence number' and 'LS,'. Then enter 1 after LS, in the selection box Click on 'OK' and close the 'Element Table Data' window.
University of Alberta ANSYS Tutorials - www.mece.ualberta.ca/tutorials/ansys/BT/Truss/Truss.html Plot the Stresses by selecting Element Table > Plot Elem Table The following window will appear. Ensure that 'SAXL' is selected and click 'OK'
Because you changed the contour intervals for the Displacement plot to "User Specified" - you need to switch this back to "Auto calculated" to obtain new values for VMIN/VMAX. Utility Menu > PlotCtrls > Style > Contours > Uniform Contours ...
Again, you may wish to select more appropriate intervals for the contour plot List the Stresses From the 'Element Table' menu, select 'List Elem Table' From the 'List Element Table Data' window which appears ensure 'SAXL' is highlighted Click 'OK'
Quitting ANSYS
To quit ANSYS, select 'QUIT' from the ANSYS Toolbar or select Utility Menu/File/Exit.... In the dialog box that appears, click on 'Save Everything' (assuming that you want to) and then click on 'OK'.
Problem Description
The problem to be solved in this example is the analysis of a bicycle frame. The problem to be modeled in this example is a simple bicycle frame shown in the following figure. The frame is to be built of hollow aluminum tubing having an outside diameter of 25mm and a wall thickness of 2mm.
Verification
The first step is to simplify the problem. Whenever you are trying out a new analysis type, you need something (ie analytical solution or experimental data) to compare the results to. This way you can be sure that you've gotten the correct analysis type, units, scale factors, etc. The simplified version that will be used for this problem is that of a cantilever beam shown in the following figure:
University of Alberta ANSYS Tutorials - www.mece.ualberta.ca/tutorials/ansys/BT/Bike/Bike.html From the Preprocessor Menu, select: Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete. Click on the 'Add...' button. The following window will appear:
For this example, we will use the 3D elastic straight pipe element as selected in the above figure. Select the element shown and click 'OK'. You should see 'Type 1 PIPE16' in the 'Element Types' window. Click on the 'Options...' button in the 'Element Types' dialog box. The following window will appear:
Click and hold the K6 button (second from the bottom), and select 'Include Output' and click 'OK'. This gives us extra force and moment output. Click on 'Close' in the 'Element Types' dialog box and close the 'Element Type' menu. 5. Define Geometric Properties We now need to specify geometric properties for our elements: In the Preprocessor menu, select Real Constants > Add/Edit/Delete
University of Alberta ANSYS Tutorials - www.mece.ualberta.ca/tutorials/ansys/BT/Bike/Bike.html Click Add... and select 'Type 1 PIPE16' (actually it is already selected). Click on 'OK'. Enter the following geometric properties:
Outside diameter OD: Wall thickness TKWALL: 25 2
This defines an outside pipe diameter of 25mm and a wall thickness of 2mm. Click on 'OK'. 'Set 1' now appears in the dialog box. Click on 'Close' in the 'Real Constants' window. 6. Element Material Properties You then need to specify material properties: In the 'Preprocessor' menu select Material Props > Material Models... Double click Structural > Linear > Elastic and select 'Isotropic' (double click on it) Close the 'Define Material Model Behavior' Window. We are going to give the properties of Aluminum. Enter the following field:
EX 70000 PRXY 0.33
Set these properties and click on 'OK'. 7. Mesh Size In the Preprocessor menu select Meshing > Size Cntrls > ManualSize > Lines > All Lines In the size 'SIZE' field, enter the desired element length. For this example we want an element length of 2cm, therefore, enter '20' (i.e 20mm) and then click 'OK'. Note that we have not yet meshed the geometry, we have simply defined the element sizes. (Alternatively, we could enter the number of divisions we want in the line. For an element length of 2cm, we would enter 25 [ie 25 divisions]). NOTE It is not necessary to mesh beam elements to obtain the correct solution. However, meshing is done in this case so that we can obtain results (ie stress, displacement) at intermediate positions on the beam. 8. Mesh Now the frame can be meshed. In the 'Preprocessor' menu select Meshing > Mesh > Lines and click 'Pick All' in the 'Mesh Lines' Window 9. Saving Your Work Utility Menu > File > Save as.... Select the name and location where you want to save your file.
4. Solving the System We now tell ANSYS to find the solution: Solution > Solve > Current LS
The maximum deflection occurs at the end of the rod and was found to be 6.2mm as shown above. Stress:
The maximum stress occurs at the base of the rod and was found to be 64.9MPa as shown above (pure bending stress). 2. Results Using ANSYS Copyright 2001 University of Alberta
University of Alberta ANSYS Tutorials - www.mece.ualberta.ca/tutorials/ansys/BT/Bike/Bike.html Deformation from the Main Menu select General Postproc from the 'ANSYS Main Menu'. In this menu you will find a variety of options, the two which we will deal with now are 'Plot Results' and 'List Results' Select Plot Results > Deformed Shape. Select 'Def + undef edge' and click 'OK' to view both the deformed and the undeformed object.
Observe the value of the maximum deflection in the upper left hand corner (shown here surrounded by a blue border for emphasis). This is identical to that obtained via hand calculations. Deflection For a more detailed version of the deflection of the beam, From the 'General Postproc' menu select Plot results > Contour Plot > Nodal Solution. Select 'DOF solution' and 'USUM'. Leave the other selections as the default values. Click 'OK'.
You may want to have a more useful scale, which can be accomplished by going to the Utility Menu and selecting Plot Controls > Style > Contours > Uniform Contours The deflection can also be obtained as a list as shown below. General Postproc > List Results > Nodal Solution ... select 'DOF Solution' and 'ALL DOFs' from the lists in the 'List Nodal Solution' window and click 'OK'. This means that we want to see a listing of all translational and rotational degrees of freedom from the solution. If we had only wanted to see the displacements for example, we would have chosen 'ALL Us' instead of 'ALL DOFs'.
Are these results what you expected? Again, the maximum deflection occurs at node 2, the right end of the rod. Also note that all the rotational and translational degrees of freedom were constrained to zero at node 1. If you wanted to save these results to a file, use the mouse to go to the 'File' menu (at the upper lefthand corner of this list window) and select 'Save as'. Stresses For line elements (ie beams, spars, and pipes) you will need to use the Element Table to gain access to derived data (ie stresses, strains). From the General Postprocessor menu select Element Table > Define Table... Click on 'Add...'
As shown above, in the 'Item,Comp' boxes in the above window, select 'Stress' and 'von Mises SEQV' Click on 'OK' and close the 'Element Table Data' window. Plot the Stresses by selecting Plot Elem Table in the Element Table Menu The following window will appear. Ensure that 'SEQV' is selected and click 'OK'
If you changed the contour intervals for the Displacement plot to "User Specified" you may need to switch this back to "Auto calculated" to obtain new values for VMIN/VMAX. Utility Menu > PlotCtrls > Style > Contours > Uniform Contours ...
Again, select more appropriate intervals for the contour plot List the Stresses From the 'Element Table' menu, select 'List Elem Table' From the 'List Element Table Data' window which appears ensure 'SEQV' is highlighted Click 'OK' Note that a maximum stress of 64.914 MPa occurs at the fixed end of the beam as predicted analytically. Bending Moment Diagrams To further verify the simplified model, a bending moment diagram can be created. First, let's look at how ANSYS defines each element. Pipe 16 has 2 nodes; I and J, as shown in the following image.
To obtain the bending moment for this element, the Element Table must be used. The Element Table contains most of the data for the element including the bending moment data for each element at Node I and Node J. First, we need to obtain obtain the bending moment data. General Postproc > Element Table > Define Table... . Click 'Add...'.
In the window, A. Enter IMoment as the 'User label for item' - this will give a name to the data B. Select 'By sequence num' in the Item box C. Select 'SMISC' in the first Comp box D. Enter SMISC,6 in the second Comp box E. Click 'OK' This will save all of the bending moment data at the left hand side (I side) of each element. Now we need to find the bending moment data at the right hand side (J side) of each element. Again, click 'Add...' in the 'Element Table Data' window. A. Enter JMoment as the 'User label for item' - again, this will give a name to the data B. Same as above C. Same as above D. For step D, enter SMISC,12 in the second Comp box E. Click 'OK' Click 'Close' in the 'Element Table Data' window and close the 'Element Table' Menu. Select Plot Results > Contour Plot > Line Elem Res...
From the 'Plot Line-Element Results' window, select 'IMOMENT' from the pull down menu for Copyright 2001 University of Alberta
University of Alberta ANSYS Tutorials - www.mece.ualberta.ca/tutorials/ansys/BT/Bike/Bike.html LabI, and 'JMOMENT' from the pull down menu for LabJ. Click 'OK'. Note again that you can modify the intervals for the contour plot.
Now, you can double check these solutions analytically. Note that the line between the I and J point is a linear interpolation. Before the explanation of the above steps, enter help pipe16 in the command line as shown below and then hit enter.
Briefly read the ANSYS documentation which appears, pay particular attention to the Tables near the end of the document (shown below). Table 1. PIPE16 Item, Sequence Numbers, and Definitions for the ETABLE Commands node I name MFORX MFORY MFORZ MMOMX MMOMY MMOMZ item SMISC SMISC SMISC SMISC SMISC SMISC e 1 2 3 4 5 6 Definition Member forces at the node Member moments at the node
University of Alberta ANSYS Tutorials - www.mece.ualberta.ca/tutorials/ansys/BT/Bike/Bike.html Note that SMISC 6 (which we used to obtain the values at node I) correspond to MMOMZ - the Member moment for node I. The value of 'e' varies with different Element Types, therefore you must check the ANSYS Documentation files for each element to determine the appropriate SMISC corresponding to the plot you wish to generate.
! Element Type = pipe 16 ! This is the changed option to give the extra force and moment ou ! Real Constant, Material 1, Outside Diameter, Wall thickness ! Material Properties, Young's Modulus, Material 1, 70000 MPa ! Material Properties, Major Poisson's Ratio, Material 1, 0.33 ! ! ! ! ! Element sizes, all of the lines, 20 mm Mesh the lines Exit preprocessor Solution The type of analysis (static)
! Apply a Displacement to Keypoint 1 to all DOF ! Apply a Force to Keypoint 2 of -100 N in the y direction ! Solve the problem
Note that you have now finished Postprocessing and the Solution Phase with just these few lines of code. There are codes to complete the Postprocessing but we will review these later.
Bicycle Example
Now we will return to the analysis of the bike frame. The steps which you completed in the verification example will not be explained in great detail, therefore use the verification example as a reference as required. We will be combining the use of the Graphic User Interface (GUI) with the use of command lines. Recall the geometry and dimensions of the bicycle frame:
4. Enter Keypoints For this space frame example, these keypoints are the frame vertices. We are going to define 6 keypoints for this structure as given in the following table (these keypoints are depicted by the circled numbers in the above figure): coordinate x y z
keypoint
x1 y2 x1 x2 x2 0 0 0
Now instead of using the GUI window we are going to enter code into the 'command line'. First, open the 'Preprocessor Menu' from the 'ANSYS Main Menu'. The preprocessor menu has to be open in order for the preprocessor commands to be recognized. Alternatively, you can type /PREP7 into the command line. The command line format required to enter a keypoint is as follows:
K, NPT, X, Y, Z
For a more detailed explanation, type help k into the command line For example, to enter the first keypoint type:
K,1,0,y1,0
into the command line followed by Enter. As with any programming language, you may need to add comments. The exclamation mark indicates that anything following it is commented out. ie - for the second keypoint you might type:
K,2,0,y2,0 ! keypoint, #, x=0, y=y2, z=0
Enter the 4 remaining keypoints (listed in the table above) using the command line Now you may want to check to ensure that you entered all of the keypoints correctly: Utility Menu > List > Keypoints > Coordinates only (Alternatively, type 'KLIST' into the command line)
If there are any keypoints which need to be re-entered, simply re-enter the code. A previously defined keypoint of the same number will be redefined. However, if there is one that needs to be deleted simply enter the following code: Copyright 2001 University of Alberta
where # corresponds to the number of the keypoint. In this example, we defined the keypoints by making use of previously defined variables like y1 = 325. This was simply used for convenience. To define keypoint #1, for example, we could have alternatively used the coordinates x = 0, y = 325, z = 0. 5. Changing Orientation of the Plot To get a better view of our view of our model, we'll view it in an isometric view: Select Utility menu bar > PlotCtrls > Pan, Zoom, Rotate...' In the window that appears (shown left), you have many controls. Try experimenting with them. By turning on the dynamic mode (click on the checkbox beside 'Dynamic Mode') you can use the mouse to drag the image, translating and rotating it on all three axes. To get an isometric view, click on 'Iso' (at the top right). You can either leave the 'Pan, Zoom, Rotate' window open and move it to an empty area on the screen, or close it if your screen is already cluttered.
6. Create Lines We will be joining the following keypoints together: line 1 2 3 keypoint 1st 2nd 1 2 3 2 3 4 Again, we will use the command line to create the lines. The command format to crea straight line looks like:
L, P1, P2 Line, Keypoint at the beginning of the line, Keypoint at the end o
For example, to obtain the first line, I would write: ' L,1,2 '
University of Alberta ANSYS Tutorials - www.mece.ualberta.ca/tutorials/ansys/BT/Bike/Bike.html Note: unlike 'Keypoints', 'Lines' will automatically assign themselves the next availab reference number.
4 5 6 7 8
1 3 4 3 4
4 5 5 6 6
Enter the remaining lines until you get a picture like that shown below. Again, check to ensure that you entered all of the lines correctly: type ' LLIST ' into the command line If there are any lines which need to be changed, delete the line by typing the following code: ' LDELE,# ' where # corresponds to the reference number of the line. (This can be obtained from the list of lines). And then re-enter the line (note: a new reference number will be assigned) You should obtain the following:
7. Define the Type of Element Preprocessor > Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete > Add As in the verification model, define the type of element (pipe16). As in the verification model, don't forget to change Option K6 'Include Output' to obtain extra force and moment output. 8. Define Geometric Properties Preprocessor > Real Constants > Add/Edit/Delete Now specify geometric properties for the elements Copyright 2001 University of Alberta
9. Element Material Properties To set Young's Modulus and Poisson's ratio, we will again use the command line. (ensure that the preprocessor menu is still open - if not open it by clicking Preprocessor in the Main Menu)
MP, LAB, MAT, C0 Material Property,Valid material property label, Material Reference Number, v
To enter the Elastic Modulus (LAB = EX) of 70000 MPa, type: ' MP,EX,1,70000 ' To set Poisson's ratio (PRXY), type ' MP,PRXY,1,0.33 ' 10. Mesh Size As in the verification model, set the element length to 20 mm Preprocessor > Meshing > Size Cntrls > ManualSize > Lines > All Lines 11. Mesh Now the frame can be meshed. In the 'Preprocessor' menu select 'Mesh' > 'Lines' and click 'Pick All' in the 'Mesh Lines' Window Saving Your Job Utility Menu > File > Save as...
Not all of the fields are required for this example, therefore when entering the code certain fields will be empty. For example, to pin the first keypoint enter:
DK,1,UX,0,,,UY,UZ
The DOF labels for translation motion are: UX, UY, UZ. Note that the 5th and 6th fields are empty. These Copyright 2001 University of Alberta
University of Alberta ANSYS Tutorials - www.mece.ualberta.ca/tutorials/ansys/BT/Bike/Bike.html correspond to 'value2' and 'the Expansion key' which are not required for this constraint. Also note that all three of the translational DOFs were constrained to 0. The DOFs can only be contrained in 1 command line if the value is the same. To apply the contraints to Keypoint 5, the command line code is:
DK,5,UY,0,,,UZ
Note that only UY and UZ are contrained to 0. UX is not constrained. Again, note that the 5th and 6th fields are empty because they are not required. Apply the constraints to the other rear wheel location (Keypoint 6 - UY and UZ). Now list the constraints ('DKLIST') and verify them against the following:
If you need to delete any of the constraints use the following command: 'DKDELE, K, Lab' (ie 'DKDELE,1,UZ' would delete the constraint in the 'z' direction for Keypoint 1) 3. Apply Loads We will apply vertical downward loads of 600N at the seat post location (keypoint 3) and 200N at the pedal crank location (keypoint 4). We will use the command line to define these loading conditions.
FK, KPOI, Lab, value, value2 Force loads at keypoints, K #, Force Label directions (FX, FY, FZ), value1, value2 (i
To apply a force of 600N downward at keypoint 3, the code should look like this: ' FK,3,FY,-600 ' Apply both the forces and list the forces to ensure they were inputted correctly (FKLIST). If you need to delete one of the forces, the code looks like this: 'FKDELE, K, Lab' (ie 'FKDELE,3,FY' would delete the force in the 'y' direction for Keypoint 3) The applied loads and constraints should now appear as shown below.
You may want to try plotting this from different angles to get a better idea what's going on by using the 'Pan-Zoom-Rotate' menu that was earlier outlined. Try the 'Front' view button (Note that the views of 'Front', 'Left', 'Back', etc depend on how the object was first defined). Your screen should look like the plot below:
2. Deflections
University of Alberta ANSYS Tutorials - www.mece.ualberta.ca/tutorials/ansys/BT/Bike/Bike.html Now let's take a look at some actual deflections in the frame. The deflections have been calculated at the nodes of the model, so the first thing we'll do is plot out the nodes and node numbers, so we know what node(s) we're after. Go to Utility menu > PlotCtrls > Numbering... and turn on 'Node numbers'. Turn everything else off. Note the node numbers of interest. Of particular interest are those nodes where the constraints were applied to see if their displacements/rotations were indeed fixed to zero. Also note the node numbers of the seat and crank locations. List the Nodal Deflections (Main Menu > General Postproc > List Results > Nodal Solution...'). Are the displacements and rotations as you expected? Plot the deflection as well. General Postproc > Plot Results > (-Contour Plot-) Nodal Solution select 'DOF solution' and 'USUM' in the window
Don't forget to use more useful intervals. 3. Element Forces We could also take a look at the forces in the elements in much the same way: Select 'Element Solution...' from the 'List Results' menu. Select 'Nodal force data' and 'All forces' from the lists displayed. Click on 'OK'. For each element in the model, the force/moment values at each of the two nodes per element will be displayed. Close this list window when you are finished browsing.
University of Alberta ANSYS Tutorials - www.mece.ualberta.ca/tutorials/ansys/BT/Bike/Bike.html Then close the 'List Results' menu. 4. Stresses As shown in the cantilever beam example, use the Element Table to gain access to derived stresses. General Postproc > Element Table > Define Table ... Select 'Add' Select 'Stress' and 'von Mises' Element Table > Plot Elem Table
Again, select appropriate intervals for the contour plot 5. Bending Moment Diagrams As shown previously, the bending moment diagram can be produced. Select Element Table > Define Table... to define the table (remember SMISC,6 and SMISC,12) And, Plot Results > Line Elem Res... to plot the data from the Element Table
Quitting ANSYS
To quit ANSYS, select 'QUIT' from the ANSYS Toolbar or select 'Utility Menu'/'File'/'Exit...'. In the dialog box that appears, click on 'Save Everything' (assuming that you want to) and then click on 'OK'.
Problem Description
The problem to be modeled in this example is a simple bracket shown in the following figure. This bracket is to be built from a 20 mm thick steel plate. A figure of the plate is shown below.
This plate will be fixed at the two small holes on the left and have a load applied to the larger hole on the right.
Verification Example
The first step is to simplify the problem. Whenever you are trying out a new analysis type, you need something (ie analytical solution or experimental data) to compare the results to. This way you can be sure that you've gotten the correct analysis type, units, scale factors, etc. The simplified version that will be used for this problem is that of a flat rectangular plate with a hole shown in the following figure:
Fill in the window as shown above. This will create a rectangle where the bottom left corner has the coordinates 0,0,0 and the top right corner has the coordinates 200,100,0. (Alternatively, the command line code for the above command is BLC4,0,0,200,100) b. Create the circle Preprocessor > Create > (-Areas-) Circle > Solid Circle
Fill in the window as shown above. This will create a circle where the center has the
University of Alberta ANSYS Tutorials - www.mece.ualberta.ca/tutorials/ansys/BT/Bracket/Bracket.html coordinates 100,50,0 (the center of the rectangle) and the radius of the circle is 20 mm. (Alternatively, the command line code for the above command is CYL4,100,50,20 ) c. Subtraction Now we want to subtract the circle from the rectangle. Prior to this operation, your image should resemble the following:
To perform the Boolean operation, from the Preprocessor menu select: (-Modeling-) Operate > (-Booleans-) Subtract > Areas > At this point a 'Subtract Areas' window will pop up and the ANSYS Input window will display the following message: [ASBA] Pick or enter base areas from which to subtract (as shown below)
Therefore, select the base area (the rectangle) by clicking on it. Note: The selected area will turn pink once it is selected. The following window may appear because there are 2 areas at the location you clicked.
Ensure that the entire rectangular area is selected (otherwise click 'Next') and then click 'OK'. Click 'OK' on the 'Subtract Areas' window. Now you will be prompted to select the areas to be subtracted, select the circle by clicking on it and then click 'OK'. You should now have the following model:
(Alternatively, the command line code for the above step is ASBA,1,2) 3. Define the Type of Element It is now necessary to define the type of element to use for our problem: Preprocessor Menu > Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete Add the following type of element: Solid (under the Structural heading) and the Quad 82 element, as shown in the above figure.
PLANE82 is a higher order version of the two-dimensional, four-node element (PLANE42). PLANE82 is an eight noded quadrilateral element which is better suited to model curved boundaries. For this example, we need a plane stress element with thickness, therefore Click on the 'Options...' button. Click and hold the K3 button, and select 'Plane strs w/thk', as shown below.
(Alternatively, the command line code for the above step is ET,1,PLANE82 followed by KEYOPT,1,3,3) 4. Define Geometric Properties As in previous examples Preprocessor menu > Real Constants > Add/Edit/Delete Enter a thickness of 20 as shown in the figure below. This defines a plate thickness of 20mm)
University of Alberta ANSYS Tutorials - www.mece.ualberta.ca/tutorials/ansys/BT/Bracket/Bracket.html (Alternatively, the command line code for the above step is R,1,20) 5. Element Material Properties As shown in previous examples, select Preprocessor > Material Props > Material models > Structural > Linear > Elastic > Isotropic We are going to give the properties of Steel. Enter the following when prompted:
EX 200000 PRXY 0.3
(Alternatively, the command line code for the above step is MP,EX,1,200000 followed by
MP,PRXY,1,0.3)
6. Mesh Size To tell ANSYS how big the elements should be, Preprocessor > (-Meshing-) Size Cntrls > (-Areas-) All Areas
Select an element edge length of 25. We will return later to determine if this was adequate for the problem. (Alternatively, the command line code for the above step is AESIZE,ALL,25,) 7. Mesh Now the frame can be meshed. In the 'Preprocessor' menu select Mesh > (-Areas-) Free and select the area when prompted (Alternatively, the command line code for the above step is AMESH,ALL) You should now have the following:
Saving Your Job Utility Menu > File > Save as...
This location is fixed which means that all DOF's are constrained. Therefore, select 'All DOF' by clicking on it and enter '0' in the Value field as shown above. You will see some blue triangles in the graphics window indicating the displacement contraints. (Alternatively, the command line code for the above step is DL,4,,ALL,0) 3. Apply Loads As shown in the diagram, there is a load of 20N/mm distributed on the right hand side of the plate. To apply this load: Solution > (-Loads-) Apply > (-Structural-) Pressure > On Lines When the window appears, select the line along the right hand edge of the plate and click 'OK' Calculate the pressure on the plate end by dividing the distributed load by the thickness of the plate (1 MPa). Fill in the "Apply PRES on lines" window as shown below. NOTE: The pressure is uniform along the surface of the plate, therefore the last field is left blank. The pressure is acting away from the surface of the plate, and is therefore defined as a negative pressure.
The applied loads and constraints should now appear as shown below.
University of Alberta ANSYS Tutorials - www.mece.ualberta.ca/tutorials/ansys/BT/Bracket/Bracket.html the plate is therefore expected to be greater but in the same range of magnitude. Stress: The maximum stress occurs at the top and bottom of the hole in the plate and was found to be 3.9 MPa. 2. Convergence using ANSYS At this point we need to find whether or not the final result has converged. We will do this by looking at the deflection and stress at particular nodes while changing the size of the meshing element. Since we have an analytical solution for the maximum stress point, we will check the stress at this point. First we need to find the node corresponding to the top of the hole in the plate. First plot and number the nodes Utility Menu > Plot > Nodes Utility Menu > PlotCtrls > Numbering... The plot should look similar to the one shown below. Make a note of the node closest to the top of the circle (ie. #49)
List the stresses (General Postproc > List Results > Nodal Solution > Stress, Principals SPRIN) and check the SEQV (Equivalent Stress / von Mises Stress) for the node in question. (as shown below in red)
The equivalent stress was found to be 2.9141 MPa at this point. We will use smaller elements to try to get a more accurate solution. Resize Elements a. To change the element size, we need to go back to the Preprocessor Menu Preprocessor > (-Meshing-) Size Cntrls > All Areas now decrease the element edge length (ie 20) b. Now remesh the model (Preprocessor > Mesh > (-Areas-) Free). Once you have selected the area and clicked 'OK' the following window will appear:
c. Click 'OK'. This will remesh the model using the new element edge length. d. Solve the system again (note that the constraints need not be reapplied). ( Solution Menu > Current LS ) Repeat steps 'a' through 'd' until the model has converged. (note - the number of the node at the top
University of Alberta ANSYS Tutorials - www.mece.ualberta.ca/tutorials/ansys/BT/Bracket/Bracket.html of the hole has most likely changed. It is essential that you plot the nodes again to select the appropriate node). Plot the stress/deflection at varying mesh sizes as shown below to confirm that convergence has occured.
Note the shapes of both the deflection and stress curves. As the number of elements in the mesh increases (ie - the element edge length decreases), the values converge towards a final solution. The von Mises stress at the top of the hole in the plate was found to be approximatly 3.8 MPa. This is a mere 2.5% difference between the analytical solution and the solution found using ANSYS. The approximate maximum displacement was found to be 0.0012 mm, this is 20% greater than the analytical solution. However, the analytical solution does not account for the large hole in the center of the plate which was expected to significantly increase the deflection at the end of the plate. Therefore, the results using ANSYS were determined to be appropriate for the verification model. 3. Deformation General Postproc > Plot Results > Deformed Shape > Def + undeformd to view both the deformed and the undeformed object.
Observe the locations of deflection. 4. Deflection General Postproc > Plot Results > Nodal Solution... Then select DOF solution, USUM in the window.
Alternatively, obtain these results as a list. (General Postproc > List Results > Nodal Solution...)
University of Alberta ANSYS Tutorials - www.mece.ualberta.ca/tutorials/ansys/BT/Bracket/Bracket.html Are these results what you expected? Note that all translational degrees of freedom were constrained to zero at the left end of the plate. 5. Stresses General Postproc > Plot Results > Nodal Solution... Then select Stress, von Mises in the window.
You can list the von Mises stresses to verify the results at certain nodes General Postproc > List Results. Select Stress, Principals SPRIN
Bracket Example
Now we will return to the analysis of the bracket. A combination of GUI and the Command line will be used for this example. The problem to be modeled in this example is a simple bracket shown in the following figure. This bracket is to be built from a 20 mm thick steel plate. A figure of the plate is shown below.
This plate will be fixed at the two small holes on the left and have a load applied to the larger hole on the right.
