Y 2012 s,

6Z

g Z Z)x

4 : {g Y 2012 s,
6Z & | 1433 \zZ~ )

20 :

7^n n

7^n v n

m g^

oF ] m

aZg z gi,
F

uZ Z+
$

gezg~zZgug*
0 *6eY ,
4
ZZL L 9zg 200 : 9zg 17 p,
6y *
0
MCB (0954) 7914 - 2

ZZ$
. Z w *
c g 75 : ]Zg Z[{[~:

042-37726702,03334249302 :Zg

Z e O%Z 20 : @]g

042 - 35330311

:+
h.
]6eY Z e 20 : iZ6,
'

042 - 35330310

: tq{{ Z e 25 : M%R

042 - 37703662

042 - 36152120
0333 - 4249301

c&y

: :
ZM
L L;g
:

g+
iZ~ S +
h.
]6eY

b*
! E-mail: jmj786_56@hotmail.com

ZVg,
6,
6
*
*z,#
rVxg*
*
Hgezg ~zZgug *
0 *6eY ,
4
Z Z L L )x

Y 2012 s,
6Z

g Z Z)x

2
~}g kZ

i Ww

V x q *
r
#
* kR]|

$ug
g

16

V x q *
r
#
* kR]|

{+
0Rgz,
6] qgz R@

22

Z ,
r
#
m ?*
* ]|

28

#
~
r Zs R*
* ]|

x R{,
6

32

Z~g ?*
r
#
* ]|

~zz%

38 ~zg #
rg,Z*
* ]|

Zg #]
+

42

# u Z Z?Z e *
r
* ]|

] gzRsg : uusS

53

# s[ x H
r

] Zi q S z] :Sy *
!i !
eZg R

62

~p
5Lsfzgq,
h
M| ,
7,
6 E
6M
,SZ R)x \W
http://www.scribd.com/anwaremadina

Y 2012 s,
6Z

g Z Z)x

= e ^$ ] m ] oF o v

8 o e Y 1 *
0 1,
6 y Zd ; g Y g /
k,
'F

X Y {gz gz p~ $Ngz R lw *
* Z Y ~
V Vnw q *
@1 g /
w z { eakS
6,Vvgz R V-C *
! V z y JVgz R V g'Zg V/
k,
' X ,
F+
$
CWqZ ~ Vz t 
q17W/
R k,
' kS , g Z /

X ~,
' kS 
qV Sg$
T ]g e &gz R
&L g W/
kS 7 k Q 7(Z1ce *

* WE
Z[R
SBB ZIgz RM
+ 7 { C ~ y W: Z 
~g u g Y J ,
(
X~
aQ ~ 
a Q Zgz Rg ,
F/z : Z 
~g u *
c g *
@ Sg *
@
w q gkS { z n~ #.
} # Zi Z,
6 g ,
6 kS
~i *
!gz R ~i %Y , ,
6 ]g 'g z ZR P:gz Rg: ~ .

Y 2012 s,
6Z

g Z Z)x

4&p L L ~g $
G
Z V G3E
dL LX C 7{ *
c i Vz+
0z y $
eg w

y q Y Wg Z M S ,
7 g Z- !
gz R B@W[ Rce 7S _
/
g Z M S s x Z *
@B] P
` z,js Z S Z *
* L LKZ 7~+
&
y -gz R y S ]z vZ g2 Kg *
0 y S , g e vZ V g *
0 Zz r
X F
F,
6)
S
Y V $
T*
@/g vZ ,
6 VC q R+
$ KZ kZ x Zs ~uz
ZO H y S x
` $
- 4V Zx$
-*
c +
$$
- R d R Z M S
X g W D g *
!g *
! k,
'J/
7g *
!qZ[ g S T
f ]$] ^ n ^

gQ ,
Fz~g +
h.
]6eY
qKy,
ki ( 1 )
oggz R ( 9 ))Zg Z { iXaY C ( 2 )
; gaogz R { +
E R ( 3)
gz R: { ( 4 )
x *
0 y,
ki ( 5 )
X
` R { *
c iaV Zze
h'atg Y[ Z N

Y 2012 s,
6Z

g Z Z)x

&
C
$
gugf L E
#
rVxq*
* %zckZ]|
% ig ezg +

Z Z L)
L x x OZLG
&Zg
tq{ L Ly g Zz
X *
@Y *
c { *
!JV x gzZ++
h%kZ]|{ C=g f
( }W )X w=z~g Y#*
@;kS kZ]|\vR

7Zzg Z+
h vZ~ykS X *
!VzggzRV,zg
g ]Z f vZ
ce *
*7.}uz qZ V1
? H L L X t gL Lz < L L
#
r V x *
* : M,
Hz C
( 10 - 05 - 1987 A 69 )
$ v ^ ^ n n oF $ ] F $ ] n ^ ] h # v ]
= e ^$ ] n q ] e ^v ] !$

K ] Z VrQ gz R W#
r qZ k*
0 V
~ g Z *
* W]|
V \ W~}g *
~
! y S Hy S Y7 Q Hy ZS Y7 Q ? HxsS
$^* # ] f i R *
] \vZ \ W x *
* q kS y S ] i
c g S
x *
* ) w t p t Z.
} gN Z.
} \ W , bkS
I
M
Y Zgz k Q 4 k Q \vZ , g 7q 5!L \vZY
%M
k Q , q @ y K
S Y Y H7g ^ *
! } F
~,
( } ,
( ~ k Q (w k QJV k QJV ]

Y 2012 s,
6Z

g Z Z)x

6k Q 7 o1 n % n *
c \vZ X z{ z q { z q
X
`gzg +
0e C V 0zgBw V 0zg *
@tzg Zuz
GG
\ h *
! V,zg y S g \vZ G
5SG38 ~
t zg zg
% *
@,
7 GkS gN Q Y Hw ~}g *
! u *
0 Z f
~gt Wt iy WkSkS Z *
@tpk Q
*
! y Sg *
@k Q zg *
c8g *
c ^ ? bgz R V ; gN Q
; gN = { zt Zuz *
@,
7 t *
c V ; gN Q~ S '} w
\vZ } Y 7y K
S H pF m # ] $ ^ e m ] g / y W Zg ft
e $ h m ^ qC qZC gN k Q
] o $ ^ %
c*
} i ,
'Z,
' { f qZ 7{7 7$
T q \vZ $ ] o
] ] ? ~ y W
y K
S ] *
! t ~,
(*
c q Kg kS f ] ?
N Y ~ Vg *
! { *
c i kS ~gz ` W\ W a W
{ z Sg 'W, q { z gz R I XS ( gpgz R ) gz #
Z
~gz ` W R R~ C [ " Tg WZ
`
+
0iy S *
@ Za 7S Z.
} { Za Z.
}
t C g \ WJ]
e q m ^ *
Y7 y Y *
! ZvZ $ ]
@ VQy S Q
Za , q \h X Y72 ] *
! ~,
( 'Y Y7[
] tig *
@ x OS
y Q D
y Q ; gN
y Q

Y 2012 s,
6Z

g Z Z)x

X ] Z f { z] Z f vZ C,
7 ]gzq TTgz R
x qZC t *
*g~ }g *
! u*
0 Z f \vZ tBY f
vZ t 'Y ] a+ Tu *
0 Z f \vZ V ; D I 7
gz R C { z t vZ 76{ zgz R 7q k Q t
] w x ~ k Q 7 (Zn: x u *
0 ~
b u *
0
CY *
0 { z dZ dZ CY *
0
{ zD h
M a\ W
_,
7 \ hx *
* } ' IC ~ V*
* \ vZ ] } '
n m ^ y k Q { z N C ~ y Q X | Y
7b~g7 + Y b~g7 { L Z 
b yK
S t | X ^ e
X*
@Y*
c g Z : y ZS y K
S Y: y Y S /
Z Yy Y

:*
c g S
1g
L yK
S
^f r ] ] l F F $ ] o ^ ]^ ^$] ~} g *
! kS
$
- Rt $
eWu *
0 W ^ ] ^ u ^ ] ^ v $m ] n e ^
g{ z h
M 7B7*
c g S
Vz h N } iV W7
c*
\vZ ~ y K
S ] +
0i nT ~ y K
S ={ z H
*
c y K
S
Xh
M73] nkS 7VrQt Vz } ~ V W
bkS *
c ~ =L~
L*
c
L b} ] i Zy K
S t
^ u *
c g S VrS Vz } gt *
c a y Q ]
q ~,
( H
Wg{ z W] { z Wq { z~T' q { z y K
S ^ ]

Y 2012 s,
6Z

g Z Z)x

kS *
*
Z,
'*
*wJkS ] o # ] n Z.
}c
z y ZS
X ^ ] ^ u 1wJt k Qg t+Zy K
S qZ 7g a

: ,*
@x Z.
}V *
c {@
Za k Qgz R y K
S ] *
! s} ,
( Y H
x Z ,
(*
* SkS [ R
-Zc y T k Q X ~g CW, q ~ y xg Zz
q
{ z x 9 S { z CY
g V *
c { k Q 9 S gz R S n x
(Zx { z t~ [ Q W *
@ Y[ *
@7x
(S g *
@kS w R ~ g *
@ ` W V `gt
\ W~ q gz R Y7 Wt }g *+
0e bS X [z(S gz R
g ` \vZ 7 ]gz ~ g ~ g W7
C,
7 ~Y~i *
! % ~g Y y ES { zgz R P zk Qt x
, Z *
!,
6 z L Z qC 7~ V ; z Czz C,
7 n
y K
S gz Ry xgu *
0 Z f \h g^,
6 w q k Q ]\ W&
q sC n ,
6z Q N *
! N Z ~ *
! t W} ,
6 y xg c
{,
6:u Zg S Vzq qz ~ )gz RI ~ { : 8
z vZ qC , g/
RX H
gz R u Zg S { L R H
`
k Q yK
S ~ $
ey K
S vZ $
- R L tL 7 } :ggz R
\hx H *
* S S gz R V ; g q ~,
( X~ Zg /
7w
X 7 K
S C *
! 'y K
S t 'Y b~g7 u *
0 Z f

Y 2012 s,
6Z

g Z Z)x

: g Z+
h vZ~]
yW
{z $
eg Y ]g *
c i k Q
^$ m$ q {z k Q ~ A
((\ ~g *
!$
eg V g gz,
6 gz R} n V { i *
@z ,
F ^ ^ e oF ]
? ~ *p *
c W~ u *
0 Wf kS *
c W , W~ p$
gu
t W7~ q z pq C ]gvZ e 7~ *
X V\Wy S $
eg \vZ
f r ] o ] ] *
c \vZ Hg Z+
h x?Zm \W]|
BN \ W Q ; g ZI(KZt /
Z Bh N o ] i ^ $ j ] ^
^ oF $ $ ^& q f r e% o# r i ^$ eI7h N e 7, Zp
gz R s i l" x?Zz > W}Zm \W]| H
} } h N
G
-h4
G Zz > W}Zm*wg( *
@ W~ $
g q RJV X H
C ,
WR k Q
7 Vg Zu
~ z R x?Zmx W~ [ n *
c t
X(( g S ] gz RkS VZ~gz R

: : ,
6}uz qZV1
}g *
! x?Zm- ]|~ : W V1z: . *
c It1
~ v { z #
Z v ]
] o ] e ] ] W~ u *
0 W] J~
t *
! S L Lk Q *
@ Y v W ~ x x} h$ s

