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Design of Reinforced Concrete Beams per


ACI 318-05

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Design of Reinforced Concrete Beams per ACI 318-05


Reinforced concrete is made of two materials, concrete and reinforcing steel.
Concrete is made of five parts:
Air
Water
Cement, five main types per ASTM
Sand, fine aggregate
Gravel, course aggregate
The compressive strength (fc) of concrete is the 28-day strength. This could be
from 2,500 psi to 20,000 psi. Most concrete used is between 3,000 psi to 6,000 psi.
Concrete is very good in compression but its tensile strength is only about 8 to 15%
of the compressive strength. This is the reason why we need reinforcing steel.
When we load a beam, the bottom is in tension.
Reinforcement could be fiber-reinforcement or reinforcing steel. In this course, we
will only look at reinforcing steel. Reinforcing steel comes in the following sizes,
areas, weights and diameters:

ASTM Standard Reinforcing Bars


Bar Size

Area

Weight Diameter

#3
#4
#5
#6
#7
#8
#9
# 10
# 11
# 14
# 18

(in2)
0.11
0.20
0.31
0.44
0.60
0.79
1.00
1.27
1.56
2.25
4.00

(lbs/ft)
0.376
0.668
1.043
1.502
2.044
2.670
3.400
4.303
5.313
7.650
13.600
1

(in)
0.375
0.500
0.625
0.750
0.875
1.000
1.128
1.270
1.410
1.693
2.257

Reinforcement steel comes in the following designations, types, grades, strengths


and available sizes.

ASTM Standard Reinforcing Steel

ASTM

Type

A 615

Billet

A 706

Low-alloy

A 996

Rail

A 996

Axle

Grade
40
60
75
60
50
60
40
60

Strength
(fy ) ksi
Sizes
40
3-6
60
3-11, 14, 18
75
6-11, 14, 18
60
3-11, 14, 18
50
3-8
60
3-8
40
3-8
60
3-8

It appears from the above table, A615, grade 60 and A706, grade 60 cover all
sizes.
The stress distribution may be rectangular, parabolic, trapezoidal, etc. Here are two
stress distributions, parabolic (b) and rectangular (c):

We use figure c, rectangular. The ACI code says for concretes with fc>4,000 psi, 1
can be determined with the following formula:

0.85

f c ' 4000
0.05
1000
2

0.65

This is a table for the above formula (ACI 10.2.7.3):


fc

2500-4000

.85

5000

.80

6000

.75

7000

.70

8000

.65

9000

.65

The ACI code says design value must be greater than or equal to the required
value.

Mn

Mu

Vn

Vu

Pn

Pu

In the formula, is the steel ratio, As / bd.

Beams are considered to be under three types of control:


Compression control, t <0.002
Transition, 0.002<t<0.005
Tension control, t>0.005
We use a strength reduction factor to account for many uncertainties in the design.
For tension-controlled beams, we use a strength reduction factor () of 0.90.

ACI (10.5.1) specifies the minimum about of reinforcement by the following two
formulas:

As ,min

3 fc '
bw d
fy

nor less than

200 bw d
fy

Note: When the code specifies a minimum and they give two or more formulas, we
use the formula that yields the maximum. For example, if one formula gives 16 in2
and the other formula gives 18 in2, then the minimum would be 18 in2. Also, bw is
the width of the beam.
ACI (10.2.3) states that the maximum usable strain at extreme concrete
compression fiber shall be assumed equal to 0.003. In other words, c=0.003.

for tensilely reinforced rectangular section

40000

50000

60000

75000

3000

4000

5000

6000

fc' in psi

0.85
0.0371
0.0050
0.0203
0.0275
0.0040
0.0163
0.0214
0.0033
0.0135
0.0155
0.0027
0.0108

0.85
0.0495
0.0050
0.0271
0.0367
0.0040
0.0217
0.0285
0.0033
0.0181
0.0207
0.0027
0.0145

0.80
0.0582
0.0053
0.0319
0.0432
0.0042
0.0255
0.0335
0.0035
0.0213
0.0243
0.0028
0.0170

0.75
0.0655
0.0058
0.0359
0.0486
0.0046
0.0287
0.0377
0.0039
0.0239
0.0274
0.0031
0.0191

1
balanced
min
max
balanced
min
max
balanced
min
max
balanced
min
max

fy in psi

It is desirable, under ordinary conditions, to design beams with a steel ration ()


between min and max.