Therefore, the command line for this rectangle is BLC4,0,0,80,100 b. Create the circular end on the right hand side The center of the circle is located at (80,50) and has a radius of 50 mm The following code is used to create a circular area:
Therefore, the command line for this circle is CYL4,80,50,50 c. Now create a second and third circle for the left hand side using the following dimensions: parameter circle 2 circle 3 XCENTER 0 YCENTER 20 RADIUS 20 0 80 20
d. Create a rectangle on the left hand end to fill the gap between the two small circles. XCORNER -20 YCORNER 20 WIDTH HEIGHT Your screen should now look like the following... 20 60
e. Boolean Operations - Addition We now want to add these five discrete areas together to form one area.
University of Alberta ANSYS Tutorials - www.mece.ualberta.ca/tutorials/ansys/BT/Bracket/Bracket.html To perform the Boolean operation, from the Preprocessor menu select: Operate > -Booleans- Add > Areas > In the 'Add Areas' window, click on 'Pick All' (Alternatively, the command line code for the above step is AADD,ALL) You should now have the following model:
f. Create the Bolt Holes We now want to remove the bolt holes from this plate. Create the three circles with the parameters given below: parameter circle 1 circle 2 circle 3 WP X WP Y radius 80 50 30 0 20 10 0 80 10
Now select Preprocessor > (-Modeling-) Operate > (-Booleans-) Subtract > Areas . Select the base areas from which to subract (the large plate that was created) Next select the three circles that we just created. Click on the three circles that you just Copyright 2001 University of Alberta
University of Alberta ANSYS Tutorials - www.mece.ualberta.ca/tutorials/ansys/BT/Bracket/Bracket.html created and click 'OK'. (Alternatively, the command line code for the above step is ASBA,6,ALL) Now you should have the following:
3. Define the Type of Element As in the verification model, PLANE82 will be used for this example Preprocessor > Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete Use the 'Options...' button to get a plane stress element with thickness (Alternatively, the command line code for the above step is ET,1,PLANE82 followed by KEYOPT,1,3,3) Under the Extra Element Output K5 select nodal stress. 4. Define Geometric Contants Preprocessor > Real Constants > Add/Edit/Delete Enter a thickness of 20mm. (Alternatively, the command line code for the above step is R,1,20) 5. Element Material Properties
University of Alberta ANSYS Tutorials - www.mece.ualberta.ca/tutorials/ansys/BT/Bracket/Bracket.html Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Library > Structural > Linear > Elastic > Isotropic We are going to give the properties of Steel. Enter the following when prompted:
EX 200000 PRXY 0.3
(The command line code for the above step is MP,EX,1,200000 followed by MP,PRXY,1,0.3) 6. Mesh Size Preprocessor > (-Meshing-) Size Cntrls > (-Areas-) All Areas Select an element edge length of 5. Again, we will need to make sure the model has converged. (Alternatively, the command line code for the above step is AESIZE,ALL,5,) 7. Mesh 'Preprocessor' > 'Mesh' > (-Areas-) 'Free' and select the area when prompted (Alternatively, the command line code for the above step is AMESH,ALL)
Saving Your Job Utility Menu > File > Save as...
University of Alberta ANSYS Tutorials - www.mece.ualberta.ca/tutorials/ansys/BT/Bracket/Bracket.html You have now defined your model. It is now time to apply the load(s) and constraint(s) and solve the the resulting system of equations. 1. Define Analysis Type 'Solution' > 'New Analysis' and select 'Static'. (Alternatively, the command line code for the above step is ANTYPE,0) 2. Apply Constraints As illustrated, the plate is fixed at both of the smaller holes on the left hand side. Solution > (-Loads-) Apply > (-Structural-) Displacement > On Nodes Instead of selecting one node at a time, you have the option of creating a box, polygon, or circle of which all the nodes in that area will be selected. For this case, select 'circle' as shown in the window below. (You may want to zoom in to select the points Utilty Menu / PlotCtrls / Pan, Zoom, Rotate...) Click at the center of the bolt hole and drag the circle out so that it touches all of the nodes on the border of the hole.
Click on 'Apply' in the 'Apply U,ROT on Lines' window and constrain all DOF's in the 'Apply U,ROT on Nodes' window. Repeat for the second bolt hole. 3. Apply Loads
University of Alberta ANSYS Tutorials - www.mece.ualberta.ca/tutorials/ansys/BT/Bracket/Bracket.html As shown in the diagram, there is a single vertical load of 1000N, at the bottom of the large bolt hole. Apply this force to the respective keypoint ( Solution > (-Loads-) Apply > (-Structural-) Force/Moment > On Keypoints Select a force in the y direction of -1000) The applied loads and constraints should now appear as shown below.
Observe the locations of deflection. Ensure that the deflection at the bolt hole is indeed 0. 3. Deflection
Alternatively, obtain these results as a list. (General Postproc > List Results > Nodal Solution...) Are these results what you expected? Note that all translational degrees of freedom were constrained to zero at the bolt holes. Copyright 2001 University of Alberta
University of Alberta ANSYS Tutorials - www.mece.ualberta.ca/tutorials/ansys/BT/Bracket/Bracket.html 4. Stresses General Postproc > Plot Results > Nodal Solution... Then select von Mises Stress in the window.
You can list the von Mises stresses to verify the results at certain nodes General Postproc > List Results. Select Stress, Principals SPRIN
Quitting ANSYS
To quit ANSYS, click 'QUIT' on the ANSYS Toolbar or select Utility Menu > File > Exit... In the window that appears, select 'Save Everything' (assuming that you want to) and then click 'OK'.
UofA ANSYS Tutorial Two Dimensional Truss Bicycle Space Frame Plane Stress Bracket Modeling Tools Solid Modeling
ANSYS UTILITIES
BASIC TUTORIALS
INTERMEDIATE TUTORIALS
ADVANCED TUTORIALS
POSTPROC. TUTORIALS
PRINTABLE VERSION
Index
ANSYS Inc.
3. Create a block at origin (0,0) with a width and height of 1 Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Areas > Rectangle > By 2 Corners...
blc4,0,0,1,1
4. Divide the area into 4 parts using 2 diagonal lines Create a line Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Lines > Lines > Straight Line Select the top left keypoint and draw the line to the bottom right keypoint by clicking on that keypoint Now divide the area into 2 areas using the line by selecting Preprocessor > Modeling > Operate > Booleans > Divide > Area by Line Select the area and click OK in the 'Divide Area by Line' window Now select the line and click OK in the 'Divide Area by Line' window The area is now divided into 2 as shown in the figure below. A warning may appear with the statement "Line 5 is attached to 2 area(s) and cannot be deleted. This is expected because the command which divides the area deletes the line used to create the area. However, in this case, the line is required to define the new areas. Click OK and ignore the warning.
Now we need to further divide the 2 areas to make 4 areas. Using the same method, create a line from the top right keypoint to the bottom left. Be sure to select both areas to divide, otherwise, you will have to create the line again to divide the second area. 5. Define the Type of Element Preprocessor > Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete... > Add... > Structural Mass, Solid > Quad 4node 42 For this problem we will use the PLANE42 (2D plane stress or plane strain) element. This element has 4 nodes each with 2 degrees of freedom(translation along the X and Y axes). Select Plane Stress with Thickness In the Element Types window, select Options... and in Element behavior select Plane strs w/thk Define Real Constants Preprocessor > Real Constants > Add/Edit/Delete > Add... > OK In the 'Real Constants for PLANE42' window, enter the thickness: 0.1 Define Element Material Properties Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models > Structural > Linear > Elastic > Isotropic In the window that appears, enter the following geometric properties for steel: i. Young's modulus EX: 200000 ii. Poisson's Ratio PRXY: 0.3 Define Mesh Size Preprocessor > Meshing > Size Cntrls > ManualSize > Lines > All Lines... To obtain the desired mesh we need to set NDIV to 2 Create a hardpoint Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Keypoints > Hard PT on line > Hard PT by ratio For demonstration purposes only, we are going to create a hardpoint on one of the diagonal lines. Select the bottom right diagonal line and enter a ratio of 0.41 This will ensure the creation of a node at a location 41% down the line Mesh the frame Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh > Areas > click 'Pick All'
amesh,all
The mesh should then appear as shown below. Note that the node is not at the midway point on the bottom right diagonal line due to the hardpoint.
2. Give example a Title Utility Menu > File > Change Title ...
/title, meshing a plate by copying elements
4. Define Keypoints Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Keypoints > In Active CS...
K,#,x,y,z
We are going to define 3 keypoints as given in the following table: Keypoint 1 2 3 Coordinates (x,y) (0,0) (1,0) (0.5,0.5)
5. Create Area Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Areas > Arbitrary > Through KPs
a,k1,k2,k3...
We are going to define an area through keypoints 1,2,3. Select keypoints 1,2 and 3 and then select 'OK'. 6. Define the Type of Element Preprocessor > Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete... > Add... > Structural Mass, Solid > Quad 4node 42 As in the previous mesh, we will use the PLANE42 (2D plane stress or plane strain) element. This element has 4 nodes each with 2 degrees of freedom(translation along the X and Y axes). Select Plane Stress with Thickness In the Element Types window, select Options... and in Element behavior select Plane strs w/thk
Define Real Constants Preprocessor > Real Constants > Add/Edit/Delete > Add... > OK In the 'Real Constants for PLANE42' window, enter the thickness: 0.1 Define Element Material Properties Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models > Structural > Linear > Elastic > Isotropic In the window that appears, enter the following geometric properties for steel: i. Young's modulus EX: 200000 ii. Poisson's Ratio PRXY: 0.3 Define Mesh Size Preprocessor > Meshing > Size Cntrls > ManualSize > Lines > All Lines... To obtain the desired mesh we need to set NDIV to 2 Mesh the area Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh > Areas > click 'Pick All'
amesh,all
Mirror the geometry Create local coord system to mirror geom. Select: Utility Menu > WorkPlane > Local Coordinate Systems > Create Local CS > At specified Loc We are first going to mirror the geometry about the diagonal from node 1 to 4. Click on the lower left node (bottom corner) and select 'OK' As shown below, create a coordinate system rotated 45 degrees about Z
Next, mirror the geometry Select: Preprocessor > Modeling > Reflect > Areas Click 'Pick All' In the window that appears select X-Z plane Y and click 'OK'. This will mirror the geometry about the X-Z plane Use the same technique to obtain the full geometry Re-activate the global coordinate system
Utility Menu > WorkPlane > Change Active CS to > Global Cartesian
csys,0
Plot Elements Utility Menu > Plot > Elements Your mesh should now appear as follows:
However, you are not done! If you plot the node numbers you will note that some duplicate nodes exist (created in mirroring). Merge duplicate nodes/elements Preprocessor > Numbering Ctrls > Merge Items > All
nummrg,all
2. Give example a Title Utility Menu > File > Change Title ...
/title, meshing a plate by copying areas
4. Define Keypoints Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Keypoints > In Active CS...
K,#,x,y,z
We are going to define 7 keypoints as given in the following table: Keypoint 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Coordinates (x,y) (0,0) (0.5,0) (1,0) (0.75,0.25) (0.5,0.5) (0.25,0.25) (0.5,0.166667)
5. Create Area Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Areas > Arbitrary > Through KPs
a,k1,k2,k3...
Now we are going to define 3 areas; (1,2,7,6), (2,3,4,7), (4,5,6,7) 6. Mirror the geometry As shown in the previous section, create a local coordinate system and mirror the geometry Utility Menu > WorkPlane > Local Coordinate Systems > Create Local CS > At specified Loc Then, mirror the geometry, select: Preprocessor > Modeling > Reflect > Areas Do this twice to obtain the full geometry 7. Re-activate the global coordinate system Utility Menu > WorkPlane > Change Active CS to > Global Cartesian
csys,0
8. Glue the areas together Preprocessor > Modeling > Operate > Booleans > Glue > Areas
aglue,all
We need to glue the areas together so that the areas are attached but that the subdivided areas remain to give us the elements we want 9. Define the Type of Element Preprocessor > Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete... > Add... > Structural Mass, Solid > Quad 4node 42 As in the previous mesh, we will use the PLANE42 (2D plane stress or plane strain) element. This element has 4 nodes each with 2 degrees of freedom(translation along the X and Y axes). Select Plane Stress with Thickness In the Element Types window, select Options... and in Element behavior select Plane strs w/thk Define Real Constants Preprocessor > Real Constants > Add/Edit/Delete > Add... > OK In the 'Real Constants for PLANE42' window, enter the thickness: 0.1 Define Element Material Properties Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models > Structural > Linear > Elastic > Isotropic In the window that appears, enter the following geometric properties for steel: i. Young's modulus EX: 200000 ii. Poisson's Ratio PRXY: 0.3 Define Mesh Size Preprocessor > Meshing > Size Cntrls > ManualSize > Areas > All Areas... To obtain the desired mesh we need to set SIZE to 1 Mesh the area Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh > Areas > click 'Pick All'
amesh,all
Problem Description A
We will be creating a solid model of the pulley shown in the following figure.
Geometry Generation
Copyright 2001 University of Alberta
University of Alberta ANSYS Tutorials - www.mece.ualberta.ca/tutorials/ansys/BT/Solid/Solid.html We will create this model by first tracing out the cross section of the pulley and then sweeping this area about the y axis.
2. Add the Areas Main Menu > Preprocessor > (-Modeling-) Operate > (-Boolean-) Add > Areas
AADD, ALL
ANSYS will label the united area as AREA 4 and the previous three areas will be deleted. 3. Create the rounded edges using circles Preprocessor > (-Modeling-) Create > (-Areas-) Circle > Solid circles
CYL4,XCENTER,YCENTER,RAD
RADIUS
0.5
0.2
4. Subtract the large circle from the base Preprocessor > Operate > Subtract > Areas
ASBA,BASE,SUBTRACT
5. Copy the smaller circle for the rounded edges at the top Preprocessor > (-Modeling-) Copy > Areas Click on the small circle and then on OK. The following window will appear. It asks for the x,y and z offset of the copied area. Enter the y offset as 4.6 and then click OK.
Copy this new area now with an x offset of -0.5 You should obtain the following
6. Add the smaller circles to the large area. Preprocessor > Operate > Add > Areas
AADD,ALL
7. Fillet the inside edges of the top half of the area Preprocessor > Create > (-Lines-) Line Fillet Select the two lines shown below and click on OK.
The following window will appear prompting for the fillet radius. Enter 0.1
Follow the same procedure and create a fillet with the same radius between the following lines
8. Create the fillet areas As shown below, zoom into the fillet radius and plot and number the lines.
Preprocessor > (-Modeling-) Create > (-Areas-) Arbitrary > By Lines Select the lines as shown below
Repeat for the other fillet 9. Add all the areas together Preprocessor > Operate > Add > Areas
AADD,ALL
University of Alberta ANSYS Tutorials - www.mece.ualberta.ca/tutorials/ansys/BT/Solid/Solid.html Preprocessor > (-Modeling-) Operate > Extrude > (-Areas-) About axis You will first be prompted to select the areas to be swept so click on the area. Then you will be asked to enter or pick two keypoints defining the axis. Plot the Keypoints (Utility Menu > Plot > Keypoints. Then select the following two keypoints
The following window will appear prompting for sweeping angles. Click on OK.
Switch the view to top view and plot only keypoints. 2. Align the Working Plane with the Keypoints Utility Menu > WorkPlane > Align WP with > Keypoints + Select Keypoints 2001 then 2002 then 2003 IN THAT ORDER. The first keypoint (2001) defines the origin of the working plane coordinate system, the second keypoint (2002) defines the x-axis orientation, while the third (2003) defines the orientation of the working plane. The following warning will appear when selecting the keypoint at the origin as there are more than one in this location.
Just click on 'Next' until the one selected is 2001. Once you have selected the 3 keypoints and clicked 'OK' the WP symbol (green) should appear in the Graphics window. Another way to make sure the active WP has moves is: Utility Menu > WorkPlane > Show WP Status
note the origin of the working plane. By default those values would be 0,0,0. 3. Create a Cylinder (solid cylinder) with x=5.5 y=0 r=0.5 depth=1 You should see the following in the graphics screen
We will now copy this volume so that we repeat it every 45 degrees. Note that you must copy the cylinder before you use boolean operations to subtract it because you cannot copy an empty space. 4. We need to change active CS to cylindrical Y Utility Menu > WorkPlane > Change Active CS to > Global Cylindrical Y This will allow us to copy radially about the Y axis 5. Create 8 bolt Holes Preprocessor > Copy > Volumes Select the cylinder volume and click on OK. The following window will appear; fill in the blanks as shown,
Subtract the cylinders from the pulley hub (Boolean operations) to create the boltholes. This will result in the following completed structure:
Problem Description B
We will be creating a solid model of the Spindle Base shown in the following figure.
Geometry Generation
University of Alberta ANSYS Tutorials - www.mece.ualberta.ca/tutorials/ansys/BT/Solid/Solid.html We will create this model by creating the base and the back and then the rib.
2. Create the curved edge (using keypoints and lines to create an area) Create the following keypoints
Keypoint 5 Keypoint 6 Keypoint 7 Keypoint 8 X -20 -20 0 0 Y 82 20 82 20 Z 0 0 0 0
Create arcs joining the keypoints Main Menu > Preprocessor > (-Modeling-) Create > (-Lines-) Arcs > By End KPs & Rad Select keypoints 4 and 5 (either click on them or type 4,5 into the command line) when prompted. Select Keypoint 7 as the center-of-curvature when prompted. Enter the radius of the arc (20) in the 'Arc by End KPs & Radius' window Repeat to create an arc from keypoints 1 and 6 Copyright 2001 University of Alberta
University of Alberta ANSYS Tutorials - www.mece.ualberta.ca/tutorials/ansys/BT/Solid/Solid.html (Alternatively, type LARC,4,5,7,20 followed by LARC,1,6,8,20 into the command line) Create a line from Keypoint 5 to 6 Main Menu > Preprocessor > (-Modeling-) Create > (-Lines-) Lines > Straight Line
L,5,6
Create an Arbitrary area within the bounds of the lines Main Menu > Preprocessor > (-Modeling-) Create > (-Areas-) Arbitrary > By Lines
AL,4,5,6,7
Combine the 2 areas into 1 (to form Area 3) Main Menu > Preprocessor > (-Modeling-) Operate > (-Booleans-) Add > Volumes
AADD,1,2
3. Create the 4 holes in the base We will make use of the 'copy' feature in ANSYS to create all 4 holes Create the bottom left circle (XCENTER=0, YCENTER=20, RADIUS=10) Copy the area to create the bottom right circle (DX=69) (AGEN,# Copies (include original),Area#,Area2# (if 2 areas to be copied),DX,DY,DZ) Copy both circles to create the upper circles (DY=62) Subtract the three circles from the main base (ASBA,3,ALL) You should obtain the following: Copyright 2001 University of Alberta
4. Extrude the base Preprocessor > (-Modeling-) Operate > Extrude > (-Areas-) Along Normal The following window will appear once you select the area
Fill in the window as shown (length of extrusion = 26mm). Note, to extrude the area in the negative z direction you would simply enter -26. (Alternatively, type VOFFST,6,26 into the command line)
Y 102 2 102
Z 0 0 sqrt(3)/0.02
Align the working plane to the 3 keypoints Recall when defining the working plane; the first keypoint defines the origin, the second keypoint defines the x-axis orientation, while the third defines the orientation of the working plane. (Alternatively, type KWPLAN,1,100,101,102 into the command line) 2. Create the back area Create the base rectangle (XCORNER=0, YCORNER=0, WIDTH=102, HEIGHT=180) Create a circle to obtain the curved top (XCENTER=51, YCENTER=180, RADIUS=51) Add the 2 areas together 3. Extrude the area (length of extrusion = 26mm) Preprocessor > (-Modeling-) Operate > Extrude > (-Areas-) Along Normal
VOFFST,27,26
4. Add the base and the back together Add the two volumes together Preprocessor > (-Modeling-) Operate > (-Booleans-) Add > Volumes
VADD,1,2
Note that the planar areas between the two volumes were not added together. Copyright 2001 University of Alberta
University of Alberta ANSYS Tutorials - www.mece.ualberta.ca/tutorials/ansys/BT/Solid/Solid.html Add the planar areas together (don't forget the other side!) Preprocessor > (-Modeling-) Operate > (-Booleans-) Add > Areas
AADD, Area 1, Area 2, Area 3
5. Create the Upper Cylinder Create the outer cylinder (XCENTER=51, YCENTER=180, RADIUS=32, DEPTH=60) Preprocessor > (-Modeling-) Create > (-Volumes-) Cylinder > Solid Cylinder
CYL4,51,180,32, , , ,60
Add the volumes together Create the inner cylinder (XCENTER=51, YCENTER=180, RADIUS=18.5, DEPTH=60) Subtract the volumes to obtain a hole You should now have the following geometry:
#200
#201 #202
0 -20
61 61
26 30
Align the working plane to the 3 keypoints Recall when defining the working plane; the first keypoint defines the origin, the second keypoint defines the x-axis orientation, while the third defines the orientation of the working plane. (Alternatively, type KWPLAN,1,200,201,202 into the command line) 2. Change active coordinate system We now need to update the coordiante system to follow the working plane changes (ie make the new Work Plane origin the active coordinate) Utility Menu > WorkPlane > Change Active CS to > Working Plane
CSYS,4
3. Create the area Create the keypoints corresponding to the vertices of the rib
X 129-(0.57735*26) 129-(0.57735*26) + 38 Y 0 sqrt(3)/2*76 Z 0 0
#203 #204
Create the rib area through keypoints 200, 203, 204 Preprocessor > (-Modeling-) Create > (-Areas-) Arbitrary > Through KPs
A,200,203,204
4. Extrude the area (length of extrusion = 20mm) 5. Add the volumes together You should obtain the following:
Quitting ANSYS
To quit ANSYS, select 'QUIT' from the ANSYS Toolbar or select 'Utility Menu'/'File'/'Exit...'. In the dialog box that appears, click on 'Save Everything' (assuming that you want to) and then click on 'OK'.
3. Define Keypoints Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Keypoints > In Active CS...
K,#,x,y,z
We are going to define 2 keypoints for this beam as given in the following table: Keypoint Coordinates (x,y,z) 1 (0,0) 2 (1000,0) 4. Create Lines Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Lines > Lines > In Active Coord
L,1,2
Create a line joining Keypoints 1 and 2 5. Define the Type of Element Preprocessor > Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete... For this problem we will use the BEAM3 (Beam 2D elastic) element. This element has 3 degrees of freedom (translation along the X and Y axes, and rotation about the Z axis). 6. Define Real Constants Preprocessor > Real Constants... > Add... In the 'Real Constants for BEAM3' window, enter the following geometric properties: i. Cross-sectional area AREA: 500 ii. Area moment of inertia IZZ: 4166.67 iii. Total beam height: 10 This defines a beam with a height of 10 mm and a width of 50 mm. 7. Define Element Material Properties Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models > Structural > Linear > Elastic > Isotropic In the window that appears, enter the following geometric properties for steel: i. Young's modulus EX: 200000 ii. Poisson's Ratio PRXY: 0.3 8. Define Element Density Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models > Structural > Linear > Density In the window that appears, enter the following density for steel: i. Density DENS: 7.86e-6 9. Define Mesh Size Preprocessor > Meshing > Size Cntrls > ManualSize > Lines > All Lines... For this example we will use an element edge length of 100mm. 10. Mesh the frame Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh > Lines > click 'Pick All'
2. Apply Constraints Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On Keypoints Fix keypoint 1 (ie all DOF constrained) 3. Define Gravity It is necessary to define the direction and magnitude of gravity for this problem. Select Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Inertia > Gravity... The following window will appear. Fill it in as shown to define an acceleration of 9.81m/s2 in the y direction.
Note: Acceleration is defined in terms of meters (not 'mm' as used throughout the problem). This is because the units of acceleration and mass must be consistent to give the product of force units (Newtons in this case). Also note that a positive acceleration in the y direction stimulates gravity in the negative Y direction. There should now be a red arrow pointing in the positive y direction. This indicates that an acceleration has been defined in the y direction.
DK,1,ALL,0, ACEL,,9.8
The applied loads and constraints should now appear as shown in the figure below.
As observed in the upper left hand corner, the maximum displacement was found to be 5.777mm. This is in agreement with the theortical value.
2. Give example a Title Utility Menu > File > Change Title ...
/title, Distributed Loading
3. Create Keypoints Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Keypoints > In Active CS
K,#,x,y
We are going to define 2 keypoints (the beam vertices) for this structure as given in the following table: Keypoint Coordinates (x,y) 1 (0,0) 2 (1000,0) 4. Define Lines Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Lines > Lines > Straight Line
L,K#,K#
Create a line between Keypoint 1 and Keypoint 2. 5. Define Element Types Preprocessor > Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete... For this problem we will use the BEAM3 element. This element has 3 degrees of freedom (translation along the X and Y axis's, and rotation about the Z axis). With only 3 degrees of freedom, the BEAM3 element can only be used in 2D analysis. 6. Define Real Constants Preprocessor > Real Constants... > Add... In the 'Real Constants for BEAM3' window, enter the following geometric properties: i. Cross-sectional area AREA: 100 ii. Area Moment of Inertia IZZ: 833.333 iii. Total beam height HEIGHT: 10 This defines an element with a solid rectangular cross section 10mm x 10mm. 7. Define Element Material Properties Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models > Structural > Linear > Elastic > Isotropic In the window that appears, enter the following geometric properties for steel: i. Young's modulus EX: 200000 ii. Poisson's Ratio PRXY: 0.3 8. Define Mesh Size Preprocessor > Meshing > Size Cntrls > ManualSize > Lines > All Lines... For this example we will use an element length of 100mm. 9. Mesh the frame Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh > Lines > click 'Pick All'
10. Plot Elements Utility Menu > Plot > Elements You may also wish to turn on element numbering and turn off keypoint numbering Utility Menu > PlotCtrls > Numbering ...
2. Apply Constraints Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On Keypoints Pin Keypoint 1 (ie UX and UY constrained) and fix Keypoint 2 in the y direction (UY constrained). 3. Apply Loads We will apply a distributed load, of 1000 N/m or 1 N/mm, over the entire length of the beam. Select Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Pressure > On Beams Click 'Pick All' in the 'Apply F/M' window. As shown in the following figure, enter a value of 1 in the field 'VALI Pressure value at node I' then click 'OK'.
The applied loads and constraints should now appear as shown in the figure below.
Note:
To have the constraints and loads appear each time you select 'Replot' you must change some settings. Select Utility Menu > PlotCtrls > Symbols.... In the window that appears, select 'Pressures' in the pull down menu of the 'Surface Load Symbols' section.
2. Plot Principle stress distribution As shown previously, we need to use element tables to obtain principle stresses for line elements. 1. Select General Postproc > Element Table > Define Table 2. Click 'Add...' 3. In the window that appears a. enter 'SMAXI' in the 'User Label for Item' section b. In the first window in the 'Results Data Item' section scroll down and select 'By sequence num' c. In the second window of the same section, select 'NMISC, ' d. In the third window enter '1' anywhere after the comma 4. click 'Apply' 5. Repeat steps 2 to 4 but change 'SMAXI' to 'SMAXJ' in step 3a and change '1' to '3' in step 3d. 6. Click 'OK'. The 'Element Table Data' window should now have two variables in it. 7. Click 'Close' in the 'Element Table Data' window. 8. Select: General Postproc > Plot Results > Line Elem Res...
