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Area
Weight Diameter
#3
#4
#5
#6
#7
#8
#9
# 10
# 11
# 14
# 18
(in2)
0.11
0.20
0.31
0.44
0.60
0.79
1.00
1.27
1.56
2.25
4.00
(lbs/ft)
0.376
0.668
1.043
1.502
2.044
2.670
3.400
4.303
5.313
7.650
13.600
1
(in)
0.375
0.500
0.625
0.750
0.875
1.000
1.128
1.270
1.410
1.693
2.257
ASTM
Type
A 615
Billet
A 706
Low-alloy
A 996
Rail
A 996
Axle
Grade
40
60
75
60
50
60
40
60
Strength
(fy ) ksi
Sizes
40
3-6
60
3-11, 14, 18
75
6-11, 14, 18
60
3-11, 14, 18
50
3-8
60
3-8
40
3-8
60
3-8
It appears from the above table, A615, grade 60 and A706, grade 60 cover all
sizes.
The stress distribution may be rectangular, parabolic, trapezoidal, etc. Here are two
stress distributions, parabolic (b) and rectangular (c):
We use figure c, rectangular. The ACI code says for concretes with fc>4,000 psi, 1
can be determined with the following formula:
0.85
f c ' 4000
0.05
1000
2
0.65
2500-4000
.85
5000
.80
6000
.75
7000
.70
8000
.65
9000
.65
The ACI code says design value must be greater than or equal to the required
value.
Mn
Mu
Vn
Vu
Pn
Pu
ACI (10.5.1) specifies the minimum about of reinforcement by the following two
formulas:
As ,min
3 fc '
bw d
fy
200 bw d
fy
Note: When the code specifies a minimum and they give two or more formulas, we
use the formula that yields the maximum. For example, if one formula gives 16 in2
and the other formula gives 18 in2, then the minimum would be 18 in2. Also, bw is
the width of the beam.
ACI (10.2.3) states that the maximum usable strain at extreme concrete
compression fiber shall be assumed equal to 0.003. In other words, c=0.003.
40000
50000
60000
75000
3000
4000
5000
6000
fc' in psi
0.85
0.0371
0.0050
0.0203
0.0275
0.0040
0.0163
0.0214
0.0033
0.0135
0.0155
0.0027
0.0108
0.85
0.0495
0.0050
0.0271
0.0367
0.0040
0.0217
0.0285
0.0033
0.0181
0.0207
0.0027
0.0145
0.80
0.0582
0.0053
0.0319
0.0432
0.0042
0.0255
0.0335
0.0035
0.0213
0.0243
0.0028
0.0170
0.75
0.0655
0.0058
0.0359
0.0486
0.0046
0.0287
0.0377
0.0039
0.0239
0.0274
0.0031
0.0191
1
balanced
min
max
balanced
min
max
balanced
min
max
balanced
min
max
fy in psi
Load factors are numbers, used to increase the estimated loads applied on a
structure. The loads are increased to account for the uncertainties involved in
estimating the magnitude of the loads. How good can you estimate the loads on the
floor where you are right now? Sections 9.2 gives the required strength based on
load factors and combinations of loads:
In Section 7.7.1 of the code, it specifies the amount of cover for the reinforcement.
Cover is the distance from the edge of the reinforcing bar to the face of the
concrete beam. For beams with primary reinforcement, ties, stirrups and spirals, it
is 1 inches when the concrete is not exposed to weather or in contact with the
ground.
In section 7.6 of the code, it specifies the minimum clear spacing between parallel
bars in a layer to be db or 1, whichever is larger. Remember, when the code
specifies the minimum and gives you two or more items, you use the larger of the
values.
As a rule of thumb, beams 20-25 feet long have a ratio of d to b of 1.5 to 2. For
longer beams the ratio of depth to width may be as high as 3-4. Beam dimensions
are selected in whole inches. The width is usually a multiple of 2 or 3. Beams
should probably not be less than 12 wide to get the steel and your hands in the
form.
For the usual situation, use bars of size # 11 and smaller if possible. Rarely will you
use # 14 or # 18 bars.