Load factors are numbers, used to increase the estimated loads applied on a
structure. The loads are increased to account for the uncertainties involved in
estimating the magnitude of the loads. How good can you estimate the loads on the
floor where you are right now? Sections 9.2 gives the required strength based on
load factors and combinations of loads:

D=dead loads, F=weight and pressure of fluids, T=temperature, creep, shrinkage


and differential settlement, L=live loads, H=weight and pressure of soil, water in
soil or other materials, Lr=roof live loads, S=snow loads, R=rain loads, W=wind
loads and E=earthquake loads.
Section 9 gives the following table for minimum depth of beams:
Minimum thickness of nonprestressed beams or one-way slabs unless diflections are computed
Minimum thickness, h
Simply
One end
Both ends
Supported
continous
continous
Cantilever
Member
Members not supporting or attached to patitions or other
construction likely to be damaged by large deflections
Solid one-way slabs
l/20
l/24
l/28
l/10
Beams or ribbed
one-way slabs
l/16
l/18.5
l/21
l/8

In Section 7.7.1 of the code, it specifies the amount of cover for the reinforcement.
Cover is the distance from the edge of the reinforcing bar to the face of the
concrete beam. For beams with primary reinforcement, ties, stirrups and spirals, it
is 1 inches when the concrete is not exposed to weather or in contact with the
ground.

In section 7.6 of the code, it specifies the minimum clear spacing between parallel
bars in a layer to be db or 1, whichever is larger. Remember, when the code
specifies the minimum and gives you two or more items, you use the larger of the
values.
As a rule of thumb, beams 20-25 feet long have a ratio of d to b of 1.5 to 2. For
longer beams the ratio of depth to width may be as high as 3-4. Beam dimensions
are selected in whole inches. The width is usually a multiple of 2 or 3. Beams
should probably not be less than 12 wide to get the steel and your hands in the
form.
For the usual situation, use bars of size # 11 and smaller if possible. Rarely will you
use # 14 or # 18 bars.
Design aid
Area of of number of bars (in)
Bar
#4
#5
#6
#7
#8
#9
# 10
# 11
# 14
# 18

Bar
#4
#5
#6
#7
#8
#9
# 10
# 11
# 14
# 18

2
0.39
0.61
0.88
1.20
1.57
2.00
2.53
3.12
4.50
8.00

11
2.16
3.37
4.86
6.61
8.64
10.99
13.93
17.18
24.76
44.01

3
0.59
0.92
1.33
1.80
2.36
3.00
3.80
4.68
6.75
12.00

12
2.36
3.68
5.30
7.22
9.42
11.99
15.20
18.74
27.01
48.01

4
0.79
1.23
1.77
2.41
3.14
4.00
5.07
6.25
9.00
16.00

13
2.55
3.99
5.74
7.82
10.21
12.99
16.47
20.30
29.26
52.01

5
0.98
1.53
2.21
3.01
3.93
5.00
6.33
7.81
11.26
20.00

Number of bars
6
1.18
1.84
2.65
3.61
4.71
6.00
7.60
9.37
13.51
24.01

7
1.37
2.15
3.09
4.21
5.50
7.00
8.87
10.93
15.76
28.01

Area of of number of bars (in)