9. Select 'SMAXI' from the 'LabI' pull down menu and 'SMAXJ' from the 'LabJ' pull down menu Note: ANSYS can only calculate the stress at a single location on the element. For this example, we decided to extract the stresses from the I and J nodes of each element. These are the nodes that are at the ends of each element. For this problem, we wanted the principal stresses for the elements. For the BEAM3 element this is categorized as NMISC, 1 for the 'I' nodes and NMISC, 3 for the 'J' nodes. A list of available codes for each element can be found in the ANSYS help files. (ie. type help BEAM3 in the ANSYS Input window). As shown in the plot below, the maximum stress occurs in the middle of the beam with a value of 750 MPa.
There are several causes for nonlinear behaviour such as Changing Status (ex. contact elements), Material Nonlinearities and Geometric Nonlinearities (change in response due to large deformations). This tutorial will deal specifically with Geometric Nonlinearities . To solve this problem, the load will added incrementally. After each increment, the stiffness matrix will be adjusted before increasing the load. The solution will be compared to the equivalent solution using a linear response.
3. Define Lines Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Lines > Lines > Straight Line Create a line between Keypoint 1 and Keypoint 2. 4. Define Element Types Preprocessor > Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete... For this problem we will use the BEAM3 (Beam 2D elastic) element. This element has 3 degrees of freedom (translation along the X and Y axis's, and rotation about the Z axis). With only 3 degrees of freedom, the BEAM3 element can only be used in 2D analysis. 5. Define Real Constants Preprocessor > Real Constants... > Add... In the 'Real Constants for BEAM3' window, enter the following geometric properties: i. Cross-sectional area AREA: 0.03125 ii. Area Moment of Inertia IZZ: 4.069e-5 iii. Total beam height HEIGHT: 0.125 This defines an element with a solid rectangular cross section 0.25 x 0.125 inches. 6. Define Element Material Properties Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models > Structural > Linear > Elastic > Isotropic In the window that appears, enter the following geometric properties for steel: i. Young's modulus EX: 30e6 ii. Poisson's Ratio PRXY: 0.3 If you are wondering why a 'Linear' model was chosen when this is a non-linear example, it is because this example is for non-linear geometry, not non-linear material properties. If we were considering a block of wood, for example, we would have to consider non-linear material properties. 7. Define Mesh Size Preprocessor > Meshing > Size Cntrls > ManualSize > Lines > All Lines... For this example we will specify an element edge length of 0.1 " (50 element divisions along the line). 8. Mesh the frame Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh > Lines > click 'Pick All'
LMESH,ALL
2. Set Solution Controls Select Solution > Analysis Type > Sol'n Control... The following image will appear:
Ensure the following selections are made (as shown above) A. Ensure Large Static Displacements are permitted (this will include the effects of large deflection in the results) B. Ensure Automatic time stepping is on. Automatic time stepping allows ANSYS to determine appropriate sizes to break the load steps into. Decreasing the step size usually ensures better accuracy, however, this takes time. The Automatic Time Step feature will determine an appropriate balance. This feature also activates the ANSYS bisection feature which will allow recovery if convergence fails. C. Enter 5 as the number of substeps. This will set the initial substep to 1/5 th of the total load. The following example explains this: Assume that the applied load is 100 lb*in. If the Automatic Time Stepping was off, there would be 5 load steps (each increasing by 1/5 th of the total load): 20 lb*in 40 lb*in 60 lb*in 80 lb*in
100 lb*in Now, with the Automatic Time Stepping is on, the first step size will still be 20 lb*in. However, the remaining substeps will be determined based on the response of the material due to the previous load increment. D. Enter a maximum number of substeps of 1000. This stops the program if the solution does not converge after 1000 steps. E. Enter a minimum number of substeps of 1. F. Ensure all solution items are writen to a results file. NOTE There are several options which have not been changed from their default values. For more information about these commands, type help followed by the command into the command line. Function Load Step Command Comments KBC Loads are either linearly interpolated (ramped) from the one substep to another (ie - the load will increase from 10 lbs to 20 lbs in a linear fashion) or they are step functions (ie. the load steps directly from 10 lbs to 20 lbs). By default, the load is ramped. You may wish to use the stepped loading for rate-dependent behaviour or transient load steps. This command controls the solution data written to the database. By default, all of the solution items are written at the end of each load step. You may select only a specific iten (ie Nodal DOF solution) to decrease processing time. This command activates stress stiffness effects in nonlinear analyses. When large static deformations are permitted (as they are in this case), stress stiffening is automatically included. For some special nonlinear cases, this can cause divergence because some elements do not provide a complete consistent tangent. By default, the program will automatically choose the NewtonRaphson options. Options include the full Newton-Raphson, the modified Newton-Raphson, the previously computed matrix, and the full Newton-Raphson with unsymmetric matrices of elements.
Output
OUTRES
Stress Stiffness
SSTIF
Newton Raphson
NROPT
Convergence Values
CNVTOL By default, the program checks the out-of-balance load for any active DOF.
3. Apply Constraints Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On Keypoints Fix Keypoint 1 (ie all DOFs constrained). 4. Apply Loads
Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Force/Moment > On Keypoints Place a -100 lb*in moment in the MZ direction at the right end of the beam (Keypoint 2) 5. Solve the System Solution > Solve > Current LS
SOLVE
2. View the deflection contour plot General Postproc > Plot Results > Contour Plot > Nodal Solu... > DOF solution, UY
PLNSOL,U,Y,0,1
3. List Horizontal Displacement If this example is performed as a linear model there will be no nodal deflection in the horizontal direction due to the small deflections assumptions. However, this is not realistic for large deflections. Modeling the system non-linearly, these horizontal deflections are calculated by ANSYS. General Postproc > List Results > Nodal Solution...> DOF solution, UX
1. Title and Axis Labels The title of the graph is really just the time value of the last calculated iteration. In this example, the time at the end of the analysis was set to 1. This can be changed with the Time command before the Solve command is issued. For more information regarding setting the time value, and many other solution control option, see Chapter 8.5 of the Structural Analysis Guide in the Help file. The x-axis is labelled Cumulative Iteration Number. As ANSYS steps through non-linear analysis, it uses a solver (Newton-Raphson, etc) that iterates to find a solution. If the problem is relatively linear, very few iterations will be required and thus the length of the graph will be small. However, if the solution is highly non-linear, or is not converging, many iterations will be required. The length of the graph in these cases can be quite long. Again, for more information about changing iteration settings, you can see Chapter 8.5 in the help file. The y-axis is labelled Absolute Convergence Norm. In the case of a structural analysis, which this graph is taken from, this absolute convergence norm refers to non-normalized values (ie there are units associated with these values). Some analyses use normalized values. In reality it doesn't really matter because it is only a comparison that is going on. This is what will be explained next.
2. Curves and Legend As can be guessed from the legend labels, this graph relates to forces and moments. These values are graphed because they are the corresponding values in the solution vector for the DOF's that are active in the elements being used. If this graph were from a thermal analysis, the curves may be for temperature. For each parameter, there are two curves plotted. For ease of explanation, we will look at the force curves. The F CRIT curve refers to the convergence criteria force value. This value is equal to the product of VALUE x TOLER. The default value of VALUE is the square root of the sum of the squares (SRSS) of the applied loads, or MINREF (which defaults to 0.001), which ever is greater. This value can be changed using the CNVTOL command, which is discussed in the help file. The value of TOLER defaults to 0.5% for loads. One may inquire why the F CRIT value increases as the number of iterations increases. This is because the analysis is made up of a number of substeps. In the case of a structural example, such as this, these substeps are basically portions of the total load being applied over time. For instance, a 100N load broken up with 20 substeps means 20, 5N loads will be applied consequtively until the entire 100N is applied. Thus, the F CRIT value at the start will be 1/20th of the final F CRIT value. The F L2 curve refers to the L2 Vector Norm of the forces. The L2 norm is the SRSS of the force imbalances for all DOF's. In simpler terms, this is the SRSS of the difference between the calculated internal force at a particular DOF and the external force in that direction. For each substep, ANSYS iterates until the F L2 value is below the F CRIT value. Once this occurs, it is deemed the solution is within tolerance of the correct solution and it moves on to the next substep. Generally, when the curves peak this is the start of a new substep. As can be seen in the graph above, a peak follow everytime the L2 value drops below the CRIT value, as expected.
Buckling
Introduction
This tutorial was created using ANSYS 7.0 to solve a simple buckling problem. It is recommended that you complete the NonLinear Tutorial prior to beginning this tutorial Buckling loads are critical loads where certain types of structures become unstable. Each load has an associated buckled mode shape; this is the shape that the structure assumes in a buckled condition. There are two primary means to perform a buckling analysis: 1. Eigenvalue Eigenvalue buckling analysis predicts the theoretical buckling strength of an ideal elastic structure. It computes the structural eigenvalues for the given system loading and constraints. This is known as classical Euler buckling analysis. Buckling loads for several configurations are readily available from tabulated solutions. However, in real-life, structural imperfections and nonlinearities prevent most realworld structures from reaching their eigenvalue predicted buckling strength; ie. it over-predicts the expected buckling loads. This method is not recommended for accurate, real-world buckling prediction analysis. 2. Nonlinear Nonlinear buckling analysis is more accurate than eigenvalue analysis because it employs non-linear, large-deflection, static analysis to predict buckling loads. Its mode of operation is very simple: it gradually increases the applied load until a load level is found whereby the structure becomes unstable (ie. suddenly a very small increase in the load will cause very large deflections). The true non-linear nature of this analysis thus permits the modeling of geometric imperfections, load perterbations, material nonlinearities and gaps. For this type of analysis, note that small off-axis loads are necessary to initiate the desired buckling mode.
This tutorial will use a steel beam with a 10 mm X 10 mm cross section, rigidly constrained at the bottom. The required load to cause buckling, applied at the top-center of the beam, will be calculated.
2. Give example a Title Utility Menu > File > Change Title ...
3. Define Keypoints Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Keypoints > In Active CS ...
K,#,X,Y
We are going to define 2 Keypoints for this beam as given in the following table: Keypoints Coordinates (x,y) 1 (0,0) 2 (0,100) 4. Create Lines
Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Lines > Lines > In Active Coord
L,1,2
Create a line joining Keypoints 1 and 2 5. Define the Type of Element Preprocessor > Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete... For this problem we will use the BEAM3 (Beam 2D elastic) element. This element has 3 degrees of freedom (translation along the X and Y axes, and rotation about the Z axis). 6. Define Real Constants Preprocessor > Real Constants... > Add... In the 'Real Constants for BEAM3' window, enter the following geometric properties: i. Cross-sectional area AREA: 100 ii. Area moment of inertia IZZ: 833.333 iii. Total Beam Height HEIGHT: 10 This defines a beam with a height of 10 mm and a width of 10 mm. 7. Define Element Material Properties Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models > Structural > Linear > Elastic > Isotropic In the window that appears, enter the following geometric properties for steel: i. Young's modulus EX: 200000 ii. Poisson's Ratio PRXY: 0.3 8. Define Mesh Size Preprocessor > Meshing > Size Cntrls > ManualSize > Lines > All Lines... For this example we will specify an element edge length of 10 mm (10 element divisions along the line). 9. Mesh the frame Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh > Lines > click 'Pick All'
LMESH,ALL
2. Activate prestress effects To perform an eigenvalue buckling analysis, prestress effects must be activated. You must first ensure that you are looking at the unabridged solution menu so that you can select
Analysis Options in the Analysis Type submenu. The last option in the solution menu will either be 'Unabridged menu' (which means you are currently looking at the abridged version) or 'Abriged Menu' (which means you are looking at the unabridged menu). If you are looking at the abridged menu, select the unabridged version. Select Solution > Analysis Type > Analysis Options In the following window, change the [SSTIF][PSTRES] item to 'Prestress ON', which ensures the stress stiffness matrix is calculated. This is required in eigenvalue buckling analysis.
3. Apply Constraints Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On Keypoints Fix Keypoint 1 (ie all DOF constrained). 4. Apply Loads Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Force/Moment > On Keypoints The eignenvalue solver uses a unit force to determine the necessary buckling load. Applying a load other than 1 will scale the answer by a factor of the load. Apply a vertical (FY) point load of -1 N to the top of the beam (keypoint 2).
The applied loads and constraints should now appear as shown in the figure below.
6. Exit the Solution processor Close the solution menu and click FINISH at the bottom of the Main Menu.
FINISH
Normally at this point you enter the postprocessing phase. However, with a buckling analysis you must re-enter the solution phase and specify the buckling analysis. Be sure to close the solution menu and reenter it or the buckling analysis may not function properly. 7. Define Analysis Type Solution > Analysis Type > New Analysis > Eigen Buckling
ANTYPE,1
8. Specify Buckling Analysis Options Select Solution > Analysis Type > Analysis Options Complete the window which appears, as shown below. Select 'Block Lanczos' as an extraction method and extract 1 mode. The 'Block Lanczos' method is used for large symmetric eigenvalue problems and uses the sparse matrix solver. The 'Subspace' method could also be used, however it tends to converge slower as it is a more robust solver. In more complex analyses the Block Lanczos method may not be adequate and the Subspace method would have to be used.
10. Exit the Solution processor Close the solution menu and click FINISH at the bottom of the Main Menu.
FINISH
Again it is necessary to exit and re-enter the solution phase. This time, however, is for an expansion pass. An expansion pass is necessary if you want to review the buckled mode shape(s). 11. Expand the solution Select Solution > Analysis Type > Expansion Pass... and ensure that it is on. You may have to select the 'Unabridged Menu' again to make this option visible. Select Solution > Load Step Opts > ExpansionPass > Single Expand > Expand Modes ... Complete the following window as shown to expand the first mode
2. Display the Mode Shape Select General Postproc > Read Results > Last Set to bring up the data for the last mode calculated. Select General Postproc > Plot Results > Deformed Shape
2. Give example a Title Utility Menu > File > Change Title ...
3. Create Keypoints Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Keypoints > In Active CS
K,#,X,Y
We are going to define 2 keypoints (the beam vertices) for this structure to create a beam with a length of 100 millimeters: Keypoint Coordinates (x,y) 1 (0,0) 2 (0,100) 4. Define Lines Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Lines > Lines > Straight Line Create a line between Keypoint 1 and Keypoint 2.
L,1,2
5. Define Element Types Preprocessor > Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete... For this problem we will use the BEAM3 (Beam 2D elastic) element. This element has 3 degrees of freedom (translation along the X and Y axis's, and rotation about the Z axis). With only 3 degrees of freedom, the BEAM3 element can only be used in 2D analysis. 6. Define Real Constants Preprocessor > Real Constants... > Add... In the 'Real Constants for BEAM3' window, enter the following geometric properties: i. Cross-sectional area AREA: 100 ii. Area Moment of Inertia IZZ: 833.333 iii. Total beam height HEIGHT: 10 This defines an element with a solid rectangular cross section 10 x 10 millimeters. 7. Define Element Material Properties
Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models > Structural > Linear > Elastic > Isotropic In the window that appears, enter the following geometric properties for steel: i. Young's modulus EX: 200e3 ii. Poisson's Ratio PRXY: 0.3 8. Define Mesh Size Preprocessor > Meshing > Size Cntrls > Lines > All Lines... For this example we will specify an element edge length of 1 mm (100 element divisions along the line).
ESIZE,1
9. Mesh the frame Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh > Lines > click 'Pick All'
LMESH,ALL
2. Set Solution Controls Select Solution > Analysis Type > Sol'n Control... The following image will appear:
Ensure the following selections are made under the 'Basic' tab (as shown above)
A. Ensure Large Static Displacements are permitted (this will include the effects of large deflection in the results) B. Ensure Automatic time stepping is on. Automatic time stepping allows ANSYS to determine appropriate sizes to break the load steps into. Decreasing the step size usually ensures better accuracy, however, this takes time. The Automatic Time Step feature will determine an appropriate balance. This feature also activates the ANSYS bisection feature which will allow recovery if convergence fails. C. Enter 20 as the number of substeps. This will set the initial substep to 1/20 th of the total load. D. Enter a maximum number of substeps of 1000. This stops the program if the solution does not converge after 1000 steps. E. Enter a minimum number of substeps of 1. F. Ensure all solution items are writen to a results file. Ensure the following selection is made under the 'Nonlinear' tab (as shown below) A. Ensure Line Search is 'On'. This option is used to help the Newton-Raphson solver converge. B. Ensure Maximum Number of Iterations is set to 1000
NOTE There are several options which have not been changed from their default values. For more information about these commands, type help followed by the command into the command line.
3. Apply Constraints Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On Keypoints Fix Keypoint 1 (ie all DOFs constrained). 4. Apply Loads Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Force/Moment > On Keypoints Place a -50,000 N load in the FY direction on the top of the beam (Keypoint 2). Also apply a -250 N load in the FX direction on Keypoint 2. This horizontal load will persuade the beam to buckle at the minimum buckling load. The model should now look like the window shown below.
General Postproc > Plot Results > Deformed Shape... > Def + undeformed
PLDISP,1
View the deflection contour plot General Postproc > Plot Results > Contour Plot > Nodal Solu... > DOF solution, UY
PLNSOL,U,Y,0,1
As shown, you can obtain the results (such as deflection, stress and bending moment diagrams) the same way you did in previous examples using the General Postprocessor. However, you may wish to view time history results such as the deflection of the object over time. 1. Define Variables Select: Main Menu > TimeHist Postpro. The following window should open automatically.
If it does not open automatically, select Main Menu > TimeHist Postpro > Variable Viewer Click the add button in the upper left corner of the window to add a variable.
Double-click Nodal Solution > DOF Solution > Y-Component of displacement (as shown below) and click OK. Pick the uppermost node on the beam and click OK in the 'Node for Data' window.
To add another variable, click the add button again. This time select Reaction Forces > Structural Forces > Y-Component of Force. Pick the lowermost node on the beam and click OK. On the Time History Variable window, click the circle in the 'X-Axis' column for FY_3. This will make the reaction force the x-variable. The Time History Variables window should now look like this:
2. Graph Results over Time Click on UY_2 in the Time History Variables window. Click the graphing button in the Time History Variables window.
The labels on the plot are not updated by ANSYS, so you must change them manually. Select Utility Menu > Plot Ctrls > Style > Graphs > Modify Axes and re-label the X and Y-axis appropriately.
The plot shows how the beam became unstable and buckled with a load of approximately 40,000 N, the point where a large deflection occured due to a small increase in force. This is slightly less than the eigen-value solution of 41,123 N, which was expected due to non-linear geometry issues discussed above.
NonLinear Materials
Introduction
This tutorial was completed using ANSYS 7.0 The purpose of the tutorial is to describe how to include material nonlinearities in an ANSYS model. For instance, the case when a large force is applied resulting in a stresses greater than yield strength. In such a case, a multilinear stress-strain relationship can be included which follows the stress-strain curve of the material being used. This will allow ANSYS to more accurately model the plastic deformation of the material.
For this analysis, a simple tension speciment 100 mm X 5 mm X 5 mm is constrained at the bottom and has a load pulling on the top. This specimen is made out of a experimental substance called "WhoKilledKenium". The stress-strain curve for the substance is shown above. Note the linear section up to approximately 225 MPa where the Young's Modulus is constant (75 GPa). The material then begins to yield and the relationship becomes plastic and nonlinear.
2. Create Keypoints Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Keypoints > In Active CS
/PREP7 K,#,X,Y
We are going to define 2 keypoints (the beam vertices) for this structure to create a beam with a length of 100 millimeters: Keypoint Coordinates (x,y) 1 (0,0) 2 (0,100) 3. Define Lines Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Lines > Lines > Straight Line Create a line between Keypoint 1 and Keypoint 2.
L,1,2
4. Define Element Types Preprocessor > Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete... For this problem we will use the LINK1 (2D spar) element. This element has 2 degrees of freedom (translation along the X and Y axis's) and can only be used in 2D analysis. 5. Define Real Constants Preprocessor > Real Constants... > Add... In the 'Real Constants for LINK1' window, enter the following geometric properties: i. Cross-sectional area AREA: 25 ii. Initial Strain: 0 This defines an element with a solid rectangular cross section 5 x 5 millimeters. 6. Define Element Material Properties Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models > Structural > Linear > Elastic > Isotropic In the window that appears, enter the following geometric properties for steel: i. Young's modulus EX: 75e3 ii. Poisson's Ratio PRXY: 0.3 Now that the initial properties of the material have been outlined, the stress-strain data must be included. Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models > Structural > Nonlinear > Elastic > Multilinear Elastic The following window will pop up.
Fill in the STRAIN and STRESS boxes with the following data. These are points from the stress-strain curve shown above, approximating the curve with linear interpolation between the points. When the data for the first point is input, click Add Point to add another. When all the points have been inputed, click Graph to see the curve. It should look like the one shown above. Then click OK. Curve Points 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Strain Stress 0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.025 0.060 0.100 0.150 0.200 0.250 0.275 0 75 150 225 240 250 300 355 390 420 435 449 450
To get the problem geometry back, select Utility Menu > Plot > Replot.
/REPLOT
7. Define Mesh Size Preprocessor > Meshing > Manual Size > Size Cntrls > Lines > All Lines...
For this example we will specify an element edge length of 5 mm (20 element divisions along the line). 8. Mesh the frame Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh > Lines > click 'Pick All'
LMESH,ALL
2. Set Solution Controls Select Solution > Analysis Type > Sol'n Control... The following image will appear:
Ensure the following selections are made under the 'Basic' tab (as shown above) A. Ensure Large Static Displacements are permitted (this will include the effects of large deflection in the results) B. Ensure Automatic time stepping is on. Automatic time stepping allows ANSYS to determine appropriate sizes to break the load steps into. Decreasing the step size usually ensures better accuracy, however, this takes time. The Automatic Time Step feature will determine an appropriate balance. This feature also activates the ANSYS bisection feature which will allow recovery if convergence fails.
C. Enter 20 as the number of substeps. This will set the initial substep to 1/20 th of the total load. D. Enter a maximum number of substeps of 1000. This stops the program if the solution does not converge after 1000 steps. E. Enter a minimum number of substeps of 1. F. Ensure all solution items are writen to a results file. This means rather than just recording the data for the last load step, data for every load step is written to the database. Therefore, you can plot certain parameters over time. Ensure the following selection is made under the 'Nonlinear' tab (as shown below) A. Ensure Line Search is 'On'. This option is used to help the Newton-Raphson solver converge. B. Ensure Maximum Number of Iterations is set to 1000
NOTE There are several options which have not been changed from their default values. For more information about these commands, type help followed by the command into the command line. 3. Apply Constraints Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On Keypoints Fix Keypoint 1 (ie all DOFs constrained). 4. Apply Loads Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Force/Moment > On Keypoints
Place a 10,000 N load in the FY direction on the top of the beam (Keypoint 2). 5. Solve the System Solution > Solve > Current LS
SOLVE
2. View the deflection contour plot General Postproc > Plot Results > Contour Plot > Nodal Solu... > DOF solution, UY
PLNSOL,U,Y,0,1
If it does not open automatically, select Main Menu > TimeHist Postpro > Variable Viewer Click the add button in the upper left corner of the window to add a variable.
Select Nodal Solution > DOF Solution > Y-Component of displacement (as shown below) and click OK. Pick the uppermost node on the beam and click OK in the 'Node for Data' window.
To add another variable, click the add button again. This time select Reaction Forces > Structural Forces > Y-Component of Force. Pick the lowermost node on the beam and click OK. On the Time History Variable window, click the circle in the 'X-Axis' column for FY_3. This will make the reaction force the x-variable. The Time History Variables window should now look like this:
2. Graph Results over Time Click on UY_2 in the Time History Variables window. Click the graphing button in the Time History Variables window.
The labels on the plot are not updated by ANSYS, so you must change them manually. Select Utility Menu > Plot Ctrls > Style > Graphs > Modify Axes and re-label the X and Y-axis appropriately.
This plot shows how the beam deflected linearly when the force, and subsequently the stress, was low (in the linear range). However, as the force increased, the deflection (proportional to strain) began to increase at a greater rate. This is because the stress in the beam is in the plastic range and thus no longer relates to strain linearly. When you verify this example analytically, you will see the solutions are very similar. The difference can be attributed to the ANSYS solver including large deflection calculations.
2. Set options for analysis type: Select: Solution > Analysis Type > Analysis Options.. The following window will appear
As shown, select the Subspace method and enter 5 in the 'No. of modes to extract' Check the box beside 'Expand mode shapes' and enter 5 in the 'No. of modes to expand' Click 'OK' Note that the default mode extraction method chosen is the Reduced Method. This is the fastest method as it reduces the system matrices to only consider the Master Degrees of Freedom (see below). The Subspace Method extracts modes for all DOF's. It is therefore more exact but, it also takes longer to compute (especially when the complex geometries). The following window will then appear
For a better understanding of these options see the Commands manual. For this problem, we will use the default options so click on OK. 3. Apply Constraints Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On Keypoints Fix Keypoint 1 (ie all DOFs constrained). 4. Solve the System Solution > Solve > Current LS
SOLVE
The following table compares the mode frequencies in Hz predicted by theory and ANSYS. Mode Theory ANSYS Percent Error 1 2 3 4 5 8.311 51.94 145.68 285.69 472.22 8.300 52.01 145.64 285.51 472.54 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.1
Note: To obtain accurate higher mode frequencies, this mesh would have to be refined even more (i.e. instead of 10 elements, we would have to model the cantilever using 15 or more elements depending upon the highest mode frequency of interest). 2. View Mode Shapes Select: General Postproc > Read Results > First Set This selects the results for the first mode shape Select General Postproc > Plot Results > Deformed shape . Select 'Def + undef edge' The first mode shape will now appear in the graphics window. To view the next mode shape, select General Postproc > Read Results > Next Set . As above choose General Postproc > Plot Results > Deformed shape . Select 'Def + undef edge'. The first four mode shapes should look like the following:
3. Animate Mode Shapes Select Utility Menu (Menu at the top) > Plot Ctrls > Animate > Mode Shape The following window will appear
Keep the default setting and click 'OK' The animated mode shapes are shown below.
Mode 1
Mode 2
Mode 3
Mode 4
For this option, a detailed understanding of the dynamic behavior of a structure is required. However, going this route means a smaller (reduced) stiffness matrix, and thus faster calculations. The steps for using this option are quite simple. Instead of specifying the Subspace method, select the Reduced method and specify 5 modes for extraction. Complete the window as shown below
Note:For this example both the number of modes and frequency range was specified. ANSYS then extracts the minimum number of modes between the two. Select Solution > Master DOF > User Selected > Define When prompted, select all nodes except the left most node (fixed). The following window will appear:
Select UY as the 1st degree of freedom (shown above). The same constraints are used as above. The following table compares the mode frequencies in Hz predicted by theory and ANSYS (Reduced). Mode Theory ANSYS Percent Error 1 2 3 4 5 8.311 51.94 145.68 285.69 472.22 8.300 52.01 145.66 285.71 473.66 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.3
As you can see, the error does not change significantly. However, for more complex structures, larger errors would be expected using the reduced method.
We will now conduct a harmonic forced response test by applying a cyclic load (harmonic) at the end of the beam. The frequency of the load will be varied from 1 - 100 Hz. The figure below depicts the beam with the application of the load.
ANSYS provides 3 methods for conducting a harmonic analysis. These 3 methods are the Full , Reduced and Modal Superposition methods.
This example demonstrates the Full method because it is simple and easy to use as compared to the other two methods. However, this method makes use of the full stiffness and mass matrices and thus is the slower and costlier option.
2. Set options for analysis type: Select: Solution > Analysis Type > Analysis Options.. The following window will appear
As shown, select the Full Solution method, the Real + imaginary DOF printout format and do not use lumped mass approx. Click 'OK' The following window will appear. Use the default settings (shown below).