~i Z+
0R ~i Z+
0 RV ; z ~ k Qv { z m{ak Q t *
!S
Z x g2 V y Qgz R n u ] ^ ^ *
/
c Wx *
* y Q~
g *
@ Qx{ zakS *
@6+
0 R z eVzg *
@tQ *
@ Y Wv

Y 2012 s,
6Z

1 0

g Z Z)x

g {g ekS ZV g(+Z { z g #s *
@ Y,
F Q ?
X ( ~ .) Wk Q Y e7
\vZ x vZ t *
c V
~ vZ wg Wt ~ u *
0 W
B *
c e p S X{ z } { z a k Q x Z C
mR Vz L Z
q gz R Yq t z q z:\ WL Z] *
! +Z ? 7h
k Q ,
7 ~ i ,
7 ~y Wk Q *
c \vZ Y y ZS Y
{ z y S 7 `w~ kS ] gz R g S t vZ b e { z *
.
*,
F
C1 oj$ e m% n ^ ] m$ ] u o f m *
c t *
c I{ z '
~}g *
! LR x?Zm- V4~ ] *
! t { z 7
ot W

X z :, Z V
~ vZ wgD g S p
i ~ u *
e oF e ^ $ % ]
0 W

x Wz~ D V
~ vZ wgp x Z C
mR , Z ~ ,
6
nF ] m [ n ^ ] ~B; } Z} y #gz R V
c*
tBBgz R D W, Z ] C2 v ] ] p n e
x kS ? *
c I#Q1; g7,
6 gV ; g,
6 gg S

aR)#
Z aR)V #aR V #Y C
mZ ? *
*,
7:~
7`w~ kS aRV # V # t/
Z bqZ C
EE
Zgz R *
@ W~
} 4g e ] *
! t n w {N!MV # /
X*
c Ig7
SQOU &mv] nuj] h^j m p^e C1
QSRM &mv] n] n ^ h^e m C2

Y 2012 s,
6Z

1 1

g Z Z)x

] *
!qZ ~qZ Z ZqZ~}g *
! x?Zm.]|, Z
T,
6 x ,
6 Vx x?Zm \W]| f ] o oF oF _ ] p $] ~
t Q ~ qZ y k Q t V *
@ 3n] Z f k Q ~
,
6V
~ H x?Zm \W]|~ ,
6 V K
S x ; g ] *
!
k Q VrS *
c W7S V ; k Q ? x?Zm \W]| ~
$D H
e
W{ z X 7 x ZY C
mR N ; g ~+
$ t *
c g A
qZ
{@ \ W ~ ] $ $ o $ ] gz R k*
0 V
~ vZ wg [
w y Y, \ WVf~)f qZ Zgz R k*
0 \ WV ; g {g
G
4
&N7Q G-h Zz > W}Zm*wgX A
E
Zg , Z= kS )f\ Wt
] Z f k Qn f ] o oF oF _ ] p $] ; gt t Y VrQ Y7
kS kS Y7 ~ a R Ox?Zm \W]|,
6V K
S x T
kS ~ f o i ] *
c W= aR [ V ; *
c [ Z
] :SqZYz Z ,
7 : ~ c kS *
c I V
~ vZ wg *
c g qZ
y # V^ Q~
*
c O ~} S
oF ] ] } Z lx?Zm \W]| Vd V^ Q~ #
Z
^e
{ z~ Y C 7 Y7z kS [ R Y7~ C1 ^e
{ z T ii Zz W qZ VrQ,
6 g L L y Q *
c W~ l
{ zt *
c gz RV7l" { zg#zz k Q l"
X Sy QnqZt *
c !o f ^ ^* W~ l
QSLT &mv] ^nf] ] e h^e m C1

Y 2012 s,
6Z

1 2

g Z Z)x

] o l F F $ ] o % ] o *
@W~u *
0 W
l" V: evZ yQ ZN Y l"
Yg#
Z
7 e: Z.
}& 7l " {z Zz Y g
y W V 7{z
XV
:gz
V W~ l#
Z ~gz R W,
6 " D g S ~ k Q
p ] Y~ 7t } l{ z Vd
X ,
6 g ik Q!+
$t*
c W~ l { z C1 o f ^ ]
[/ V- 7t Zz ; gt ~ i{ z
.]| Zt ,
W R k Qgz R i s { z 7, Z ^^ 8

\vZtzz Hzz kS gz R H
{ ,
mg { ,
m g h N gz R l" x?Zm
wJ CZ f !
it /
R h N { z q ~ { *
c i ?,
6 g Kd *
c g S
&
/G
e% o# r i ^$ G
,
6kS akS S wJ Y Zg v
^v f VrQ W~ l { z #
u*
0 ] Z f ~
Z ^) q f r
n ] k f i
y ZS
~gz Rs~V *
@ qg n + ] $ ] ^ ]
^v f V~ V Zz
F,
*
! ,
F ,
F,
' u *
0 u*
0 ] Z f ~
kS t gN }uz qZ *
* W bkS g bkS vZ
&L $
~ vZ ] S ~ b z *
c X E
"*
U$
e %R ~ k Q 7~
gzRt Y { #
Z 7~pnuZg S u *
0 Z f \vZ { z
NPMM &mv] l^] h^j m p^e C1

Y 2012 s,
6Z

13

g Z Z)x

b z gz RN YY Z 
b R*
c n u Zg S Q Y ( ~ ]
yW )V;z
Zz b z ( gz Z ] ) 7QV, Z Y Z 
b R { z Y *
c } g Z EZB
7(Zn ~ * V n V ; z \ ~g *
!$
eg N { z q
*
0 |,
le *
0qZ WC 
y W D Y +gz R D Za g " Y Z 
b R V
Y Z
b R g Y + g 0t *
@Y V t *
@3 *
0 & *
0 J e
gz Rg D V: Y +{ z/
R *
@Y +iz ~ +
0i KZ y K
S Y Z 
b R 7
Y Z9 bg f 0,
'Z,
' h N yK
S g *
@ S kS : Ziz
XBBg Y + 7t p
D!
~*
c u *
0 Z f k Q qZ ' - y S V
Hgt *
c gz R *
! y S V 0zgt 7(Z1 g{ zgz R V ; gN Q
X ; gN = { z YY

: t gL Lz < L L
x R *
c e +
h ~~}g *
! {)z g<t
&t /
Z g L Lx *
* kS W ] y S gz R < L Lx *
* yS
-Zgz R 'Y x R q
qZ JuS Z.
] , q Z.
] Z.
] ggz R <
|,
7 { z D L L 'Y x R t Z ,
( ~ V z [ kS 8
] x R
] x R/
Z gx *
* kS L tL *
* ] k Qgz R Y W
X gty } q z *
* *
c gz Rx Z/N Y0

Y 2012 s,
6Z

14

g Z Z)x

: Ze 8
gz R g
Zet R gz R x R ~ gm*
! gz R t < ~C It gz R
^ e % i %R { z bx R \vZ
7|kS
D ei x Z 5 D 2 gz R g L L t Y 0 ] y S
Y f~ wz L Lx *
* kS y S LtL gz R w R L Lx *
* k Q f
X 3gx *
*tY 5

: H L L
u*
0 vZ m~ ] Z f vZ m{*gqZ qqZgz R
Rg
G]*
! ' *
@ W: ,
F ~ T Y n~ ] Z f
76
=] *
! ~uz { zy ZS Vh1 ,
^ ZS L L ~ w V Y f:
,
F ~ k Q [ 0 y ZS k Q k Q W~7{ z k Q
X $7hk Qq g Zz Pgz R7]gz?7R

: *
@w L Lq*
c g
CYq Z S x Z 0E
! 
,
'g I V
~ vZ wg t
' gz R *
c V Z ]z u *
0 W~ ' @] qZ gz R
]*
! WQ *
@ n5 ] Z f vZ m w YQ @] ~,
( V
\ WL R qs Y+Z s g /
g Z *
* { z q
{)z {)z } kCtKZ p,
6 Y q Zg f } g lS gz R 1
X C Za qZt

Y 2012 s,
6Z

15

g Z Z)x

$ Zg f ' \ W~ i x?Zz > W}Zm *wg V ;

d
kS V ~,
( t CY q ] *
!te
h {g k *
0 4P Y
D!
wz - y S X H
*
c e ~} g *
! y S y ZS xsS ~ p$
gu
p:gz js{ z CY 2 bTy K
S ~ *t gz Rcgz R
g *
@g *
@] Z f vZs BBgz Rg ,
6 \~g *
! { z
~ y S g *
@ *
! kS vZ w Zt *
c W~ w }
kS { zQ #/ S g y K
S gz R Cqc kS 4Z
X CYq i R *
c *
@ Y `,
6]
V
~ vZ wg ~ ]
y Wgz R } i Z g KR cKZ
\vZ
!S X }W} B

Y 2012 s,
6Z

1 6

g Z Z)x
}pd

5 1

L Y S Z $
+ Y g ezg +
&Zg+
h.
]6eY ,
4
,
RR L L
}pgz Z o Z mvZ G
*9g #
rV xq *
* kR ]|
q q y Zn 7Tw q *
@ H
Hx Z g Zz
ZX Y*
c y S {x Z] *
!kZ] :S
6,ZZ~ ] Zg Z z+
ZZ
` N YK }p{ z ~
( {g Z S )X N Ypz$
A%}px ~~qZ *
@`

{+
0Rgz ,
6] qgz R@
*
c C Z Y 65 ; gft~ ~ sf ] q
k Q ~ Y 65Xce *
*w,
6 |7Q V R #
Z y *zy
g gz R ~CB
k,
6 g eg *
! Z Z { z k QQ Bf %KZ
X {)z *
c W| ,
(s
k Q kS ; g Z S Vy *
0 ; g x ZS { z Q [ R
y *zy ~ T a w+
$ gZgz R Xq zgz R V *
c g m,
6 ] Zuu *
0
X ~gzS b
Dg7w qgZ
V ; z 4 y Z+
0{ z1~ Z #~ y *zy
kS ZI qZ x s~uz p g W , /
Y ~ f Vz*
!
4Z ` ~}g Z /
y S I zz kS gz R *
c W,
F Q,
6 # y Z+
0{
V Zze
h /
%: #*
! V ; z }Js Hw *
0 k k Q Zzgg
k { ] 1*
@ Y { *
c i bkS e Y Y Hg6,
6 { /
%
:y Z+
0 {z1B; V- { z *
@*
0 g (S : 8g I s %S t Vgz R Lg

Y 2012 s,
6Z

17

g Z Z)x

]*
! B Zg/
ZD,
7 ngz R V *
c h + ,
Fp: C,
7 : { ZgX D ,
7
Ry y ! N Y Zi W t s: CY W7
X Y {g*
! Z~Y Y
~ Zi W bDz
L h
M at Z y Qgz R Zg ~ w q]gkS [ R
y *zyzt /
Z X z y *
0
a
y S c_ y { Lgz R ~ Zi W
L
c*
z y *
0 Z h
MN : L[ Zp ~g Up Zz {g *
@: R
~ wkS X g: .pg ep{ zzgz$ S
.6X ( kz ) gz *
*
! i s y *
0 .D
k% Rgz R q Z 3E
0 4qZ Q
~ wy *zy X : : B
k u L Z{ kS } ~g Z z ~g^
X } : Qapgb sKZ

