PROJECT

PETROLEUM INDUSTR Y

Indian Petroleum Industry

INTRODUCTION:
Indian Petroleum Industry started its journey during the fiscal year 1890 in the north-eastern provinces of India especially in the place called Digboi. The production of petroleum along with the exploration of new sites was primarily restricted to north-eastern India up to the 1970s. But the scenario changed drastically with the discovery of Bombay High. Indian Petroleum Industry was entirely state sponsored and was under the management control of all the industries involved in it were entirely with the government.

After the inception of the LiberalizationPrivation-Globalization (L-P-G) policy in the month of July, 1991, the government had started allowing the Indian Petroleum Industry to go into private as well as

government-private joint ventures. The deregulation process in the Indian Petroleum Industry got a boost in the year 1997 when it was decided that the process of liberalization and deregulation would be accelerated in this industry and all the regulations would go away from the month of April in the year 2002. Along with globalization, the rate of growth of the economy along with the rate of growth of energy consumption increased at the rate of six percent on a yearly basis especially between the period 1991 and 2001. The demand for petroleum products increased at an annual rate of 5.5% during 1990-91 and 2000-01 which is more than that of the production rate of crude oil processing (revolving around 5.1 %). But Indian Petroleum Industry stumbled a bit in the year 201 when the Indian economy observed a slow down in its economic rate along with the overall industrial output. Impediments related to infrastructure also came up as serious problems in the path of Indian Petroleum Industry.

Facts related to the Indian Petroleum Industry

Amount of petroleum used for generation of energy

grew from 51.27 million tonnes during 1990-91 to 128.8 million tonne during 2005-2006.

Indian Petroleum Industry grew at a tremendous pace

between the period 2000 and 2006. During the mentioned period, the production of petroleum products increased from 95.61 million tonne during 2000-2001 to 119.75 million tonne during 2005-2006.

CAUSES:
Petroleum Industry Causes Houston Smog:

Petroleum is one of the most profitable of Texas industries, but it is also the likeliest culprit for its smog. According to the Environmental News Service, a new study from the U.S. Department of Energy has identified specific volatile compounds (VOCs) in petroleum as the source of much of Houston's smog. The study's resolution is especially surprising, as petroleum had not previously been suspected as an element in smog. Samples taken from Houston's air showed levels of ozone concentration far exceeding the EPA's safety standards. But with this finding, more effective approaches to controlling air pollution can now be sought for one of America's most smog-afflicted cities.

Workers using water hoses to clean oil From a beach following a spill.

Environmental Pollution
Petroleum-derived contaminants constitute one of the most prevalent sources of environmental degradation in the industrialized world. In large concentrations, the hydrocarbon molecules that make up crude oil and petroleum products are highly toxic to many organisms, including humans. Petroleum also contains trace amounts of sulfur and nitrogen compounds, which are dangerous by themselves and can react with the environment to produce secondary poisonous chemicals. The dominance of petroleum products in the United States and the world economy creates the conditions for distributing large amounts of these toxins into populated areas and ecosystems around the globe.

Smoke is pouring from a refinery burn off vent

Oil Spills
Perhaps the most visible source of petroleum pollution are the catastrophic oil-tanker spillslike the 1989 Exxon Valdez spill in Prince William Sound, Alaskathat make news headlines and provide disheartening pictures of oil coated shorelines and dead or oiled birds and sea animals. These spills occur during the transportation of crude oil from exporting to importing nations. Crude oil travels for long distances by either ocean tanker or land pipeline, and both methods are prone to accidents. Oil may also spill at the site where it is extracted, as in the case of a blowout like the Ixtoc I exploratory well in 1979 .A blowout is one of the major risks of drilling for oil. It occurs when gas trapped inside the

deposit is at such a high pressure that oil suddenly erupts out of the drill shaft in a geyser. Accidents with tankers, pipelines, and oil wells release massive quantities of petroleum into land and marine ecosystems in a concentrated form. The ecological impacts of large spills like these have only been studied for a very few cases, and it is not possible to say which have been the most environmentally damaging accidents in history. A large oil spill in the open ocean may do less harm to marine organisms than a small spill near the shore. The Exxon Valdez disaster created a huge ecological disaster not because of the volume of oil spilled (eleven million gallons) but because of the amount of shoreline affected, the sensitivity and abundance of organisms in the area, and the physical characteristics of the Prince William Sound, which helped to amplify the damage. The Exxon Valdez spill sparked the most comprehensive and costly cleanup effort ever attempted, and called more public attention to oil accidents than ever before. Scientific studies of the effects of oil in Prince William Sound are ongoing, and the number of tanker accidents worldwide has decreased significantly since the time of the Valdez spill, due to stricter regulations and such required improvements in vessel design as double-hull construction.