3. Apply Constraints Select Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On Nodes The following window will appear once you select the node at x=0 (Note small changes in the window compared to the static examples):
Constrain all DOF as shown in the above window 4. Apply Loads: Select Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Force/Moment > On Nodes Select the node at x=1 (far right) The following window will appear. Fill it in as shown to apply a load with a real value of 100 and an imaginary value of 0 in the positive 'y' direction
Note: By specifying a real and imaginary value of the load we are providing information on magnitude and phase of the load. In this case the magnitude of the load is 100 N and its phase is 0. Phase information is important when you have two or more cyclic loads being applied to the structure as these loads could be in or out of phase. For harmonic analysis, all loads applied to a structure must have the SAME FREQUENCY. 5. Set the frequency range Select Solution > Load Step Opts > Time/Frequency > Freq and Substps... As shown in the window below, specify a frequency range of 0 - 100Hz, 100 substeps and stepped b.c..
By doing this we will be subjecting the beam to loads at 1 Hz, 2 Hz, 3 Hz, ..... 100 Hz. We will specify a stepped boundary condition (KBC) as this will ensure that the same amplitude (100 N) will be applyed for each of the frequencies. The ramped option, on the other hand, would ramp up the amplitude where at 1 Hz the amplitude would be 1 N and at 100 Hz the amplitude would be 100 N. You should now have the following in the ANSYS Graphics window
Select Add (the green '+' sign in the upper left corner) from this window and the following window should appear
We are interested in the Nodal Solution > DOF Solution > Y-Component of displacement. Click OK.
Graphically select node 2 when prompted and click OK. The 'Time History Variables' window should now look as follows
3. List Stored Variables In the 'Time History Variables' window click the 'List' button, 3 buttons to the left of 'Add' The following window will appear listing the data:
4. Plot UY vs. frequency In the 'Time History Variables' window click the 'Plot' button, 2 buttons to the left of 'Add'
Note that we get peaks at frequencies of approximately 8.3 and 51 Hz. This corresponds with the predicted frequencies of 8.311 and 51.94Hz. To get a better view of the response, view the log scale of UY. Select Utility Menu > PlotCtrls > Style > Graphs > Modify Axis The following window will appear
As marked by an 'A' in the above window, change the Y-axis scale to 'Logarithmic' Select Utility Menu > Plot > Replot You should now see the following
This is the response at node 2 for the cyclic load applied at this node from 0 - 100 Hz. For ANSYS version lower than 7.0, the 'Variable Viewer' window is not available. Use the 'Define Variables' and 'Store Data' functions under TimeHist Postpro. See the help file for instructions.
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Transient dynamic analysis is a technique used to determine the dynamic response of a structure under a time-varying load. The time frame for this type of analysis is such that inertia or damping effects of the structure are considered to be important. Cases where such effects play a major role are under step or impulse loading conditions, for example, where there is a sharp load change in a fraction of time. If inertia effects are negligible for the loading conditions being considered, a static analysis may be used instead. For our case, we will impact the end of the beam with an impulse force and view the response at the location of impact.
http://www.mece.ualberta.ca/tutorials/ansys/IT/Transient/Transient.html
Since an ideal impulse force excites all modes of a structure, the response of the beam should contain all mode frequencies. However, we cannot produce an ideal impulse force numerically. We have to apply a load over a discrete amount of time dt.
After the application of the load, we track the response of the beam at discrete time points for as long as we like (depending on what it is that we are looking for in the response). The size of the time step is governed by the maximum mode frequency of the structure we wish to capture. The smaller the time step, the higher the mode frequency we will capture. The rule of thumb in ANSYS is
time_step = 1 / 20f
where f is the highest mode frequency we wish to capture. In other words, we must resolve our step size such that we will have 20 discrete points per period of the highest mode frequency. It should be noted that a transient analysis is more involved than a static or harmonic analysis. It requires a good understanding of the dynamic behavior of a structure. Therefore, a modal analysis of the structure should be initially performed to provide information about the structure's dynamic behavior. In ANSYS, transient dynamic analysis can be carried out using 3 methods.
http://www.mece.ualberta.ca/tutorials/ansys/IT/Transient/Transient.html
The Full Method: This is the easiest method to use. All types of non-linearities are allowed. It is however very CPU intensive to go this route as full system matrices are used. The Reduced Method: This method reduces the system matrices to only consider the Master Degrees of Freedom (MDOFs). Because of the reduced size of the matrices, the calculations are much quicker. However, this method handles only linear problems (such as our cantilever case). The Mode Superposition Method: This method requires a preliminary modal analysis, as factored mode shapes are summed to calculate the structure's response. It is the quickest of the three methods, but it requires a good deal of understanding of the problem at hand. We will use the Reduced Method for conducting our transient analysis. Usually one need not go further than Reviewing the Reduced Results. However, if stresses and forces are of interest than, we would have to Expand the Reduced Solution.
2. Define Master DOFs Select Solution > Master DOFs > User Selected > Define
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Select all nodes except the left most node (at x=0). The following window will open, choose UY as the first dof in this window
For an explanation on Master DOFs, see the section on Using the Reduced Method for modal analysis. 3. Constrain the Beam Solution Menu > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On nodes Fix the left most node (constrain all DOFs). 4. Apply Loads We will define our impulse load using Load Steps. The following time history curve shows our load steps and time steps. Note that for the reduced method, a constant time step is required throughout the time range.
We can define each load step (load and time at the end of load segment) and save them in a file for future solution purposes. This is highly recommended especially when we have many load steps and we wish to re-run our solution. We can also solve for each load step after we define it. We will go ahead and save each load step
http://www.mece.ualberta.ca/tutorials/ansys/IT/Transient/Transient.html
in a file for later use, at the same time solve for each load step after we are done defining it. a. Load Step 1 - Initial Conditions i. Define Load Step We need to establish initial conditions (the condition at Time = 0). Since the equations for a transient dynamic analysis are of second order, two sets of initial conditions are required; initial displacement and initial velocity. However, both default to zero. Therefore, for this example we can skip this step. ii. Specify Time and Time Step Options Select Solution > Load Step Opts > Time/Frequenc > Time - Time Step .. set a time of 0 for the end of the load step (as shown below). set [DELTIM] to 0.001. This will specify a time step size of 0.001 seconds to be used for this load step.
iii. Write Load Step File Select Solution > Load Step Opts > Write LS File The following window will appear
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Enter LSNUM = 1 as shown above and click 'OK' The load step will be saved in a file jobname.s01 b. Load Step 2 i. Define Load Step Select Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Force/Moment > On Nodes and select the right most node (at x=1). Enter a force in the FY direction of value -100 N. ii. Specify Time and Time Step Options Select Solution > Load Step Opts > Time/Frequenc > Time - Time Step .. and set a time of 0.001 for the end of the load step iii. Write Load Step File Solution > Load Step Opts > Write LS File Enter LSNUM = 2 c. Load Step 3 i. Define Load Step Select Solution > Define Loads > Delete > Structural > Force/Moment > On Nodes and delete the load at x=1. ii. Specify Time and Time Step Options Select Solution > Load Step Opts > Time/Frequenc > Time - Time Step .. and set a time of 1 for the end of the load step iii. Write Load Step File Solution > Load Step Opts > Write LS File Enter LSNUM = 3
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5. Solve the System Select Solution > Solve > From LS Files The following window will appear.
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Select Add (the green '+' sign in the upper left corner) from this window and the following window should appear
We are interested in the Nodal Solution > DOF Solution > Y-Component of displacement. Click OK.
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Graphically select node 2 when prompted and click OK. The 'Time History Variables' window should now look as follows
2. List Stored Variables In the 'Time History Variables' window click the 'List' button, 3 buttons to the left of 'Add' The following window will appear listing the data:
3. Plot UY vs. frequency In the 'Time History Variables' window click the 'Plot' button, 2 buttons to the left of 'Add'
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A few things to note in the response curve There are approximately 8 cycles in one second. This is the first mode of the cantilever beam and we have been able to capture it. We also see another response at a higher frequency. We may have captured some response at the second mode at 52 Hz of the beam. Note that the response does not decay as it should not. We did not specify damping for our system.
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Select Solution > Analysis Type > ExpansionPass... and switch it to ON in the window that pops open. Select Solution > Load Step Opts > ExpansionPass > Single Expand > Range of Solu's Complete the window as shown below. This will expand 10 solutions withing the range of 0.08 and 0.11 seconds
3. Review the results in POST1 Review the results using either General Postprocessing (POST1) or TimeHist Postprocessing (POST26). For this case, we can view the deformed shape at each of the 10 solutions we expanded.
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ANTYPE, 4 TRNOPT,REDU,,DAMP BFUNIF,TEMP,_TINY DELTIM, 1.000000000E-03 TIME, 0.00000000 TREF, 0.00000000 ALPHAD, 0.00000000 BETAD, 0.00000000 DMPRAT, 0.00000000 TINTP,R5.0, 5.000000000E-03,,, TINTP,R5.0, -1.00000000 , 0.500000000 , -1.00000000 NCNV, 1, 0.00000000 , 0, 0.00000000 , 0.00000000 ERESX,DEFA ACEL, 0.00000000 , 0.00000000 , 0.00000000 OMEGA, 0.00000000 , 0.00000000 , 0.00000000 , 0 DOMEGA, 0.00000000 , 0.00000000 , 0.00000000 CGLOC, 0.00000000 , 0.00000000 , 0.00000000 CGOMEGA, 0.00000000 , 0.00000000 , 0.00000000 DCGOMG, 0.00000000 , 0.00000000 , 0.00000000 D, D, D, /GOPR 1,UX , 1,UY , 1,ROTZ, 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000 , , , 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000
Change the damping value BETAD from 0 to 0.01 in all three load step files. We will have to re-run the job for the new load step files. Select Utility Menu > file > Clear and Start New. Repeat the steps shown above up to the point where we select MDOFs. After selecting MDOFs, simply go to Solution > (-Solve-) From LS files ... and in the window that opens up select files from 1 to 3 in steps of 1. After the results have been calculated, plot up the response at node 2 in POST26. The damped response should look like the following
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3. Define the Type of Element Preprocessor > Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete... > click 'Add' > Select Thermal Solid, Quad 4Node 55
ET,1,PLANE55
For this example, we will use PLANE55 (Thermal Solid, Quad 4node 55). This element has 4 nodes and a single DOF (temperature) at each node. PLANE55 can only be used for 2 dimensional steady-state or transient thermal analysis. 4. Element Material Properties Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models > Thermal > Conductivity > Isotropic > KXX = 10 (Thermal conductivity)
MP,KXX,1,10
5. Mesh Size Preprocessor > Meshing > Size Cntrls > ManualSize > Areas > All Areas > 0.05
AESIZE,ALL,0.05
6. Mesh
Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh > Areas > Free > Pick All
AMESH,ALL
2. Apply Constraints For thermal problems, constraints can be in the form of Temperature, Heat Flow, Convection, Heat Flux, Heat Generation, or Radiation. In this example, all 4 sides of the block have fixed temperatures. Solution > Define Loads > Apply Note that all of the -Structural- options cannot be selected. This is due to the type of element (PLANE55) selected. Thermal > Temperature > On Nodes Click the Box option (shown below) and draw a box around the nodes on the top line.
Fill the window in as shown to constrain the side to a constant temperature of 500 Using the same method, constrain the remaining 3 sides to a constant value of 100 Orange triangles in the graphics window indicate the temperature contraints. 3. Solve the System Solution > Solve > Current LS
SOLVE
Note that due to the manner in which the boundary contitions were applied, the top corners are held at a temperature of 100. Recall that the nodes on the top of the plate were constrained first, followed by the side and bottom constraints. The top corner nodes were therefore first constrained at 500C, then 'overwritten' when the side constraints were applied. Decreasing the mesh size can minimize this effect, however, one must be aware of the limitations in the results at the corners.
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3. Define the Type of Element Preprocessor > Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete... > click 'Add' > Select Thermal Solid, Quad 4Node 55
ET,1,PLANE55
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As in the conduction example, we will use PLANE55 (Thermal Solid, Quad 4node 55). This element has 4 nodes and a single DOF (temperature) at each node. PLANE55 can only be used for 2 dimensional steady-state or transient thermal analysis. 4. Element Material Properties Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models > Thermal > Conductivity > Isotropic > KXX = 10
MP,KXX,1,10
This will specify a thermal conductivity of 10 W/m*C. 5. Mesh Size Preprocessor > Meshing > Size Cntrls > ManualSize > Areas > All Areas > 0.05
AESIZE,ALL,0.05
6. Mesh
Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh > Areas > Free > Pick All
AMESH,ALL
2. Apply Conduction Constraints In this example, all 2 sides of the block have fixed temperatures, while convection occurs on the other 2 sides. Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Thermal > Temperature > On Lines Select the top line of the block and constrain it to a constant value of 500 C Using the same method, constrain the left side of the block to a constant value of 100 C 3. Apply Convection Boundary Conditions Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Thermal > Convection > On Lines Select the right side of the block. The following window will appear:
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Fill in the window as shown. This will specify a convection of 10 W/m2*C and an ambient temperature of 100 degrees Celcius. Note that VALJ and VAL2J have been left blank. This is because we have uniform convection across the line. 4. Apply Insulated Boundary Conditions Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Thermal > Convection > On Lines Select the bottom of the block. Enter a constant Film coefficient (VALI) of 0. This will eliminate convection through the side, thereby modeling an insulated wall. Note: you do not need to enter a Bulk (or ambient) temperature You should obtain the following:
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3. Create geometry Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Areas > Rectangle > By 2 Corners X=0, Y=0, Width=1, Height=1
BLC4,0,0,1,1
4. Define the Type of Element Preprocessor > Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete... > click 'Add' > Select Thermal Mass Solid, Quad 4Node 55
ET,1,PLANE55
For this example, we will use PLANE55 (Thermal Solid, Quad 4node 55). This element has 4 nodes and a single DOF (temperature) at each node. PLANE55 can only be used for 2 dimensional steady-state or transient thermal analysis. 5. Element Material Properties Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models > Thermal > Conductivity > Isotropic > KXX = 5 (Thermal conductivity)
MP,KXX,1,10 MP,C,1,2.04
Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models > Thermal > Specific Heat > C = 2.04 Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models > Thermal > Density > DENS = 920
MP,DENS,1,920
6. Mesh Size Preprocessor > Meshing > Size Cntrls > ManualSize > Areas > All Areas > 0.05
AESIZE,ALL,0.05
7. Mesh
Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh > Areas > Free > Pick All
AMESH,ALL
The window shown below will pop up. We will use the defaults, so click OK.
Solution > Analysis Type > Sol'n Controls The following window will pop up.
A) Set Time at end of loadstep to 300 and Automatic time stepping to ON. B) Set Number of substeps to 20, Max no. of substeps to 100, Min no. of substeps to 20. C) Set the Frequency to Write every substep. Click on the NonLinear tab at the top and fill it in as shown
D) Set Line search to ON . E) Set the Maximum number of iterations to 100. For a complete description of what these options do, refer to the help file. Basically, the time at the end of the load step is how long the transient analysis will run and the number of substeps defines how the load is broken up. By writing the data at every step, you can create animations over time and the other options help the problem converge quickly. 3. Apply Constraints For thermal problems, constraints can be in the form of Temperature, Heat Flow, Convection, Heat Flux, Heat Generation, or Radiation. In this example, 2 sides of the block have fixed temperatures and the other two are insulated. Solution > Define Loads > Apply Note that all of the -Structural- options cannot be selected. This is due to the type of element (PLANE55) selected. Thermal > Temperature > On Nodes Click the Box option (shown below) and draw a box around the nodes on the top line and then click OK.
Fill the window in as shown to constrain the top to a constant temperature of 500 K Using the same method, constrain the bottom line to a constant value of 100 K Orange triangles in the graphics window indicate the temperature contraints. 4. Apply Initial Conditions Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Initial Condit'n > Define > Pick All Fill in the IC window as follows to set the initial temperature of the material to 100 K:
TEMP
Animate Results Over Time First, specify the contour range. Utility Menu > PlotCtrls > Style > Contours > Uniform Contours... Fill in the window as shown, with 8 contours, user specified, from 100 to 500.
Then animate the data. Utility Menu > PlotCtrls > Animate > Over Time... Fill in the following window as shown (20 frames, 0 - 300 Time Range, Auto contour scaling OFF, DOF solution > TEMP)
You can see how the temperature rises over the area over time. The heat flows from the higher temperature to the lower temperature constraints as expected. Also, you can see how it reaches equilibrium when the time reaches approximately 200 seconds. Shown below are analytical and ANSYS generated temperature vs time curves for the center of the block. As can be seen, the curves are practically identical, thus the validity of the ANSYS simulation has been proven.
Analytical Solution
If it does not open automatically, select Main Menu > TimeHist Postpro > Variable Viewer Click the add button in the upper left corner of the window to add a variable.
Select Nodal Solution > DOF Solution > Temperature (as shown below) and click OK. Pick the center node on the mesh, node 261, and click OK in the 'Node for Data' window.
The Time History Variables window should now look like this:
2. Graph Results over Time Ensure TEMP_2 in the Time History Variables window is highlighted. Click the graphing button in the Time History Variables window.
The labels on the plot are not updated by ANSYS, so you must change them manually. Select Utility Menu > Plot Ctrls > Style > Graphs > Modify Axes and re-label the X and Y-axis appropriately.
Note how this plot does not exactly match the plot shown above. This is because the solution has not completely converged. To cause the solution to converge, one of two things can be done: decrease the mesh size or increase the number of substeps used in the transient analysis. From experience, reducing the mesh size will do little in this case, as the mesh is adequate to capture the response. Instead, increasing the number of substeps from say 20 to 300, will cause the solution to converge. This will greatly increase the computational time required though, which is why only 20 substeps are used in this tutorial. Twenty substeps gives an adequate and quick approximation of the solution.
3. Create Areas Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Areas > Rectangle > By Dimensions
RECTNG,X1,X2,Y1,Y2
For an axisymmetric problem, ANSYS will rotate the area around the y-axis at x=0. Therefore, to create the geometry mentioned above, we must define a U-shape. We are going to define 3 overlapping rectangles as defined in the following table: Rectangle 1 2 3 X1 0 15 0 X2 20 20 20 Y1 0 0 95 Y2 5 100 100
4. Add Areas Together Preprocessor > Modeling > Operate > Booleans > Add > Areas
AADD,ALL
Click the Pick All button to create a single area. 5. Define the Type of Element Preprocessor > Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete... For this problem we will use the PLANE2 (Structural, Solid, Triangle 6node) element. This element has 2 degrees of freedom (translation along the X and Y axes). Many elements support axisymmetry, however if the Ansys Elements Reference (which can be found in the help file) does not discuss axisymmetric applications for a particular element type, axisymmetry is not supported. 6. Turn on Axisymmetry While the Element Types window is still open, click the Options... button. Under Element behavior K3 select Axisymmetric.
7. Define Element Material Properties Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models > Structural > Linear > Elastic > Isotropic In the window that appears, enter the following geometric properties for steel: i. Young's modulus EX: 200000 ii. Poisson's Ratio PRXY: 0.3 8. Define Mesh Size Preprocessor > Meshing > Size Cntrls > ManualSize > Areas > All Areas For this example we will use an element edge length of 2mm. 9. Mesh the frame Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh > Areas > Free > click 'Pick All' Your model should know look like this:
2. Apply Constraints Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > Symmetry B.C. > On Lines Pick the two edges on the left, at x=0, as shown below. By using the symmetry B.C. command, ANSYS automatically calculates which DOF's should be constrained for the line of symmetry. Since the element we are using only has 2 DOF's per node, we could have constrained the lines in the x-direction to create the symmetric boundary conditions.
Utility Menu > Select > Entities Select Nodes and By Location from the scroll down menus. Click Y coordinates and type 50 into the input box as shown below, then click OK.
Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On Nodes > Pick All Constrain the nodes in the y-direction (UY). This is required to constrain the model in space, otherwise it would be free to float up or down. The location to constrain the model in the ydirection (y=50) was chosen because it is along a symmetry plane. Therefore, these nodes won't move in the y-direction according to theory. 3. Utility Menu > Select > Entities In the select entities window, click Sele All to reselect all nodes. It is important to always reselect all entities once you've finished to ensure future commands are applied to the whole model and not just a few entities. Once you've clicked Sele All, click on Cancel to close the window. 4. Apply Loads Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Force/Moment > On Keypoints Pick the top left corner of the area and click OK. Apply a load of 100 in the FY direction. Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Force/Moment > On Keypoints Pick the bottom left corner of the area and click OK. Apply a load of -100 in the FY direction. The applied loads and constraints should now appear as shown in the figure below.
2. Determine the Stress Through the Thickness of the Tube Utility Menu > Select > Entities... Select Nodes > By Location > Y coordinates and type 45,55 in the Min,Max box, as shown below
General Postproc > List Results > Nodal Solution > Stress > Components SCOMP The following list should pop up.
If you take the average of the stress in the y-direction over the thickness of the tube, (0.18552 + 0.17866)/2, the stress in the tube is 0.182 MPa, matching the analytical solution. The average is used because in the analytical case, it is assumed the stress is evenly distributed across the thickness. This is only true when the location is far from any stress concentrators, such as corners. Thus, to approximate the analytical solution, we must average the stress over the thickness.
3. Plotting the Elements as Axisymmetric Utility Menu > PlotCtrls > Style > Symmetry Expansion > 2-D Axi-symmetric... The following window will appear. By clicking on 3/4 expansion you can produce the figure shown at the beginning of this tutorial.
4. Extra Exercise It is educational to repeat this tutorial, but leave out the key option which enables axisymmetric modelling. The rest of the commands remain the same. If this is done, the model is a flat, rectangular plate, with a rectangular hole in the middle. Both the stress distribution and deformed shape change drastically, as expected due to the change in geometry. Thus, when using axisymmetry be sure to verify the solutions you get are reasonable to ensure the model is infact axisymmetric.
2. Give example a Title Utility Menu > File > Change Title ...
/title,Catapult
3. Define Element Types For this problem, 3 types of elements are used: PIPE16, COMBIN7 (Revolute Joint), COMBIN14 (Spring-Damper) . It is therefore required that the types of elements are defined prior to creating the elements. This element has 6 degrees of freedom (translation along the X, Y and Z axis, and rotation about the X,Y and Z axis). a. Define PIPE16 With 6 degrees of freedom, the PIPE16 element can be used to create the 3D structure. Preprocessor > Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete... > click 'Add' Select 'Pipe', 'Elast straight 16' Click on 'Apply' You should see 'Type 1 PIPE16' in the 'Element Types' window. b. Define COMBIN7 COMBIN7 (Revolute Joint) will allow the catapult to rotate about nodes 1 and 2. Select 'Combination', 'Revolute Joint 7' Click 'Apply'. c. Define COMBIN14 Now we will define the spring elements. Select 'Combination', 'Spring damper 14' Click on 'OK' In the 'Element Types' window, there should now be three types of elements defined. 4. Define Real Constants Real Constants must be defined for each of the 3 element types. a. PIPE16 Preprocessor > Real Constants > Add/Edit/Delete... > click 'Add' Select Type 1 PIPE16 and click 'OK' Enter the following properties, then click 'OK'
OD = 40 TKWALL = 10
'Set 1' will now appear in the dialog box b. COMBIN7 (Joint) Five of the degrees of freedom (UX, UY, UZ, ROTX, and ROTY) can be constrained with different levels of flexibility. These can be defined by the 3 real constants: K1 (UX, UY), K2 (UZ) and K3 (ROTX, ROTY). For this example, we will use high values for K1 through K3 since we only expect the model to rotate about the Z axis. Click 'Add' Select 'Type 2 COMBIN7'. Click 'OK'. In the 'Real Constants for COMBIN7' window, enter the following geometric properties (then click 'OK'): X-Y transnational stiffness K1: 1e9 Z directional stiffness K2: 1e9
Rotational stiffness K3: 1e9 'Set 2' will now appear in the dialog box. Note: The constants that we define in this problem refer to the relationship between the coincident nodes. By having high values for the stiffness in the X-Y plane and along the Z axis, we are essentially constraining the two coincident nodes to each other. c. COMBIN14 (Spring) Click 'Add' Select 'Type 3 COMBIN14'. Click 'OK'. Enter the following geometric properties: Spring constant K: 5 In the 'Element Types' window, there should now be three types of elements defined. 5. Define Element Material Properties 1. Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models 2. In the 'Define Material Model Behavior' Window, ensure that Material Model Number 1 is selected 3. Select Structural > Linear > Elastic > Isotropic 4. In the window that appears, enter the give the properties of Steel then click 'OK'. Young's modulus EX: 200000 Poisson's Ratio PRXY: 0.33 6. Define Nodes Preprocessor > (-Modeling-) Create > Nodes > In Active CS...
N,#,x,y,z
We are going to define 13 Nodes for this structure as given in the following table (as depicted by the circled numbers in the figure above):
Node Coordinates (x,y,z) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 (0,0,0) (0,0,1000) (1000,0,1000) (1000,0,0) (0,1000,1000) (0,1000,0) (700,700,500) (400,400,500) (0,0,0) (0,0,1000) (0,0,500) (0,0,1500)
13
(0,0,-500)
7. Create PIPE16 elements a. Define element type Preprocessor > (-Modeling-) Create > Elements > Elem Attributes ... The following window will appear. Ensure that the 'Element type number' is set to 1 PIPE16, 'Material number' is set to 1, and 'Real constant set number' is set to 1. Then click 'OK'.
b. Create elements Preprocessor > (-Modeling-) Create > Elements > (-Auto Numbered-) Thru Nodes
E, node a, node b
Create the following elements joining Nodes 'a' and Nodes 'b'. Note: because it is difficult to graphically select the nodes you may wish to use the command line (for example, the first entry would be: E,1,6). Node a Node b
1 2 1 2 3 10 9 7 12 6 5 4 3 4 8 8 8 5
13 12 5 6
6 13 3 4
8. Create COMBIN7 (Joint) elements a. Define element type Preprocessor > (-Modeling-) Create > Elements > Elem Attributes Ensure that the 'Element type number' is set to 2 COMBIN7 and that 'Real constant set number' is set to 2. Then click 'OK' b. Create elements When defining a joint, three nodes are required. Two nodes are coincident at the point of rotation. The elements that connect to the joint must reference each of the coincident points. The other node for the joint defines the axis of rotation. The axis would be the line from the coincident nodes to the other node. Preprocessor > (-Modeling-) Create > Elements > (-Auto Numbered-) Thru Nodes
E,node a, node b, node c
Create the following lines joining Node 'a' and Node 'b' Node a Node b Node c 1 9 11 2 10 11 9. Create COMBIN14 (Spring) elements
a. Define element type Preprocessor > (-Modeling-) Create > Elements > Elem Attributes Ensure that the 'Element type number' is set to 3 COMBIN7 and that 'Real constant set number' is set to 3. Then click 'OK' b. Create elements Preprocessor > (-Modeling-) Create > Elements > (-Auto Numbered-) Thru Nodes
E,node a, node b
Create the following lines joining Node 'a' and Node 'b' Node a Node b 5 8 8 6 NOTE: To ensure that the correct nodes were used to make the correct element in the above table, you can list all the elements defined in the model. To do this, select Utilities Menu > List > Elements > Nodes + Attributes. 10. Meshing Because we have defined our model using nodes and elements, we do not need to mesh our model. If we initially defined our model using keypoints and lines, we would have had to create elements in our model by meshing the lines. It is the elements that ANSYS uses to solve the model. 11. Plot Elements Utility Menu > Plot > Elements You may also wish to turn on element numbering and turn off keypoint numbering Utility Menu > PlotCtrls > Numbering ...