Number of bars
14
15
16
17
2.75
2.95
3.14
3.34
4.30
4.60
4.91
5.22
6.19
6.63
7.07
7.51
8.42
9.02
9.62
10.22
11.00
11.78
12.57
13.35
13.99
14.99
15.99
16.99
17.73
19.00
20.27
21.54
21.86
23.42
24.98
26.54
31.52
33.77
36.02
38.27
56.01
60.01
64.01
68.01

8
1.57
2.45
3.53
4.81
6.28
7.99
10.13
12.49
18.01
32.01

18
3.53
5.52
7.95
10.82
14.14
17.99
22.80
28.11
40.52
72.02

9
1.77
2.76
3.98
5.41
7.07
8.99
11.40
14.05
20.26
36.01

19
3.73
5.83
8.39
11.43
14.92
18.99
24.07
29.67
42.77
76.02

10
1.96
3.07
4.42
6.01
7.85
9.99
12.67
15.61
22.51
40.01

20
3.93
6.14
8.84
12.03
15.71
19.99
25.34
31.23
45.02
80.02

Design aid based on


fy in psi

40000

fc' in psi

3000

Mu/bd

0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0105
0.0110
0.0115
0.0120
0.0125
0.0130
0.0135
0.0140
0.0145
0.0150
0.0155
0.0160
0.0165
0.0170
0.0175
0.0180
0.0185
0.0190
0.0195
0.0200
0.0203

192.2
210.5
228.7
246.7
264.6
282.4
299.9
317.3
334.6
351.7
368.6
385.4
402.0
418.5
434.8
451.0
467.0
482.8
498.5
514.0
529.4
544.6
559.7
574.6
589.3
603.9
618.4
632.6
646.7
660.7
674.5
682.7

40000

50000

4000
2

Mu/bd

0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0105
0.0110
0.0115
0.0120
0.0125
0.0130
0.0135
0.0140
0.0145
0.0150
0.0155
0.0160
0.0165
0.0170
0.0175
0.0180
0.0185
0.0190
0.0195
0.0200
0.0205
0.0210
0.0215
0.0220
0.0225
0.0230
0.0235
0.0240
0.0245
0.0250
0.0255
0.0260
0.0265
0.0270
0.0271

194.1
212.9
231.5
250.1
268.5
286.8
304.9
323.0
340.9
358.8
376.5
394.1
411.5
428.9
446.1
463.2
480.2
497.1
513.9
530.5
547.1
563.5
579.8
595.9
612.0
627.9
643.8
659.5
675.1
690.5
705.9
721.1
736.2
751.2
766.1
780.9
795.5
810.1
824.5
838.8
852.9
867.0
880.9
894.8
908.5
911.2

50000

3000
2

Mu/bd

0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0105
0.0110
0.0115
0.0120
0.0125
0.0130
0.0135
0.0140
0.0145
0.0150
0.0155
0.0160
0.0163

192.2
215.1
237.7
260.2
282.4
304.3
326.0
347.4
368.6
389.6
410.3
430.8
451.0
471.0
490.7
510.2
529.4
548.4
567.2
585.7
603.9
621.9
639.7
657.2
674.5
684.8

60000

4000
2

Mu/bd

0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0105
0.0110
0.0115
0.0120
0.0125
0.0130
0.0135
0.0140
0.0145
0.0150
0.0155
0.0160
0.0165
0.0170
0.0175
0.0180
0.0185
0.0190
0.0195
0.0200
0.0205
0.0210
0.0215
0.0217

194.1
217.6
240.8
263.9
286.8
309.5
332.0
354.3
376.5
398.4
420.2
441.8
463.2
484.5
505.5
526.4
547.1
567.6
587.9
608.0
627.9
647.7
667.3
686.7
705.9
724.9
743.8
762.4
780.9
799.2
817.3
835.2
852.9
870.5
887.9
905.1
911.9

60000

3000
2

Mu/bd

0.0033
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0105
0.0110
0.0115
0.0120
0.0125
0.0130
0.0135
0.0136