Design aid
Area of of number of bars (in)
Bar
#4
#5
#6
#7
#8
#9
# 10
# 11
# 14
# 18
Bar
#4
#5
#6
#7
#8
#9
# 10
# 11
# 14
# 18
2
0.39
0.61
0.88
1.20
1.57
2.00
2.53
3.12
4.50
8.00
11
2.16
3.37
4.86
6.61
8.64
10.99
13.93
17.18
24.76
44.01
3
0.59
0.92
1.33
1.80
2.36
3.00
3.80
4.68
6.75
12.00
12
2.36
3.68
5.30
7.22
9.42
11.99
15.20
18.74
27.01
48.01
4
0.79
1.23
1.77
2.41
3.14
4.00
5.07
6.25
9.00
16.00
13
2.55
3.99
5.74
7.82
10.21
12.99
16.47
20.30
29.26
52.01
5
0.98
1.53
2.21
3.01
3.93
5.00
6.33
7.81
11.26
20.00
Number of bars
6
1.18
1.84
2.65
3.61
4.71
6.00
7.60
9.37
13.51
24.01
7
1.37
2.15
3.09
4.21
5.50
7.00
8.87
10.93
15.76
28.01
8
1.57
2.45
3.53
4.81
6.28
7.99
10.13
12.49
18.01
32.01
18
3.53
5.52
7.95
10.82
14.14
17.99
22.80
28.11
40.52
72.02
9
1.77
2.76
3.98
5.41
7.07
8.99
11.40
14.05
20.26
36.01
19
3.73
5.83
8.39
11.43
14.92
18.99
24.07
29.67
42.77
76.02
10
1.96
3.07
4.42
6.01
7.85
9.99
12.67
15.61
22.51
40.01
20
3.93
6.14
8.84
12.03
15.71
19.99
25.34
31.23
45.02
80.02
40000
fc' in psi
3000
Mu/bd
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0105
0.0110
0.0115
0.0120
0.0125
0.0130
0.0135
0.0140
0.0145
0.0150
0.0155
0.0160
0.0165
0.0170
0.0175
0.0180
0.0185
0.0190
0.0195
0.0200
0.0203
192.2
210.5
228.7
246.7
264.6
282.4
299.9
317.3
334.6
351.7
368.6
385.4
402.0
418.5
434.8
451.0
467.0
482.8
498.5
514.0
529.4
544.6
559.7
574.6
589.3
603.9
618.4
632.6
646.7
660.7
674.5
682.7
40000
50000
4000
2
Mu/bd
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0105
0.0110
0.0115
0.0120
0.0125
0.0130
0.0135
0.0140
0.0145
0.0150
0.0155
0.0160
0.0165
0.0170
0.0175
0.0180
0.0185
0.0190
0.0195
0.0200
0.0205
0.0210
0.0215
0.0220
0.0225
0.0230
0.0235
0.0240
0.0245
0.0250
0.0255
0.0260
0.0265
0.0270
0.0271
194.1
212.9
231.5
250.1
268.5
286.8
304.9
323.0
340.9
358.8
376.5
394.1
411.5
428.9
446.1
463.2
480.2
497.1
513.9
530.5
547.1
563.5
579.8
595.9
612.0
627.9
643.8
659.5
675.1
690.5
705.9
721.1
736.2
751.2
766.1
780.9
795.5
810.1
824.5
838.8
852.9
867.0
880.9
894.8
908.5
911.2
50000
3000
2
Mu/bd
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0105
0.0110
0.0115
0.0120
0.0125
0.0130
0.0135
0.0140
0.0145
0.0150
0.0155
0.0160
0.0163
192.2
215.1
237.7
260.2
282.4
304.3
326.0
347.4
368.6
389.6
410.3
430.8
451.0
471.0
490.7
510.2
529.4
548.4
567.2
585.7
603.9
621.9
639.7
657.2
674.5
684.8
60000
4000
2
Mu/bd
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0105
0.0110
0.0115
0.0120
0.0125
0.0130
0.0135
0.0140
0.0145
0.0150
0.0155
0.0160
0.0165
0.0170
0.0175
0.0180
0.0185
0.0190
0.0195
0.0200
0.0205
0.0210
0.0215
0.0217
194.1
217.6
240.8
263.9
286.8
309.5
332.0
354.3
376.5
398.4
420.2
441.8
463.2
484.5
505.5
526.4
547.1
567.6
587.9
608.0
627.9
647.7
667.3
686.7
705.9
724.9
743.8
762.4
780.9
799.2
817.3
835.2
852.9
870.5
887.9
905.1
911.9
60000
3000
2
Mu/bd
0.0033
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0105
0.0110
0.0115
0.0120
0.0125
0.0130
0.0135
0.0136
190.3
201.4
228.7
255.7
282.4
308.6
334.6
360.2
385.4
410.3
434.8
459.0
482.8
506.3
529.4
552.2
574.6
596.6
618.4
639.7
660.7
681.4
685.4
4000
2
Mu/bd
0.0033
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0105
0.0110
0.0115
0.0120
0.0125
0.0130
0.0135
0.0140
0.0145
0.0150
0.0155
0.0160
0.0165
0.0170
0.0175
0.0180
0.0181
192.2
203.5
231.5
259.3
286.8
314.0
340.9
367.6
394.1
420.2
446.1
471.8
497.1
522.2
547.1
571.6
595.9
620.0
643.8
667.3
690.5
713.5
736.2
758.7
780.9
802.8
824.5
845.9
867.0
887.9
908.5
912.6
Example 1
Design a rectangular beam that is simply supported with a span of 22 feet. The
dead load is 1.1 k / ft (not including the weight of the beam) and the live load is
2.2 k / ft. Use concrete with fc = 4,000 psi and reinforcement steel with fy =
60,000 psi.
