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Time Machine Project 1910-1945

Table of Contents
1.Society

/ Culture

2.Economy 3.Politics 4.Art

5.Music 6.Food

Society
1910-1945

Cultural Repression
late

1930s until 1945, Japan ruled Korea cultural repression.

1937

Japanese governor general ordered that all instruction in Korean schools be in Japanese
students

not be allowed to speak Korean inside or outside of school.

1939

Koreans to adopt Japanese names - reported that 84 percent of all Korean families had done so.
Korean-language

newspapers and magazines were shut down.

Belief

in the divinity of the Japanese emperor was encouraged, and Shinto shrines

. . , .

Chosun
Chosun Ilbo company was
founded on March 5, 1920. It was critical of the actions of pro-Japanese government

Due to its publications against the Japanese

police, Chosun Ilbo was given a suspension.

1920 . 1 ( ) 8

Distortion of Korean history and Relocation of cultural artifacts

In

1925, Japanese government established the Korean History Compilation Committee

Distorted

the ancient Korean history to validate Japanese colonization

of Joseon
The

Japanese rule of Korea resulted in the relocation of many cultural artifacts to Japan. At least 100,000 Korean artifacts were looted and stolen during Japanese rule
In

2002, the controversy was reignited when two Koreans stole two Korean artifacts from a west Japanese temple. 75,311 cultural artifacts taken from Korea. Japan has 34,369 and the United States has 17,803. Korea frequently demanded the return of these artifacts, but the United States and Japan never complied.
On

10 August 2010, Prime Minister of Japan Naoto Kan promised to

Education under Japanese

Japanese administration introduced universal education patterned after the Japanese school system, with a pyramidal hierarchy of elementary, middle and high schools textbook of Hangul mix Hangul with Chinese characters completely abolished after 1938. Classes focused mostly on teaching the history of the Japanese Empire as well as glorification of the Imperial House of Japan. As the Japanese administrative policy shifted more strongly towards assimilation from the 1930s all classes were taught in Japanese with Korean.

1 , 3 1 . , . .

Economy

Modernization Efforts
Seoul became the first city in East Asia to have electricity, trolley cars, water, telephone, and telegraph systems all at the same time.
It

remained a largely backward agricultural economy at the turn-wide program of econ of the century.
Japan

19 . , , , , , . .

to increase agricultural production in Korea to meet Japan's growing demand for rice. Japan built large-scale industries in Korea in the 1930s as part of the empireomic selfsufficiency and war preparation.
Thus

most Koreans lived as subsistence farmers of rice.

Manufacturers

of traditional Korea principally cloth, cooking and eating utensils, furniture, jewelry, and paper-ware produced

Exploitation
Korean

resources were only utilized for Japan. Most Koreans at the time could access only a primary school few entrepreneurial classes.
94

percent of factories was Japanese-owned and 92 percent of large-scale enterprises with more than 200 employees were Japaneseowned (all industries were owned either by Japan-based corporations). Korean entrepreneurs were charged interest rates 25 percent higher than the Japanese
As

greater quantities of Korean rice were exported to Japan, per capita consumption of rice among the Koreans declined; between 1932 and 1936, per capita consumption of rice declined to half the level consumed between 1912 and 1916. More and more farmland was taken over by the Japanese - Korean farmers became sharecroppers
Japanese

, . 94% . , .

developed port facilities and railway system which included a main railway from the southern port city of Pusan through the capital

Japanese migration and land confiscation (cont.)

Many Japanese settlers were interested in acquiring agricultural land in Korea even before Japanese land ownership was officially legalized in 1906.

Governor-General Terauchi Masatake facilitated settlement through land reform, which proved extremely unpopular with most of the Korean population.

Terauchi Masatake (LEFT), the first Japanese GovernorGeneral of Korea, reestablished the preexisting Korean land-ownership system.

Terauchi's new Land Survey Bureau conducted cadastral surveys that reestablished ownership by basis of written proof (deeds, titles, and similar documents). Ownership was denied to those who could not provide such written documentation. Although the plan succeeded in modernizing the land ownership and taxation structures, it added tremendously to the bitterness

1912 , , , .

Japanese migration and land confiscation (cont.)

, 1 1919 ~ 1921 0.68 ( 1 150kg) 1932 1936 0.40 . , ( ) . Japanese landlords included both individuals and corporations such as the Oriental Development Company (BELOW). Many former Korean landowners as well as agricultural workers became tenant farmers, having lost their entitlements almost overnight.

It is estimated that by 1910 perhaps 7 to 8 percent of all arable land was under Japanese control. This ratio increased steadily.

Lee Yong Hoon, a controversial professor at Seoul National University and a leading critic of the "New Right" Foundation ( ),states that less than 10% of arable land actually came under Japanese control and rice was normally traded, not robbed.

Korea suffered from famine due to its

Politics

In the late nineteenth century, Korea was caught in the conflict among China, Russia, and Japan as each sought to make a colony. Koreans, however, resisted all attempts to limit their independence. Through assassination of members of the Korean royal family, the Japanese gained influence in Korea. In 1910, Japan officially took control of Korea.

19 , , . . . 1910 .