GG
5SG38 { zY g W{ LZ Q { z y
jjR g
G

~ t Zgz R y
j j RX *
@ ~ *
@g V/
R 7g V
&L R k Qgz R g ~ : W V z k Q
y jR ~ j BX ; g E
yS 
z
[ *
*+
$ gz R ; g y v kz ) + @W
gz R ] Z LZ g :3 Z Z.
}/
Ry *
0 [ R k*
0 k % R~ V l
Xg Dg O
_S Z o Zg ~] qy .,
6J, Z n q b
w &z k Q X,
' gkS #{zqZ |/
g S gz R` :z/
~ kS 3g ` )
S g R: #*
!
y Q 7] *
! gz RX g ,
6 wzN ` V ; z $*
0 71:7 ,
6yQ
# sw q]gkS X 7,
6 , m{ uuy *zy
X Y { y vui Rao

Y 2012 s,
6Z

18

g Z Z)x

IM
w i ( L kS ~ z
q *
! {g y *zy
g ` Lce 8

X 7ikS
y *zy V ; z g W, {%izg mg e g *
! ^ (g JV
^ O a e n | ,
( :O S y *
0 ; g o S q L Z
X W)VJ~| /
~PRX ,
~zuKZ KZt y t ~}g *
! V LZ= : ~ /
C]gz r ( L~uo}g p h
M YZ B
ku
X Y 7t r Y Ls
sC Yt ~ y *
0 : ~ /
Z *
@ Y 1 (Z z k Q/
ZX *
@ Y 1 { C 1 KZuu ,
'gz R /
% C1 0g L
; g V { Z o} g7 pD Y Z e:g C
: L@gz RSg ~g Y
r ( La T7o Zg7 L Yw e f L f Y L e} : t { z
p w Zt ~ g *
@: q_ BZ' Q: *
@ xX ]gz
G
V ZxY #
Z *
@xX j) S[ Z y Q,
6 T H ~i *w
gz R C *
cM
,
F ,
m R LV { X *
@,
7 9 *
* e
f x V z)f L Z
Y ` WX D wL B
k Zygz R D p ,
m R V Z
(u
L Z,
(
X ,
m R Vz *Qy S M
,
Fz y S /
Vz/
y Q
-Z k*
q
0 k Q ~ V; `
z w q]gQ ` W
; g kC6+
0R *
0 Qa kS g V z k Q1ce ~g Z)f
Xg~ { CZ.
}
kgw X C1

Y 2012 s,
6Z

1 9

g Z Z)x

u+
ie { s %S [ 
xgz Ry Zx ] q , g+
0 R : ~ /
R ` Y M wt"
qZ : ~gz $
e.'*
! z a
5_D{ zt "
w ` : N : q b Kg G3G
}uz X Fg
X $] *
!Q N J ,
(gg (S *
!~ #
Qgz R w 0 nX Z 7w ! n Z #

r { Zi [ Z x H,
6 kS
kS X z Wt ] *
! Vzgt V o)
z
X YY 7 Z { *
ci
: ~u *
0 W : ~ /
F ^ # ] ] ^ e v m $
F ] o ^ ]

F ] o ^$ ]
D MM R ^ E o ^ ]
&L< Z ( 1 )
Z.
}T w Zt Y f Zz e E

T *
c ZxhegpL ,
),
6x *
*xsS k Qgz R g} ] Zg (S
Vz*
! 4 H7VYt k Q CW7,
^ YC ]g ,
6 ^z z

7QV ; z Vm W V gz R } DZ,
F y F
F,
64}La
}/
Zgz RX B ._L Z e { z } g (S $y Q
L
LZ } g (S 7Q T e *
* ( Q ) aL Z LZ ] Z|)
X h
MZ kS : W
/ZX Z 74Z ~z v m $ { z H 7(Z
J[ R k Q/
Z
Zg7 gz R {z Z H Z.
} k Q 4Z~z kS { z/
Rgz R ? VY Z4Z 7
? 7bp g <f q, Z \ W H H7
Y} g eg W Cg Z{ z *
c 7g eg W k Qa<f ( 2 )

Y 2012 s,
6Z

20

g Z Z)x

c_ }u6 Z g *
@ Zo Y *
c } wgz R Q Y} gz R
*
c Zxheg \ W ,
6]*
! S [ y7 7VY \ W q, Z z q z
x+
&eg LZ p\ W bs %S [ 
x*
c w]g xheg L Z H
X g
t+Z y Zx (Z w Zt Y f y S ( 3 )
y ZS kS H 3 3 Zg MQ Y Q k QQ ~ 7L Lgz R V ; L L
n $ { z Vzz *
! {g *
@ce /y Z Zgz R y ZS +
h Q *
c ; g
Xg: 4Z~
z ( 2qg 1 {g *
0 ) # ] ^ m gz R
**
~z qgz R{ {0< s S z w,
6z Q L R% W ( 4 )
KZ QY *
@ ,
m/
' Z f y sS { za kS X Y{ e 7
YC Z S q k Q } { z/
Rgz R C
X *
0 W: < 4 YZ QakS
y S { z f 2 Z sS gz Rg
Lg (S *
! { z Se Z 2
$ 72 Z , Z { Zpw D
1 $ 2 Z a $
ez G *
@ 2Z
' Z lp { z a kS Sg 7y Z { z *
c V x 2Z sS
Zz ,
6z Q kS At #
Z uSS } ,
m/
~g f 2 Z
X Le
Zib) V LZ LZ y ZM Z |t 2
T
k Q ~g Z)f ~ C
gz RR < D W ^zz,
6 }z
X*
c [ xpgz R ^zz,
6x *
* kS
%N~ #
: /
z L L bgzi F
Z CwJ *
! z k Q #C ( 5 )

Y 2012 s,
6Z

21

g Z Z)x

% i LZ Zz {C b Wt

LG
t Yt { z #
Z p ]
}g g y Q h
M{ e 7Z,
'Zg ~
q
z 4{ Zp, Zgz R
@*
Y {g yiz H VzC b, Z y Q Zg gz R y v y Q y v Zg gz R ~
&L<QVx *
* ] Z ZQ } ] ] Z Z [ RX
t E
X g J
y WV}C bQ W
&Lt n*
$
e R sQ Y g ` W E
!/
R gz R ( 6 )
X Y g*
*3 Z Z.
}
{)z 4}J#
Z N W 2 Z : g *
*/
Z ( 7)
~gzt BX Y g: Z]g{ iX~g *
! {ggz RV: W Z ,
F
y { z a 
Z% 
b M WY Y Ht= M W Y7 3 Q
4
-hG
G
X 7 Z #
Z Zz
']V x q

hR]Z| K
_ qzy ( 9))Z Z!2g evZh~+
h.
]6eY
~ kS ] Z| K(
9zg hzJ e,
6 w2
( {g Z S )X wJ\vZ CY~] e
hz| 
m| ,
(

Y 2012 s,
6Z

22 : m

g Z Z)x

22

ME$ER

] :S #
rZ @*
* ]|xsZ
~gL #
r Z ,
m ?*
* ]|
]|i W z - xZ Z

: *
c z gz R]g K
t
, R nAgz R ,
'
' V [ n ~
~ {gf x Zo*
!#
Z m<*
! kCg+
0 R L Z~ g
9&[ Zp : *
c g S ,
' R D ,
m +Z ZuvZ k q
{]|
] m R q kS Z CW7w qD
t gz R *
c gz R] {x'R F R
X YY H7w +S ,
6*
c
DOP pE!^ ^ ] r i $ ] i ] ^m + % ] m ^
X 7,
^Yg S T #ZnqZ*
c { *
c i{ *
c iL L
6
z 4CR *
c gzR Z ,
( } ,
^ Yg S kS ~ Vpq
ZR Z [ Zp qZ 7~gztQX $
"*
U V
~ ]W
[Zp ~ g yzg ; g 6 {e{e qZ k Q
: ik Q z {i1k QgzR g *
* i k QtMqZ
X $7N[Zp nkS *
c g S e~+
0*
!{i[ZpkS

Y 2012 s,
6Z

23

g Z Z)x

~ V Z, ]okS ~ ] *
c Zzg Z~}g *
! *
c
X H
*
c g Z 
bV Z~ V Ze
DOL pE ] ] ^ $ ] ov ^ # ] ^i !
@*
$
e #Za #Q G \vZ *
c LL
X
gz R W
'+
0i ,
6 V1ZpV Vzc6 gz Rg Z+
0 gz RY 5I Yp
k Qgz R *
@g S #Zk Q,
6 Q '} {[ Zp D
G

X ]gzx uzg T {@xZ ,

(qZ CY L ] q
] ~ p Z y Q X) A [ Zp xsZ ]|
g ,
) gz R # Zgz R Zy Q p
ngt ,y Q { z ( g
$
A 'Y : y Q *
c : V1Zpy S ]|/
Z n*
! X K
qZ a
y Q ~ T zg kS L
< nS gz R ~ z @i y Q +
0i ]|
X YY H7g S ] qz
W *
c gz R ]g K
t ~ u|2w q
Zg7 y ZkS Z CY f ~ u|Y *
c zz kS *
@Y *
cJ,
(
X D ~p Zy S {+
E ] Zg K
t gz R *
c ]|a
" )
J Q zf ] ,
' ~ y *zy ( +
ZZi kS *
c k,
' E
5SG
;~ <}w *
@ 7[ R *
@ q~ *!
: i ;{ z CY Qgz R
( w z R )X ? R!
zg+
$

Y 2012 s,
6Z

24

g Z Z)x

S+
z k Q1 ; g ~g Y ]{ {)z *

c ~ E
h i {g w q
X Z7w gz R

E
~g *
! [ gz R x CE[Z x J
Y 1z R x Z/ V
~ vZ wg ~ [ Zp

&LakS W7$
: i{M
K,
F E
" a Zqs ; g *
! 0*\Z
X V q *
c gT
~ *
! } i Zzg pKV
~ g Z *
* W iqZ ( 1 )
} 9 K ( [$
+ O ~tKgz R {g)Kw $
+ C *
!
-T )z{( V; V z )~
z Y *
! ~ [gz R Z HX=E
\ Wgz R
wn
\ W $
d~ #
Z Zqt ~} @
(
" g Zly Qa ~Z ~ } /
X ME
5SG
n@
*
c
.$t pa
g Zz Q { z )nt E
~ pK~ ( 2 )
V- i Zz W ,
6 ] S ~ i zS gz R r| 
m Zzr,
6 T(
gz RV 8
( Zz w $
+ O/
*
0*
c g et a
~ pK(t D { W
xV
~ vZ wg x} Ht qZgz R ~ ,
7 w !,
6
X ~L
<q nS q
{]|kS
~ ?ug IG V
~ vZ wg ,
6 (qZ ( 3 )
gz R { i *
@z ,
F$
e.ug I n Z C *
! k*
0 G~ Cug Il
4E
5 V
~ \ W1g#
hx?Zz > }Zm]W
,
(o*
*gz R G

4E
5
~ \ W 8 ~
V
X Z V*
*gz R, G

Y 2012 s,
6Z

25

g Z Z)x

( fZ)g Z- ! mQ ug IG~ Tf{v{ z) {0Rzg ( 4 )