Estimate the beam dimensions and weight
Refer to the table on page 6 from section 9 of the ACI code.
This was not much help. The minimum width of a beam should be 12 inches in
order to get the steel and your hands in the form.
If b = 12 inches
Then d = 2b = 24
h is about d + db/2 + ds + 1.5 in = 24 + + 3/8 + 1.5 = 26.375, say 27
Weight = 12 (27) (150 # / ft3) (ft2 / 144 in2) = 337.5 # / ft = 0.3375 k / ft
Compute wu and Mu
wu = 1.2D + 1.6L = 1.2 (1.1 k / ft + 0.3375 k / ft) + 1.6 ( 2.2 k / ft) = 5.245 k / ft
3 - #10
area
(in)
3.80
d
(in)
24.49
spacing
(in)
2.22
4 - #9
5 - #8
6 - #7
8 - #6
4.00
3.93
3.61
3.53
24.56
24.625
24.688
24.75
1.246
0.813
0.600
0.321
OK>db
OK>db
NG<1"
NG<1"
NG<1"
Note: 8 - #6 bars gives the smallest area which would be the lightest and smallest
cost.
d = h db/2 ds cover = 25.125 db/2
Spacing = (b (2 x cover) 2ds ndb) / (n-1) = (8.25 ndb) / (n-1)
Remember, the ACI code says the minimum spacing is the larger of the bar
diameter or 1 inch. Only two meet this requirement. Since 3 - #10 bars have the
smallest area, let us choose 3 - #10 bars. The area of steel (As) is 3.80 in2 and d =
24.49 inches.
Check solution
10
Once we determined Rn we could have used the design aid table on page 8 to
determine the steel ratio (). We would do a straight line interpolation between the
values in the table.
Rn
595.9
612.12
0.0110
0.01134
620.0
0.0115
I think it is much easier using the table. We got the same steel ratio () using the
table. Are beam looks something like this with #3 stirrups.
11
Example 2
Design a beam where Mu = 600 ft k. Assume this includes the weight of the
beam. The reinforcement steel has an fy = 60,000 psi and the concrete has an i
fc = 4,000 psi.
Refer to the table on page 5 and note that min = 0.0033 and max = 0.0181. Let us
assume a steel ratio () of 0.0107.
Determine b, d and h
Refer to the design aid table on page 8 and do a straight line interpolation.
Rn
b
12
14
15
16
571.6
581.32
0.0105
0.0107
595.9
0.0110
d
33.86
31.35
30.29
29.33
d/b
2.82
2.24
2.02
1.83
12
4 - #10
area
(in)
5.07
d
(in)
29.50
spacing
(in)
2.39
6 - #9
7 - #8
9 - #7
6.00
5.50
5.41
29.57
29.63
29.69
1.10
0.88
0.55
OK>db
NG<db
NG<1"
NG<1"
Notice: 7 - #8 bars, the d is the same as what we used but the spacing is no good.
Check solution
13
It also states that the nominal shear strength (Vn) is equal to the nominal shear
strength provided by the concrete (Vc) and the nominal shear strength provided by
the reinforcement (Vs).
In ACI 11.5.7.9,
Comments: Normally I place the first stirrup at s/2 or 2-3 inches from the support.