190.3
201.4
228.7
255.7
282.4
308.6
334.6
360.2
385.4
410.3
434.8
459.0
482.8
506.3
529.4
552.2
574.6
596.6
618.4
639.7
660.7
681.4
685.4

4000
2

Mu/bd

0.0033
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0105
0.0110
0.0115
0.0120
0.0125
0.0130
0.0135
0.0140
0.0145
0.0150
0.0155
0.0160
0.0165
0.0170
0.0175
0.0180
0.0181

192.2
203.5
231.5
259.3
286.8
314.0
340.9
367.6
394.1
420.2
446.1
471.8
497.1
522.2
547.1
571.6
595.9
620.0
643.8
667.3
690.5
713.5
736.2
758.7
780.9
802.8
824.5
845.9
867.0
887.9
908.5
912.6

Example 1
Design a rectangular beam that is simply supported with a span of 22 feet. The
dead load is 1.1 k / ft (not including the weight of the beam) and the live load is
2.2 k / ft. Use concrete with fc = 4,000 psi and reinforcement steel with fy =
60,000 psi.
Estimate the beam dimensions and weight
Refer to the table on page 6 from section 9 of the ACI code.

This was not much help. The minimum width of a beam should be 12 inches in
order to get the steel and your hands in the form.
If b = 12 inches
Then d = 2b = 24
h is about d + db/2 + ds + 1.5 in = 24 + + 3/8 + 1.5 = 26.375, say 27
Weight = 12 (27) (150 # / ft3) (ft2 / 144 in2) = 337.5 # / ft = 0.3375 k / ft
Compute wu and Mu
wu = 1.2D + 1.6L = 1.2 (1.1 k / ft + 0.3375 k / ft) + 1.6 ( 2.2 k / ft) = 5.245 k / ft

Compute steel ratio () Assume = 0.90

Refer to table on page 5


min = 0.0033 and max = 0.0181 so this is between both values

Select the reinforcement steel


As = bd = 0.01134 (12 in) (24 in) = 3.26 in2
Refer to the table on page 1.

3 - #10

area
(in)
3.80

d
(in)
24.49

spacing
(in)
2.22

4 - #9
5 - #8
6 - #7
8 - #6

4.00
3.93
3.61
3.53

24.56
24.625
24.688
24.75

1.246
0.813
0.600
0.321

OK>db
OK>db
NG<1"
NG<1"
NG<1"

Note: 8 - #6 bars gives the smallest area which would be the lightest and smallest
cost.
d = h db/2 ds cover = 25.125 db/2
Spacing = (b (2 x cover) 2ds ndb) / (n-1) = (8.25 ndb) / (n-1)
Remember, the ACI code says the minimum spacing is the larger of the bar
diameter or 1 inch. Only two meet this requirement. Since 3 - #10 bars have the
smallest area, let us choose 3 - #10 bars. The area of steel (As) is 3.80 in2 and d =
24.49 inches.
Check solution

10

Once we determined Rn we could have used the design aid table on page 8 to
determine the steel ratio (). We would do a straight line interpolation between the
values in the table.
Rn
595.9
612.12

0.0110
0.01134

620.0

0.0115

I think it is much easier using the table. We got the same steel ratio () using the
table. Are beam looks something like this with #3 stirrups.

11

Example 2
Design a beam where Mu = 600 ft k. Assume this includes the weight of the
beam. The reinforcement steel has an fy = 60,000 psi and the concrete has an i
fc = 4,000 psi.
Refer to the table on page 5 and note that min = 0.0033 and max = 0.0181. Let us
assume a steel ratio () of 0.0107.
Determine b, d and h
Refer to the design aid table on page 8 and do a straight line interpolation.

Rn

b
12
14
15
16

571.6
581.32

0.0105
0.0107

595.9

0.0110

d
33.86
31.35
30.29
29.33

d/b
2.82
2.24
2.02
1.83

Now we have b = 16 inches: 1.5 < d/b <2.0


h is about equal to d + db/2 + ds + cover = 29.33 + 0.5 + 0.375 + 1.5 = 31.7
We will round this up to 32.
Now, d = h db/2 ds cover = 32 0.5 0.375 1.5 = 29.63

12

Select the reinforcement steel


As = bd = 0.0107 (16) (29.63) = 5.07 in2
Refer to the table on page 7.