During World War II, Japan employed Koreans in its military efforts. Koreans were drafted into the Japanese army or had to work under dangerous, slave-like conditions. The Japanese military kidnapped thousands of Korean girls and women and forced them to serve as comfort women who were raped by Japanese soldiers. Following the dropping of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan surrendered on 15 August 1945, ending 35 years of Japanese occupation. However on September 8, 1945, when the Soviets and some Korean Communists stationed in the northern part of the peninsula,

2 . , . . 1945 8 15 , 35 . 1945 9 8 , 38 .

Independe nce Movement

On March 1, 1919, an independence movement erupted as students in Seoul protested against Japanese rule, and a declaration of independence was read. However, when rumors spread that their king had been assassinated by the Japanese and that they were restricted from mourning, the stage was set 1919 3 1 , for an uprising.

Yu Gwan Sun (LEFT) . 3.1 ,

. .

Patriotism
Righteous Army (ABOVE) waged armed
, . 1907 5 , 304 , 1908 7 . 1907 1910 16,700 , 36,770 130 , 270 1,250 , 120 68,800

struggles agiaisnt Japanese.

Murdered Myongson Hwanghu (Queen Min)

and the enforcement of short hair

The Righteous Army units under the command

of Yu In-sok and other Confucian scholars, punished the pro-Japanese bureacrats and the Japanese throughout the country

Attacked the Japanese arm; Choe Ik hyon,

leader, was captured and dragged away to Tshuma Island where he refused the eat the food given by the Japanes army and died as a martyr

Enforced an operation to recapture Seoul

1907

Preserving the National Culture

Preserve Learning
, . ' , . , . ,

Interest in the national language and history were

heightened.

Chou si-kyong (ABOVE RIGHT) passed on the results from his

successful studies to promote the national language. He taught our language and letters to youths during the period of the patirotic englightenment movment.

He also set up Chosun language instiuttes to research and

propotgate the Korean language even under Japanese oppression

Japanese imprisioned such scholars (the Chosun Language

Instiutte Incident)

Sin Chae-ho (ABOVE MIDDLE) taught Koreas ancient history Pak Un-Sik (ABOVE LEFT) wrote a book about the modern
history of Korea to tell the world about the atrocities under Japanese rule and woeful indpenedce movement of our people.

2 Pak Un-Sik was presidnet of Provisional Government of the . Republic of Korea and Sin Chaeho was a martyr who was

Mass Media
Leaders of englightenment movement published
newspapers and magazines to inspire patriotism and bring modern thought to the nation.

Hwangsong Sinmun, Cheguk Sinmun, Taehan

Maeilsinbo, Manseibo and the Taehan Changag Monthly.

Published papers during this period such as TongaIlbo and Chosun-Ilbo implanted a modern consciousnes is in the people

These papers were nevertheless suspended by

Japanese.

New movements thus began to spring in literature

and art patriotic englightenment peirod

People also sang songs of independence Yi kwang su and Yun Tongchu displayed the joys and

Food

Food during Japanese Occupation

Many

of the agricultural systems were taken over by the Japanese to support Japan's food supply.
Meals

during the Japanese occupation were monotonous. Koreans usually ate two meals a day during the cold seasons, and three during the warm seasons.
Satiety, lower

rather than quality, was most important. economic levels were likely to enjoy only a single bowl of white rice each year.
Western

food began emerging in the

Fashion

Fashion
modern

women refer to a rare breed of fashion-conscious women in the 192030s that went to school or received higher education and ladies of royal and nobility classes.
During

the height of the Japanese colonial rule (19101945), fashion underwent a rapid transition due to Western influences. The handbag, for example, was first introduced to Korean women at this time. As the handbags became more common, the womens clothing began to change as well. Educated women at this time began to wear a variation of hanbok with a shorter skirt.

Music

Music
In

the mid-1920s, Masao Gouga, a Korean-Japanese composer, mixed traditional Korean music with Gospel music that American Evangelists brought with and have taught since the 1870s. This type of music became known as Enka in Japan, and later in Korea as Trot
In

1932, a controversial plagarism was caught and condemned by an article in the Japanese magazine "New Young Adult", Gouga's "Sakewa Namitaka Tameikika" was blamed for copying off the work of Korean composer Su-Lin Jeon, which his version was named "The Calm Jang-Ahn". This event triggered a wave of Korean musicians to flourish with talented composers such as Nan-Pa Hong, Gyo-Sung Kim, Yong-Hwan Kim, Joon-Young Kim, Ho-Wol Moon, Mok-In Son, Shi-Choon Park , and Jae Ho Lee becoming the very foundation of Trot music in its early stage.

Trot has been transformed over the years using a variety of instruments and mixing different styles of music to become the dominant genre in the Korean music scene until the late 80's. To this day, Trot music still remains as a popular genre for many; mostly with its very sad melody and hearttouching lyrics. As Korea was liberated from Japanese annexation in 1945, Western culture was introduced to a small crowd with the few Western style bars and clubs playing Western Music. After the Korean War, which started on June 25, 1950 and lasted for 3 years, the country was separated into two nations; North Korea and South Korea. U.S. troops remained in South Korea for