Then you space them at s until it equals d/2. Then you go at d/2 until you get to
(R), the required distance that we need stirrups. Stirrups are usually spaced at
multiples of 3-4 inches. Normally, 3-4 inches is the minimum spacing for stirrups so
the aggregate can get through and your hands can get in and out of the form.
Always round the spacing down to the nearest whole inch.
14
In ACI 11.5.6.3, the minimum area of shear reinforcement is the larger of:
Example 3
Design a rectangular beam that is simply supported with a span of 14 feet. The
dead load is 4 k / ft (not including the weight of the beam) and a live load of
6 k / ft. The concrete has an fc = 4 ksi and the reinforcement has an fs = 60 ksi.
Compute wu and Mu
Assume the weight of the beam is 400 # / ft or 0.4 k / ft.
wu=(1.2 (4 k/ft + 0.4 k/ft)) + (1.6 x 6 k/ft) = 14.88 k/ft
Rn
571.6
581.32
0.0105
0.0107
595.9
0.0110
15
b
12
14
15
16
d
26.40
24.44
23.61
22.86
d/b
2.20
1.75
1.57
1.43
3 - #10
area
(in)
3.80
d
(in)
23.490
spacing
(in)
3.72
OK>db
4 - #9
4.00
23.561
2.25
OK>db
5 - #8
7 - #7
9 - #6
3.93
4.21
3.98
23.625
23.688
23.750
1.56
0.85
0.56
OK>db
16
NG<1"
NG<1"
Use more steel, use 4 - #9 with an area of 4.00 in2 and d = 23.56 inches.
17
Since the largest is 0.147 in2, we would need #3 stirrups. The area of 2 - #3
stirrups is 0.22 in2. Since this is U-shaped stirrup, a cross-section would cut
through 2 bars.
Calculate Vs at d and s, the spacing
The first stirrup goes 2 from the support. We go at a spacing of s until we get to d.
We go five times at a 5 spacing. That gets us to 27 which is beyond d.
Calculate Vu @27, Vs @27 and s
18
19
I always like to check my answers. I did this in Excel and it looked like this:
2
5
5
5
5
5
6
7
11
11
11
2
7
12
17
22
27
33
40
51
62
73
fy=
60000 psi
fc'=
b=
d=
l=
4000 psi
15 in
23.56 in
84 in
V u=
104,212 #
V c=
33,526 #
0.5V c=
16,763 #
V u @d=
R=
V s @d=
d/2=
A s=
74,983 #
70 in
55,275 #
11 in
0.130 in
A s=
s=
s/2=
0.147 in
5
2
Vu @
need stirrups
Vs @
s
70,715
49,585
63,272
39,660
54,587
28,081
20
89404 #
#3 @
0.22
6
7
11 =d/2
in
Conclusion
We have designed rectangular singularly reinforced concrete beams that only had
tension steel and stirrups. The beam was subjected to shear and flexure only. There
are other types of beams. These are beyond the scope of this course. Some
rectangular beams are doubly reinforced. These beams have tension steel in the
bottom, compression steel in the top and shear reinforcement (usually stirrups). We
have doubly reinforced beams when the load is so great that the concrete cannot
carry the compressive forces so we have to add steel to help with the compressive
forces. Another type of beam is a T-beam. A T-beam is a beam that is part of a
slab. The slab is on top and the beam projects below the slab. The Tbeam is
usually singularly reinforced, with tension steel in the bottom and shear
reinforcement though it could be doubly reinforced. Beams could have axial loads in
addition to the flexural loads. Beams could be subjected to torsion and shear
forces. We could have deep beams where the clear span is equal to or less than
four times the overall member depth. We could have pre-stressed concrete beams.
That is structural concrete in which internal stresses have been introduced to
reduce potential tensile stresses in concrete resulting from the loads.
We should consider development length. The development length is the embedment
length required to develop the design strength of the reinforcement at a critical
section. In example 2, we needed 4 - #10 bars in the center of the beam but not at
each end. We would only need 2 - #10 bars on each end. By determining the
development length, we could determine the length of the center two bars. This
would save on the cost of the steel.
You can design singularly reinforced concrete beams by:
Trial and error, assume b, d and solve for a
Equations
o
o
Design aid table on page 8, which is based on the above equations
I prefer to use the design aid table and I prefer to use Excel.
21