4 - #10

area
(in)
5.07

d
(in)
29.50

spacing
(in)
2.39

6 - #9
7 - #8
9 - #7

6.00
5.50
5.41

29.57
29.63
29.69

1.10
0.88
0.55

OK>db
NG<db
NG<1"
NG<1"

Notice: 7 - #8 bars, the d is the same as what we used but the spacing is no good.

Check solution

You might want to increase h to 33 inches and compute again.


Shear reinforcement (stirrups)
We also need to design the shear reinforcement (stirrups) to prevent shear
cracking. In section 11.1 of the ACI code, it says the design shear strength must be
greater than or equal to the required shear strength.

13

It also states that the nominal shear strength (Vn) is equal to the nominal shear
strength provided by the concrete (Vc) and the nominal shear strength provided by
the reinforcement (Vs).

In section 11.3, it says Vc shall be computed by:

In ACI 11.5.6.1, shear reinforcement (stirrups) must be provided when:

In ACI 11.5.6.1, we rewrite equation (11-15) to solve for the spacing.

In ACI 11.5.5.1, the maximum spacing is d/2 or 24 inches when:

In ACI 11.5.5.3, the maximum spacing is d/4 or 12 inches when:

In ACI 11.5.7.9,
Comments: Normally I place the first stirrup at s/2 or 2-3 inches from the support.
Then you space them at s until it equals d/2. Then you go at d/2 until you get to
(R), the required distance that we need stirrups. Stirrups are usually spaced at
multiples of 3-4 inches. Normally, 3-4 inches is the minimum spacing for stirrups so
the aggregate can get through and your hands can get in and out of the form.
Always round the spacing down to the nearest whole inch.

14

In ACI 11.5.6.3, the minimum area of shear reinforcement is the larger of:

Example 3
Design a rectangular beam that is simply supported with a span of 14 feet. The
dead load is 4 k / ft (not including the weight of the beam) and a live load of
6 k / ft. The concrete has an fc = 4 ksi and the reinforcement has an fs = 60 ksi.
Compute wu and Mu
Assume the weight of the beam is 400 # / ft or 0.4 k / ft.
wu=(1.2 (4 k/ft + 0.4 k/ft)) + (1.6 x 6 k/ft) = 14.88 k/ft

Refer to the table on page 5.


min=0.0033
max=0.0181
Use =0.0107
Refer to the design aid table on page 8 and do a straight line interpolation.

Rn
571.6
581.32

0.0105
0.0107

595.9

0.0110

15

b
12
14
15
16

d
26.40
24.44
23.61
22.86

d/b
2.20
1.75
1.57
1.43

Now we have b = 15 inches: 1.5 < d/b <2.0


h is about equal to d + db/2 + ds + cover = 23.61 + 0.5 + 0.375 + 1.5 = 25.98
We will round this up to h = 26.
Now, d = h db/2 ds cover = 26 0.5 0.375 1.5 = 23.625
Check the beam weight
Beam weight = (15 in)(26 in)(150 #/ft3)(ft2/144 in2) = 406.25 #/ft, close enough
Select the reinforcement steel
As=bd = 0.0107(15 in)(23.625 in) = 3.79 in2
Refer to the table on page 7.

3 - #10

area
(in)
3.80

d
(in)
23.490

spacing
(in)
3.72

OK>db

4 - #9

4.00

23.561

2.25

OK>db

5 - #8
7 - #7
9 - #6

3.93
4.21
3.98

23.625
23.688
23.750

1.56
0.85
0.56

OK>db

d = h db/2 ds cover = 24.125 db/2


s = (11.25 ndb) / (n-1)
Check solution

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NG<1"
NG<1"

Use more steel, use 4 - #9 with an area of 4.00 in2 and d = 23.56 inches.