" t g Z- MT D/
a
FgzR ~B; z| ,
le E
5SG
qZ~ 
a
zh D} 9vgzR sV *
0 sug Iu
tx ~ ?
zh D +Z~ }zh ~ k Q
gzR V *
@s *
0 zh ~ H s zh *
0 wZ e *
0 gzR *
c zh
_8g lpAz~ k QV 8 Q *
@Y *
0 ~({s
X w'~pyWzv K{nspG$
+ OWt
[f$
+ O { i Zzg Z ,
(
~tK ) x?Z [ *
! ( 5)
G V
~ vZ wg gz R V ; g Y s {0{vgz R Z 4Z ~ K ( Zz
~#
Z Zq $
+ Y6Z~ ug I{n\ WsizR z ,
6ug I
Y R & *
! DqZ ~ y Q N Y , q g e \ W $
d*
!
$
+ O ~ r *
!qZ Z *
@ ~ kS H } Y 7
" W V
#
|gg Z { ~ k Q Z4Z Zz,
6 ~gz /
{g *
! k E
5SG
~ ]W
y Qgz R V L
V g y Q { *
c i ~h x W z Q X
g 3``V ~ V g y S v gz R V~
y S {' y Q1 ,
'Z,
' S L gVt ~g Zl *
c 3h V]{ ( y Q ~
7L ~ V+
jgkS +
jgkS gz R {e{ *
c i
V]{
6~X ]} ,
(,
6#
|gqZ~ r *
! kS kS X 3
[ V ; g~gz R} h ]V6 y Q ~ 8gg V
X V ; g YW Zz\ W]t i *
*g V
~ vZwg

Y 2012 s,
6Z

g Z Z)x

2 6

q^qZ~ k Q ; gN g R[ qZizgqZ ( 6)
[ z VQ c } Z V ;
~ pZgz R Zq ~ pK~ Z x> z k Qt
 q
J,
k H q z *
*zg~g Z+
h gz R ,
7 ] 4Sz z[ Z W Z R
VC Ygz Rg Z- [ s ~ V
~ vZ wg gz R~ kCt ,
6 Xg
X ; ggz Rt ug I{nWt ,
6\ Wgz R 7
$ y M ~h gz R ; g^ p p{q
d
{ c Z~ ( 7 )
p=vZ g & 1R ]|gz R V
~ vZ wg [ ~ [ Zpg^
G
4hI$}uz 5E
X K G
qZB; V~zCgz R
Vz y Q mvZ G
*9g + Z w x S ~ [ Zp ~ ( 8 )
: p Ztgz R $LB;
m ^e ]
# o$ f $ ] e k m ^e ^ oF
"
XX g vwz e y W~ k Qgz R y Zy Z ,
( qZ ( 9)
D W} vP ,
'Z,
'wz e { zgz R V ; gN ~ y QJy W Xg *
@{ z
X CYe x lS ,
6} i V QVz e~gz R
X g 3V ; zjQvgz R H
e Z ,
(V ; gN ~ ( 10 )
*
c ,
6
z *
! O Vz *
c z *
! *
@x ZoS ~: i k Q ( 11 )
G
$
3
G
"
qZ
Zz~ @
E
5SG{0{vgz Rp E
y ktgz R
XN ef Rgz RV ix S H

Y 2012 s,
6Z

g Z Z)x

27

kS R #sVzg e V T #
|g Z ,
( qZ ( 1 2 )
u" w zX { 0*\Z ~g *
! [ V ; g,
6R
#
|g
X ( g7 *
c ~g7 ,T ) ; g g S ,
6z Qgz RV ; gkC
*
@ Y ZT~ [ Zz R ~tKizg qZ ( 1 3 )
W ; gf ~ ( D} 9z _,
7 i vZ g y ]|V )
Y Y + ? Z Z g *
! y Q p=vZ g y ]| V 8
[ ZpkS X *
c ga Y +u CR z Q ,
6 l,
'qZ VrQ
pK,
6 Y V zz kS gz R ~ *
c W[ Z p{q
{
X *
@ Yaf~khg
]|gz R V Zig e ~ pK~ ~ [ Zp%qZ ( 1 4 )
s6Z V
~ vZ wg[ p=sN *
!,
m +Z ZuvZ k q
{
X [ ~ ug I
V
~ \ Wgz R p=
~+
0z Z.
}g ; g ,
6z Q qZ [ Zp~ *
! W R ( 1 5 )
X ~s~[ R { z z~ *s ,
m +Z ZuvZ k:Z ]|
]|~ *
c gkS ~ T [ ZpqZ%qZ ( 1 6)
Hn ~ X g s R { *
c i ]|V Zq~ #.
} :Z
**
]|~ [ ZpS Qgz R 1 wJ ]| E
5S ~ KL Z]|
X ( ] i R fp )X Zqs~ #.
}mvZ G
*9g q
{
( ~g Y )

Y 2012 s,
6Z
8:m

g Z Z)x

28

x R{,
6
~ #
r Zs R *
* ]|#Z : ] Z Zi R

*
@8xzY ]g][Z ]gz~yK
S {,
6L L
g~{,
6LZyK
S JuqZg~{,
6 Vz)ZVJR
X ~M
+K
S
?Z ] ] Z S]~ #Z]|~kS
y ~ zg z =#
t I ~gz] 0 {,
6 w ~z
G
=z ]y K
S {,
6 G
5S Zz n { i Z+
0 R " ,
7 T H
H
{,
6 Tg~ yqZ Z]gz] ){,
6 2X
Hf ~kS ,#
t I~gz{)z {)zik QgzR V *
c g Z
y Qgz Ru{,
6 V g),x R k Qgz RM
i 2X H

kS V +
ZZi+
ZZi u *
0 vZX ] *
c Z@~gz0 Z `
X }W = { .S

: zz x ZwZgz R *
*
6,y Qp m Vz+
D{ z C s Y 5w 
`
Y [pp { z CZV * *
* y Q C Y 
] Zp ^
w+Z *

c ~ y Q /
Zgz R D *
* i V@ Vgz R g H
k
4E
& }
/F
, Zgz R *
@ ,
W R VZ,
'yS ,
6 V Y [p{ z 'E
^ z *
! + Y kS p ( { y v) Ja x OS *
* ] Z ,
WR
4E
& ~ y t i Zg ,
GE
4hE
V g
W R Z.
]z kS gz R J+
0 R y Q ] Zp

Y 2012 s,
6Z

29

g Z Z)x

~C H
Za w t ~ y Q S x A S W Zz kS *
@4 { *
c iVz%
Z' R *
* gz R} : Z' nZuz ~ kS {e }uz
#w *
* L
:qZ :X H
Z.
] gz R ~ C ,
W Rtgz Rw t akS X
X % R ~t
Yz O{ z 2 *
@ o *
* t { z [qZ L
: Zuz gz R
%N t a kS *u
@ \vZaS ZE
^ $] oF ] ]e i : *

**
Y $
"J*
* X Y: q ,
4 [ R y Q n f $ u ^
%Ngz Rx "
gz R bR ): [ Y: q ,
4 [ Rgz Ri Z E
**
i] }g v*
c NX'*
! z y Q:gz Rd:V g( )
G
0Z Z )X $
"J*
* Xgz RV Z,
's
( 323m G

: #wZ
S y K
S *
c ikS X C 0 @
K
S ] +Z
**
x gz R Z,
' w dR y S zz kS *
@#
~q Y , i # kS h
D 7g Z S i Zy S pD w dR, Z
` H
W~ V V
V ; X D {g Z *
* Y% Y z x Y w dR , Z s y Q /
Z
D w dR, Z { z Wgz R Sg 7*
! Y ny Q V Z.
] ]
G
0Z Z )X
( 323m G

: |Y ~g +
$~{,
6

C ! Z
y~ V X *
@ Y
~ {,
6 H
HnZ S(qZ
Z L#
Z ~ ? *
@7*
* ~ Vzg Z {,
6 H{g7i *
! ~ ]g{ z

Y 2012 s,
6Z

30

g Z Z)x

g Z {,
6 y Q D] uZz, Z~ VX *
@t Rgz RX Z ,
6"
: Zi V : {,
6 Zi R : V y Q:gz x *
* Z,
' I
kS $
A% t #
Z : g- : : Zi {
Y V~: { 8 [ Z Wg Z ] (Z Ig Z {,
6 y Q ~ 
q
+ i d{ z t X Y ( Zz ] ) + i d~: {#
r
Z+
0 {sIi dy Qz kS X *
c hg ( x Zz ) ] #
Z ~: {
|Z #
Z x *
* Zz] ] Y`{ z ] :gz zz
! V ] Q` w dR 8 [ Z *
c
) y *
! Ig Z {,
6 y Q *
@ Y *
* ~ Vzg Z {,
6 , Z
t nX W$
" kS UI {,
6 :gz g *
!*
c ( g S
% Zg f *
* w t gz R s {,
6 tVy Q
]gzZ +
Dgz R Zg f a kS (ZkS <#
Z X $
H ~g t k Q } <X ~ Zz { z
1s R ) X Y 7x *
* Zgpgz Rs { zQgz R q
( 17 5m { H
k

: ?gz RqZ pg~ {,

6V g
+ S z l ^ + ] l ^ ] k F v ]
bkS gz R H
*
c + wBZ k F v ] 1 l ^ + ] l ^ ]
~ kSt { z Zz ( { *
c i ) W~ ~, a ]gzT H
*
c $qZ
y S %'g g g *
0 p k F v ] Y N *
@ {,
6 Vz%

Y 2012 s,
6Z

g Z Z)x

31

# 7 ]g R Z xX ( #
Z
Z Zz ))f y S g g *
0 Og g *
0
wBS a kS C: q ] *
! t + S Xg: pkS %J
( 35 0m ] #Z] ! R )X +

: t {,
6L Lgz R ,
L L2 ~gz*
*{,
6 {nL R]g
kS *
c I,VB; gz R {n]g Y ] Z|
V Y ~ kS W: ~ kS Yi g ?, qt ~i t
i ~ kS 4Z ~,y+
$ Zg ]g{ z kS *
c e
X 7 , Xt : i ; g ~
gz R ,
6 6+
0 R g Z kS X Rt {,
6 ]g V)gz R
Z,
( ~% t V) kS zi y+
$ k Q {n ]gC
7]i Y S % {n ]gt Vz%x) Y  Z|a S X
( ~g Y )X ( 1 26m #ZW)X ~

ng *
!zg L R\ W} g 3S ~g g Z R) x
! h
MBqZ yz {g Z S gz R
)*
* c,
3
1000

!gyzg+
0R

2000

?*
Nyz

500

!gyzg+
0R

1500

?*
Nyzg+
0R

Y 2012 s,
6Z

4:m

g Z Z)x

32

~zz%
mvZ G
*9g#
rZ~g ?*
* ]|

~g ? *
* ]| $
gZ f *Q . g 6 eY \ vZ
*
! 8Rgz R h Z ( Y 1 992&| 1 41 2: x )mvZ G
*9g #
r Z
BB z g S gz R Sz z \ WX *
c*
c Y m{
~kS *
c x Ru9 z #.
} + ; *
@z "
&
E
~L Bzz% L L ~ ZA\ WX X
Z,
'{gzR
S 7 $
e S [ kS [ gzR ,
6 qL Z
( {g Z S )X ; g Y HMg +
2

: [ Z Zg Wk] Z|~w ,
'

E&
x *
* ~ $
"*
U $
guz y W ~ L Bzz%Y f ~w ,
'#
Z k\R
M$
a J 
m . ,
6]*
! O t] *
! hQ D Y
E&
: ,
6Y Z 
b Rsfzgq ~L Bzz%
] Z7z ] qV
~ g( 3 ) u *
0 W]z ( 2 ) xsz > [ ( 1 )
X {)zY ( 4 ) y {)z
E
&
ggz R ,

^YY Z 
b R
t ~L Bzz%#
Z D w +S V- Qgz R

XH
,
^ Y Q
5 kgz R Zg KZY C
" *
! gz R S w +S Z+
0Rt p
]| O 74 Zggz R k~ ] Z Y Y 7 XS ] Z

Y 2012 s,
6Z

33

g Z Z)x

: D g S\vZg&0vZ
DQP M t ^j] E ! j n ] j f i ^ ^$ ! ] f i$ ]

