Journal of Coastal Research

SI 39

279 - 284

ICS 2004 (Proceedings)

Brazil

ISSN 0749-0208

Effects of Climate Changes on the Late Pleistocene and Holocene Sediments of the Venice Lagoon, Italy
M. Bonardi; L. Tosi; F. Rizzetto; G. Brancolini and L. Baradello
Istituto di Scienze Marine Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Venice 30125, Italy maurizio.bonardi@ismar.cnr.it luigi.tosi@ismar.cnr.it federica.rizzetto@ismar.cnr.it Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e Geofisica Sperimentale, Sgonico, Trieste 34010, Italy gbrancolini@ogs.trieste.it lbaradello@ogs.trieste.it

ABSTRACT BONARDI, M.; TOSI, L.; RIZZETTO, F.; BRANCOLINI, G. and BARADELLO, L., 2006. Effects of climate changes on the Late Pleistocene and holocene sediments of the Venice Lagoon, Italy. Journal of Coastal Research, SI 39 (Proceedings of the 8th International Coastal Symposium), 279 - 284. Itaja, SC, Brazil, ISSN 0749-0208.

The effects of global climatic changes that occurred since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), are recognizable in the stratigraphic sequences from several areas in different locations around the world and, in particular, in coastal areas. Our study reports some examples from the Lagoon of Venice of the paleoclimatic change effects on the mineralogical composition and textural characteristics of clay and sand deposits, with emphasis on the stiff layer, locally called caranto at the Pleistocene-Holocene boundary and on cemented sand formations outcropping inside the northern lagoon and about 6 km off the southern littoral (Chioggia) in theAdriatic Sea. ADDITIONALINDEX WORDS: Late-quaternary, mineralogy, caranto.

INTRODUCTION
The Venice Lagoon is located in the north-western Adriatic 2 Sea and outlines an arch-shaped area of about 550 Km bordered by a barrier island system seawards (Figure 1). Communication between lagoon and sea is guaranteed by three tidal inlets (Lido, Malamocco, and Chioggia). The lagoon stratigraphy is made of about 1,000 meters of Quaternary fine-grained sediments (sand, silt and clay) with interbedded peat layers. The evolution of the Venice Lagoon after the Last Wrmian Glaciation was reconstructed on the basis of several multidisciplinary studies (STEFANON, 1970; GATTO and PREVIATELLO, 1974; FAVERO and SERANDREI BARBERO, 1980; ALBEROTANZA et al., 1977; GATTO and CARBOGNIN, 1981; TOSI, 1994a; BONARDI and TOSI, 1995, 1997; BONARDI et al., 1997a; BONARDI et al., 1997b; BONARDI et al., 1998; MCCLENNEN et al., 1997; STEFANON, 2002; BRAMBATI et al., 2003). Recently new investigations within the Geological Mapping of the Venetian Area Project allowed updating the knowledge of the Upper Pleistocene-Holocene depositional sequence (Figure 2). The Late Pleistocene and Holocene sediments of the Venice area provide important information about the impact of paleoclimatic changes on depositional environments since the formation of the lagoon, on a thousand-year scale, and show how man reacted to the changing environment due to sea level and coastline variations during Roman Times and Early and Late Medieval Epochs, on a hundred-year scale. Within the Venetian stratigraphic sequence some layers show diagenesis related to particular climatic conditions: the over-consolidated clay, locally known as caranto (i), which is found at the Pleistocene-Holocene boundary; cemented sand outcropping inside the lagoon (ii) and off the southern littoral (iii); a Late Holocene (Roman Times) high marsh event (iiii). This study attempts to demonstrate the capability of detailed mineralogical investigations to correlate the variations of the compositional and sedimento logical characteristics to the main known climatic events or changes.

Glacial Maximum (LGM). The upper layer of this sequence is often characterized by pedogenetic process evidences, due to its subaerial exposure. With the following transgression phase, environmental conditions changed: the Transgressive System Tract (TST) deposits were accumulated during the sea level rise beginning from about 9,000 years B.P., as it results from the dating of the corresponding nearby layers. Landwards the TST bottom deposits are represented by fluvio-deltaic sediments related to flood processes, whereas seawards littoral and lagoon lithofacies, which accumulated during a stillstand phase of the transgressive event, are recognizable. In both cases the basal unconformity has an erosional character with a hiatus covering a period between 7,000 and 10,000 years (BORTOLAMI et al., 1985; TOSI, 1994a). The Highstand System Tract (HST) deposits that developed beginning from about 6,000 years B.P., are representative of the following seaward progradation phase: their accumulation was due to a high fluvial sediment supply, combined with a remarkable decrease of the sea level rise rate.As consequence a

GEOLOGICAL SETTING
A Late Quaternary sedimentary evolution model of the Venice Lagoon area is sketched in Figure 2. The deposits of the Late Pleistocene Lowstand System Tract (LST) are represented by alluvial sediments related to the Last Figure 1. Venice Lagoon. Dots indicate the borehole locations in the littoral and in the two salt marshes next to Burano Island (enlarged).