Because the model is expected to deform considerably, we need to include the effects of large deformation. 3. Apply Constraints Solution > (-Loads-) Apply > (-Structural-) > Displacement > On Nodes Fix Nodes 3, 4, 12, and 13. (ie - all degrees of freedom are constrained). 4. Apply Loads Solution > (-Loads-) Apply > (-Structural-) > Force/Moment > On Nodes Apply a vertical point load of 1000N at node #7. The applied loads and constraints should now appear as shown in the figure below. Note: To have the constraints and loads appear each time you select 'Replot' in ANSYS, you must change some settings under Utility Menu > Plot Ctrls > Symbols.... In the window that appears check the box beside 'All Applied BC's' in the 'Boundary Condition Symbol' section.
Note: During the solution, you will see a yellow warning window which states that the "Coefficient ratio exceeds 1.0e8". This warning indicates that the solution has relatively large displacements. This is due to the rotation about the joints.
2. Extracting Information as Parameters In this problem, we would like to find the vertical displacement of node #7. We will do this using the GET command. a. Select Utility Menu > Parameters > Get Scalar Data... b. The following window will appear. Select 'Results data' and 'Nodal results' as shown then click 'OK'
d. To view the defined parameter select Utility Menu > Parameters > Scalar Parameters...
Therefore the vertical displacement of Node 7 is 323.78 mm. This can be repeated for any of the other nodes you are interested in.
Design Optimization
Introduction
This tutorial was completed using ANSYS 7.0 The purpose of this tutorial is to introduce a method of solving design optimization problems using ANSYS. This will involve creating the geometry utilizing parameters for all the variables, deciding which variables to use as design, state and objective variables and setting the correct tolerances for the problem to obtain an accurately converged solution in a minimal amount of time. The use of hardpoints to apply forces/constraints in the middle of lines will also be covered in this tutorial. A beam has a force of 1000N applied as shown below. The purpose of this optimization problem is to minimize the weight of the beam without exceeding the allowable stress. It is necessary to find the cross sectional dimensions of the beam in order to minimize the weight of the beam. However, the width and height of the beam cannot be smaller than 10mm. The maximum stress anywhere in the beam cannot exceed 200 MPa. The beam is to be made of steel with a modulus of elasticity of 200 GPa.
2. Enter initial estimates for variables To solve an optimization problem in ANSYS, parameters need to be defined for all design variables. Select: Utility Menu > Parameters > Scalar Parameters... In the window that appears (shown below), type W=20 in the Selection section
Click Accept. The 'Scalar Parameters' window will stay open. Now type H=20 in the Selection section Click Accept' Click Close in the Scalar Parameters window. NOTE: None of the variables defined in ANSYS are allowed to have negative values. 3. Define Keypoints Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Keypoints > In Active CS...
K,#,x,y
We are going to define 2 Keypoints for this beam as given in the following table: Keypoints Coordinates (x,y) 1 (0,0) 2 (1000,0) 4. Create Lines Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Lines > Lines > In Active Coord
L,1,2
Create a line joining Keypoints 1 and 2 5. Create Hard Keypoints Hardpoints are often used when you need to apply a constraint or load at a location where a keypoint does not exist. For this case, we want to apply a force 3/4 of the way down the beam. Since there are not any keypoints here and we can't be certain that one of the nodes will be here we will need to specify a hardpoint Select Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Keypoints > Hard PT on line > Hard PT by ratio. This will allow us to create a hardpoint on the line by defining the ratio of the location of the point
to the size of the line Select the line when prompted Enter a ratio of 0.75 in the 'Create HardPT by Ratio window which appears. You have now created a keypoint labelled 'Keypoint 3' 3/4 of the way down the beam. 6. Define Element Types Preprocessor > Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete... For this problem we will use the BEAM3 (Beam 2D elastic) element. This element has 3 degrees of freedom (translation along the X and Y axes, and rotation about the Z axis). 7. Define Real Constants Preprocessor > Real Constants... > Add... In the 'Real Constants for BEAM3' window, enter the following geometric properties: (Note that '**' is used instead '^' for exponents) i. Cross-sectional area AREA: W*H ii. Area moment of inertia IZZ: (W*H**3)/12 iii. Thickness along Y axis: H NOTE: It is important to use independent variables to define dependent variables such as the moment of inertia. During the optimization, the width and height will change for each iteration. As a result, the other variables must be defined in relation to the width and height. 8. Define Element Material Properties Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models > Structural > Linear > Elastic > Isotropic In the window that appears, enter the following geometric properties for steel: i. Young's modulus EX: 200000 ii. Poisson's Ratio PRXY: 0.3 9. Define Mesh Size Preprocessor > Meshing > Size Cntrls > ManualSize > Lines > All Lines... For this example we will specify an element edge length of 100 mm (10 element divisions along the line). 10. Mesh the frame Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh > Lines > click 'Pick All'
LMESH,ALL
2. Apply Constraints Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On Keypoints Pin Keypoint 1 (ie UX, UY constrained) and constrain Keypoint 2 in the Y direction. 3. Apply Loads Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Force/Moment > On Keypoints Apply a vertical (FY) point load of -2000N at Keypoint 3 The applied loads and constraints should now appear as shown in the figure below.
1. Define the volume Select General Postproc > Element Table > Define Table... > Add... The following window will appear. Fill it in as shown to obtain the volume of the beam.
Note that this is the volume of each element. If you were to list the element table you would get a volume for each element. Therefore, you have to sum the element values together to obtain the total volume of the beam. Follow the instructions below to do this. Select General Postproc > Element Table > Sum of Each Item... A little window will appear notifying you that the tabular sum of each element table will be calculated. Click 'OK' You will obtain a window notifying you that the EVolume is now 400000 mm2 2. Store the data (Volume) as a parameter Select Utility Menu > Parameters > Get Scalar Data... In the window which appears select 'Results Data' and 'Elem table sums' the following window will appear. Select the items shown to store the Volume as a parameter.
Now if you view the parameters (Utility Menu > Parameters > Scalar Parameters...) you will see that Volume has been added. 3. Define the maximum stress at the i node of each element in the beam Select General Postproc > Element Table > Define Table... > Add... The following window will appear. Fill it in as shown to obtain the maximum stress at the i node of each element and store it as 'SMAX_I'.
Note that nmisc,1 is the maximum stress. For further information type Help beam3 into the command line Now we will need to sort the stresses in descending order to find the maximum stress Select General Postproc > List Results > Sorted Listing > Sort Elems Complete the window as shown below to sort the data from 'SMAX_I' in descending order
4. Store the data (Max Stress) as a parameter Select Utility Menu > Parameters > Get Scalar Data... In the window which appears select 'Results Data' and 'Other operations' In the that appears, fill it in as shown to obtain the maximum value.
5. Define maximum stress at the j node of each element for the beam Select General Postproc > Element Table > Define Table... > Add... Fill this table as done previously, however make the following changes: save the data as 'SMAX_J' (instead of 'SMAX_I') The element table data enter NMISC,3 (instead of NMISC,1). This will give you the max stress at the j node. Select General Postproc > List Results > Sorted Listing > Sort Elems to sort the stresses in descending order. However, select 'SMAX_J' in the Item, Comp selection box 6. Store the data (Max Stress) as a parameter
Select Utility Menu > Parameters > Get Scalar Data... In the window which appears select 'Results Data' and 'Other operations' In the that appears, fill it in as shown previously , however, name the parameter 'SMaxJ'. 7. Select the largest of SMAXJ and SMAXI Type SMAX=SMAXI>SMAXJ into the command line This will set the largest of the 2 values equal to SMAX. In this case the maximum values for each are the same. However, this is not always the case. 8. View the parametric data Utility Menu > Parameters > Scalar Parameters Note that the maximum stress is 281.25 which is much larger than the allowable stress of 200MPa
Design Optimization
Now that we have parametrically set up our problem in ANSYS based on our initial width and height dimensions, we can now solve the optimization problem. 1. Write the command file It is necessary to write the outline of our problem to an ANSYS command file. This is so that ANSYS can iteratively run solutions to our problem based on different values for the variables that we will define. Select Utility Menu > File > Write DB Log File... In the window that appears type a name for the command file such as optimize.txt Click OK. If you open the command file in a text editor such as Notepad, it should similar to this:
/BATCH ! /COM,ANSYS RELEASE 7.0 UP20021010 16:10:03 05/26/2003 /input,start70,ans,'C:\Program Files\Ansys Inc\v70\ANSYS\apdl\',,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1 /title, Design Optimization *SET,W , 20 *SET,H , 20 /PREP7 K,1,0,0,, K,2,1000,0,, L, 1, 2 !* HPTCREATE,LINE,1,0,RATI,0.75, !* ET,1,BEAM3 !* !* R,1,W*H,(W*H**3)/12,H, , , , !* !* MPTEMP,,,,,,,,
MPTEMP,1,0 MPDATA,EX,1,,200000 MPDATA,PRXY,1,,.3 !* LESIZE,ALL,100, , , ,1, , ,1, LMESH, 1 FINISH /SOL !* ANTYPE,0 FLST,2,1,3,ORDE,1 FITEM,2,1 !* /GO DK,P51X, , , ,0,UX,UY, , , , , FLST,2,1,3,ORDE,1 FITEM,2,2 !* /GO DK,P51X, , , ,0,UY, , , , , , FLST,2,1,3,ORDE,1 FITEM,2,3 !* /GO FK,P51X,FY,-2000 ! /STATUS,SOLU SOLVE FINISH /POST1 AVPRIN,0,0, ETABLE,EVolume,VOLU, !* SSUM !* *GET,Volume,SSUM, ,ITEM,EVOLUME AVPRIN,0,0, ETABLE,SMax_I,NMISC, 1 !* ESORT,ETAB,SMAX_I,0,1, , !* *GET,SMaxI,SORT,,MAX AVPRIN,0,0, ETABLE,SMax_J,NMISC, 3 !* ESORT,ETAB,SMAX_J,0,1, , !* *GET,SMaxJ,SORT,,MAX *SET,SMAX,SMAXI>SMAXJ ! LGWRITE,optimization,,C:\Temp\,COMMENT
Several small changes need to be made to this file prior to commencing the optimization. If you created the geometry etc. using command line code, most of these changes will already be made. However, if you used GUI to create this file there are several occasions where you used the graphical picking device. Therefore, the actual items that were chosen need to be entered. The code 'P51X' symbolizes the graphical selection. To modify the file simply open it using notepad and make the required changes. Save and close the file once you have made all of the required changes. The following is a list of the changes which need to be made to this file (which was created using the GUI method)
Line 32 - DK,P51X, ,0, ,0,UX,UY, , , , , Change this to: DK,1, ,0, ,0,UX,UY, This specifies the constraints at keypoint 1 Line 37 - DK,P51X, ,0, ,0,UY, , , , , , Change to: DK,2, ,0, ,0,UY, This specifies the constraints at keypoint 2 Line 42 - FK,P51X,FY,-2000 Change to: FK,3,FY,-2000 This specifies the force applied on the beam There are also several lines which can be removed from this file. If you are comfortable with command line coding, you should remove the lines which you are certain are not required. 2. Assign the Command File to the Optimization Select Main Menu > Design Opt > Analysis File > Assign In the file list that appears, select the filename that you created when you wrote the command file. Click OK. 3. Define Variables and Tolerances ANSYS needs to know which variables are critical to the optimization. To define variables, we need to know which variables have an effect on the variable to be minimized. In this example our objective is to minimize the volume of a beam which is directly related to the weight of the beam. ANSYS categorizes three types of variables for design optimization: Design Variables (DVs) Independent variables that directly effect the design objective. In this example, the width and height of the beam are the DVs. Changing either variable has a direct effect on the solution of the problem. State Variables (SVs) Dependent variables that change as a result of changing the DVs. These variables are necessary to constrain the design. In this example, the SV is the maximum stress in the beam. Without this SV, our optimization will continue until both the width and height are zero. This would minimize the weight to zero which is not a useful result. Objective Variable (OV) The objective variable is the one variable in the optimization that needs to be minimized. In our problem, we will be minimizing the volume of the beam. NOTE: As previously stated, none of the variables defined in ANSYS are allowed to have negative values. Now that we have decided our design variables, we need to define ranges and tolerances for each variable. For the width and height, we will select a range of 10 to 50 mm for each. Because a small change in either the width or height has a profound effect on the volume of the beam, we will select a tolerance of 0.01mm. Tolerances are necessary in that they tell ANSYS the largest amount of change that a variable can experience before convergence of the problem.
For the stress variable, we will select a range of 195 to 200 MPa with a tolerance of 0.01MPa. Because the volume variable is the objective variable, we do not need to define an allowable range. We will set the tolerance to 200mm3. This tolerance was chosen because it is significantly smaller than the initial magnitude of the volume of 400000mm3 (20mm x 20mm x 1000mm). a. Define the Design Variables (width and height of beam) Select Main Menu > Design Opt > Design Variables... > Add... Complete the window as shown below to specify the variable limits and tolerances for the height of the beam.
Repeat the above steps to specify the variable limits for the width of the beam (identical to specifications for height) b. Define the State Variables Select Main Menu > Design Opt > State Variables... > Add... In the window fill in the following sections Select 'SMAX' in the Parameter Name section. Enter: Lower Limit (MIN = 195) Upper Limit (MAX = 200) Feasibility Tolerance (TOLER = 0.001) c. Define the Objective Variable Select Main Menu > Design Opt > Objective...
Select VOLUME in the Parameter Name section. Under Convergence Tolerance, enter 200. 4. Define the Optimization Method There are several different methods that ANSYS can use to solve an optimization problem. To ensure that you are not finding a solution at a local minimum, it is advisable to use different solution methods. If you have trouble with getting a particular problem to converge it would be a good idea to try a different method of solution to see what might be wrong. For this problem we will use a First-Order Solution method. Select Main Menu > Design Opt > Method / Tool... In the Specify Optimization Method window select First-Order Click OK Enter: Maximum iterations (NITR = 30), Percent step size SIZE = 100, Percent forward diff. DELTA = 0.2 Click OK. Note: the significance of the above variables is explained below: NITR Max number of iterations. Defaults to 10. SIZE % that is applied to the size of each line search step. Defaults to 100% DELTA forward difference (%) applied to the design variable range that is used to compute the gradient. Defaults to 0.2% 5. Run the Optimization Select Main Menu > Design Opt > Run... In the Begin Execution of Run window, confirm that the analysis file, method/type and maximum iterations are correct. Click OK. The solution of an optimization problem can take awhile before convergence. This problem will take about 15 minutes and run through 19 iterations.
Complete the window as shown to obtain a graph of the height and width of the beam changing with each iteration A. For the X-variable parameter select Set number. B. For the Y-variable parameter select H and W. C. Ensure that 'Graph' is selected (as opposed to 'List')
Now you may wish to specify titles for the X and Y axes Select Utility Menu > Plot Ctrls > Style > Graphs > Modify Axes... In the window, enter Number of Iterations for the X-axis label section. Enter Width and Height (mm) for the Y-axis label. Click 'OK' Select Utility Menu > PlotCtrls In the graphics window, you will see a graph of width and height throughout the optimization. You can print the plot by selecting Utility Menu > PlotCtrls > Hard Copy...
You can plot graphs of the other variables in the design by following the above steps. Instead of using width and height for the y-axis label and variables, use whichever variable is necessary to plot. Alternatively, you could list the data by selecting Main Menu > Design Opt > Design Sets > List... . In addition, all of the results data (ie stress, displacement, bending moments) are available from the General Postproc menu.
Substructuring
Introduction
This tutorial was completed using ANSYS 7.0 The purpose of the tutorial is to show the how to use substructuring in ANSYS. Substructuring is a procedure that condenses a group of finite elements into one super-element. This reduces the required computation time and also allows the solution of very large problems. A simple example will be demonstrated to explain the steps required, however, please note that this model is not one which requires the use of substructuring. The example involves a block of wood (E =10 GPa v =0.29) connected to a block of silicone (E = 2.5 MPa, v = 0.41) which is rigidly attached to the ground. A force will be applied to the structure as shown in the following figure. For this example, substructuring will be used for the wood block.
The use of substructuring in ANSYS is a three stage process: 1. Generation Pass Generate the super-element by condensing several elements together. Select the degrees of freedom to save (master DOFs) and to discard (slave DOFs). Apply loads to the super-element 2. Use Pass Create the full model including the super-element created in the generation pass. Apply remaining loads to the model. The solution will consist of the reduced solution tor the super-element and the complete solution for the non-superelements. 3. Expansion Pass Expand the reduced solution to obtain the solution at all DOFs for the super-element. Note that a this method is a bottom-up substructuring (each super-element is created separately and then assembled in the Use Pass). Top-down substructuring is also possible in ANSYS (the entire model is built, then
super-element are created by selecting the appropriate elements). This method is suitable for smaller models and has the advantage that the results for multiple super-elements can be assembled in postprocessing.
3. Create geometry of the super-element Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Areas > Rectangle > By 2 Corners
BLC4,XCORNER,YCORNER,WIDTH,HEIGHT
4. Define the Type of Element Preprocessor > Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete... For this problem we will use PLANE42 (2D structural solid). This element has 4 nodes, each with 2 degrees of freedom (translation along the X and Y axes). 5. Define Element Material Properties Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models > Structural > Linear > Elastic > Isotropic In the window that appears, enter the following geometric properties for wood: i. Young's modulus EX: 10000 (MPa) ii. Poisson's Ratio PRXY: 0.29 6. Define Mesh Size Preprocessor > Meshing > Size Cntrls > Manual Size > Areas > All Areas ... For this example we will use an element edge length of 10mm. 7. Mesh the block Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh > Areas > Free > click 'Pick All'
AMESH,1
2. Select Substructuring Analysis Options It is necessary to define the substructuring analysis options Select Solution > Analysis Type > Analysis Options The following window will appear. Ensure that the options are filled in as shown.
Sename (the name of the super-element matrix file) will default to the jobname. In this case, the stiffness matrix is to be generated. With the option SEPR, the stiffness matrix or load matrix can be printed to the output window if desired. 3. Select Master Degrees of Freedom Master DOFs must be defined at the interface between the super-element and other elements in addition to points where loads/constraints are applied. Select Solution > Master DOFs > User Selected > Define Select the Master DOF as shown in the following figure.
In the window that appears, set the 1st degree of freedom to All DOF
4. Apply Loads Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Force/Moment > On Nodes Place a load of 5N in the x direction on the top left hand node The model should now appear as shown in the figure below.
5. Save the database Utility Menu > File > Save as Jobname.db
SAVE
Save the database to be used again in the expansion pass 6. Solve the System Solution > Solve > Current LS
SOLVE
Now we need to bring the Super-element into the model 4. Define the Super-element Type Preprocessor > Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete... Select 'Super-element' (MATRIX50) 5. Create geometry of the non-superelement (Silicone) Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Areas > Rectangle > By 2 Corners
BLC4,XCORNER,YCORNER,WIDTH,HEIGHT
6. Define the Non-Superelement Type Preprocessor > Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete... We will again use PLANE42 (2D structural solid). 7. Define Element Material Properties Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models > Structural > Linear > Elastic > Isotropic In the window that appears, enter the following geometric properties for silicone: i. Young's modulus EX: 2.5 (MPa) ii. Poisson's Ratio PRXY: 0.41 8. Define Mesh Size Preprocessor > Meshing > Size Cntrls > Manual Size > Areas > All Areas ... For this block we will again use an element edge length of 10mm. Note that is is imperative that the nodes of the non-superelement match up with the super-element MDOFs. 9. Mesh the block Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh > Areas > Free > click 'Pick All'
AMESH,1
10. Offset Node Numbering Since both the super-element and the non-superelement were created independently, they contain similarly numbered nodes (ie both objects will have node #1 etc.). If we bring in the super-element with similar node numbers, the nodes will overwrite existing nodes from the non-superelements. Therefore, we need to offset the super-element nodes
Determine the number of nodes in the existing model Select Utility Menu > Parameters > Get Scalar Data ... The following window will appear. Select Model Data, For Selected set as shown.
Fill in the following window as shown to set MaxNode = the highest node number
Offset the node numbering Select Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Elements > Super-elements > BY CS Transfer Fill in the following window as shown to offset the node numbers and save the file as GEN2
Read in the super-element matrix Select Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Elements > Super-elements > From .SUB File... Enter 'GEN2' as the Jobname of the matrix file in the window (shown below)
Utility Menu > Plot > Replot 11. Couple Node Pairs at Interface of Super-element and Non-Superelements Select the nodes at the interface Select Utility Menu > Select > Entities ... The following window will appear. Select Nodes, By Location, Y coordinates, 40 as shown.
Couple the pair nodes at the interface Select Preprocessor > Coupling / Ceqn > Coincident Nodes Re-select all of the nodes
Select Utility Menu > Select > Entities ... In the window that appears, click 'Nodes > By Num/Pick > From Full > Sele All'
2. Apply Constraints Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On Lines Fix the bottom line (ie all DOF constrained) 3. Apply super-element load vectors Determine the element number of the super-element (Select Utility Menu > PlotCtrls > Numbering...) You should find that the super-element is element 41 Select Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Load Vector > For Super-element The following window will appear. Fill it in as shown to apply the super-element load vector.
4. Save the database Utility Menu > File > Save as Jobname.db
SAVE
Save the database to be used again in the expansion pass 5. Solve the System Solution > Solve > Current LS
SOLVE
1. Show the Displacement Contour Plot General Postproc > Plot Results > Contour Plot > Nodal Solution ... > DOF solution, Translation USUM
PLNSOL,U,SUM,0,1
Note that only the deformation for the non-superelements is plotted. This results agree with what was found without using substructuring (see figure below).
Enter 'GEN' for the jobname 3. Resume Generation Pass Database Utility Menu > File > Resume Jobname.db ...
RESUME
Enter the Solution mode by selecting Main Menu > Solution or by typing /SOLU into the command line. Type 'EXPASS,ON' into the command line to initiate the expansion pass. 2. Enter the Super-element name to be Expanded Select Solution > Load STEP OPTS > ExpansionPass > Single Expand >Expand Superelem ... The following window will appear. Fill it in as shown to select the super-element.
3. Enter the Super-element name to be Expanded Select Solution > Load Step Opts > ExpansionPass > Single Expand > By Load Step... The following window will appear. Fill it in as shown to expand the solution.
USUM
PLNSOL,U,SUM,0,1
Note that only the deformation for the super-elements is plotted (and that the contour intervals have been modified to begin at 0). This results agree with what was found without using substructuring (see figure below).
Although the geometry must remain constant, the element types can change. For instance, thermal elements are required for a thermal analysis while structural elements are required to deterime the stress in the link. It is important to note, however that only certain combinations of elements can be used for a coupled physics analysis. For a listing, see Chapter 2 of the ANSYS Coupled-Field Guide located in the help file. The process requires the user to create all the necessary environments, which are basically the preprocessing portions for each environment, and write them to memory. Then in the solution phase they can be combined to solve the coupled analysis. Thermal Environment - Create Geometry and Define Thermal Properties 1. Give example a Title Utility Menu > File > Change Title ...
/title, Thermal Stress Example
3. Define Keypoints Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Keypoints > In Active CS...
K,#,x,y,z
We are going to define 2 keypoints for this link as given in the following table: Keypoint Coordinates (x,y,z) 1 (0,0) 2 (1,0) 4. Create Lines Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Lines > Lines > In Active Coord
L,1,2
Create a line joining Keypoints 1 and 2, representing a link 1 meter long. 5. Define the Type of Element Preprocessor > Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete... For this problem we will use the LINK33 (Thermal Mass Link 3D conduction) element. This element is a uniaxial element with the ability to conduct heat between its nodes. 6. Define Real Constants Preprocessor > Real Constants... > Add... In the 'Real Constants for LINK33' window, enter the following geometric properties: i. Cross-sectional area AREA: 4e-4 This defines a beam with a cross-sectional area of 2 cm X 2 cm.
7. Define Element Material Properties Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models > Thermal > Conductivity > Isotropic In the window that appears, enter the following geometric properties for steel: i. KXX: 60.5 8. Define Mesh Size Preprocessor > Meshing > Size Cntrls > ManualSize > Lines > All Lines... For this example we will use an element edge length of 0.1 meters. 9. Mesh the frame Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh > Lines > click 'Pick All' 10. Write Environment The thermal environment (the geometry and thermal properties) is now fully described and can be written to memory to be used at a later time. Preprocessor > Physics > Environment > Write In the window that appears, enter the TITLE Thermal and click OK.
11. Clear Environment Preprocessor > Physics > Environment > Clear > OK Doing this clears all the information prescribed for the geometry, such as the element type, material properties, etc. It does not clear the geometry however, so it can be used in the next stage, which is defining the structural environment. Structural Environment - Define Physical Properties Since the geometry of the problem has already been defined in the previous steps, all that is required is to detail the structural variables. 1. Switch Element Type Preprocessor > Element Type > Switch Elem Type Choose Thermal to Struc from the scoll down list.
This will switch to the complimentary structural element automatically. In this case it is LINK 8. For more information on this element, see the help file. A warning saying you should modify the new element as necessary will pop up. In this case, only the material properties need to be modified as the geometry is staying the same. 2. Define Element Material Properties Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models > Structural > Linear > Elastic > Isotropic In the window that appears, enter the following geometric properties for steel: i. Young's Modulus EX: 200e9 ii. Poisson's Ratio PRXY: 0.3 Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models > Structural > Thermal Expansion Coef > Isotropic i. ALPX: 12e-6 3. Write Environment The structural environment is now fully described. Preprocessor > Physics > Environment > Write In the window that appears, enter the TITLE Struct
2. Read in the Thermal Environment Solution > Physics > Environment > Read Choose thermal and click OK.
If the Physics option is not available under Solution, click Unabridged Menu at the bottom of the Solution menu. This should make it visible. 3. Apply Constraints Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Thermal > Temperature > On Keypoints Set the temperature of Keypoint 1, the left-most point, to 348 Kelvin. 4. Solve the System Solution > Solve > Current LS
SOLVE
5. Close the Solution Menu Main Menu > Finish It is very important to click Finish as it closes that environment and allows a new one to be opened without contamination. If this is not done, you will get error messages. The thermal solution has now been obtained. If you plot the steady-state temperature on the link, you will see it is a uniform 348 K, as expected. This information is saved in a file labelled Jobname.rth, were .rth is the thermal results file. Since the jobname wasn't changed at the beginning of the analysis, this data can be found as file.rth. We will use these results in determing the structural effects. 6. Read in the Structural Environment Solution > Physics > Environment > Read Choose struct and click OK. 7. Apply Constraints Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On Keypoints Fix Keypoint 1 for all DOF's and Keypoint 2 in the UX direction.
8. Include Thermal Effects Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Temperature > From Therm Analy As shown below, enter the file name File.rth. This couples the results from the solution of the thermal environment to the information prescribed in the structural environment and uses it during the analysis.
9. Define Reference Temperature Preprocessor > Loads > Define Loads > Settings > Reference Temp For this example set the reference temperature to 273 degrees Kelvin.
As shown, the stress in the link should be a uniform 180 MPa in compression. 2. Get Stress Data Since the element is only a line, the stress can't be listed in the normal way. Instead, an element table must be created first. General Postproc > Element Table > Define Table > Add Fill in the window as shown below. [CompStr > By Sequence Num > LS > LS,1
ETABLE,CompStress,LS,1
3. List the Stress Data General Postproc > Element Table > List Elem Table > COMPSTR > OK
PRETAB,CompStr
The following list should appear. Note the stress in each element: -0.180e9 Pa, or 180 MPa in compression as expected.