}g v+ Y z XS #] +
$ 55gz R g,
6 x}g ? L L

X H
*
c a
: D g S\vZgf.
v]|gz R
$ n # ] o$ # ] h ^v ] ^ f$ j m $ ^f %

DMMO M t ^j] E!^ f i

Za : sKZ ?{ z ~ x Ru 7 x Z/ ] { zC L L
X z
bT] YY H7k ~n ] Z w q
Z R { z Z R V
~ g] X x Ru b Q*
! ] { z
] *
! kS } BVP ~kS X )
+
$ ] { z 7Z R \ W gz R
X Zz
: ~t Z@[ g4} ( 1 )
n $ r ] o j % ^ e r ] e $ j %m ] m
DQO M t m]aE! F $ ] o u ^ n m $ ]
i { z L
<g z q t L L

S i V
~ gY ( a) { z( ,
7
X ,
7 7Z { *
c i gz z *
!
m #
" o$ f $ ] $ n ] f o# ] o $ j m DNE
F
DMMT M t m]aE ! F $ ] o u

Y 2012 s,
6Z

34

g Z Z)x

V
~ gY { z( ,
7 i ~ { L L
X ,
7 7IZ S i z *
!
& Zg ~ V ,
7 i qZ ~ #
ZZ #
Z g b S ( 3 )
Z,
'S ) zz kS gz R *
c g Z )
+
$kS x Z X *
@ Y XXg ^ $ ] ZZ
: D y t } ,
( qZ *
m m j r ] $ ] e n e ^j$ ] e ^v $ ] $ ]
DPOO pnf E! ^i $ ] ^i ^
w ( i t) + $[Zgz R *
@gz RevZ gx Z/ L L

X 7
c_] Z|~w ,
' y W f ~ $N TtK z bS ( 4 )
tK z V- w ,
',
6 gS ~ y M L L gm{ D
,
6 g w VX `g BVg " nkS ~ k Q Hc_ *
* ~ $N
yz g ` Zzgt ~: i t { zgz R D y w VqZ sV
V gm ,
6 {)z ` W 6 _,
7 N R J
y W
: gz R *
c g Z )
+
$kS ~tKz X ` Zzg ",
7
i e ^ $ r ] F ] o ] ^ ] ]
1C ! ` # ] o n e ^j$ ] e ^v $ ]

t Y { z( ,
7 B )
) J
y W yz g L L
X 7w *
@gz RevZgx Z/ )
+
$
: w evZgx Z/BVnkS
X 317 m 5 ~Kz C1

Y 2012 s,
6Z

35

g Z Z)x

$ ] # v ] ^ z e ] g q oF ] _ q $ ] ^$
oF $ ] # v ] ] ^ ] e ] ^ # ] oF

# v ] $ ] #
" # ] ^ $ ( ] F n # ]
DUT N t pi ( PLR N t F E ! ^u oF

k Qgz R W qZ k*
0 vZ g/0vZ]| L L
/0vZ]|,
6 kS XX # ] oF $ ] # v ] ZZ

gp xs,
6 g V b kS ~ *
c vZ g
,
6 W t V
~ x Rg 7t V
~
X , XX ^u oF # v ] ZZ

Z,
6)
) +Z qZ ~ KqZ g /
vZ g &0vZ]|
6 V- dI
,
,
7 f ] # ] % L
L HqZ ~ y Q gf
! v { z ,
7 # ] $] F ] ? g *
! L L H{ zQ _,
7 f ] # ] %
$] F ] ? g *
X _,
7 # ] ^v f iv{ z
,
7 # ] ^v f i L LH{ zQ _,
7 # ]
:*
c g S xtvZg&0vZ]|
o i ^ u n m $ ] ^ ^$^ i ^F n ] %
j ] ^ $ n # ] o$ $ v $ ] ^m v m
i j n [ f i e ^n $ ] F ] j % n e e ^v . F
D RTMt o] E! h ^e o v j ]
~S H !#Q} Z,
6 ? X zg { H
k L Z,
6 V- yS ? L L
gzR]{ ~ ?evZ g x Z/JR ? ,
7~
h
\WJRgzR 7Z,
6} V
~ vZwg[ JR

Y 2012 s,
6Z

g Z Z)x

36

Xs{ i Zzg ZegzR)

+
$~]qyS ? L I7@,
'
: w ~p Zy S [ Z &0vZ]|~$
eZzg ~uz qZ
? V H 3n'q Zuz Z.
} V&0vZ~ L L
* [ ~ D?Q *
c XS )
+
$ { ( gz R qg *
@$
e.
( 165m g Z,
'ZW) X| ,
(/V
~
Ha

~] vZgmZ ! R0y ]| ( 3 )
:*
c *
c gzz g S #
Z*
c g S Y VrQ
$ n # ] o$ # ] ` oF ^j ] oi ^+ ^$ ^$]
DNMS P t {fu e u] E ! oF
: gz R D *
c Y 7~ VU~ V
~ [ 
g U i v L L
X CY ~]akS
Zggz R k~ ] Z *
*C t s 7@Zx y S
$*
"
UV gz R ~gz *
*V ; z $
"*
U V
~ gV X 74

E
E
3B
N 6X ~gzq nS V
mvZ G*9g Z ~g Z $
~ g~ ,
FV ; z 7
: D g S
oF g ]$ ^ m ] j$ ] o i ] o i ^ e ^j ]
DPM Mt F | ^E! j f ^$ ] m $

~ ,
F bS C ~ O V
~ g L L

V
~ g } ( ) #z Z ,
6 x , Z X C
X +
${ z H7
( ~g Y )

Y 2012 s,
6Z

37

g Z Z)x

{g Z S S - f)
Zz L
<L X3Z
] , XX^j^ o^] em l ^m vi ZZ

|x gz Ry W,
F~w ,
'

E
E
37 R @ *
* ]|xsZ
Vxq *
* ]|i W 0G
gR ~~TbgZz( +
h.
]z *6eY *
!) #
r
X H
H{q,
6x yQgzRd,
6yW,
F~w,
'y{
a
yu Z e { z &350 : 7[ ? X "
h R,
kq : $
dtzM
K,
F
/

( {S )tdy W,
F ~w ,
'

t R *
* ]|y W/ k& S gzR dqZ ,
6 y ZZ +
a
yuZ e { z&4157[?X }Ry :$
dtzM
K,
FX @
/

E&
? )
+
$ ~L Bgz Rxsz >+H

gzR g *
@ kS H
H Zg( y Z f R xsz >+
kS +
Z/ V Zz Zg kS g *
@ ~} z s R
X `g ,~[
}Ry : ; *
@ X ~ *
**
* ]|xsZ : )l
a
yu Z e { z &220 : 7[ ?
Zz | u Z e N i, R LZ t
: N Zg,
6kS ] Z|
021-32767232 y c Zg Zi *
!zg QKkl.W*
!tg
: T,
ki t } g Z S kS : ^
~<X ta ` R ( 2 ) V *
c i VE{ g ( 1 )
g Z,
'Z > P,
' (4) $
ew ,
'cWCq ~w ,
' ( 3 )

Y 2012 s,
6Z

38

g Z Z)x

4:m

Zg #]
+
~zg #
r g,Z*
* ]|

\vZg & 1R]|vZwg

V Q 0z nC s Vz l J k,
' { #
Z ( 12)
V> y Q~ S Dgz R`~ ~+
0z Z.
} JS [ R\ Wgz R V
~ YC
mRgzu
X N Y p=]l 5\ W~ S kz [ ,
m _: e
]|s~/)
) x V
~ wg Z.
}gz R Z.
} ~ ]^kS
6,xx~^kS B V
~ \ W~^kS z *
c vZ g &
Zz ~V *Z zGXvZg & ]|.
} z Y
& ]| #
Z Zg z Q~ * g *
c X Y$L7t kS
*
@
z 4 X ~g *
c V
~ * L Z~g vZ g
X
g *
c Zg V #L
L
E
ag KZvZ g & ]| V
~ Z.
} g~ ]L^kS
+,
F V
~ \ W,
6 z m S y Q ~C ,
6
] *
! tmz
g z q { *
c i
gz Rg /gz R,
' O$gz Rq={ *
c i
{ zt gz R OS
X ~gz*
* s z R
y S ~ =g^u *
*kSY
E
a O V
~ ]W l { z BZ e ) S ,
6 ]L^kS Zg f
vZ g & ]| {kS \ Wgz R *
*{ y k \ Wgz R *
*

Y 2012 s,
6Z

39

g Z Z)x

E
*Yy
vZ g & ]|{ z *
* ~p g ^kS gz R ]L^y Qgz R *
vZ g & ]|{ z *
*g *
*BV- Z y Qgz R *
* Yg Z S
g Zi Z qZg *
0 lgz,
6 a ]^S g e Vz Q V z KZ
wa ug I *
0 V
~ ]W{ z *
* W ,
6 x V # izg & *
*4
g Z,
6 L Z V
~ \ W vZ g & ]|gz R *
* Y i L
:
*
C
! g Zg f \ W]| *
*nvZ g & ]|{ z *
* Y Jg N
NVp Zg~g k Q vZ g & ]|{ z Vz Yg+
0R~ Y
kQ H
{g *
! Q c ZgqZgz R *
* Vp Zg} } g e KZ
X*
**
0 Q R $
, ~V *
0 k Qgz R b V *
0 C Z~
k Q
,
'Z,
' izg & vZ} Z y Z Z vZ g & ]|{ z
x , y gz R *
* Ylg } +
0Rgz R *
*BV
~ \ W~g
E
.@X0% xvZ g & ]|{ z *
Y R]|~ Z y Q *
c { G
*
c*
(V
~) b y S lg { z *
**
* 3~g k Q
1 ,
'Z,
' y &
kS gz R N Yb ~ x S $
.z QqZk Q g /
( vZ g )1R
Q*
*Q ~ lsVzg e ~ ] V xC } ,
( lg ~ x S
Ny Q vZ g & ]|gz R *
* Y V,
6 g k Q D D l V
^ # ] $ ] v i b t y Q V
~ ]Wgz R *
* {f
X BV zvZ: {f L L
vZ g & ]|gz R *
*: Zzg $
+ Og k Qy &{ z
x ; g W *
@ xg s Z esVzg e C
C1 p ,
6$
.z QV
~ ]W
V ]W vZ g & ]|gz R *
~
* Y V~g /
n Zu~ S Y

Y 2012 s,
6Z

40

g Z Z)x

/Q ^ # ] $ ] b i Z Q V
~ ]Wgz R b q : S
]WQ gz R *
* Y 9 J Z ~ }i c } h L Z Zu V
~ ~t
q W
3#
Z ~ w2qZ { z *
**
0 ; g /
}i8 {C V
~
*
0 ZQgz R *
* 8 |z Zz
lqZ vZ g & ]|C: [ 7

It gz R C
p Z Xgz R *
* g ZS gz R *
*7t V
~ ]| $L~ k Q
XH
lp~ \ S ]| k n oj# u h

^X Yy Ygy S { z W g w T ] uZz { zt

gz RB y ~,
( ~ W{+
E g vZ g & ]|~ ]
o u ~ ~g g 9XD {+
E #.
}kS y Qg *
!g *
! V
~ ]W
*
0 ] zgz R g Z~ ( ) r ` ] ] =1R r ` ] ] oF ]
HB} g y S T *
c ~ k Q J ,
7V
~ \ W[ y
X } Z.
}y# !+
$] .
}y Q1R Z *
c !+
$ k Q
X p L Lg Z}uz ~ y *
!i! Dg Z Wz,
6$
.z Q C1

v e
l ~g V Yn" kS vZg & ]|~x Z/
ug I *
! i y Qpgz R D Y7 ] q^kS vZ g & ]|
1R D *
c ~ LZvZ g/]|X Tg C1 t g
G
~gz R , } =) *
*g + +
D%w ygz R #.
} KZ g
svZ g &
( ~g Y )X Vg~ {+
Z~ B w q Rx /~g