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Figure 2. Simplified stratigraphic architecture and depositional environments of the Upper Pleistocene and Holocene of the Venice coastal area. prograded barrier, composed of coast parallel beach ridges, developed under wave-dominated littoral conditions and a wide lagoon originated in back-barrier position. Landwards the presence of alluvial and freshwater swamp lithofacies within the lagoon deposits gives evidence of deltaic bodies originated by ancient branches of the Piave and Brenta rivers, which flowed directly into the lagoon.

RESULTS AND ANALYSES

The investigation on the Upper Pleistocene and Holocene clay layers showed that the textural and mineralogical characteristics of these deposits are variable. As example from one of the 18 cores taken along the littoral, the variations of the clay mineral (muscovite, smectite, illite, chlorite) and carbonate (calcite and dolomite) relative abundance and the results from the pocket penetrometer test are given in Figure 3. In the caranto layer, found in this core at a depth between 6.7 and 7.8 m, the clay mineral and carbonate relative abundance and the textural and geotechnical characteristics vary and are different from those of the clays above and below it.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A large amount of sedimentological and stratigraphical information, deriving from 18 boreholes made along the Venetian littoral and 10 throughout two salt marshes in the lagoon (Figure 1), is available for this study, which includes detailed geotechnical, mineralogical, geochemical, and textural data from more than 300 sediment samples (TOSI 1994b; BONARDI and TOSI, 1995; BONARDI et al.,1997a) together with supplementary micropaleontological, archeological, and historical data (TOSI, 1994a; BONARDI et al., 1997b; BONARDI et al., 1998). Sand, clay, and clayey silt samples were analyzed using a Pocket Penetrometer, an X-Ray powder Diffraction analysis (XRD), an Electron Microprobe (EMPA) and a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) equipped with a Backscattered Detector (BSD), and an Energy Dispersion Spectrometer (EDS) and a Brinkmann Particle SizeAnalyzer. Samples from two cemented sand outcrops, now submerged east of the Burano Island (Lagoon of Venice), were analyzed for the mineralogical, geochemical, and textural characteristics (BONARDI et al., 2000), whereas the cemented sand formations found off Chioggia (Adriatic Sea) were detected by High Resolution Seismic survey (HRS) (BARADELLO et al., 2002). The HRS acquisition system consists of a boomer (PULSAR 2002 - CEA) releasing 150-450 Joule/shot at 4kV and an electro-dynamic transducer (UWAK 05), with maximum impulse rate accepted of 8 per second at 150 Joule, and frequency of bandwidth of 400-4,000 Hz, mounted on a catamaran frame. The signals are collected with a preamplified EG&G Teledyne mod. 265 streamer with active section (2.8 meters), consisting of eight piezoelectric element array in oilfilled tube, have sensitivity of -63 dB/volt/microbar and hydrophones bandwidth of 100-10,000 Hz. In order to correlate the relative variation of the sedimentological characteristics obtained from our investigation to past climate events, well known studies on paleoclimate, such as STUIVER and REIMER (1993), BEAULIEU et al. (1994), ENZI and CAMUFFO (1995), OROMBELLI and RAVAZZI (1996), ANTONIOLI et al.(2000), RAVAZZI (2003), were used. The age of the events were estimated by 14C dating of the nearby layers and by the sedimentation and subsidence rates obtained from BORTOLAMI et al. (1977), BORTOLAMI et al. (1985), TOSI (1994a), CARBOGNIN et al. (1995a), CARBOGNIN et al. (1995b).