Using P-Elements
Introduction
This tutorial was completed using ANSYS 7.0. This tutorial outlines the steps necessary for solving a model meshed with p-elements. The p-method manipulates the polynomial level (p-level) of the finite element shape functions which are used to approximate the real solution. Thus, rather than increasing mesh density, the p-level can be increased to give a similar result. By keeping mesh density rather coarse, computational time can be kept to a minimum. This is the greatest advantage of using p-elements over h-elements. A uniform load will be applied to the right hand side of the geometry shown below. The specimen was modeled as steel with a modulus of elasticity of 200 GPa.
2. Activate the p-Method Solution Options ANSYS Main Menu > Preferences
/PMETH,ON
4. Define Keypoints Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Keypoints > In Active CS...
K,#,x,y,z
We are going to define 12 keypoints for this geometry as given in the following table: Keypoint 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Coordinates (x,y,z) (0,0) (0,100) (20,100) (45,52) (55,52) (80,100) (100,100) (100,0) (80,0)
10 11 12
5. Create Area Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Areas > Arbitrary > Through KPs
A,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12
Click each of the keypoints in numerical order to create the area shown below.
6. Define the Type of Element Preprocessor > Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete... For this problem we will use the PLANE145 (p-Elements 2D Quad) element. This element has eight nodes with 2 degrees of freedom each (translation along the X and Y axes). It can support a polynomial with maximum order of eight. After clicking OK to select the element, click Options... to open the keyoptions window, shown below. Choose Plane stress + TK for Analysis Type.
Keyopts 1 and 2 can be used to set the starting and maximum p-level for this element type. For now we will leave them as default. Other types of p-elements exist in the ANSYS library. These include Solid127 and Solid128 which have electrostatic DOF's, and Plane145, Plane146, Solid147, Solid148 and Shell150 which have structural DOF's. For more information on these elements, go to the Element Library in the help file. 7. Define Real Constants Preprocessor > Real Constants... > Add... In the 'Real Constants for PLANE145' window, enter the following geometric properties: i. Thickness THK: 10 This defines an element with a thickness of 10 mm. 8. Define Element Material Properties Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models > Structural > Linear > Elastic > Isotropic In the window that appears, enter the following geometric properties for steel: i. Young's modulus EX: 200000 ii. Poisson's Ratio PRXY: 0.3 9. Define Mesh Size Preprocessor > Meshing > Size Cntrls > ManualSize > Areas > All Areas... For this example we will use an element edge length of 5mm. 10. Mesh the frame Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh > Areas > Free > click 'Pick All'
ANTYPE,0
2. Set Solution Controls Solution > Analysis Type > Sol'n Controls The following window will pop up.
A) Set Time at end of loadstep to 1 and Automatic time stepping to ON B) Set Number of substeps to 20, Max no. of substeps to 100, Min no. of substeps to 20. C) Set the Frequency to Write every substep 3. Apply Constraints Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On Lines Fix the left side of the area (ie all DOF constrained) 4. Apply Loads Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Pressure > On Lines Apply a pressure of -100 N/mm^2 The applied loads and constraints should now appear as shown in the figure below.
3. Plot p-Levels General Postproc > Plot Results > p-Method > p-Levels The following distribution should appear.
Note how the order of the polynomial increased in the area with the greatest range in stress. This allowed the elements to more accurately model the stress distribution through that area. For more complex geometries, these orders may go as high as 8. As a comparison, a plot of the stress distribution for a normal h-element (PLANE2) model using the same mesh, and one with a mesh 5 times finer are shown below.
As one can see from the two plots, the mesh density had to be increased by 5 times to get the accuracy that the p-elements delivered. This is the benefit of using p-elements. You can use a mesh that is relatively coarse, thus computational time will be low, and still get reasonable results. However, care should be taken using p-elements as they can sometimes give poor results or take a long time to converge.
3. Create Rectangle Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Areas > Rectangle > By 2 Corners Fill in the window with the following dimensions: WP X = 0 WP Y = 0 Width = 0.03 Height = 0.03
BLC4,0,0,0.03,0.03
4. Define the Type of Element Preprocessor > Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete... For this example, we will use PLANE55 (Thermal Solid, Quad 4node 55). This element has 4 nodes and a single DOF (temperature) at each node. PLANE55 can only be used for 2 dimensional steady-state or transient thermal analysis. 5. Define Element Material Properties Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models > Thermal > Conductivity > Isotropic In the window that appears, enter the following properties: i. Thermal Conductivity KXX: 1.8 Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models > Thermal > Specific Heat In the window that appears, enter the following properties: i. Specific Heat C: 2040 Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models > Thermal > Density In the window that appears, enter the following properties: i. Density DENS: 920 6. Define Mesh Size Preprocessor > Meshing > Size Cntrls > ManualSize > Areas > All Areas... For this example we will use an element edge length of 0.0005m. 7. Mesh the frame Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh > Areas > Free > click 'Pick All'
ANTYPE,4
2. Turn on Newton-Raphson solver Due to a glitch in the ANSYS software, there is no apparent way to do this with the graphical user interface. Therefore, you must type NROPT,FULL into the commmand line. This step is necessary as element killing can only be done when the N-R solver has been used. 3. Set Solution Controls Solution > Analysis Type > Sol'n Controls The following window will pop up.
B) Set Number of substeps to 20. C) Set the Frequency to Write every substep. Click on the NonLinear tab at the top and fill it in as shown
D) Set Line search to ON . E) Set the Maximum number of iterations to 100. For a complete description of what these options do, refer to the help file. Basically, the time at the end of the load step is how long the transient analysis will run and the number of substeps defines how the load is broken up. By writing the data at every step, you can create animations over time and the other options help the problem converge quickly. 4. Apply Initial Conditions Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Initial Condit'n > Define > Pick All Fill in the IC window as follows to set the initial temperature of the material to 268 K:
For thermal problems, constraints can be in the form of Temperature, Heat Flow, Convection, Heat Flux, Heat Generation, or Radiation. In this example, all external surfaces of the material will be subject to convection with a coefficient of 10 W/m^2*K and a surrounding temperature of 368 K. Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Thermal > Convection > On Lines > Pick All Fill in the pop-up window as follows, with a film coefficient of 10 and a bulk temperature of 368.
2. Create Element Table Element death can be used in various ways. For instance, the user can manually kill, or turn off, elements to create the desired effect. Here, we will use data from the analysis to kill the necessary elements to model melting. Assume the material melts at 273 K. We must create an element table containing the temperature of all the elements. From the General Postprocessor menu select Element Table > Define Table... Click on 'Add...' Fill the window in as shown below, with a title Melty and select DOF solution > Temperature TEMP and click OK.
We can now select elements from this table in the temperature range we desire. 3. Select Elements to Kill Assume that the melting temperature is 273 K, thus any element with a temperature of 273 or greater must be killed to simulate melting. Utility Menu > Select > Entities Use the scroll down menus to select Elements > By Results > From Full and click OK.
Ensure the element table Melty is selected and enter a VMIN value of 273 as shown.
The easiest way to do this is to type ekill,all into the command line. Since all elements above melting temperature had been selected, this will kill only those elements. The other option is to use Solution > Load Step Opts > Other > Birth & Death > Kill Elements and graphically pick all the melted elements. This is much too time consuming in this case.
With the window still open, select Elements > Live Elem's > From Full and click OK.
2. View Results General Postproc > Plot Results > Contour Plot > Nodal Solu > DOF solution > Temperature TEMP The final melted shape should look as follows:
This procedure can be programmed in a loop, using command line code, to more accurately model element death over time. Rather than running the analysis for a time of 60 and killing any elements above melting temperature at the end, a check can be done after each substep to see if any elements are above the specified temperature and be killed at that point. That way, the prescribed convection can then act on the elements below those killed, more accurately modelling the heating process.
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Contact Elements
Introduction
This tutorial was completed using ANSYS 7.0 The purpose of the tutorial is to describe how to utilize contact elements to simulate how two beams react when they come into contact with each other. The beams, as shown below, are 100mm long, 10mm x 10mm in cross-section, have a Young's modulus of 200 GPa, and are rigidly constrained at the outer ends. A 10KN load is applied to the center of the upper, causing it to bend and contact the lower.
3. Define Areas Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Area > Rectangle > By 2 Corners
BLC4,WP X, WP Y, Width, Height
We are going to define 2 rectangles as described in the following table: Rectangle Variables (WP X,WP Y,Width,Height) 1 (0, 15, 100, 10)
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4. Define the Type of Element Preprocessor > Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete... For this problem we will use the PLANE42 (Solid, Quad 4node 42) element. This element has 2 degrees of freedom at each node (translation along the X and Y). While the Element Types window is still open, click Options.... Change Element behavior K3 to Plane strs w/thk as shown below. This allows a thickness to be input for the elements.
5. Define Real Constants Preprocessor > Real Constants... > Add... In the 'Real Constants for PLANE42' window, enter the following geometric properties: i. Thickness THK: 10 This defines a beam with a thickness of 10 mm. 6. Define Element Material Properties Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models > Structural > Linear > Elastic > Isotropic In the window that appears, enter the following geometric properties for steel: i. Young's modulus EX: 200000 ii. Poisson's Ratio PRXY: 0.3 7. Define Mesh Size Preprocessor > Meshing > Size Cntrls > ManualSize > Areas > All Lines... For this example we will use an element edge length of 2mm. 8. Mesh the frame
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Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh > Areas > Free > click 'Pick All' 9. Define the Type of Contact Element Preprocessor > Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete... For this problem we will use the CONTAC48 (Contact, pt-to-surf 48) element. CONTAC48 may be used to represent contact and sliding between two surfaces (or between a node and a surface) in 2-D. The element has two degrees of freedom at each node: translations in the nodal x and y directions. Contact occurs when the contact node penetrates the target line. While the Element Types window is still open, click Options.... Change Contact time/load prediction K7 to Reasonabl T/L inc. This is an important step. It initiates a process during the solution calculations where the time step or load step, depending on what the user has specified in the solution controls, incremements slowly when contact is immenent. This way, one surface won't penetrate too far into the other and cause the solution to fail.
It is important to note, CONTAC48 elements are created in the space between two surfaces prescribed by the user. This will be covered below. As the surfaces approach each other, the contact element is slowly "crushed" until it's upper node(s) lie along the same line as the lower node(s). Thus, ANSYS can calculate when the two prescribed surfaces have made contact. Other contact elements, such as CONTA175, require a target element, such as TARGE169, to function. When using contact elements in your own analyses, be sure to understand how the elements work. The ANSYS help file has plenty of useful information regarding contact elements and is worth reading. 10. Define Real Constants for the Contact Elements Preprocessor > Real Constants... > Add... In the 'Real Constants for CONTAC48' window, enter the following properties: i. Normal contact stiffness KN: 200000 CONTAC48 elements basically use a penalty approach to model contact. When one surface comes into "contact" with the other, ANSYS numerically puts a spring of stiffness KN between the two. ANSYS recommends a value between 0.01 and 100 times Young's modulus for the material. Since this "spring" is so stiff, the behaviour of the model is like the two surfaces have made contact. This KN value can greatly
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affect your solution, so be sure to read the help file on contact so you can recognize when your solution is not converging and why. A good rule of thumb is to start with a low value of KN and see how the solution converges (start watching the ANSYS Output Window). If there is too much penetration, you should increase KN. If it takes a lot of iterations to converge for a single substep, you should decrease KN. ii. Target length tolerance TOLS: 10 Real constant TOLS is used to add a small tolerance that will internally increase the length of the target. This is useful for problems when node to node contact is likely to occur, rather than node to element edge. In this situation, the contact node may repeatedly "slip" off one of the target nodes, resulting in convergence difficulties. A small value of TOLS, given in %, is usually enough to prevent such difficulties. The other real constants can be used to model sliding friction, tolerances, etc. Information about these other constants can be found in the help file. 11. Define Nodes for Creating Contact Elements Unlike the normal meshing sequence used for most elements, contact elements must be defined in a slightly different manner. Sets of nodes that are likely to come into contact must be defined and used to generate the necessary elements. ANSYS has many recommendations about which nodes to select and whether they should act as target nodes or source nodes. In this simple case, source nodes are those that will move into contact with the other surface, where as target nodes are those that are contacted. These terms are important when using the automatic contact element mesher to ensure the elements will correctly model contact between the surfaces. A strong understanding of how the elements work is important when using contact elements for your own analysis. First, the source nodes will be selected. Utility Menu > Select > Entities... Select Areas and By Num/Pick from the pull down menus, select From Full from the radio buttons and click OK. Select the top beam and click OK. This will ensure any nodes that are selected in the next few steps will be from the upper beam. In this case, it is not too hard to ensure you select the correct nodes. However, when the geometry is complex, you may inadvertantly select a node from the wrong surface and it could cause problems during element generation.
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Utility Menu > Select > Entities... Select Nodes and By Location from the pull down menus, Y coordinates and Reselect from the radio buttons and enter a value of 15 and click OK. This will select all nodes along the bottom of the upper beam.
Utility Menu > Select > Entities... Select Nodes and By Location from the pull down menus, X coordinates and Reselect from the radio buttons and enter values of 50,100. This will select the nodes
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Now if you list the selected nodes, Utility Menu > List > Nodes... you should only have the following nodes remaining.
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It is important to try and limit the number of nodes you use to create contact elements. If you have a lot of contact elements, it takes a great deal of computational time to reach a solution. In this case, the only nodes that could make contact with the lower beam are those directly above it, thus those are the only nodes we will use to create the contact elements. Utility Menu > Select > Comp/Assembly > Create Component Enter the component name Source as shown below, and click OK. Now we can use this component, Source, as a list of nodes to be used in other functions. This can be very useful in other applications as well.
Now select the target nodes. Using the same procedure as above, select the nodes on the lower beam directly under the upper beam. Be sure to reselect all nodes before starting to select others. This is done by
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opening the entity select menu, Utility Menu > Select > Entities..., clicking the Also Select radio button, and click the Sele All button. These values will be the ones you'll use. Click the lower area for the area select. The Y coordinate is 10 The X coordinates vary from 50 to 100. When creating the component this time, enter the name Target. IMPORTANT: Be sure to reselect all the nodes before continuing. This is done by opening the entity select menu, Utility Menu > Select > Entities..., clicking the Also Select radio button, and click the Sele All button. 12. Generate Contact Elements Main Menu > Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Elements > Elem Attributes Fill the window in as shown below. This ensures ANSYS knows that you are dealing with the contact elements and the associated real constants.
Main Menu > Preprocessor > Modeling> Create > Elements > Surf / Contact > Node to Surf The following window will pop up. Select the node set SOURCE from the first drop down menu (Ccomp) and TARGET from the second drop down menu (Tcomp). The rest of the selections remain unchanged.
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Unfortunately, the contact elements don't get plotted on the screen so it is sometimes difficult to tell they are there. If you wish, you can plot the elements (Utility Menu > Plot > Elements) and turn on element numbering (Utility Menu > PlotCtrls > Numbering > Elem/Attrib numbering > Element Type Numbers). If you zoom in on the contact areas, you can see little purple stars (Contact Nodes) and thin purple lines (Target Elements) numbered "2" which correspond to the contact elements, shown below.
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2. Set Solution Controls Select Solution > Analysis Type > Sol'n Control... The following image will appear:
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Ensure the following selections are made under the 'Basic' tab (as shown above) A. Ensure Automatic time stepping is on. Automatic time stepping allows ANSYS to determine appropriate sizes to break the load steps into. Decreasing the step size usually ensures better accuracy, however, this takes time. The Automatic Time Step feature will determine an appropriate balance. This feature also activates the ANSYS bisection feature which will allow recovery if convergence fails. B. Enter 100 as the number of substeps. This will set the initial substep to 1/100 th of the total load. C. Enter a maximum number of substeps of 1000. This stops the program if the solution does not converge after 1000 steps. D. Enter a minimum number of substeps of 20. E. Ensure all solution items are writen to a results file. Ensure the following selection is made under the 'Nonlinear' tab (as shown below) A. Ensure Maximum Number of Iterations is set to 100
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NOTE There are several options which have not been changed from their default values. For more information about these commands, type help followed by the command into the command line. These solution control values are extremely important in determining if your analysis will succeed or fail. If you have too few substeps, the contact nodes may be driven through the target elements before ANSYS "realizes" it has happened. In this case the solution will resemble that of an analysis that didn't have contact elements defined at all. Therefore it is important to choose a relatively large number of substeps initially to ensure the model is defined properly. Once everything is working, you can reduce the number of substeps to optimize the computational time. Also, if the maximum number of substeps or iterations is left too low, ANSYS may stop the analysis before it has a chance to converge to a solution. Again, leave these relatively high at first. 3. Apply Constraints Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On Lines Fix the left end of the upper beam and the right end of the lower beam (ie all DOF constrained) 4. Apply Loads Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Force/Moment > On Nodes Apply a load of -10000 in the FY direction to the center of the top surface of the upper beam. Note, this is a point load on a 2D surface. This type of loading should be avoided since it will cause a singularity. However, the displacement or stress near the load is not of interest in this analyis, thus we will use a point load for simplicity. The applied loads and constraints should now appear as shown in the figure below.
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2. Adjust Graphical Scaling Utility Menu > PlotCtrls > Style > Displacement Scaling Click the 1.0 (true scale) radio button, then click ok. This is of huge importance! I lost many hours trying to figure out why the contact elements weren't working, when in fact it was just due to the displacement scaling to which ANSYS defaulted. If you leave the scaling as default, many times it will look like your contact nodes have gone through the target elements. 3. Show the Stress Distribution in the Beams General Postproc > Plot Results > Contour Plot > Nodal Solu > Stress > von Mises 4. Adjust Contour Scale Utility Menu > PlotCtrls > Style > Contours > Non-Uniform Contours Fill in the window as follows:
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As seen in the figure, the load on the upper beam caused it to deflect and come in contact with the lower beam, producing a stress distribution in both.
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*if,OSCILATE,GT,0,THEN k,i,X_COORD,0 *else k,i,X_COORD,HEIGHT *endif *enddo KEYP = 0 *do,j,1,DIVISION,1 KEYP = KEYP + 1 L,KEYP,(KEYP+1) *if,KEYP,LE,(DIVISION-1),THEN L,KEYP,(KEYP+2) *endif *enddo et,1,link1 r,1,100 mp,ex,1,200000 mp,prxy,1,0.3 esize,,1 lmesh,all finish
1. *ASK Command The *ASK command prompts the user to input data for a variable. In this case, *ask,LENGTH,How long is the truss,100 prompts the user for a value describing the length of the truss. This value is stored under the variable LENGTH. Thus in later parts of the code, LENGTH can be used in other commands rather than typing in 200 m. The 100 value at the end of the string is the default value if the user were to enter no value and just hit the enter key. 2. Variable Definition Using the "=" Command ANSYS allows the user to define a variable in a few ways. As seen above, the *ASK command can be used define a variable, but this is usually only used for data that will change from run to run. The *SET command can also be used to define variables. For more information on this command, see the help file. However, the most intutitive method is to use "=". It is used in the following manner: 'the variable you wish to define' = 'some arguement'. This argument can be a single value, or a mathematical expression, as seen in the line defining DELTA_L 3. *DO Loops Do-loops are useful when you want to repeat a command a known number of times. The syntax for the expression is *DO, Par, IVAL, FVAL, INC, where Par is the parameter that will be incremented by the loop, IVAL is the initial value the parameter starts as, FVAL is the final value the parameter will reach, and INC is the increment value that the parameter
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will be increased by during each iteration of the loop. For example, *do,i,1,10_K,1 is a do-loop which increases the parameter "i" from 1 to 10 in steps of 1, (ie 1,2,3...8,9,10). It is necessary to use a *ENDDO command at the end of the loop to locate where ANSYS should look for the next command once the loop has finished. In between the *DO and *ENDDO, the user can place code that will utilize the repetative characteristics of the loop. 4. *IF Statement If-statements can be used as decision makers, determining if a certain case has occured. For example, in the code above there is a statement: *if,OSCILATE,GT,0,THEN. This translates to "if the variable, OSCILATE, is greater than zero, then...". Any code directly following the *if command will be carried out if the statement is true. If it is not true it will skip to the *else command. This command is only used in conjunction with the *if command. Any code directly following the *else command will be carried out when the original statement is false. An *endif command is necessary after all code in the *if and *else sections to define an ending.
3. Create Block Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Volumes > Block > By 2 Corners & Z
BLC4,0,0,Width,Height,Length
Where:
4. Define the Type of Element Preprocessor > Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete... For this problem we will use the SOLID45 (3D Structural Solid) element. This element has 8 nodes
each with 3 degrees of freedom (translation along the X, Y and Z directions). 5. Define Element Material Properties Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models > Structural > Linear > Elastic > Isotropic In the window that appears, enter the following geometric properties for steel: i. Young's modulus EX: 200000 ii. Poisson's Ratio PRXY: 0.3 6. Define Mesh Size Preprocessor > Meshing > Size Cntrls > ManualSize > Global > Size
esize,20
For this example we will use an element size of 20mm. 7. Mesh the volume Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh > Volumes > click 'Pick All' vmesh,all
2. Apply Constraints Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On Areas Fix the left hand side (should be labeled Area 1). 3. Apply Loads Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Force/Moment > On Keypoints Apply a load of 2500N downward on the back right hand keypoint (Keypoint #7). 4. Solve the System Solution > (-Solve-) Current LS
SOLVE
Type
Description
Visual Representation
SECT or (1)
Section display. Only the selected section is shown without any remaining faces or edges shown
CAP or (5)
Capped hidden diplay. This is as though you have cut off a portion of the model and the remaining model can be seen
ZQSL or (8)
QSLICE Z-buffered display. This is the same as SECT but the outline of the entire model is shown.
Align the cutting plane with the working plane(/CPLANE) 1. Deflection Before we begin selecting cross sections, let's view deflection of the entire model. Select: General Postproc > Plot Results > Contour Plot > Nodal Solu
From this one may wish to view several cross sections through the YZ plane. To illustrate how to take a cross section, let's take one halfway through the beam in the YZ plane First, offset the working plane to the desired position, halfway through the beam Select: Utility Menu > WorkPlane > Offset WP by Increments In the window that appears, increase Global X to 30 (Width/2) and rotate Y by +90 degrees Select the type of plot and align the cutting plane with the working plane (Note that in GUI, these two steps are combined) Select: Utility Menu > PlotCtrls > Style > Hidden-Line Options Fill in the window that appears as shown below to select /TYPE=ZQSL and /CPLANE=Working Plane
This can be repeated for any slice, however, note that the command lines required to do the same are as follows:
WPOFFS,Width/2,0,0 WPROTA,0,0,90 /CPLANE,1 /TYPE,1,8 PLNSOL,U,SUM,0,1 ! Offset the working plane for cross-section view ! Rotate the working plane ! Cutting plane defined to use the WP
Also note that to realign the working plane with the active coordinate system, simply use:
WPCSYS,-1,0
2. Equivalent Stress Again, let's view stresses within the entire model. First we need to realign the working plane with the active coordinate system. Select: Utility Menu > WorkPlane > Align WP with > Active Coord Sys (NOTE: To check the position of the WP, select Utility Menu > WorkPlane > Show WP Status) Next we need to change /TYPE to the default setting(no hidden or section operations). Select: Utility Menu > PlotCtrls > Style > Hidden Line Options... And change the 'Type of Plot' to 'Non-hidden' Select: General Postproc > Plot Results > Contour Plot > Nodal Solu > Stress > von Mises
Let's say that we want to take a closer look at the base of the beam through the XY plane. Because it is much easier, we are going to use command line:
WPOFFS,0,0,1/16*Length /CPLANE,1 /TYPE,1,5 PLNSOL,S,EQV,0,1 ! Offset the working plane ! Cutting plane defined to use the WP ! Use the capped hidden display
Note that we did not need to rotate the WP because we want to look at the XY plane which is the default). Also note that we are using the capped hidden display this time.
3. Animation Now, for something a little more impressive, let's show an animation of the Von Mises stress through the beam. Unfortunately, the ANSYS commands are not as user friendly as they could be... but please bear with me. Select: Utility Menu > PlotCtrls > Animate > Q-Slice Contours In the window that appears, just change the Item to be contoured to 'Stress' 'von Mises' You will then be asked to select 3 nodes; the origin, the sweep direction, and the Y axis. In the graphics window, select the node at the origin of the coordinate system as the origin of the sweep (the sweep will start there). Next, the sweep direction is in the Z direction, so select any node in the z direction (parallel to the first node). Finally, select the node in the back, bottom left hand side corner as the Y axis. You should now see an animated version of the contour slices through the beam. For more information on how to modify the animation, type help ancut into the command line.
In this tutorial, a steel plate measuring 100 mm X 200 mm X 10 mm will be used. Three holes are drilled through the vertical centerline of the plate. The plate is constrained in the y-direction at the bottom and a uniform, distributed load is pulling on the top of the plate.
3. Define Rectangular Ares Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Areas > Rectangle > By 2 Corners
BLC4,0,0,200,100
Create a rectangle where the bottom left corner has the coordinates 0,0 and the width and height are 200 and 100 respectively. 4. Create Circles Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Areas > Circle > Solid Circle
cyl4,WP X,WP Y,Radius
Create three circles with parameters shown below. Parameters Circle WP WP Radius X Y 50 50 10 1 2 100 50 10 3 150 50 10 5. Subtract the Circles Preprocessor > Modeling > Operate > Booleans > Subtract > Areas First, select the area to remain (ie. the rectangle) and click OK. Then, select the areas to be subtracted (ie. the circles) and click OK. The remaining area should look as shown below.
Preprocessor > Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete... For this problem we will use the PLANE2 (Solid Triangle 6node) element. This element has 2 degrees of freedom (translation along the X and Y axes). In the 'Element Types' window, click 'Options...' and set 'Element behavior' to Plane strs w/thk 7. Define Real Constants Preprocessor > Real Constants... > Add... In the 'Real Constants for PLANE2' window, enter a thickness of 10. 8. Define Element Material Properties Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models > Structural > Linear > Elastic > Isotropic In the window that appears, enter the following geometric properties for steel: i. Young's modulus EX: 200000 ii. Poisson's Ratio PRXY: 0.3 9. Define Mesh Size Preprocessor > Meshing > Size Cntrls > ManualSize > Areas > All Areas... For this example we will use an element edge length of 5mm. 10. Mesh the Area Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh > Areas > Free > click 'Pick All'
2. Apply Constraints Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On Lines Constrain the bottom of the area in the UY direction. 3. Apply Loads Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Pressure > On Lines Apply a constant, uniform pressure of -200 on the top of the area. The model should now look like the figure below.
General Postproc > Plot Results > Contour Plot > Nodal Solu > Stress > von Mises The display should now look like this.
To ensure the top plot is not erased when the second plot is created, you must make a couple of changes. Utility Menu > PlotCtrls > Window Controls > Window On or Off. Turn window 1 'off'. To keep window 1 visible during replots, select Utility Menu > PlotCtrls > Erase Option > Erase Between Plots and ensure there is no check-mark, meaning this function off.
To have the next graph plot in the bottom half of the screen, select Utility Menu > PlotCtrls > Window Controls > Window Layout and select 'Window 2 > Bottom Half > Do not replot'. 2. Create Path General PostProc > Path Operations > Define Path > By Location In the window, shown below, name the path Cutline and set the 'Number of divisions' to 1000
Fill the next two window in with the following parameters Parameters X Path Point Number Loc 0 1 200 2
Y Loc 50 50
Z Loc 0 0
When the third window pops up, click 'Cancle' because we only enabled two points on the path in the previous step. 3. Map the Stress onto the Path Now the path is defined, you must choose what to map to the path, or in other words, what results should be available to the path. For this example, equivalent stress is desired. General Postproc > Path Operations > Map onto Path Fill the next window in as shown below [Stress > von Mises] and click OK.