X ~z% Zz m{qZ t $S [i 0Y Z,
'~~g g 9 O C1

Y 2012 s,
6Z

41

g Z Z)x

Y 2012 s,
6Z

g Z Z)x

42

1:m

] gz Rsg : ( SUKUK) uusS

#
r u Z Z?Z e *
* ]|

^n $ ] ^u # ] e
< sS a ~ } ,
]Z sS x ~ OS gz {
Zg ] Z x *
* uusS { z ( ) gS sS gzR
V Zz v gS sS gzR < sS X K
E
~ V [ 7E { z uusS R ~ $N}g p
~ ~,
m RgzR ! $L7 Z,
6 qkS ~ y*
!i zg Q X
VMyNvZ ) Q ~X Z,
6uusS
gzR bS X *
c Z~ ,
m RgzR ! ~g ZlZz ~,
(,
6 qkS
]Z|y Q~ ~g y*kS X ,
6qkS V
XzZ ,
(bkS
:R] Z|y S \vZ
} kS gz R N Y xLE
,
Fzg Qsa ~ Z RX , i Z qJs
'g R~ k Q { Zg S {ey*kS ; g Y *
c
X vZ Y K
S VB
} g ~} g *
! uusS bgS sS gz R< sS
X, y ~
y WX]

Y 2012 s,
6Z

g Z Z)x

43

? Z% H uu
: ~ XX n] ] ZZ [ KZ/Zzs R
t : S ,
m z * X ( D gz ) ,
m z * u ~ b S
gz R uC akS *
C
@ Y H,
6 ( Bonds,Certificates) ] Zgz R ( Shares)
X C7 :
: pt ,
m z *

I
uu S5!V `g ]~gz,
6 T ,
m z *,{ zt L L
Face ))S 7 ugz R x *
* Zz ~g Y uu~ ]g
V *
c g Z) f y Qgz R t ZR~ kS bS X ( Value
I
] ugz R Zz q u L $qt S5!V `g
~g Z)f Zz ~g Y ugz R g Z, 7 u,
6 Zg7
u ,
6 ~g7 ] gz R Zz q u L $q { z
X } Z R7
b S ] Zz gz R b S uu *
c u ~ } ,
] Z ~ OS gz R C1

D!
X 7 h{$
"*
U~y S qy S $
- J] *
!kStgz R -

gz R *
@ zqZ ~ w Z k Pg 
( Share)z v
~
gz R { qZ V N *
U R z ] Z 
( Share

Holder)zq

X *
@g Z, zqZ Zz q
g Z, kS x Zw S qgz R 
~ + z n
LL
X *
@

Y 2012 s,
6Z

44

g Z Z)x

uu { z gz R ~ ,
F uu O ] Z Y )
! ( y Z ) Y R D ,
6 Zg f ~ ,
m z * y Q sgz R ~g tu t : S
*
@ Y 3g p x R~ Xgz R V D !V z *
c ! o
+ z n~ XV Z ] Z ~ gz R V {K~ gz R
X C
Ac c o u n t i n g &

) ^|e Wz R Vzg Z S ssS

( Auditing Organisation for Islamic Institutions=AAOIFI

G
.* {g
G
) ~g )I-4]S usS uu ( Sharia Standards) G
@*
cx*
* ( uu ~g tu
uugz R q i q S ] Zgz R zz%y Q *
: pt
o *
c ( y Z ) Y Rgz RV 7V 7 ,
m z * +Z uuL L
c*
~ !V N *
U R" ~g *
! zg m{ *
c ~ !] .
}*
c
t X V D { )~ /
u m{ ~g tu
G
GG3.y Q V Zz +

h
yuu#
Z*
@ $
"*
Uz k Q

uu nTgz R ~ #
|zuugz R _ Y wz
X H
*
c q zw ES g~ k QVK ~g Y
: pt$
"g puu sS}@
wZ k Pg~ T=gf (Z ( Financing)sgzR ~g tutL L
wZ k Pg t ]g kSX D,
6 V~z)
D ~g Y a #
|z~ yQ V R 7 V7
q uuyS ( *
@Y H x *
* uuV Z yS ) X

Y 2012 s,
6Z

g Z Z)x

45

sp~ Y R X wZ k Pg *
c V) wZ k Pg
X D V)yS

: pt uusS D ] .
}>
" m{ *
c ~ Y R Z *
c ~ Y R L L
! hg S ~ ~ /
u~ *
c ~ ] Z
X uu

] q S 0 uu
: ] Z uu ( 1 )
~ y S *
c ].
}*
c o *
c Y R {+
h
ytu{q Z% y S
X *
c

: .uu ( 2 )
#
|zuu,
6 C
X{g Y S gz Rg x/g p} .{ z Z% y S
X ~gz*
*x S .y S CY ~g tu gq

: g ZS uu ( 3 )
(Z gz R *
* ~g Y a #
|zx y S g uu Z% kS
X uug }!N L L Zz

4$q ( 4 )
: uuE
LG
X D ~g t u bkS gz RD+
h
yuu v{ z

: uu CS gz RY ( 5 )
X*
*+
h
y: Zzuuuu }!N,
6 ] uu

Y 2012 s,
6Z

g Z Z)x

46

: wz Z +
D uu ( 6)
# zz+
|
h
y uu~ : W V q z ~g tu
X *
@Y wz Z +
D

: uu Z,S ( 7 )
Z,S L L+
h
y: Zz uu uug }!N ] uu

: ( Credit

GJ

Rating) )-# Z "

4$q ~ Zg }g Z S *
gz R uu E
LG
c v Zz Y Z
` S uuz ] Z

( 8)

]gkS X ]g ~g7 V *
c g Z)f KZB ] Zq
GJ
X )-# Z " L L

: g Zi *
!#
|zuuz] Z ( 9 )
g Zi *
! ~ *
U gz R g Zi *
! ZS : Dnz g Zi *
!t

: ( Primary

Market)g Z i *
!ZS ( i)

X *
@ Y H7a#
|z Y ZS ] Zz uuD Zgz R~ kS

: ( Secondary

Market)g Z i *
! ~ *
U ( ii)

g*
! g*
! ] Zgz R uu } +
h
y ~ T g Zi *
! C1 { z t
X $Y #
|zz+
h
y

,+
h ' uugz R ~i uu

$
-oG
.H
s ( Global Investment House) k ; H3E
S .
: ~y*{

Y 2012 s,
6Z

47

g Z Z)x

{ nz g ~,
( na H LZ J ~g t uzz%
nV z $
fZ,
6 gz R Jt Q *
@D Zgz R D +
D ~
X *
@qBzg#
|zD Zgz Ry S ~ V g
~ kS t S 'X *
@x J ~g tu sS
lp , +
D< # kS gz R C *
0 x R sS < , +
D
X C*
0 g Z x
: $ bz y Q H
*
c x *
* uuXt Zgz R C1 sS

&L ( 1 )
: ~i t Zgz R Zz E
@*
qtu kS gz R *
@ Y Z
` S a #
|zx D Zgz R~ kS
yS X *
@ q z/~g *
! zg *
c*
@+
h
yP *
U R Zz ~g Y uu k Q
4$q Q *
X *
@ Y H~uuE
LG
@q V1*
c VN*
UR

G
5}$ *
: G
c ~i uu*
c ~i t Zgz RX *
U R Z1 ( 2 )

y Qgz Ry Q V P *
U R k*
0 Zz ~i uu~ kS
HY Z
` S uu,
6C
VN *
U R y S gz R D Y uu q y Q
4$q { z *
X *
@ Y H~uuE
LG
@ Y Hq ,
6V N *
U Ry S X *
@Y
6, C
VN*
U R { z R ~ y Q K ~g Y uu J `W
6G*
@V N *
U R D ( Asset-based)
kS X D 7( Asset-backed),
GJ
~ ]gG *
@ V N *
U RX *
@,
7,
6 ( Credit Rating) )-# Z " uu ,
WR
4$q
C
VN *
U R *
@,
7*
* OS ,
6 5Z R v Zz ~g Y uu E
LG
X D P *
U Ra OS ~]g

Y 2012 s,
6Z

48

g Z Z)x

6 C
P*
U R t ] *
! Z qZ , i R { z
u u ( Asset-based) ,
~g Z+
h
y : Zz uu ( Market Value) =z Lg P *
U R ~ A
7 3Zz D _ Z~ q zY *
@,
7 7,
W R ,
6 ( Buy

back)

X CY ~
P*
U R.X Wt uu, Z~ Lg [ R
D : V N *
U R ~ ~ X , Z ] uZz V z ~gz R
X K ~g Y uuag *
!zg 6 qZ
~g Y u u( Exchangeable gz R

Convertible ) w~ w q

X h
MYK sp~ Shares uu{ zt

}+
Zgz R]gzuu
~ XX ^] ^i^nf_i ] ZZ L Z i*
*
:

Y $E
5k +sS Y Z
`S yS F
F,
6 sS < u uL L
( s ) E

=g f Z ,
( z] *
c OS sS ~ ~r@ gz R s@ Z
Y 3g p ] *
c I ~ C
x y Q~ uuy S t op
X Ci ] *
c OS sS)] *
c OS sS
4$q t ~ C
},
( },
( uu E
LG
~ Y Z
` S uusS
-~ ] y Q *
q
c V q~ V1 Q*
c Cg
Y $E
5k +) ssS N Y K ~g Y ,
6 C
kS uu/
Z X V
( E
~ q <gz R Z ~,
( y S ~ J ,
(

Y 2012 s,
6Z

g Z Z)x

49

: } +
Zsfzgq~ uusS { z y S X z Z ,
( y S
z s $
+Y qZ ~ X " } ,
( },
( ( 1)
X es[=g fuusS ~ y S 7e~g tu
t ~Bgz R T e *
* J,
( w ZR p L Z g tu { z ( 2 )
y S uusS Bsp~ ~kS z]gz T e
7] *
! t ~ uuY D Zg7 ]gzkS Vzg tu
# zz+
|
h
yS ~ ( Secondary

Market)g Z i *
! ~ *
U

t u *
c tu LZ #
Z g tunXn
c x L Z { z ea k Q ]gz
#
|zuu*
Xn { z Z gz Rq R
C1 sS gzR J sS i{t Z g ( 3)
h x OS ~ {g *
M
!z { z =g f X*
c h
M g (S }g Z S
X
zz y S Y =g f qZ : w uusS ( 4 )
2P w bkS X h
Mq " g tux
sS t X Y~ Wz O C~ Vzg Ztu
X s@ R ] *
c OS

g *
@Y g S y Qgz RY ZS uusS
: ~ u}Z L L L Z ~ i+ ZY
&*
!) ]Z/g p~Y 1978 #yg Q

( Bonds:i+

Y 2012 s,
6Z

50

g Z Z)x

g Y ~i y a J sS yg Q #
Z ]*
! V yQtX H7g
]=Z s{ V1} ,
( },
( V=g fz!W (Z ] Z{ z t ngzR
X OS ,
6yQJa~g tu
~ x?ZZ e Zz)Y ikS Qgz Rg] Z/g pp
zg~ } g *
! ] Z y S ~ Vd{ s z R g Ziz { z u
U~ ]*
! kS # yg Qgz R Ngz Wg *
! l y Q X g ( study)
6, C
S ] Zy Qgz RK g Z ] Z/g p k Q q
I7t sS } Z S] Zt X H ~g Y ~ ]g~i q S gz R 5qZ
sS J kS sS } X ~ ]i Y S y S g S T
( Certificates) ] Z ~g tu( nj o] f]) ~g tuZ,
'

