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Calculus BC Final Exam Study Guide

Semester 1 (Calc AB whole year)

Limits Note: for this review sheet () is the same as

Introduction lim : the limit as x approaches a from the left
+

lim : the limit as x approaches a from the right

The big limit If the limit equals the limit from the left, and the value is a real, finite number, then the limit exists

Limit exists if the function is continuous or has a hole at a Limit does not exist (DNE) if the function has a V.A., a jump, or an endpoint o If either of the limits from the left or right are then the limit DNE

Laws of Limits
Suppose: lim () lim () then: lim = lim lim
xa xa xa xa

lim = lim
xa xa

lim
xa

= lim lim
xa

lim
xa

= lim
xa

lim xa

lim =
xa

lim
xa

Steps to solving limits (stop when limit is found)

1. Evaluate function at = if real finite number then the limit is found (make sure to check that limit is same from left as it is from the right +) 0 a. If you get 0 then it is a hole 2. See if the function reduces by adding fractions or factoring etc. then re-evaluate (go to step 1) 3. If there is a radical, multiply by the conjugate to rationalize numerator/denominator then evaluate (go to step 1) Determine horizontal asymptote for lim o No limit for slant asymptote (top heavy), approaches o If powers equal then use coefficients Make sure to expand first o If bottom heavy then lim = 0 Be specific when you write the graphical significance, for example Odd V.A. at = 2 If the limit approaches ( ) you can say that the limit is even though it DNE

Definitions
Continuity a function has no jumps, holes (removable discontinuities), etc. o () is continuous at = if lim () = lim + () = () note: () must exist Removable discontinuity (hole) a point in the function where x is undefined o Zero on top and bottom

Force a Function to be Continuous

Example: Find (, ) so is continuous at = 1. > 1 2 + + 2 = = 1 4 < 1 6 + 1
1

lim 6 + 1 = 4 lim 2 + + 2 = 4 +
1

6 + 1 = 4 = 1 2 1 + + 2 = 4 = 2
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1. Show limits from right & left sides 2. Setup system of eq. and substitute x value

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Intermediate Value Theorem

If f is continuous on [, ] and is any number between () and () then there exists an between and such that () = .

1. 2. 3.

To verify the I.V.T. and find the root guaranteed by it Set k = 0 if finding root (root is where y value is 0) Find () and () Since at = f is ___ and at = is ___ and is continuous then must be zero between ___ and ___ at the root. To find the root set () equal to 0 and solve

Tangent Lines/Derivatives with Limits

Approximate slope of tangent line: . = 2 Derivatives function that finds the slope of tangent lines Differentiable (adj) derivative exists Differentiate (verb) to find derivative For a derivative to exist o Continuity at = o is continuous o Secant line must approach from both sides to the tangent line , , & must exist and be defined If = then is smooth Definition 1 (RDQ): = lim0 Definition 2: = lim 1. 2. 3. 4.
+ . + .

Definition 1 (LDQ): = lim0

()

()

= lim

() is the slope of the line tangent to at (3) is the slope of the tangent line to at = 3 RDQ Find derivative function using definition 1 or 2 Substitute the value into function Find = () and substitute in Fill in 1 = ( 1 ) If is increasing then 0 o If is positive, then f is increasing If is decreasing then 0 o If is negative, then is decreasing General Power Rule: if = then = 1 o Multiply coefficient by exponent, subtract 1 from exponent ( ) means take the derivative in respect to the variable o Find the derivative, treat all other variables except as constants Definition of : the number whose base for which the curve = passes through (0,1) o If = then 0 = 1

Write tangent eq.

