Table of Contents

Summary.2

Objective..2

Data, Observations and Results2

Discussions..4

Conclusion..6

References..6

Appendices

Summary The name of the equipment used for this experiment is TecQuipment Reynolds Number and Transitional Flow Apparatus, H215/215A TecQuiment Hydraulic Bench, H1. This equipment is used to see the pattern of the water flow rate. This equipment can help us to find pattern of flow rate and also can help us to calculate the flow rate of the water. It is important to study how to use the Reynolds number to calculate the flow pattern and also the Reynolds numbers can be used to calculate other properties such as density, velocity, diameter and viscosity. We must understand that Reynolds number is a ratio of inertia to viscous effect of a flow. The experiment was conducted in UNITEN lab with my lab mates and was supervised by my lab instructor Mr. Ibrahim. The procedure and rules which has been taught by Mr. Ibrahim were strictly followed. We handle the equipment with care to avoid any damage. Before opening the pipe flow we checked all the safety precaution and the experiment is done one by one by my group members and me. Objective To investigate the relationship of flow condition and fluid velocity.

Data, Observations and Results

Table 1 Sample calculation Flow rate, Q = = =0.00000385 m/s

The area is = =1.1310^ (-4) m

(B) Graph 1: kinematics viscosity graph With the above graph the kinematics viscosity is = 0.910^ (-6) m/s

The equation use to find Re number is from equation 5 which is:

. (5) = =1797.34(transition flow)

Flow rate versus Reynolds Number

0.00003 0.000025 0.00002 0.000015 0.00001 0.000005 0 0 1000 2000 Re 3000 4000

flow rate,Q

first reading second reading

(B) Graph 2: flow rate versus Re

Discussion

There are 3 types of flow condition. Laminar, transition and turbulent. Laminar flow, a streak line is created when dye is injected in the flow. The line remains as a well-defined line as it flows along, with only slight blurring due to molecular diffusion of the dye into the surrounding water. For transition flow, the dye streak fluctuates in time and space, and intermittent burst or irregular behaviour appears along the streak. For turbulent flow the dye streak almost immediately becomes blurred and spreads across the entire pipe in a random fashion. Reynolds number is the ration of the inertia to viscous effect of a flow. The Reynolds number for laminar flow is <2000 whereas for transition flow 2000 < Re <2500. For turbulent flow is Reynolds number is > 2500. Based on our result that we got conducting the experiment, we did the experiment two times to get accurate result. For the first time, the laminar Re number that we got was 453.34, transition Re was 1797.34 and turbulent flow was 2933.34, Laminar and turbulent flow have achieve the theoretical value ,but our transition didnt achieve the theoretical value due to some parallax errors . Net we conduct again our experiment and we got three different reading. First laminar Re was 698.66, transition Re was 2106.66 and turbulent Re was 3493.44. The second reading was perfect and all three reading achieve the theoretical value. In the graph it shows that the second reading is higher than the first reading. For laminar flow the first reading we got was 453.34 but for the same laminar reading we got 698.66 for the second reading. Transition value for first reading according to graph 1 is 1797.34 whereas for second reading is 2106.66. For turbulent flow the first reading from graph is 2933.34, whereas for second reading is 3493.44. The experiment should be set up perfectly to get accurate data. The flow must be constant and should not be high for the first time. The water flow in must be equal with the flow going out through discharge pipe. Time is an important factor because it is used to calculate flow rate of water. The time should be measured accurately because minor error in time will affect the flow rate calculation. The most important precautions are our observation must be correct when looking at the dye. We have to identify the flow correctly to avoid major error on classifying the flow pattern.

Conclusion In this experiment the main objectives was to investigate the relationship of flow condition and fluids velocity. If the velocity increases the flow the Reynolds number increases. If we look at the equation Reynolds number is which says that the Re is directly

proportion with the density, velocity and diameter of the pipe. If the viscosity of the fluids increases than Reynolds number will decrease. So in this experiment we tested upon the flow pattern and velocity. We found that when the flow is low the dye show us a straight line which we conclude it as a laminar flow. Whereas when the flow is fasten the dye immediately goes away from view which we conclude it to be turbulent flow. What we learn from this is that there is another flow called transition flow which is in between laminar and turbulent flow. The flow is in medium speed and we can see the changes of the dye, it was I straight line but the line was not long like laminar flow it started to blur. In conclusion we know that when the velocity increase the flow is called turbulent and when the velocity is decrease the condition of the water becomes laminar flow. If the flow is in medium speed the flow is known to be transition flow.

References MUHAMAD IBRAHIM BIN MAHMOD 2012, MEHB221 THERMOFLUIDS LAB MANUAL BRUCE R.MUNSON 2010, FUNDAMENTAL OF FLUIDS MECHANICS. 6th Ed. John Wiley & Sons

Appendices