X C!V Zztu X~g Y

Z Zg7 #
Z Y Z
` S ] Z ~g t ugz R ] Z/g p~ Y 1 98 6,
' Z
g ~ }g *

! ] Zy S gz R *
c gzi,
6 Z q ] Z sS }
X K~g Z)fDL X3ZC a ~ Zg Z
-Z z <a uu/g p sS } ~ Y 1 988 ~gz
q

&
X H~g Y ) Z 2wJLE
] Zzz% t q T H~g Y ~ :qZ sS }~ Y 1 990 ag
g (S y QV,
6 C
/g p ] Zz uuw y S akS x Zw( Bonds)
X YH
J ~/
%,
6 g] Z ,
m z * C 1 s S J ~ /
% y Z e~ Y 1999
g Zi *
! A,
6 jt *
@K ~g Y wug x #gz R wug x

Y 2012 s,
6Z

51

g Z Z)x

C
Z
~ X,
6 Vz C
] Z ,
m z * +Z wut X , x
V *
c p kS wutQX y vz V t ^e ]
X ( Flexibility) E v~ ~y S

kS H~g Y ~ :#w] Z~zz% sS Zg~Y 2002~g

X 7,
^ Y + A~g Zi *
! ~ *
U uuV tB
n] n^] l^ q]] f^v] n ~ Y 200 3#
*
0 y S *Zz x RXgz R y Q x lS z q Z R uu( AAOIFI)
X HgQ
y S ce *
*
qZ uu sS } ~ Y 2004ag
z x R {g Y S uun!Y Rz ZG Y ~,
6 ]
` Q ngz RqZ uu$
eZ@ gz RK *Z
^ Y Y Z
` S uu
uu} g Y S )Z s bS gz R Y 1 { ,
X Y 1{ ,
^ Y #
|zz+
h
yy Qgz RY Z
`S
0 U Z qZ $
"g pu sS } ~ Y 200 6 y
u #
Z t U { z lg \ kS SqZ a
: os *
c Y R s }V: bqZ s] Z ~ $
"g p
7N$L V
]gkS ngz R ~ V o V Y R }V E
XVx R Huu~
*
c Wt g Zt ~ }g *
! uu ( IMF) p Z * Z W~ Y 2007m
}] *
! kS k Q}uz X Y *
c H
kg e w uuN *
@ k Q qZ
}gz R g a 4Z ~ g Zi *
! uu Z f,
( *
] Z ~ Zzgt { z gz R V *
c qZ z kS a uu k Q

Y 2012 s,
6Z

52

g Z Z)x

X Y +
$ J e
kS gz R *
c gzi,
6 Z uusS % ~uz IMF ~ Y 2008
g (S Z V 7 ~ V V z )gz R ~ * ~g7 uu } ] *
!
s %S gz R 2 Z { z auu#
s z t IMFX g
E
E
8 g- #
Z W,
6 x L3!z k Q uusS {g Y S m{ ~ Y 2008

C&
m{ kS X *
c g Z ,
^ Y{g Y S - Zz g Zz,
6 oY Rz y Z Y S L E
gz R Z e*
*{ .S uusS }g Y S
uu[ Rg S z 
X CY *
0 { *
c i
n
y Q py Q J e uu >] .
} sS ~Y 2009 ~g
}g Z S ] .
} X #
s z ( risks ) ] ZZ Zz W7 ~
G
5}$gz Ruu IMFX p
ngg zu
X Hy Vi( ~i uu) G
uu ,
^ Y zz kS z uu sS } ~ Y 200 9 s,
6Z
XK y *Zzx Rzuugz Rw g S <
a y Qgz R *
U,
6 x R z uu sS } ,
6 S
( ~g Y )X *
c gzi,
6 ugz *

Y 2012 s,
6Z

1:m

g Z Z)x

53

]Zi q S z]:Sy*
!i !
#
rs[x H

gzR]V *
!iZgV11gzR3*
!ig ZD& h z ~*zkS

u*
*gzR+
h]%S gzR $Lz x Z R s %S VC1
L
~Y 1915~z+
0y) O]*gzR gyz u *
0 R,
' *
c
: *
c
] (gz R ( k Qgz R Le C
$NqZy *zy/
ZLL
qZgz Rx qZ
{g e%y *
!iqZ *
* ,
F $N( 6m ) X 7
: *
c g S ~Y 1 925w kgz R
gzR x qZ a $NkS 7~ y*zyW(Z z kS L L
C
x qZy*zy/
Z}gS ]gzy*
!iu
( 226m) X } ,
7 y *
!ix qZ:qZ ZV *
!i
~V K
S CG *
@z & % R kS V g y S #
r ~z+
0) O
X ~gz*
* y *
!iugz Rx qZayz gz R S
yK
S /
Z ~ ,
Fgz R z y *
! ii Zg ,
F C gz R ~ y K
S
hgz R ~ ZR Z r
gzJVzi Zz WP y *
! i KZ bVzg Z+
0Y }uz
-Z yz b*
q
!,
F,
Fx y K
SakS : { .S ] *
! }uz qZ
% y *
!i C*
c ,
FqZ gQt gz R 
z+
$ z x ~S gz R ~g^ }uz

Y 2012 s,
6Z

5 4

g Z Z)x

Xh
M7g
: t xq
{ z ,
F C g Z+
0 ~ Vzg Z+
0Y }uz y K
S ( 1 )
X e
z+
$y *
!i
V K
S * s %S VC 1 gz Rc g c y *
!i ` W ( 2)

] ZM
+K
S L ,
Fs: VM] %S , Z b Za ] %S ~
X *
c g ez

: y*
! i@
Z)g f TgzR Zg ~ * ~g y*
! i +Z qZ Z% y*
!i @
gzR y*
!i@vX J,
(*ZzggzRw }uzqZv $Lzx Z R
(Esperanto)Z4S y*
!i@ bTDw{aV *
!i

*
c g Z y ~ $N S Dg{a y*
!i *
`
C]*+
h.
] C7{ay*
!i *
c $Ny*
!i@t|
YE4
T h e L o o m o f ) 5Gs W x ~ L L[ KZ ( B o d m e r )%e1
~+
h ,
F].
}gzR ]Zx nkS ~ [*
! ,g H
( Language
: Dyy*
!i@gzR
* ` W Zg,
6 g y *
! i ~ *
U~ $NC y *
!i @ L L
{ *
c i qZ *
cqZ,
6 gi BB y *
! i ~g a ~ kg Z
N
x gz R $N ` Zzggz R g +
Dz kgV *
! i $)
X VY { y *
!i@ 7{y *
!i

Y 2012 s,
6Z

55

g Z Z)x

: k S ]gz
* W O 1k S ]gzy *
!i @ w R zg xsS
c*
*
c g Z i ,
6 R Z Z y *
! i ! a + z- hgz R i ]z
xsS H ` W~ zg ] *
! g
}! Z
yi RL L * L 3XZ k S ]gzT
X 1w {a ` W
]gz y *
! i @ V x *
c $N Y *
c C t kS
@*
x
o H
*
c ~ x V@~ [ *
! kS Qgz R H
kZ
X uk Z kS Y +
0K
Cz[ Ry Q
!z Wzgz R xsS )
Z k S ]gzy *
!i @ ~ V
+
0 Qgz R H
] q :~ i ~Q H Za z
G)N&Wz J|
y*
! i +Z qZ
( *
! g R #~ /
%qZ

y Zz%0 )NZ O=g f zx ~ Z~xsS L }g7 kC]gz

& gz R *
G)N
c } g Z y *
!i ~g uxsS L } g7 !
~ VZ
X Y Hx gz R Zg! lz+
$lz V *
!i! / Zz Y 1
N Y #gz V- Q
q z W Z ,
F~ ! V *
!i $)
c*
v~ ! V1 ~ V *
! i ]gz R g Z *
*- Hgz R H
!i Z e
hJ ! sa WqZ bkS
V1 F "~ V *
XH
e_
7Q }V y ( + ) < Z Z gz R qZ xsS L L
) S + s %S V *

!i #
Z gz R Z k S ] ],
k V *
!i

Y 2012 s,
6Z

56

g Z Z)x

~ q zg +
Dz kg y *
! i ! kg OY VrQ ; gbq~
Z y *
! i ! { 
~ 2! ,
6 g y *
! i ~ *
Ux Z R [)gz R
Z ! C % R kS & y kS }g H XS ( Grammer )
X {"Y f[)+ ,
FR
-V Dxz g Z M S ( y P q Zo d
J
V $Ny S H q z ] q : Zgz R 6,
' m{ gz R \g- ! f
| t ]gkS gz R Hw ES a ~z *< V Z+ (
0?gz R C*
c ,
F V
V y Qgz R ( w) ~g *
0 ~ V $N{+
Y V
` gz R y Zgz V V- g *
0 7 Vz ( gz R V
`
]gz y *
!i uqZ y Zgz z ~ ] *
c*
!W y S gz R VZzgg
~ Rgz R x @z ^g ~zg Q zg ~yz u *
0 R,
' kC
k S S ~}g *
! ]gzy *
!i V Zx,
m R YRs g z r *
!L L
X
J q z~, ,
X Zg,
6 gy *
! i i( Latin) H~ \g- y*
! i +Z qZ 7S bkS x S g +
Dz kg kS ~ x gz R{C \gM% R gz R iR Z X =g f z x ~Z ~ x Z R Z WZ,
' kS q
$
"g y xg V !gz R V $NZ \g- x ] *
c*
!Wgz R ] q :~
m: { nVz x/
z u\g- bkS gz Rb Za ] *
!.
_ #gz R
x Z $NL Z L Z V Z
(a q ~ m: { kS X H
g D
y *
! i KZ V Zx $NC gz R g Q/.
_ ~,
F,
' $Ngz R #~
Zt kS *
c ] da ( Latin) y *
! iH} zg y *
! i ~g u

Y 2012 s,
6Z

57

g Z Z)x

XH
~ w V *
! i\g-
s %S V *
!i H kC VzgZ { Zpgz R +
0 R E \g pg y *
! i Z Z gz R uH VrQ 7# wzg
sqZ *
c : [ x V@y S ! Z
y zg+
0R HpgzYZ
gQ, Z z ] ) y *
!i H s ~uz gz R y Dx ~ ,
F,
' V *
!i
6,*
*Z y *
! iH y Z *
c Dw Zziy *
!ikS VM
,
m L, xE 7z { *
c i S k*
0 }g gz R H nZ S
-Zg Z H y Z C , s~ UZ HztZ/
q

pg {+
0iH : [ Z k*
0 VzgZ y S nZ S y Qgz R % R Cg
X ~
& q zly *
! i ~uz (H VzgZ { Zp\g- 
yW
7Qv +
$ \g- L X3Z p *
@Y *
c CR w y *
!i u~ WZ,
' }g7
y *
! i u~ T m$L: +Z y *
!i ~ V *
! i Zg ~ \gX CA
&