The warning shown below will probably pop up. This is just saying that some of the 1000 points you defined earlier are not on interpolation points (special points on the elements) therefore there is no data to map. This is of little concern though, since there are plenty of points that do lie on interpolation points to produce the necessary plot, so disregard the warning.
4. Plot the Path Data General Postproc > Path Operations > Plot Path Item > On Geometry Fill the window in as shown below
The display should look like the following. Note, there will be dots on the plot showing node locations. Due to resolution restrictions, these dots are not shown here.
This plot makes it easy to see how the stress is concentrated around the holes.
This tutorial will use a steel beam 400 mm long, with a 40 mm X 60 mm cross section as shown above. It will be rigidly constrained at one end and a -2500 N load will be applied to the other.
3. Define Keypoints Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Keypoints > In Active CS...
K,#,x,y,z
We are going to define 2 keypoints for this beam as given in the following table: Keypoint Coordinates (x,y,z)
1 2
(0,0) (400,0)
4. Create Lines Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Lines > Lines > In Active Coord
L,1,2
Create a line joining Keypoints 1 and 2 5. Define the Type of Element Preprocessor > Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete... For this problem we will use the BEAM3 (Beam 2D elastic) element. This element has 3 degrees of freedom (translation along the X and Y axes, and rotation about the Z axis). 6. Define Real Constants Preprocessor > Real Constants... > Add... In the 'Real Constants for BEAM3' window, enter the following geometric properties: i. Cross-sectional area AREA: 2400 ii. Area moment of inertia IZZ: 320e3 iii. Total beam height: 40 This defines a beam with a height of 40 mm and a width of 60 mm. 7. Define Element Material Properties Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models > Structural > Linear > Elastic > Isotropic In the window that appears, enter the following geometric properties for steel: i. Young's modulus EX: 200000 ii. Poisson's Ratio PRXY: 0.3 8. Define Mesh Size Preprocessor > Meshing > Size Cntrls > ManualSize > Lines > All Lines... For this example we will use an element edge length of 20mm. 9. Mesh the frame Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh > Lines > click 'Pick All'
2. Apply Constraints Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On Keypoints Fix keypoint 1 (ie all DOF constrained) 3. Apply Loads Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Force/Moment > On Keypoints Apply a load of -2500N on keypoint 2. The model should now look like the figure below.
the model. Utility Menu > List > Nodes... > OK. For this example there are 21 nodes. Thus the table must have at least 21 rows. 2. Create the Table Utility Menu > Parameters > Array Parameters > Define/Edit > Add
The window seen above will pop up. Fill it out as shown [Graph > Table > 22,2,1]. Note there are 22 rows, one more than the number of nodes. The reason for this will be explained below. Click OK and then close the 'Define/Edit' window. 3. Enter Data into Table First, the horizontal location of the nodes will be recorded Utility Menu > Parameters > Get Array Data ... In the window shown below, select Model Data > Nodes
Fill the next window in as shown below and click OK [Graph(1,1) > All > Location > X]. Naming the array parameter 'Graph(1,1)' fills in the table starting in row 1, column 1, and continues down the column.
Next, the vertical displacement will be recorded. Utility Menu > Parameters > Get Array Data ... > Results data > Nodal results Fill the next window in as shown below and click OK [Graph(1,2) > All > DOF solution > UY]. Naming the array parameter 'Graph(1,2)' fills in the table starting in row 1, column 2, and continues down the column.
4. Arrange the Data for Ploting Users familiar with the way ANSYS numbers nodes will realize that node 1 will be on the far left, as it is keypoint 1, node 2 will be on the far right (keypoint 2), and the rest of the nodes are numbered sequentially from left to right. Thus, the second row in the table contains the data for the last node. This causes problems during plotting, thus the information for the last node must be moved to the final row of the table. This is why a table with 22 rows was created, to provide room to move this data. Utility Menu > Parameters > Array Parameters > Define/Edit > Edit
The data for the end of the beam (X-location = 400, UY = -0.833) is in row two. Cut one of the cells to be moved (right click > Copy or Ctrl+X), press the down arrow to get to the bottom of the table, and paste it into the appropriate column (right click > Paste or Ctrl+V). When both values have been moved check to ensure the two entries in row 2 are zero. Select File > Apply/Quit 5. Plot the Data Utility Menu > Plot > Array Parameters The following window will pop up. Fill it in as shown, with the X-location data on the X-axis and the vertical deflection on the Y-axis.
To change the axis labels select Utility Menu > Plot Ctrls > Style > Graphs > Modify Axes ... To see the changes to the labels, select Utility Menu > Replot The plot should look like the one seen below.
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Graphical Options
1. Number the Nodes Utility Menu > PlotCtrls > Numbering... The following window will appear:
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From this window you can select which items you wish to number. When you click OK, the window will disappear and your model should be numbered appropriately. However, sometimes the numbers won't show up. This could be because you had previously selected a plot of a different item. To remedy this problem, select the same item you just numbered from the Utility > Plot menu and the numbering will show up. For instance, select the node numbering and plot the nodes. You should get the following:
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As shown, the nodes have been numbered. You can also see some other information that ANSYS is providing. The arrows on the left and the right are the force that was applied and the resulting external reactive forces and moments. The triangles on the left are the constraints and the coordinate triad is also visible. These extra symbols may not be necessary, so the next section will show how to turn these symbols off. 2. Symbol Toggles Utility Menu > PlotCtrls > Symbols
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This window allows the user to toggle many symbols on or off. In our case, there are no Surface or Body Loads, or Initial Conditions, so those sections won't be used. Under the Boundary conditions section, click on None to turn off all the force and reaction symbols. The result should be as follows:
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3. Triad Toggle Utility Menu > PlotCtrls > Window Controls > Window Options
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This window also allows the user to toggle many things on and off. In this case, it is things associated with the window background. As shown in the window, the legend or title can be turned off, etc. To turn off the triad, select Not Shown from the Location of triad drop down menu. The following output should be the result. Notice how it is much easier to see the node numbers near the origin now.
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4. Element Shape Utility Menu > PlotCtrls > Style > Size and Shape...
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When using line elements, such as BEAM3, it is sometime difficult to visualize what the elements really look like. To aid in this process, ANSYS can display the elements shapes based on the real constant description. Click on the toggle box beside [/ESHAPE] to turn on element shapes and click OK to close the window. If there is no change in output, don't be alarmed. Recall we selected a plot of just the nodes, thus elements are not going to show up. Select Utility Menu > Plot > Elements. The following should appear.
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As shown, the elements are no longer just a line, but they have volume according to the real constants. To get a better 3-D view of the model, you can change the view orientation. 5. View Orientation Utility Menu > PlotCtrls > Pan Zoom Rotate...
This window allows the user to rotate the view, translate the view and zoom. You can also select predefined views, such as isometric or oblique. Basic rotating, translating and zooming can also be done using the mouse. This is very handy when you just want to
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quickly change the orientation of the model. By holding the Control button on the keyboard and holding the Left mouse button the model will translate. By holding the Control button on the keyboard and holding the Middle mouse button the model will zoom or rotate on the plane of the screen. By holding the Control button on the keyboard and holding the Right mouse button the model will rotate about all axis. Using these options, it's easy to see the elements in 3-D.
6. Changing Contours First, plot the deformation contour for the beam. General Postproc > Plot Results > Contour Plot > Nodal Solution > DOF Solution > USUM If the contour divisions are not appropriate, they can be changed. Utility Meny > PlotCtrls > Style > Contours Either Uniform or Non-uniform Contours can be selected. Under uniform contours, be sure to click on User specified if you are inputing your own contour divisions. Under nonuniform contours, you can create a logarithmic contour division or some similiar contour where uniform divisions don't capture the information you desire. If you don't like the colours of the contour, those can also be changed. Utility Menu > PlotCtrls > Style > Colours > Contour Colours... The colours for each division can be selected from the drop down menus.
http://www.mece.ualberta.ca/tutorials/ansys/pp/colours/colours.html
7. Changing Background Colour Perhaps you desire to use a plot for a presentation, but don't want a black background. Utility Menu > PlotCtrls > Style > Colours > Window Colours... Select the background colour you desire for the window you desire. Here we are only using Window 1, and we'll set the background colour to white.
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The resulting display is shown below. Notice how all the text disappeared. This is because the text colour is also white. If there is information that needs to be added, such as contour values, this can be done in other graphic editors. To save the display, select Utility Menu > PlotCtrls > Capture Image. Under the File heading, select Save As...
There are lots of other option that can be used to change the presentation of data in ANSYS, these are just a few. If you are looking for a specific option, the PlotCtrls menu is a good place to start, as is the help file.
UofA ANSYS Tutorial Creating Files Features Basic Tutorials Intermediate Tutorials Advanced Tutorials PostProc Tutorials Radiation
ANSYS UTILITIES
BASIC TUTORIALS
INTERMEDIATE TUTORIALS
ADVANCED TUTORIALS
POSTPROC. TUTORIALS
PRINTABLE VERSION
Index
ANSYS Inc.
This has now started ANSYS in the text mode and has told it what graphic device to use (in this case an X Windows, X11c, mode). At this point you could type in /menu,on, but you might not want to turn on
the full graphic mode if working on a slow machine or if you are executing the program remotely. Let's assume that we don't turn the menu mode on... If the command file is in the current directory for ANSYS, then from the ANSYS input window, type
/input,frame,cmd
and yes that is a comma (,) between frame and cmd. If ANSYS can not find the file in the current directory, you may need to point it to the proper directory. If the file was in the directory, /myfiles /ansys/frame for example, you would use the following syntax
/input,frame,cmd,/myfiles/ansys/frame
If you want to rerun a new or modified file, it is necessary to clear the current model in memory with the command
/clear,start
This full procedure of loading in command files and clearing jobs and starting over again can be completed as many times as desired.
create volume by dragging see online help area along path rectangle creation block volume creation cylindrical volume creation spherical volume creation rectng,x1,x2,y1,y2 block,x1,x2,y1,y2,z1,z2 cylind,rad1,rad2,z1,z2,theta1,theta2 sphere,rad1,rad2,theta1,theta2
various volume creation commands adds separate areas to create single area creates new areas by glueing (properties remain separate) creat new area by area substraction create new area by area intersection
aglue
aglue,a1,a2, ... a9
asba aina vadd vlgue vsbv vinv Elements & Meshing et type r real mp mat esize eshape lmesh amesh vmesh Sets & Selection ksel nsel lsel asel nsla allsel
volume boolean operations see online help et,number,type may define as many as required; current type is set by type type,number r,number,r1,r2, ... r6 may define as many as required; current type is set by real real,number
defines element type set current element type pointer define real constants for elements sets current real constant pointer
mp,label,number,c0,c1, ... c4 sets material properties for may define as many as required; current type elements is set by mat sets current material property pointer sets size or number of divisions on lines controls element shape mesh line(s) mesh area(s) mesh volume(s) select a subset of keypoints select a subset of nodes select a subjset of lines select a subset of areas select nodes within selected area(s) select everything i.e. reset selection mat,number esize,size,ndivs use either size or ndivs see online help lmesh,line1,line2,inc or lmesh,all amesh,area1,area2,inc or amesh,all vmesh,vol1,vol2,inc or vmesh,all see online help see online help see online help see online help see online help allsel
Constraints
dk d dl
defines a DOF constraint on a keypoint defines a DOF constraint on a node defines (anti)symmetry DOF constraints on a line defines a defines a force at a node
dk,kp#,label,value labels: UX,UY,UZ,ROTX,ROTY,ROTZ,ALL d,node#,label,value labels: UX,UY,UZ,ROTX,ROTY,ROTZ,ALL dl,line#,area#,label labels: SYMM (symmetry); ASYM (antisymmetry) fk,kp#,label,value labels: FX,FY,FZ,MX,MY,MZ f,node#,label,value labels: FX,FY,FZ,MX,MY,MZ
Loads
fk f
UofA ANSYS Tutorial Creating Files Features Basic Tutorials Intermediate Tutorials Advanced Tutorials PostProc Tutorials Radiation
ANSYS UTILITIES
BASIC TUTORIALS
INTERMEDIATE TUTORIALS
ADVANCED TUTORIALS
POSTPROC. TUTORIALS
PRINTABLE VERSION
Index
ANSYS Inc.
! /PREP7 ! preprocessor phase ! x1 = 5 ! define some parameters x2 = 10 *ask,ndivs,Enter number of divisions (default 5),5 ! ! the above command prompts the user for input to be entered into the ! variable "ndivs"; if only is entered, a default of "5" is used ! *IF,ndivs,GT,1,THEN ! if "ndivs" is greater than "1" dx = (x2-x1)/ndivs *DO,i,1,ndivs+1,1 ! do i = 1, ndivs + 1 (in steps of one) x = x1 + dx*(i-1) k,i,x,0,0 *ENDDO *ELSE k,1,x1,0,0 k,2,x2,0,0 *ENDIF ! /pnum,kp,1 ! turn keypoint numbering on kplot ! plot keypoints klist,all,,,coord ! list all keypoints with coordinates
Problem Description
Determine the nodal deflections, reaction forces, and stress for the truss system shown below. Note that Young's Modulus, E, is 200GPa while the crass sectional area, A, is 3250mm2 for all of the elements.
(Modified from Chandrupatla & Belegunda, Introduction to Finite Elements in Engineering, p.123)
! element type #1; spring element ! real constant #1; Xsect area: 3200 mm^2 ! material property #1; Young's modulus: 200 GPa
LESIZE,ALL, , ,1,1,1 ! specify divisions on unmeshed lines LMESH,all ! mesh all lines ! FINISH ! finish pre-processor ! /SOLU ! enter solution phase ! ! apply some constraints DK,1,ALL,0 ! define a DOF constraint at a keypoint DK,7,UY,0 ! ! apply loads ! FK,1,FY,-280e3 ! define a force load to a keypoint FK,3,FY,-210e3 FK,5,FY,-280e3 FK,7,FY,-360e3 ! SOLVE ! solve the resulting system of equations FINISH ! finish solution /POST1 PRRSOL,F PLDISP,2 PLNSOL,U,SUM,0,1 ETABLE,SAXL,LS, 1 PRETAB,SAXL PLETAB,SAXL,NOAV ! List Reaction Forces ! Plot Deformed shape ! Contour Plot of deflection ! Axial Stress ! List Element Table ! Plot Axial Stress
! Define Some Parameters x1 x2 y1 y2 z1 = = = = = 500 825 325 400 50 ! ! ! ! ! These parameters are not required; i.e. one could directly enter in the coordinates into the keypoint definition below. However, using parameters makes it very easy to quickly make changes to your model!
! Define Keypoints K,1, 0,y1, 0 K,2, 0,y2, 0 K,3,x1,y2, 0 K,4,x1, 0, 0 K,5,x2, 0, z1 K,6,x2, 0,-z1 ! k,key-point number,x-coord,y-coord,z-coord
! Define Lines Linking Keypoints L,1,2 L,2,3 L,3,4 L,4,1 L,4,6 L,4,5 L,3,5 L,3,6 ! Define Element Type ET,1,pipe16 KEYOPT,1,6,1 ! Define Real Constants ! (Note: the inside diameter must be positive) R,1,25,2 ! r,real set number,outside diameter,wall thickness R,2,12,1 ! second set of real constants - for rear forks ! Define Material Properties MP,EX,1,70000 MP,PRXY,1,0.33 ! mp,Young's modulus,material number,value ! mp,Poisson's ratio,material number,value ! l,keypoint1,keypoint2
! Define the number of elements each line is to be divided into LESIZE,ALL,20 ! lesize,line number(all lines),size of element ! Line Meshing REAL,1 LMESH,1,6,1 REAL,2 LMESH,7,8 FINISH /SOLU ANTYPE,0 ! ! ! ! ! turn on real property set #1 mesh those lines which have that property set mesh lines 1 through 6 in steps of 1 activate real property set #2 mesh the rear forks
! Finish pre-processing ! Enter the solution processor ! Analysis type,static (dk command)
! dk,keypoint,direction,displacement,,,direction,direction
(fk command)
!fk,keypoint,direction,force ! Solve the problem ! Finish the solution processor ! Save your work to the database
/GCMD,1, PLDISP,2 !Plot the deformed and undeformed edge /GCMD,2, PLNSOL,U,SUM,0,1
! ! ! ! !
Set up Element Table information Element tables are tables of information regarding the solution data You must tell Ansys what pieces of information you want by using the etable command: etable,arbitrary name,item name,data code number
! The arbitrary name is a name that you give the data in the table ! It serves as a reference name to retrieve the data later ! Use a name that describes the data and is easily remembered. ! The item name and data code number come off of the tables provided. ! Examples: ! For the VonMises (or equivalent) stresses at angle 0 at both ends of the ! element (node i and node j); etable,vonmi0,nmisc,5 etable,vonmj0,nmisc,45 ! For the Axial stresses at angle 0 etable,axii0,ls,1 etable,axij0,ls,33 ! For the Direct axial stress component due to axial load (no bending) ! Note it is independent of angular location. etable,diri,smisc,13 etable,dirj,smisc,15 ! ADD OTHERS THAT YOU NEED IN HERE... ! To plot the data, simply type ! plls, name for node i, name for node j ! for example, /GCMD,3, PLLS,vonmi0,vonmj0 /GCMD,4, PLLS,axii0,axij0 /CONT,2,9,0,,0.27 /CONT,3,9,0,,18 /CONT,4,9,-18,,18
Problem Description
The problem to be modeled in this example is a simple bracket shown in the following figure. This bracket is to be built from a 20 mm thick steel plate. A figure of the plate is shown below.
This plate will be fixed at the two small holes on the left and have a load applied to the larger hole on the right.
CYL4,80,50,50 CYL4,0,20,20 CYL4,0,80,20 BLC4,-20,20,20,60 AADD,ALL CYL4,80,50,30 CYL4,0,20,10 CYL4,0,80,10 ASBA,6,ALL ! Boolean Addition - add all of the areas together ! Create Bolt Holes
! Define Element Type ET,1,PLANE82 KEYOPT,1,3,3 ! Define Real Constants ! (Note: the inside diameter must be positive) R,1,20 ! r,real set number, plate thickness ! Define Material Properties MP,EX,1,200000 MP,PRXY,1,0.3 ! mp,Young's modulus,material number,value ! mp,Poisson's ratio,material number,value ! Plane stress element with thickness
! Define the number of elements each line is to be divided into AESIZE,ALL,5 ! lesize,all areas,size of element ! Area Meshing AMESH,ALL FINISH /SOLU ANTYPE,0 ! amesh, all areas ! Finish pre-processing ! Enter the solution processor ! Analysis type,static (dl command)
! Define Displacement Constraints on Lines DL, 7, DL, 8, DL, 9, DL,10, DL,11, DL,12, DL,13, DL,14, ,ALL,0 ,ALL,0 ,ALL,0 ,ALL,0 ,ALL,0 ,ALL,0 ,ALL,0 ,ALL,0
(fk command)
!fk,keypoint,direction,force
SOLVE FINISH SAVE /post1 /WIND,ALL,OFF /WIND,1,LTOP /WIND,2,RTOP /WIND,3,LBOT /WIND,4,RBOT GPLOT
! Solve the problem ! Finish the solution processor ! Save your work to the database ! Enter the general post processor
/GCMD,1, PLDISP,2 /GCMD,2, PLNSOL,U,SUM,0,1 /GCMD,3, PLNSOL,S,EQV,0,1 /GCMD,4, PLNSOL,EPTO,EQV,0,1 /CONT,2,10,0,,0.0036 /CONT,3,10,0,,8 /CONT,4,10,0,,0.05e-3 /FOC,ALL,-0.340000,,,1 /replot PRNSOL,DOF,
! Plot the deformed and undeformed edge ! Plot the deflection USUM ! Plot the equivalent stress ! Plot the equivalent strain ! Set contour ranges
! Focus point
We will also create a solid model of the Spindle Base shown in the following figure.
! Add the areas together ! Create circles ! Subtract an area ! Mirrors an area ! Adds all areas !Create a fillet radius of 0.1mm between lines 30 ! Creates fillet area (arbitrary area using lines
KWPLAN,1,2001,2002,2003 CSYS,5 CYL4,5.5,0,0.5, , , ,1 VGEN,8,5, , , ,45, , ,0 !Subtract areas vsbv,all,5 vsbv,13,6 vsbv,all,7 vsbv,4,8 vsbv,all,9 vsbv,2,10 vsbv,all,11 vsbv,2,12
!Align WorkPlane with keypoints ! Change Active CS to Global Cartesian Y ! Create circle ! Pattern the circle every 45 degrees
! Line arcs
! Creates area from 4 lines ! ! ! ! ! Now called area 3 Area 1 Mirrors area 1 Mirrors again Subtracts areas
! Defines working plane ! Create rectangle ! Create circle ! Add them together ! Volume from area ! Add volumes ! Add areas
CYL4,51,180,32, , , ,60 VADD,1,3 CYL4,51,180,18.5, , , ,60 VSBV,2,1 WPCSYS,-1,0 K,200,-20,61,26 K,201,0,61,26 K,202,-20,61,30 KWPLAN,-1,200,201,202 CSYS,4
! ! ! !
There are several causes for nonlinear behaviour such as Changing Status, Material Nonlinearities and Geometric Nonlinearities (change in response due to large deformations). This tutorial will deal specifically with Geometric Nonlinearities . To solve this problem, the load will added incrementally. After each increment, the stiffness matrix will be adjusted before increasing the load. The solution will be compared to the equivalent solution using a linear response.
/solu antype,static nlgeom,on autots,on nsubst,5,1000,1 outres,all,all dk,1,all fk,2,mz,-100 solve /post1 pldisp,1 PRNSOL,U,X
! start solution phase ! static analysis ! turn on non-linear geometry analysis ! auto time stepping ! Size of first substep=1/5 of the total load, max # substeps=10 ! save results of all iterations ! constrain all DOF on ground ! applied moment
Buckling
Introduction
This tutorial was created using ANSYS 7.0 to solve a simple buckling problem. It is recommended that you complete the NonLinear Tutorial prior to beginning this tutorial Buckling loads are critical loads where certain types of structures become unstable. Each load has an associated buckled mode shape; this is the shape that the structure assumes in a buckled condition. There are two primary means to perform a buckling analysis: 1. Eigenvalue Eigenvalue buckling analysis predicts the theoretical buckling strength of an ideal elastic structure. It computes the structural eigenvalues for the given system loading and constraints. This is known as classical Euler buckling analysis. Buckling loads for several configurations are readily available from tabulated solutions. However, in real-life, structural imperfections and nonlinearities prevent most realworld structures from reaching their eigenvalue predicted buckling strength; ie. it over-predicts the expected buckling loads. This method is not recommended for accurate, real-world buckling prediction analysis. 2. Nonlinear Nonlinear buckling analysis is more accurate than eigenvalue analysis because it employs non-linear, large-deflection, static analysis to predict buckling loads. Its mode of operation is very simple: it gradually increases the applied load until a load level is found whereby the structure becomes unstable (ie. suddenly a very small increase in the load will cause very large deflections). The true non-linear nature of this analysis thus permits the modeling of geometric imperfections, load perterbations, material nonlinearities and gaps. For this type of analysis, note that small off-axis loads are necessary to initiate the desired buckling mode.
This tutorial will use a steel beam with a 10 mm X 10 mm cross section, rigidly constrained at the bottom. The required load to cause buckling, applied at the top-center of the beam, will be calculated.
/TITLE,Eigenvalue Buckling Analysis /PREP7 ET,1,BEAM3 R,1,100,833.333,10 MP,EX,1,200000 MP,PRXY,1,0.3 K,1,0,0 K,2,0,100 L,1,2 ESIZE,10 LMESH,ALL,ALL FINISH /SOLU ! Enter the preprocessor ! ! ! ! Define the element of the beam to be buckled Real Consts: type 1, area (mm^2), I (mm^4), height (mm) Young's modulus (in MPa) Poisson's ratio
! Define the geometry of beam (100 mm high) ! Draw the line ! Set element size to 1 mm ! Mesh the line ! Enter the solution mode
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
Before you can do a buckling analysis, ANSYS needs the info from a static analysis Prestress can be accounted for - required during buckling analysis Constrain the bottom of beam Load the top vertically with a unit load. This is done so the eigenvalue calculated will be the actual buckling load, since all loads are scaled during the analysis.
SOLVE FINISH /SOLU ANTYPE,BUCKLE BUCOPT,LANB,1 SOLVE FINISH /SOLU EXPASS,ON MXPAND,1 SOLVE FINISH /POST1 SET,LIST SET,LAST PLDISP ! Enter the solution mode again to solve buckling ! Buckling analysis ! Buckling options - subspace, one mode
! Re-enter solution mode to expand info - necessary ! An expantion pass will be performed ! Specifies the number of modes to expand
! ! ! ! !
Enter post-processor List eigenvalue solution - Time/Freq listing is the force required for buckling (in N for this case). Read in data for the desired mode Plots the deflected shape
NonLinear Buckling
FINISH /CLEAR ! These two commands clear current data
/TITLE, Nonlinear Buckling Analysis /PREP7 ! Enter the preprocessor ET,1,BEAM3 ! Define element as beam3 MP,EX,1,200000 MP,PRXY,1,0.3 R,1,100,833.333,10 K,1,0,0,0 K,2,0,100,0 L,1,2 ESIZE,1 LMESH,ALL FINISH /SOLU ANTYPE,STATIC NLGEOM,ON OUTRES,ALL,ALL ! Static analysis (not buckling) ! Non-linear geometry solution supported ! Stores bunches of output ! Young's modulus (in Pa) ! Poisson's ratio ! area, I, height ! Lower node ! Upper node (100 mm high) ! Draws line ! Sets element size to 1 mm ! Mesh line
NSUBST,20 NEQIT,1000 AUTOTS,ON LNSRCH,ON /ESHAPE,1 DK,1,ALL,0 FK,2,FY,-50000 FK,2,FX,-250 SOLVE FINISH /POST26 RFORCE,2,1,F,Y NSOL,3,2,U,Y XVAR,2 PLVAR,3 /AXLAB,Y,DEFLECTION /AXLAB,X,LOAD /REPLOT
! Load broken into 5 load steps ! Use 20 load steps to find solution ! Auto time stepping ! Plots the beam as a volume rather than line ! Constrain bottom ! ! ! ! Apply load slightly greater than predicted required buckling load to upper node Add a horizontal load (0.5% FY) to initiate buckling
! ! ! ! !
Time history post processor Reads force data in variable 2 Reads y-deflection data into var 3 Make variable 2 the x-axis Plots variable 3 on y-axis
FINISH /SOLU ANTYPE,2 MODOPT,SUBSP,5 EQSLV,FRONT MXPAND,5 DK,1,ALL SOLVE FINISH /POST1 SET,LIST SET,FIRST PLDISP ANMODE,10,0.5, ,0 ! List solutions ! ! ! ! Modal analysis Subspace, 5 modes Frontal solver Expand 5 modes
We will now conduct a harmonic forced response test by applying a cyclic load (harmonic) at the end of the beam. The frequency of the load will be varied from 1 - 100 Hz. The figure below depicts the beam with the application of the load.
ANSYS provides 3 methods for conducting a harmonic analysis. These 3 methods are the Full , Reduced and Modal Superposition methods.