Now our beam has a b = 15 in, an h = 26 in and 4 - #9 bars.


Calculate Vu

Stirrups are needed if:

Vu at d and R, the required distance we need stirrups


Note: Since the beam is symmetrically loaded, we will look at one half of the beam
(length, l=84 inches). The other half will be a mirror image of this half.

Note: Since stirrups are required, we need them up to 0.5Vc = 16,763 #

Determine the area of steel (As) for d/2=23.56/2=11.78 in

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Since the largest is 0.147 in2, we would need #3 stirrups. The area of 2 - #3
stirrups is 0.22 in2. Since this is U-shaped stirrup, a cross-section would cut
through 2 bars.
Calculate Vs at d and s, the spacing

The first stirrup goes 2 from the support. We go at a spacing of s until we get to d.
We go five times at a 5 spacing. That gets us to 27 which is beyond d.
Calculate Vu @27, Vs @27 and s

Now we are at 33 inches along the beam.


Calculate Vu @33, Vs @33 and s

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Now we are at 40 inches along the beam.


Calculate Vu @40, Vs @40 and s

Now we are at 51 inches along the beam. We go another d/2 or 11 inches to 62


inches along the beam. We go another 11 inches to 73 inches which is beyond R of
70.49 inches.
Summary
It goes like this on the drawing: 1@2, 5@5, 1@6, 1@7, 3@11 = 73 in
Shear and moment diagram

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I always like to check my answers. I did this in Excel and it looked like this:

2
5
5
5
5
5
6
7
11
11
11

2
7
12
17
22
27
33
40
51
62
73

fy=

60000 psi

fc'=
b=
d=
l=

4000 psi
15 in
23.56 in
84 in

V u=

104,212 #

V c=

33,526 #

0.5V c=

16,763 #

V u @d=
R=
V s @d=
d/2=
A s=

74,983 #
70 in
55,275 #
11 in
0.130 in

A s=
s=
s/2=

0.147 in
5
2

Vu @

need stirrups

Vs @
s
70,715
49,585
63,272
39,660
54,587
28,081

1@2, 5@5, 1@6, 1@7, 3@11 = 73 in

20

89404 #

#3 @

0.22

6
7
11 =d/2

in

Conclusion
We have designed rectangular singularly reinforced concrete beams that only had
tension steel and stirrups. The beam was subjected to shear and flexure only. There
are other types of beams. These are beyond the scope of this course. Some
rectangular beams are doubly reinforced. These beams have tension steel in the
bottom, compression steel in the top and shear reinforcement (usually stirrups). We
have doubly reinforced beams when the load is so great that the concrete cannot
carry the compressive forces so we have to add steel to help with the compressive
forces. Another type of beam is a T-beam. A T-beam is a beam that is part of a
slab. The slab is on top and the beam projects below the slab. The Tbeam is
usually singularly reinforced, with tension steel in the bottom and shear
reinforcement though it could be doubly reinforced. Beams could have axial loads in
addition to the flexural loads. Beams could be subjected to torsion and shear
forces. We could have deep beams where the clear span is equal to or less than
four times the overall member depth. We could have pre-stressed concrete beams.
That is structural concrete in which internal stresses have been introduced to
reduce potential tensile stresses in concrete resulting from the loads.
We should consider development length. The development length is the embedment
length required to develop the design strength of the reinforcement at a critical
section. In example 2, we needed 4 - #10 bars in the center of the beam but not at
each end. We would only need 2 - #10 bars on each end. By determining the
development length, we could determine the length of the center two bars. This
would save on the cost of the steel.
You can design singularly reinforced concrete beams by:
Trial and error, assume b, d and solve for a
Equations
o
o
Design aid table on page 8, which is based on the above equations
I prefer to use the design aid table and I prefer to use Excel.

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