: 3*
! i
k- V 6& V *
! i Zg ~ WZ,
' ] *+ C \gekS H q z O,
6 ~g ( Artificial

Language ) y *
!i VrQ

~gzgz R ~ C
P %R 7t ,k Q gT + C \g- ~
] * L8X qZ *
* ( Bishop

: D YK + *
* @] Zg S *
c '*
!
E
.z u ~ Y 1 668 ( 1 )
Wilkins ) E

Y 2012 s,
6Z

g Z Z)x

58

~T y*qZ,
6 y Z( Philosophical

Language) y *
!i: L L

# z ] Z S z )Y i Qgz RG *
s
@] *
! {g Z
X

L
y*
! i +Z qZ ] * qZx *
* ( Dalgarno) DZ~ Y 1661 ( 2 )
&gz R y W b ZR*
qZ k Q LE
c g p Z {f Tg
g e Zz Wx ~g Z,
'g *
! gz R J Z h ; K ,
m ?] qZa
~y*
!i DZ L LX p
ng mg S x }uz qZ g Y
; : } p
ng*g R~ : W{ z m] aVzg Y Vzg e y S
" L La} h L La
5E
X
L Lagz R nL La G
wqZ a b & S ~ ,
m R bZg 6 ,
' ~ Y 1 66 4 ( 3 )
~ kS gz R y *
!i *
* ~,
m R s Z S |kS x wk Q
b & S ~ ,
m R *
c X] g \ H wk Q 7A
&y *
! i Z Z
DZ L L wk Q%R e 7x ~}g *
! kS , x Ru] .
} H~ e
{ *
! e
hwJ,
6 g y *
! i @ y *
! i {g \ W ~ qZ x *
*
! pqZ k Q $
A%y *
! i ( Bishop

X lg \

.z u
Wilkins ) E

( 4)

kC]gz3 ,
F~ y *
!i ~uz y *
! i kS *
c WZ,
F V *
!i ~uz ~ k Qt
.z[ y *
! iqZ C 7
! pt ~ kS ~Z g {g EE
T D 7Zz y *
!i kS h
M[ kS v { z CY Za
.z X H$
.z *
XS kS EE
A%Z g H7 XS EE
c X [ ~
~ y*
!i Zz ZR *
c g 1 Z g gz R ZR *
c gg

Y 2012 s,
6Z

5 9

g Z Z)x

X y *
! i w q 8
| ,
7 ~y *
! i K Z Zz " ,
7
CY ~u, ZqZ
t pCY 13*
! iZJ W~u
& Y| ,
7 { z Zz g ~ u! [ ~ y *
!i u
-Z v Zz g ~ VZ u *
q
c 7/Zz y *
!i u
YY J ,
7 gR qZ ~ u}g p h
M7A
]*
! }uz
~,
kZ g VK Zg CY 1 3*
!i ZJ W~ u}g M z *
!
.zgz R r
EE
g wa V *
!i ZJ Wu ]gqZ Z g
.z i R *
c YY Hw ES a V *
! i * ~g { z H XS Z g
t EE
_I

X A
&@ ~Zg { XS kS

5 Hg yY L Lx *
.G
Johann )G
* T gZ qZ *
`~ Y 1879

( 5)

t XS y*
!i qZ x *
* ( Volapuk )u7 zz ( Martin

Schleyer

kS W Z ,
FgzRI"~ kS H
J,
7 gzR &y*
!ilp
z u7zz ZxH
H{ i Z+
0R~Y 1889wks XS y*
!i
X sz^~)
S zkS ),
6zQ&gzR gXgz,
6zQ
* kS u7zz
y*
!i S ( Volapuk) u7zz C }gzR x *
y*
!i L L ( Puk) u7L L gzR @ L L ( Vola) zz L LX 
% ]z
Menade Bal Puki Bal : ( Motto) { Vq y*
!i kSX y*
!i @

y *
!i q Z a M
+K
S qZ ( For One Humanity One Language)
qz )
aNT]%S b*
! V Zz e LZy*
!itk\R
X gDo zS~Y 1889)
u Q
gz R g i k Q w z w Zzi u7 zz L L~ Y 1887 ( 6)

Y 2012 s,
6Z

60

g Z Z)x

x*
* .
] k Q XS ( Esperanto) Z4S L L y *
!i + ,
F [ x
; g e ` W qZOS X {*
! C7 ( Zamenhof) sZi L L
X H,
F~Z4S * WI
XS 3*
!i XS ( Esperanto) Z4S
4]
4G
5F
4E
&Z4S gz R ( I d o )z+
5G
h Z ( U n i v e r s a l )gz - ( S p e l i n ) EG
~X
z G
&,
]gz R ! x Z4S L Lp f LE
6g m{ ( Esperanti do)
V *
! i \ g- _kS y *
! i,
k+
5 ,
Fgz R {+
0iqZ Z4S L LX :
X *
@ Y^ b6gz Ri Z+
0R

: ~,
m R ~ C

Q b & S ~ ,
m R~ Y 1 662 _ Y n] *
! t ~gT,
6z Q
Y 1930p ,
6 iZ% ZS t z k Q y *
!i@
kS g ( Basic

English) ~ ,
m R ~ C
L Lui R ,
m RqZ ~

Yw ES(] g ZD :e p Z {f ,
6 ] 8 5 0t ! p~
M
K,
F*
c XS y *
! i kS D ,
7 *
c }!s Z/
kS gz R
X q z{ *
!a)
S kS ~Y 1940
Special

)~,
m R m{ V% R @ kS Vz ,
m R

y*
!i y Q T e 7t O%Rgz R ,
m R t | ~ M
K,
F ( English
# Z4S L L7Q } qzg y *
!i @ y*
! i ~uz { z ~ ,
m R
Zg ~ ,
m R cZ gz R ~ k Q W7B; ? a
Vzg *,
6 n Qgz R ~ ,
m R * Z 7k S ] *
! kS 7Q+
h ~ q z

Y 2012 s,
6Z

61

g Z Z)x

t {)z ! *
Ngz R g eg L LLR y Qgz R _ Z ( V% R gz R Vz ,
m R )
X gw+
$c CR
(@ [ R`t
%S %C x y *
! i kS ~ ekS m y *
!i ~ ,
m RJV
kS : "gz Re" *g" $
e.y *
!it D s Z S % RkS Zg
gz R b6 ^z #
| kS : gz R gz R ]z 'g *
c ! Z~
: B 5 ] zcJ[ R ",
(W q~Z
yz gz R t S ~ V K
S ,
6 R@ s %S VC 1 gz R] V *
!i ( 1 )
X ^ z ~ ,
(~ { Zg
y *
! i Z Z *
c @ qZBB V *
!i *
c $NZ ( 2 )
X ]gz
V y *
!i ! a Zg7 ]gzy *
! i @ xsS ( 3 )
X *
c g Z i a
\g- ( Latin)H t|t ] *+ C \g- ( 4 )
X 7A
&qzg y *
! i@ ~ y *
! i ~uz sg ~
pX XS 3*
! i Z ] *+ C gz R VzgZ \g- ( 5 )
X Z4S L L Zm: qzg y *
! i@ qZ ~ y Q
y*
!i@ S zp Z {f~ ,
m R V%Rgz RVz ,
m R ( 6)
( ~g Y )X g q z w=,
6g

Y 2012 s,
6Z

g Z Z)x

62

eZg R
g ezg+
&Zg *
!W +
h.
]6eY

6,] #
r Fq #
r V x *
* ]|$
gZ ag B4
X p=k*
0 *
!+
&Zgab -y nz y Q
Y Cgz R p=+
h.
]6eY #
rtg *
* ]| ag B5
y Qa] 5 #
rV x *
* ]|$
gZ , i RI *
c y
X p=,
6 { T; g
+.
h
]6eY a z V#
r Z *
* ]| ag B 6
X p=
V x *
* ]| 6 Zz ag B 1 1
X Hi WkS ,
6 kS Z~,
(Y Cgz Rx Z +
E R #
r
#
r y {zZp]|#
rV x *
* ]|$
gZ ag B 17
p=w Z I?E ,
6 ] #
r Rg ` R *
* ]|} Z
V x *
* ]| Z *
*Iw Z EeY $
d )~ 3 Zg
z h z R #
~
r } R *
* ]|X *
c g S ]z p ~,
( [ x R,
6 W#
r
|,
7 i ) ] 5 ]|~g #
r aRV xWz,
6
#
r tg *
* dZ *
* eY V : Zzg a *
! { h Z
**
]|X 
~x Z/
z,
6 V,
k [f~ { {X ^q
G
:(
rV x *
#
* ]| !S ) X ,
' #Z #
r Rg

Y 2012 s,
6Z

63

g Z Z)x

]| wz *
*3H
*
c y Zp, 3 [fi X Zz
]|,
6
~x Z/
z,
6 %]i Y S #
rZg *
* e ]i Y S
#
rtg *
* *
c x a,
k VxEeY $
dY (X H Z Rt]
Xv:Zz Vy$
eW| ,
l e] Zg : Zzga+
&Zg : Zz Z Rt]
2!*
.G
rg RE
#
* ]|$
gZ f *QhzxZ[ *
!g ag B 28
# V x*
r
* ]|$
gZ zzeYgz R p=+
h.
]6eY
X*
c [ Y C~Ki i R ] 5,
6{ T; g y Q

]5z

{g 2~ 1 { 1 5 W
d w y Z #
r i ` R x H
Xy Z gz Rq] X+ Zz LZxj%X *
0 ] z ag B 19
z - xZ Z xj%X *
0 ] z ~g v#
r *
! W[
X~Vzg Z ,
m RmvZ G*9g#
r Z[ % *
* ]|
w V Z #
r y { vZ y R *
* ]|$
gZ f *Q +
h.
]6eY
X L W~ iVC Vzgz Wx*
*~c Z{ /
, Z,
'
X *
0 ] zz1
s7!V Z #
rdZ e[
q ] n ] ^$] # ^$]

]n gz R[ Z N S a}j%]~t q { {gz R+
h.
]6eY

X } W wJ\vZ Z

Y 2012 s,
6Z

g Z Z)x

64

qK z +
h.
]6eY
z| 
m| ,
(~y
Wz 6eY vZg #
r V x q *
* kR ]|eY !
*
!
( { *ua ,
4g ezg +
&Zg ) V *
0 *
!Wa ,
F,
6 e
H+
h
y~ Y 1 98 1 Kg Z a a { { gz ZeY uv
,
',
6
Kgz ReY X ~g Y,
6 :e },
( x V z ygz Z v:Z V X
] Z|L 3XZ K Y = sk QgzZ a\vZ
LZgz R a
yp\ W~ x ug IkS X yzgz Z V
~i qZ~K._} i Z+
0R qZ X (,
F [g R z ,
m
V- i { *
c i { *
ci)
, ZD
W
9 zgg ZD k ,
6(
X N y tg Y!
Z(
$
+
h.
]6eYzVx
tq{ {x Z.
}gzRWZg R z +
B
sgzZ]o
gezg+
&Zga
19 *
!W +
h .
]6eYL LVx X 1
+92 - 42 - 35330311 - +92 - 42 - 35330310

: y

gezg ~zZgug *
0 *6eY ,
4 :
ZM
L LVx X 2
+92 - 42 - 37703662
+92 - 42 - 36152120

c +92 - 42 - 37726702 : y

: y V

+92 - 333 - 4249301

b*
!

'ug *
0 *J#7915-0$
. Z +
h.
]6eY
( yW )g (0954)Z,
( yW )g (0954)Z,
'ug *
0 *J#1046-1$
. Z qK

Y 2012 s,
6Z

65

g Z Z)x

Y 2012 s,
6Z

66

g Z Z)x

Y 2012 s,
6Z

67

g Z Z)x

Y 2012 s,
6Z

68

g Z Z)x