This example demonstrates the Full method because it is simple and easy to use as compared to the other two methods. However, this method makes use of the full stiffness and mass matrices and thus is the slower and costlier option.
http://www.mece.ualberta.ca/tutorials/ansys/CL/CIT/Transient/Print.html
Transient dynamic analysis is a technique used to determine the dynamic response of a structure under a time-varying load. The time frame for this type of analysis is such that inertia or damping effects of the structure are considered to be important. Cases where such effects play a major role are under step or impulse loading conditions, for example, where there is a sharp load change in a fraction of time. If inertia effects are negligible for the loading conditions being considered, a static analysis may be used instead. For our case, we will impact the end of the beam with an impulse force and view the response at the location of impact.
http://www.mece.ualberta.ca/tutorials/ansys/CL/CIT/Transient/Print.html
Since an ideal impulse force excites all modes of a structure, the response of the beam should contain all mode frequencies. However, we cannot produce an ideal impulse force numerically. We have to apply a load over a discrete amount of time dt.
After the application of the load, we track the response of the beam at discrete time points for as long as we like (depending on what it is that we are looking for in the response). The size of the time step is governed by the maximum mode frequency of the structure we wish to capture. The smaller the time step, the higher the mode frequency we will capture. The rule of thumb in ANSYS is
time_step = 1 / 20f
where f is the highest mode frequency we wish to capture. In other words, we must resolve our step size such that we will have 20 discrete points per period of the highest mode frequency. It should be noted that a transient analysis is more involved than a static or harmonic analysis. It requires a good understanding of the dynamic behavior of a structure. Therefore, a modal analysis of the structure should be initially performed to provide information about the structure's dynamic behavior. In ANSYS, transient dynamic analysis can be carried out using 3 methods.
http://www.mece.ualberta.ca/tutorials/ansys/CL/CIT/Transient/Print.html
The Full Method: This is the easiest method to use. All types of non-linearities are allowed. It is however very CPU intensive to go this route as full system matrices are used. The Reduced Method: This method reduces the system matrices to only consider the Master Degrees of Freedom (MDOFs). Because of the reduced size of the matrices, the calculations are much quicker. However, this method handles only linear problems (such as our cantilever case). The Mode Superposition Method: This method requires a preliminary modal analysis, as factored mode shapes are summed to calculate the structure's response. It is the quickest of the three methods, but it requires a good deal of understanding of the problem at hand. We will use the Reduced Method for conducting our transient analysis. Usually one need not go further than Reviewing the Reduced Results. However, if stresses and forces are of interest than, we would have to Expand the Reduced Solution.
http://www.mece.ualberta.ca/tutorials/ansys/CL/CIT/Transient/Print.html
!At time equals 0.001s TIME,0.001 KBC,0 FDELE,2,ALL !* !At time equals 1s TIME,1 KBC,0 !* LSSOLVE,1,3,1 FINISH /POST26 FILE,'Dynamic','rdsp','.' NSOL,2,2,U,Y, UY_2 STORE,MERGE PLVAR,2,
! Sets time to 0.001 seconds ! Ramped load step ! Delete the load at the end
! Sets time to 1 second ! Ramped load step ! solve multiple load steps ! Enter time history ! Calls the dynamic file ! Calls data for UY deflection at node 2 ! Stores the data ! Plots vs. time
!Please note, if you are using a later version of ANSYS, !you will probably have to issue the LSWRITE command at the !end of each load step for the LSSOLVE command to function !properly. In this case, replace the !* found in the code !with LSWRITE and the problem should be solved.
! mesh 2D areas ET,1, PLANE55 MP,Dens,1,920 mp,c,1,2.040 mp,kxx,1,5 ESIZE,0.05 AMESH,ALL FINISH /SOLU ANTYPE,4 time,300 nropt,full lumpm,0 nsubst,20 neqit,100 autots,off lnsrch,on outres,all,all kbc,1 ! fixed temp BC's NSEL,S,LOC,Y,height D,ALL,TEMP,500 NSEL,ALL NSEL,s,LOC,Y,0 D,ALL,TEMP,100 NSEL,ALL IC,all,Temp,100 SOLVE FINISH /POST1 /CONT,1,8,100,,500 PLNSOL,TEMP ANTIME,20,0.5,,0,2,0,500 ! ! ! ! Enter postprocessor Define a contour range Plot temperature contour Animate temp over time ! Transient analysis ! Time at end = 300 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Newton Raphson = full Lumped mass approx off 20 substeps Max no. of iterations = 100 Auto time search on Line search on Output data for all substeps ! ! ! ! ! ! Thermal element only Density Specific heat capacity Thermal conductivity Element size Mesh area
! select nodes on top with y=height ! apply fixed temp of 500K ! apply fixed temp of 100K ! Initial Conditions: 100K
/prep7 /triad,off rectng,0,20,0,5 rectng,15,20,0,100 rectng,0,20,95,100 aadd,all et,1,plane2 keyopt,1,3,1 mp,ex,1,200000 mp,prxy,1,0.3 esize,2 amesh,all finish /solu antype,0 lsel,s,loc,x,0 dl,all,,symm lsel,all nsel,s,loc,y,50 d,all,uy,0 nsel,all fk,1,fy,-100 fk,12,fy,100 solve finish /post1 nsel,s,loc,y,45,55 prnsol,s,comp nsel,all /expand,27,axis,,,10 /view,1,1,2,3 /replot
! Add the areas together ! ! ! ! Define element type Turns on axisymmetry Young's Modulus Poisson's ratio
! Static analysis ! Select the lines at x=0 ! Symmetry constraints ! Re-select all lines ! Node select at y=50 ! Constrain motion in y ! Re-select all nodes ! Apply point loads in center
! Select nodes from y=45 to y=55 ! List stresses on those nodes ! Re-select all nodes ! Expand the axisymmetric elements ! Change the viewing angle
R,2,1e9,1e9,1e9 R,3,5, , , MP,EX,1,200000 MP,PRXY,1,0.33 N, 1, 0, 0, 0 N, 2, 0, 0,1000 N, 3,1000, 0,1000 N, 4,1000, 0, 0 N, 5, 0,1000,1000 N, 6, 0,1000, 0 N, 7, 700, 700, 500 N, 8, 400, 400, 500 N, 9, 0, 0, 0 N,10, 0, 0,1000 N,11, 0, 0, 500 N,12, 0, 0,1500 N,13, 0, 0,-500 TYPE,1 REAL,1 MAT,1 E, 1, 6 E, 2, 5 E, 1, 4 E, 2, 3 E, 3, 4 E,10, 8 E, 9, 8 E, 7, 8 E,12, 5 E,13, 6 E,12,13 E, 5, 3 E, 6, 4 TYPE,2 REAL,2 E, 1, 9, 11 E, 2, 10, 11 TYPE,3 REAL,3 E,5,8 E,8,6 /PNUM,KP,0 /PNUM,ELEM,1 /REPLOT FINISH /SOLU ANTYPE,0 NLGEOM,ON
! Real constants 2 ! Real constants 3 ! Young's modulus (Material 1) ! Poisson's ratio (Material 1) ! Node locations
! Turn on Element 2 ! Turn on Real constants 2 ! Element connectivity ! Turn on Element 3 ! Turn on Real constants 3 ! Element connectivity ! Number nodes ! Number elements
Design Optimization
Introduction
This tutorial was completed using ANSYS 7.0 The purpose of this tutorial is to introduce a method of solving design optimization problems using ANSYS. This will involve creating the geometry utilizing parameters for all the variables, deciding which variables to use as design, state and objective variables and setting the correct tolerances for the problem to obtain an accurately converged solution in a minimal amount of time. The use of hardpoints to apply forces/constraints in the middle of lines will also be covered in this tutorial. A beam has a force of 1000N applied as shown below. The purpose of this optimization problem is to minimize the weight of the beam without exceeding the allowable stress. It is necessary to find the cross sectional dimensions of the beam in order to minimize the weight of the beam. However, the width and height of the beam cannot be smaller than 10mm. The maximum stress anywhere in the beam cannot exceed 200 MPa. The beam is to be made of steel with a modulus of elasticity of 200 GPa.
ESIZE,100 LMESH,ALL FINISH /SOLU ANTYPE,0 DK,1,UX,0 DK,1,UY,0 DK,2,UY,0 FK,3,FY,-2000 SOLVE FINISH /POST1 ETABLE,EVolume,VOLU, SSUM *GET,Volume,SSUM,,ITEM,EVOLUME ETABLE,SMAX_I,NMISC,1 ESORT,ETAB,SMAX_I,0,1,, *GET,SMAXI,SORT,,MAX ETABLE,SMAX_J,NMISC,3 ESORT,ETAB,SMAX_J,0,1,, *GET,SMAXJ,SORT,,MAX *SET,SMAX,SMAXI>SMAXJ LGWRITE,optimize,txt,C:\TEMP /OPT OPANL,'optimize','txt','C:\Temp\' OPVAR,H,DV,10,50,0.001 OPVAR,W,DV,10,50,0.001 OPVAR,SMAX,SV,195,200,0.001 OPVAR,VOLUME,OBJ,,,200 OPTYPE,FIRS OPFRST,30,100,0.2, OPEXE PLVAROPT,H,W /AXLAB,X,Number of Iterations /AXLAB,Y,Width and Height (mm) /REPLOT
! Volume of single element ! Sum all volumes ! Create parameter 'Volume' for volume of beam ! Create parameter 'SMaxI' for max stress at I nod
! Create parameter 'SMax' as max stress ! Save logfile to C:\Temp\optimize.txt ! Assign optimize.txt as analysis file ! ! ! ! Height design variable, min 10 mm, max 50 mm, to Width design variable, min 10 mm, max 50 mm, tol Height state variable, min 195 MPa, max 200 MPa, Volume as object variable, tolerance 200 mm^2
! First-order analysis ! Max iteration, Percent step size, Percent forwar ! Run optimization ! Graph optimation data
Substructuring
Introduction
This tutorial was completed using ANSYS 7.0 The purpose of the tutorial is to show the how to use substructuring in ANSYS. Substructuring is a procedure that condenses a group of finite elements into one super-element. This reduces the required computation time and also allows the solution of very large problems. A simple example will be demonstrated to explain the steps required, however, please note that this model is not one which requires the use of substructuring. The example involves a block of wood (E =10 GPa v =0.29) connected to a block of silicone (E = 2.5 MPa, v = 0.41) which is rigidly attached to the ground. A force will be applied to the structure as shown in the following figure. For this example, substructuring will be used for the wood block.
The use of substructuring in ANSYS is a three stage process: 1. Generation Pass Generate the super-element by condensing several elements together. Select the degrees of freedom to save (master DOFs) and to discard (slave DOFs). Apply loads to the super-element 2. Use Pass Create the full model including the super-element created in the generation pass. Apply remaining loads to the model. The solution will consist of the reduced solution tor the super-element and the complete solution for the non-superelements. 3. Expansion Pass Expand the reduced solution to obtain the solution at all DOFs for the super-element. Note that a this method is a bottom-up substructuring (each super-element is created separately and then assembled in the Use Pass). Top-down substructuring is also possible in ANSYS (the entire model is built, then
super-element are created by selecting the appropriate elements). This method is suitable for smaller models and has the advantage that the results for multiple super-elements can be assembled in postprocessing.
! Define material properties of wood section ET,1,PLANE42 ! Element type MP,EX,1, 10000 ! Young's Modulus MP,PRXY,1,0.29 ! Poisson's ratio ! meshing AESIZE,1,10, amesh,1 FINISH /SOLU ANTYPE,SUBST SEOPT,GEN,,2 NSEL,S,EXT M,ALL,ALL NSEL,ALL NSEL,S,LOC,Y,140 NSEL,R,LOC,X,0 F,ALL,FX,5 NSEL,ALL SAVE SOLVE FINISH ! USE PASS FINISH /CLEAR /FILNAME,USE /PREP7 ! SUBSTRUCTURE GENERATION PASS ! Name = GEN and no printed output ! Select all external nodes ! Make all selected nodes master DOF's ! Reselect all nodes ! Select the corner node ! Load it ! Reselect all nodes ! Saves file to jobname.db ! GEN.SUB created ! Element size ! Mesh area
! Create Geometry of non superelements blc4,0,0,100,40 ! Creates rectangle ! Define material properties ET,2,PLANE42 TYPE,2 ! Element type ! Turns on element type 2
MP,EX,2, 2.5 MP,PRXY,2,0.41 ! Meshing AESIZE,1,10, mat,2 real,2 amesh,1 ! Superelement ET,1,MATRIX50 TYPE,1 *GET,MaxNode,NODE,,NUM,MAX SETRAN,GEN,,MaxNode,GEN2 SE,GEN2 NSEL,S,LOC,Y,40 CPINTF,ALL NSEL,ALL FINISH /SOLU ANTYPE,STATIC NSEL,S,LOC,Y,0 D,ALL,ALL,0 NSEL,ALL ESEL,S,TYPE,,1 SFE,ALL,1,SELV,,1 ESEL,ALL SAVE SOLVE FINISH /POST1 PLNSOL,U,SUM,0,1 FINISH ! EXPANSION PASS /CLEAR /FILNAME,GEN RESUME /SOLU EXPASS,ON,YES SEEXP,GEN2,USE EXPSOL,1,1, SOLVE FINISH /POST1 PLNSOL,U,SUM,0,1
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
Element size Turns on Material 2 Turns on real constants 2 Mesh the area MATRIX50 is the superelement type Turns on element type 1 determine the max number of nodes node number offset Read in superelement matrix Select nodes at interface Couple node pairs at interface
! Static analysis ! Select all nodes at y = 0 ! Constrain those nodes ! Reselect all nodes ! Element select ! Apply super-element load vector ! Reselect all elements
! Clear database ! Change jobname back to generation pass jobname ! Restore generation pass database ! ! ! ! ! Enter SOLUTION Activate expansion pass Superelement name to be expanded Expansion pass info Initiate expansion pass solution.
Although the geometry must remain constant, the element types can change. For instance, thermal elements are required for a thermal analysis while structural elements are required to deterime the stress in the link. It is important to note, however that only certain combinations of elements can be used for a coupled physics analysis. For a listing, see Chapter 2 of the ANSYS Coupled-Field Guide located in the help file. The process requires the user to create all the necessary environments, which are basically the preprocessing portions for each environment, and write them to memory. Then in the solution phase they can be combined to solve the coupled analysis.
! ! ! !
Enter the solution phase Static analysis Read in the thermal environment Apply a temp of 75 to keypoint 1
solve finish /post1 etable,CompStress,LS,1 PRETAB,CompStress ! Enter postprocessor ! Create an element table for link stress ! Print the element table
Using P-Elements
Introduction
This tutorial was completed using ANSYS 7.0. This tutorial outlines the steps necessary for solving a model meshed with p-elements. The p-method manipulates the polynomial level (p-level) of the finite element shape functions which are used to approximate the real solution. Thus, rather than increasing mesh density, the p-level can be increased to give a similar result. By keeping mesh density rather coarse, computational time can be kept to a minimum. This is the greatest advantage of using p-elements over h-elements. A uniform load will be applied to the right hand side of the geometry shown below. The specimen was modeled as steel with a modulus of elasticity of 200 GPa.
/prep7 k,1,0,0 k,2,0,100 k,3,20,100 k,4,45,52 k,5,55,52 k,6,80,100 k,7,100,100 k,8,100,0 k,9,80,0 k,10,55,48 k,11,45,48 k,12,20,0 a,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12 et,1,plane145 keyopt,1,3,3 r,1,10 mp,ex,1,200000 mp,prxy,1,0.3 esize,5 amesh,all finish /solu antype,0 nsubst,20,100,20 outres,all,all time,1 lsel,s,loc,x,0 dl,all,,all lsel,all lsel,s,loc,x,100 sfl,all,pres,-100 lsel,all solve finish /post1 set,last plesol,s,eqv
! Create area from keypoints ! ! ! ! ! Element type Plane stress with thickness option Real constant - thickness Young's modulus Poisson's ratio
! Element size ! Mesh area ! Enter solution phase ! ! ! ! Static analysis Number of substeps Output data for all substeps Time at end = 1
! Line select at x=0 ! Constrain the line, all DOF's ! Re-select all lines ! Line select at x=100 ! Apply a pressure ! Re-select all lines
! Enter postprocessor ! Select last set of data ! Plot the equivalent stress
Using P-Elements
Introduction
This tutorial was completed using ANSYS 7.0. This tutorial outlines the steps necessary for solving a model meshed with p-elements. The p-method manipulates the polynomial level (p-level) of the finite element shape functions which are used to approximate the real solution. Thus, rather than increasing mesh density, the p-level can be increased to give a similar result. By keeping mesh density rather coarse, computational time can be kept to a minimum. This is the greatest advantage of using p-elements over h-elements. A uniform load will be applied to the right hand side of the geometry shown below. The specimen was modeled as steel with a modulus of elasticity of 200 GPa.
! mesh 2D areas ET,1,Plane55 MP,Dens,1,920 mp,c,1,2040 mp,kxx,1,1.8 esize,0.0005 amesh,all finish /solu antype,4 time,60 nropt,full lumpm,0 nsubst,20 neqit,100 autots,off lnsrch,on outres,all,all kbc,1 IC,all,temp,268 nsel,s,ext sf,all,conv,10,368 nsel,all /gst,off solve finish /post1 set,last etable,melty,temp, esel,s,etab,melty,273 finish /solu antype,,rest ekill,all esel,all finish /post1 set,last esel,s,live plnsol,temp ! ! ! ! Re-enter postprocessor Read in last subset of data Select all live elements Plot the temp contour of the live elements ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Enter postprocessor Read in last subset of data Create an element table Select all elements from table above 273 Re-enter solution phase Restart analysis Kill all selected elements Re-select all elements ! Element type ! Define density ! Define specific heat ! Define heat transfer coefficient ! Mesh size ! Mesh area ! Enter solution phase ! Transient analysis ! Time at end of analysis ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Newton Raphson - full Lumped mass off Number of substeps, 20 Max no. of iterations Auto time search off Line search on Output data for all substeps Load applied in steps, not ramped
! Initial conditions, temp = 268 ! ! ! ! Node select all exterior nodes Apply a convection BC Reselect all nodes Turn off graphical convergence monitor
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Contact Elements
Introduction
This tutorial was completed using ANSYS 7.0 The purpose of the tutorial is to describe how to utilize contact elements to simulate how two beams react when they come into contact with each other. The beams, as shown below, are 100mm long, 10mm x 10mm in cross-section, have a Young's modulus of 200 GPa, and are rigidly constrained at the outer ends. A 10KN load is applied to the center of the upper, causing it to bend and contact the lower.
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! define element type ET,1,plane42 keyopt,1,3,3 type,1 R, 1, 10 ! ! ! ! element type 1 plane stress w/thick activate element type 1 thickness 0.01
! define material properties MP,EX, 1, 200e3 MP,NUXY,1, 0.3 ! meshing esize,2 amesh,all ET,2,contac48 keyo,2,7,1 r,2,200000,,,,10 TYPE,2 real,2 ! set meshing size ! mesh area 1 ! defines second element type - 2D contact elements ! contact time/load prediction ! activates or sets this element type ! activates or sets the real constants ! Young's modulus ! Poisson's ratio
! define contact nodes and elements ! first the contact nodes asel,s,area,,1 ! nsla,s,1 ! nsel,r,loc,y,Y1 ! nsel,r,loc,x,X2,(X2+L2/2)! cm,source,node ! ! then the target nodes allsel ! asel,s,area,,2 ! nsla,s,1 ! nsel,r,loc,y,H2 ! nsel,r,loc,x,X2,(X2+L2/2)! cm,target,node ! gcgen,source,target,3 finish /solut antype,0 time,1 autots,on nsubst,100,1000,20 outres,all,all neqit,100 ! ! ! ! ! Sets time at end of run to 1 sec Auto time-stepping on Number of sub-steps Write all output Max number of iterations select top area select the nodes within this area select bottom layer of nodes in this area select the nodes above the other beam call this group of nodes 'source' relect everything select bottom area select nodes in this area select bottom layer of nodes in this area select the nodes above the other beam call this selection 'target'
nsel,s,loc,x,X1 ! Constrain top beam nsel,r,loc,y,Y1,(Y1+H1) d,all,all nsel,all nsel,s,loc,x,(X2+L2) ! Constrain bottom beam
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nsel,r,loc,y,Y2,(Y2+H2) d,all,all nsel,all nsel,s,loc,x,(L1/2+X1) nsel,r,loc,y,(Y1+H1) f,all,fy,-10000 nsel,all solve finish /post1 /dscale,1,1 /CVAL,1,20,40,80,160,320,640,1280,2560 PLNSOL,S,EQV,0,1 ! Apply load
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OSCILATE = (-1)**COUNT X_COORD = X_COORD + DELTA_L *if,OSCILATE,GT,0,THEN k,i,X_COORD,0 *else k,i,X_COORD,HEIGHT *endif *enddo KEYP = 0 *do,j,1,DIVISION,1 KEYP = KEYP + 1 L,KEYP,(KEYP+1) *if,KEYP,LE,(DIVISION-1),THEN L,KEYP,(KEYP+2) *endif *enddo et,1,link1 r,1,100 mp,ex,1,200000 mp,prxy,1,0.3 esize,,1 lmesh,all finish
FINISH /SOLU ANTYPE,0 ASEL,S,LOC,Z,0 DA,All,ALL,0 ASEL,ALL KSEL,S,LOC,Z,Length KSEL,R,LOC,Y,Height KSEL,R,LOC,X,Width FK,All,FY,-2500 KSEL,ALL SOLVE FINISH /POST1 PLNSOL,U,SUM,0,1 WPOFFS,Width/2,0,0 WPROTA,0,0,90 /CPLANE,1 /TYPE,1,8 WPCSYS,-1,0 WPOFFS,0,0,1/16*Length /CPLANE,1 /TYPE,1,5 PLNSOL,S,EQV,0,1
! Enter solution mode ! ! ! ! Static analysis Area select at z=0 Constrain the area Reselect all areas
! Select certain keypoint ! Force on keypoint ! Reselect all keypoints ! Solve ! Enter post processor ! ! ! ! ! Plot deflection Offset the working plane for cross-section view Rotate working plane Cutting plane defined to use the WP QSLICE display
! Deflines working plane location ! ! ! ! Offset the working plane Cutting plane defined to use the WP Use the capped hidden display Plot equivalent stress
In this tutorial, a steel plate measuring 100 mm X 200 mm X 10 mm will be used. Three holes are drilled through the vertical centerline of the plate. The plate is constrained in the y-direction at the bottom and a uniform, distributed load is pulling on the top of the plate.
cyl4,50,50,10 cyl4,100,50,10 cyl4,150,50,10 asba,1,all et,1,plane2,,,3 R,1,10 mp,ex,1,200000 mp,prxy,1,0.3 esize,5 amesh,all finish /solu ! apply constraints lsel,s,loc,y,0 dl,all,,UY allsel ! apply loads allsel lsel,s,loc,y,100 SFL,all,PRES,-2000/10 allsel solve finish ! plot results /window,1,top /POST1 PLNSOL,S,eqv,2,1 /window,1,off /noerase /window,2,bot nsel,all nsel,s,loc,y,50 path,cutline,2,,1000 ppath,1,,0,50 ppath,2,,200,50 PDEF,,S,eqv,AVG nsel,all PLPAGM,SEQV,200,NODE ! select line for contraint application ! constrain all DOF's on this face ! ! ! ! Plane element thickness of plane Young's Modulus Poisson's ratio
! restore entire selection ! apply a pressure load on a line ! solve resulting system of equations
! define a window (top half of screen) ! plot stress in xx direction (deformed and undeformed edge)
! ! ! ! !
a window (bottom half of screen) nodes to define path nodes half way through structure a path labeled cutline endpoint nodes on path
This tutorial will use a steel beam 400 mm long, with a 40 mm X 60 mm cross section as shown above. It will be rigidly constrained at one end and a -2500 N load will be applied to the other.
! Geometry
! Mesh
! Static analysis ! Constrain one end fully ! Apply load to other end
! Note, there are 21 nodes in the mesh. ! the table must have (#nodes + 1) rows rows = ((length/elementsize + 1) + 1) *DIM,graph,TABLE,rows,2,1 *vget,graph(1,1),node,all,loc,x *vget,graph(1,2),node,all,u,y *set,graph(2,1),0 *set,graph(2,2),0 *vget,graph(rows,1),node,2,loc,x *vget,graph(rows,2),node,2,u,y *vplot,graph(1,1),graph(1,2) /axlab,x,Length /axlab,y,Vertical Deflection /replot
! Creat a table called "graph" ! 22 rows x 2 columns x 1 plane ! Put node locations in the x direction ! in the first column for all nodes ! Put node deflections in the y direction ! in the second column ! Delete data in (2,1) which is for x = 400 ! otherwise graph is not plotted properly ! Delete data in (2,2) which is for UY @ x = 400 ! otherwise graph is not plotted properly ! Re-enter the data for x = 400, but at the end ! of the table ! Plot the data in the table ! Change the axis labels
Radiation Example
Problem Description
Radiation heat transfer between concentric cylinders will be modeled in this example. This is a general version of one of the verification examples converted to metric units.
! HEAT CONDUCTING BAR; SUPPRESS SOLUTION OUTPUT ! UNIT CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA (ARBITRARY) ! CONDUCTIVITY of inner cylinder (arbitrary) ! cylindrical coord system
FINISH /AUX12 EMIS,1,emis1 EMIS,2,emis2 VTYPE,0 GEOM,1 STEF,stefbolt WRITE,VM125 FINISH /PREP7 DOF,TEMP ET,2,MATRIX50,1,,,,,1 TYPE,2 SE,VM125 TOFFST,offset csys,1 nsel,s,loc,x,rout D,ALL,TEMP,T1 nsel,all nsel,s,loc,x,rin D,ALL,TEMP,T2 nsel,all csys,0 FINISH /SOLU SOLVE FINISH /POST1 csys,1 nsel,s,loc,x,rin ! SELECT INNER CYLINDER NODES /com /COM,:) :) heat flow from inner to outer :) :) /com PRRSOL ! PRINT HEAT FLOW FROM INNER TO OUTER CYLINDER nsel,all nsel,s,loc,x,rout ! select outer cylinder nodes /com /COM,:) :) heat flow from outer to inner :) :) /com PRRSOL ! PRINT HEAT FLOW FROM OUTER TO INNER CYLINDER FSUM,HEAT ! only from selected nodes !!! nsel,all *GET,Q,FSUM,0,ITEM,HEAT *DIM,LABEL,CHAR,1,2 *DIM,VALUE,,1,3 LABEL(1,1) = 'Q(W/m) ' ! the 1 below is for unit length numer=stefbolt*2*pi*rin*1*((offset+T1)**4-(offset+T2)**4) exact=numer/(1/emis1+(rin/rout)*(1/emis2-1)) *VFILL,VALUE(1,1),DATA,exact *VFILL,VALUE(1,2),DATA,Q *VFILL,VALUE(1,3),DATA,ABS(Q/exact) /COM
! ! ! !
HIDDEN PROCEDURE FOR VIEW FACTORS GEOMETRY SPECIFICATION 2-D Stefan-Boltzmann constant WRITE RADIATION MATRIX TO FILE VM125.SUB
! SUPERELEMENT (RADIATION MATRIX) ! defines superelement and where its written to ! TEMPERATURE OFFSET FOR ABSOLUTE SCALE ! SELECT OUTER CYLINDER NODES ! T1 = 273 + 700 DEG. K ! SELECT INNER CYLINDER NODES ! T2 = 273 + 400 DEG. K
/COM,--------------- VM125 RESULTS COMPARISON -------------/COM, /COM, | TARGET | ANSYS | RATIO /COM, *VWRITE,LABEL(1,1),VALUE(1,1),VALUE(1,2),VALUE(1,3) (1X,A8,' ',F10.1,' ',F10.1,' ',1F5.3) /COM,------------------------------------------------------/COM, FINISH