Figure 3. Mineralogical and textural characteristics of Late Pleistocene and Holocene clay layers. Photo a and b: elliptical lens of clay-size material within a poorly sorted, coarse-grained zone in an Early Holocene layer. Photo c: phyllosilicates exhibiting a preferred orientation as a result of compaction of the caranto; dark- to medium-gray grains are silicates; white grains, carbonates; elongated bright grains, chlorite; gray grains, mica; black areas are pores. Authigenic barite, (Photo d) and authigenic pyrite microcrystallites (Photo e) growing along a crack in the sediment. Photo f: lens of clay-size material within a poorly sorted, coarse-grained zone in a sample below the caranto.

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Figure 4. Silicates and carbonates relative percentage variations in relation to paleoclimatic changes in the sand sedimentations. In detail, the caranto layer is rich in carbonate content at the bottom, whereas a decrease, from top to bottom, of the clay mineral quantity and of the penetrometer resistance can be observed. SEM photo (c) in Figure 3 shows phyllosilicates exhibiting a preferred orientation due to the over-consolidation process as evidenced by the highest penetrometer value; the LGM cold and dry climatic conditions and the prolonged exposure during the post glacial period favored the drainage that led to the over-consolidation of the sub-aerial clayey layers (GATTO and PREVIATELLO, 1974; BONARDI and TOSI, 1997). Following BORTOLAMI et al. (1977), the 18O content of the carbonates in the caranto layer indicates precipitation under evaporating conditions of continental water. Authigenic barite (bright grains) and authigenic pyrite microcrystallites (bright grains < 2m), growing along cracks in the sediment, are respectively shown in SEM photo (d) and (e) of Figure 3. The analysis of samples from layers above and below the caranto indicates that the calcareous clay-rich layers occurring in the Pleistocene sedimentation are heterogeneous and poorly sorted with clasts ranging from clay to very fine sand size (Figure 3, photo f). Pyrite frambroids were readily observed in all samples either dispersed or in clusters, and commonly associated with amorphous Fe-oxide. The relative percentage of dolomite is fairly constant whereas the calcite decreases from the Pleistocene to the Holocene sediments (not shown). While the carbonates that occur in the upper Holocene samples are marine in origin and appear finer-grained and more homogeneous, the Early Holocene layers contain remains of Pleistocene clays eroded during the TST phase (Figure 3, photo a and b).

Our mineralogical investigation of the sand layers suggests that the main carbonate and silicate percentage variations are related to the major climatic changes reported in several studies. Figure 4 shows carbonates (calcite and dolomite) and silicates (quartz, plagioclases, feldspars) relative abundance variation of the sand layers sampled from one of the 18 cores taken along the littoral; the age of the deposits were estimated from radiocarbon dating of nearby layers. The Pleistocene flood-plain sands related to the LST and to the LGM are quite homogeneous, with silicates prevailing over carbonates. Within the Holocene sands of the TST and the HST instead, vertical variations in mineralogical composition are evident and it was found that the carbonates prevail over the silicates during warm periods, while the silicates are more abundant through the cold events. Numerous archaeological findings and chronicles of climatic crises during the historical times offer many indications of sea level and climatic events that affected the Lagoon of Venice during the Late Holocene. This information combined with sedimentological analysis of nine cores taken in the two salt marshes next to Burano Island (see Figure 1) allowed to correlate environmental and coastline variations to climatic changes (BONARDI et al., 1997b; BONARDI et al., 1998). Figure 5 shows an example of the correlation between the relative carbonate content variations and depositional paleoenvironments related to climatic changes. Higher carbonate contents at -3.8 and -2.2 m correspond to two warm events, i.e. about 2,100 and 1,000 years B.P. (VEGGIANI, 1995), whereas the lower carbonate contents (higher silicates) at -3.3 m could be related to cold climate event and it is related to a phase of depositional regression (about 1,900 years B.P.), witnessed by the high marsh environment which allowed the human colonization of this lagoon sector (BONARDI et al., 1997b; BONARDI et al., 1998). The study of two samples from cemented sand formations, outcropping at a water depth of about 3-4 m, inside the Lagoon of Venice, east of the Burano Island (Lio Piccolo and San Felice sites), also gives a good example of the climate effect on their diagenesis. The investigation by SEM and BSD shows that these sediments consist of well-sorted particles of sub-rounded to sub-angular quartz, alterated Na and K-feldspar and

Figure 5. Impact of paleoclimatic variations on depositional environments evidenced by a multidisciplinary study of cores from lagoon salt marshes.