() Graphs

Derivatives

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o o

o o

= ln
1 1 ln

(ln ) =

log = ln hint: convert log ln Quotient Rule o = o =

2

Product Rule o = o = +

Motion: = () = = () means the change in y with respect to x o Rate change in something with respect to time o Note: avg. velocity is a secant line to the () graph NOT the sec = tan sec csc = cot csc

Trig Derivatives
sin =1 cos = sin 0 cos 1 lim =0 tan = sec 2 0 sin = cos cot = csc 2 Note: all co- functions have negative derivatives lim

Inverse Trig Derivatives

1 sin1 = 1 2 1 cos1 = 1 2 1 tan1 = 1 + 2 1 cot 1 = 1 + 2 1 sec 1 = 2 1 1 csc 1 = 2 1

Chain Rule
Work from outside in taking derivatives & multiply them together Parametric Composite Function = = = = () = = = = ()

Implicit Relationship
Find the derivatives of all parts (using quotient, product, chain rules) Make sure to add to the y-variable derivatives Solve for

LHopitals Rule
o If limits at a point or are in the form 0 (indeterminate form) then o Take derivative of numerator & denominator separately & try again
0

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0 0

= lim lim

Linear Approximations

Unknown (2 , 2 ) = 2 1 Known (1 , 1 )

Dy is used to approximate y Error = | | o If curve is concave down then overestimate (see picture); if concave up then underestimate

Example (font size is small because this takes up too much room otherwise)
= Find y and as x changes from 13 13.1 First we find y using a calculator: = 13.1 13 .0074 Then we find dy. Differentiate the function solving for dy (dont forget the chain rule). = 2 + 1 3 2 1 = 2 + 1 3 2 3 2 1 = 2 3 2 + 1 3 1 Since we know = 13 and = .1 = we can substitute into the above equation and solve for dy 10 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 = 2 = 30 9 = 270 = 135 .0074 2 = 30 3 3 27 2 + 1 3 If we were to approximate (13.1) without a calculator: 1 3 13.1 13 + = 27 + 135
1
3

2 + 1

Derivative Graphs
Finding maxes and mins based on info (given is zero or undefined) o If changes sign from + to at = , then () is a min o If changes sign from to + at = , then () is a max Critical Points: c is a critical number o is undefined o is an endpoint o = 0 Fermats Theorem o If is differentiable and has a local maxima or minima at = , then = 0 Extreme Value Theorem o If is continuous on [, ] then has an absolute maxmima () and a absolute minimum () at values and in [, ] (note: must be closed interval!) A graph is concave down if its tangents are above the graph o Frownie-face (down = unhappy) o < 0 o is decreasing

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A graph is concave up if its tangents are below the graph o Smiley-face (up=happy) o > 0 o is increasing Points of Inflection: where concavity changes o There are points of inflection where = 0 because it changes sign Mean Value Theorem (MVT) o If is continuous over [, ] and differentable over (, ) then there exists at least one in (, ) such that it is equal to the slope between and . o Basically, theres a derivative value () somewhere on the graph that equals the slope between and if its continuous and differentiable

Integrals and Anti-derivatives Field lines

Draw slope of the tangent line at each point (value of derivative)

Basics
2 4 + = 2 4 finding derivative 2 4 = 2 4 + finding anti-derivative/ integral (integrating) Memorized derivatives apply in reverse General power rule: = +1 +
+1

Trig Anti-Derivatives
cos = sin + = + (csc ) = ln csc cot + tan = ln sec + sec 2 = tan + csc 2 = cot + sec = ln sec + tan + tan sec = sec + = + cot = ln sin +

Inverse Trig Anti-Derivatives

1 1 2 1 1 2 = arcsin + = arccos + 1 = arctan + 1 + 2 1 = arccot + 1 + 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 = arcsec + = arccsc +

Other Anti-Derivatives
= + ln

1st Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (FTC)

If f is continuous over [a,b] then

Now possible to evaluate definite integrals

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Approximation of Area
Rectangles

Right sums area 1 + 2 + 1 + Left sums area [ + 1 + 2 + 1 ] Midpoint sums area Trapezoids
0 + 1 2

note: this uses the right side of the partitions

1 + 2 2

1 + 2

partitions = = 1 + 2 2

Trap area 2 [ + 2( 1 + 2( 2 + 2 1 +

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Volume by Integration
Disk Method

Washer Method

Shell Method
2

= 2

Where = or and rectangles to axis of rotation Solids with known cross sections

Watch for the radius doesnt go to an axis: = 4 dy = 4

Where = or

Arc Length

1+

+ 1

Average Value (height) of a Function

= ( )

= Hookes law: = where x is the displacement from the natural length of the spring

Engineering Applications
= =

Were is the force and is the distance

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