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Figure 7. SEM-BSD images of intertidal Late Holocene cemented sand formation from the Venice Lagoon. VE 1: Mgcalcite rich cement coating dolomite grains and alterated Na and K-feldspar grains; VE 2: details of intergranular aragonite microcrystal cement. Figure 6. Late Holocene intertidal flat sand sediments, cemented by carbonate minerals percolation through enhanced evaporation of seawater or affected by fresh water seepage. plagioclase, detrital dolomite, peloids, mollusk and echinoderm fragments, and foraminifera. The two samples show a similar mineralogical composition but, although from the same area of the lagoon, their quite distinct chemical composition indicates different cementation processes and environmental conditions (Figure 6 and 7). The content of Mg in the cement of VE 1 sample, much higher than what we can expect from a normal abiogenic marine precipitate, may indicate an enhanced evaporation rate (BONARDI and Tosi, 1997; BONARDI et al., 2000). VE 2 cement is aragonite and is identical to beachrock and submarine cements described from numerous tropical settings; its Sr content, about 13,000 ppm, is higher than the normal values (8,000-9,000 ppm). Based on ten analyses of each sample the calcite (1) and aragonite (2) chemical compositions are as follows: According to these results we can assume that the formations represented by samples VE 1 and VE 2 may indicate the position of a coastline inside the lagoon during the Late Holocene warmer period. Cemented sand formations were detected, by HRS survey, in the Adriatic Sea 6 km off Chioggia (southern Venice littoral) too (Figure 8). Although these sands outcrop just at the emergence of the LST (Upper Pleistocene sequence), they appear to be related to the Holocene deposits. Their complex architecture, such as reflectors and fractures, is shown in Figure 9. Presently detailed investigations of the cement of these sands are not available and the diagenetic process is still debated, i.e. i) by carbonate mineral percolation through enhanced evaporation of seawater, ii) by fresh water seepage, ii) by methane seepage. In any case, the cause was triggered by climate changes.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

Detailed mineralogical and texture studies, combined with geotechnical investigations, 14C and historical data, allowed to correlate the relative variations of the sedimentological characteristics with the major paleoclimate changes, such as warm and cold events, dry, wet and subareal exposure conditions known in the literature.

(Ca 76.54 Mg 23.07 Fe 0.25 Mn 0.03 Sr 0.11 ) Co3 (1) (Ca 98.45 Mg 0.00 Fe0.00 Mn 0.02 Sr 1.53) Co3 (2)

Figure 8. High Resolution Seismic profile showing a cemented sand formation (a) found at about 6 km off the littoral of Chioggia. Vertical scale in ms, two way time. Window area details are shown in Figure 9.
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Figure 9. Detail of the architecture of the cemented sand formation shown in the HRS profile of Figure 8. Vertical scale in ms, two way time. The clay layers of the Upper Pleistocene and Holocene sedimentations present different diagenesis, i.e. variation in degrees of consolidation, in porosity, in textural and mineralogical characteristics, related to the original depositional environments and to the subsequent climatic changes. Mineralogical characterization of the sand samples points out that silicates are more abundant than carbonates during the LGM and shows significant increase during the Holocene cold events. Furthermore, this study has evidenced that the relative percentages of the major minerals present, such as quartz, feldspars, calcite, dolomite, mica, and chlorites, are sufficient to differentiate the Late Pleistocene continental sand sediments from those typical of a marine Holocene environment. The study of the cemented sand outcrops at depth of 3-4 m inside the lagoon indicates that they were at one time liable to enhanced evaporation or affected by fresh water seepage and were cemented by carbonate precipitations. Since similar sand formations, like the beachrocks, are presently formed in tropical areas, we can assume that the cemented sands found in the Lagoon of Venice were affected by a diagenetic process during Holocene tropical-like warm climatic events. Concerning the outcrops of cemented sand found off Chioggia, at present no sample analyses are available. Past studies (STEFANON, 1970) suggested similar processes of cementation, whereas recent review of collected data from other outcrops in the Northern Adriatic Sea (CONTI et al., 2001) suggests the relationship between methane seepage and sediment cementation. Further investigation should be done to better understand this process and the age of these rocks.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work was partially carried out within the frameworks and with the financial supports of the Co.Ri.La. (Subprojects 3.2- Hydrodynamics and Morphology and 3.16 - New very high resolution seismic methods in shallows to study the Venice lagoon subsoil) and Regione del Veneto and APAT (CARG Project: Fogli Venezia and Chioggia-Malamocco, coordinator Dr Federico Toffoletto).

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