Air Pollution
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) designates six criteria pollutants for determining air quality. These are: carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NO and/or NO 2 , usually referred to as NO x ), sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), groundlevel ozone (O 3 ), particulate matter (including things like soot, dust, asbestos fibers, pesticides, and metals), and lead (Pb). Petroleum-fueled vehicles, engines, and industrial processes directly produce the vast majority of CO and NO x

in the atmosphere. They are also the principal source of gaseous hydrocarbons (also called volatile organic compounds, or VOCs), which combine with NO x in sunlight to create O 3 . Ozone, while important for blocking ultraviolet rays in the upper atmosphere, is also a key component of urban smog and creates human health problems when present in the lower atmosphere. Sulfur dioxide is a trace component of crude oil, and can cause acid rain when released into the air at oil refineries or petroleum power plants. Particulate matter is directly emitted in vehicle exhaust and can also form from the reaction of exhaust gases with water vapor and sunlight. Finally, leaded gasoline is a huge contributor of lead to the atmosphere, and the use of unleaded gasoline has decreased lead concentrations dramatically. The EPA and the World Bank are working to encourage the phase-out of leaded gasoline worldwide. Petroleum-fueled transportation and coal-burning power plants are considered the chief causes of global warming. Excess amounts of carbon dioxide, methane, and NO x , among other gases, trap heat in the atmosphere and create the greenhouse effect. Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) is a main constituent of petroleum fuel exhaust, even though it is not toxic and therefore not classified as a pollutant. About onethird of the CO 2 emitted into the atmosphere every year comes from vehicle exhaust. Methane (NH 3 ), although usually associated with natural gas, is also emitted whenever crude oil is extracted, transported, refined, or stored.

Petroleum-Contaminated Soil
Not all oil released from land sources is quickly washed away to sea, however. Pipeline and oil-well accidents, unregulated industrial waste, and leaking underground storage tanks can all permanently contaminate large areas of soil, making them economically useless as well as dangerous to the health of organisms living in and around them. Removing or treating soil contaminated by petroleum is especially urgent because the hydrocarbons can leach into the underlying groundwater and move into human residential areas. The engineering field of bioremediation has emerged in recent decades as a response to this threat. In bioremediation, bacteria that feed on hydrocarbons and transform them into carbon dioxide can be applied to an affected area. Bioremediation has in many cases made cleaning up petroleum-contaminated sites a profitable real-estate investment for land developers.

Foreign Oil Dependence

Political leaders in the United States have long been gravely concerned about the country's growing dependence on foreign oil, which in many ways puts the country at the mercy of foreign governments, some of them hostile to the United States. The greatest production of crude oil in the world is in the Persian Gulf region of the Middle

East; where about 65 percent of the world's known petroleum deposits are located. About half of U.S. imports come from members of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), a group of countries encompassing the Persian Gulf and certain parts of Africa and South America. Events in these often volatile regions can have a huge impact on oil prices in the United States and worldwide, and because of the crucial role oil plays in U.S. society any change in the price can precipitate uncontrollable shifts in the country's economy (see chart "World Oil Price 1970-2000"). The most famous example of this is the Arab Oil Embargo of 1973 to 1974, when U.S. support for Israel in a conflict in the Middle East led to a decision by OPEC to impose steep price increases on the sale of oil to the United States. One response by the U.S. government has been the establishment of the Strategic Petroleum Reserve, an emergency stockpile designed to sustain the country's oil needs for approximately three months in the event of a complete cutoff of imports. There is little doubt, however, that dependence on foreign oil is both a political liability for the United States as well as a risk to national security.

Petroleum Economy
Petroleum, like all fossil fuels, primarily consists of a complex mixture of molecules called hydrocarbons (molecules containing both hydrogen and carbon). When it comes out of the ground, it is known as crude oil, and it may have various gases, solids, and trace minerals mixed in with

it. Through refinement processes, a variety of consumer products can be made from petroleum. Most of these are fuels: gasoline, jet fuel, diesel fuel, kerosene, and propane are common examples. It is also used to make asphalt and lubricant grease, and it is a raw material for synthetic chemicals. Chemicals and materials derived from petroleum products include plastics, pesticides, fertilizers, paints, solvents, refrigerants, cleaning fluids, detergents, antifreeze, and synthetic fibers. The modern petroleum industry began in 1859 in Pennsylvania, when a man named Edwin L. Drake constructed the first oil well, a facility for extracting petroleum from natural deposits. Since then, petroleum has become a valuable commodity in industrialized parts of the world, and oil companies actively search for petroleum deposits and build large oil extraction facilities. Several deposits exist in the United States. However, around 1960 oil production in the country began to decline as oil in the deposits was being used up and fewer new deposits were being discovered. Demand for petroleum products continued to increase, and as a result the United States came to rely more and more on oil imported from other countries. In 2001 the amount of petroleum extracted from deposits in the United States was estimated to be only one-third of the amount demanded by U.S. consumers. A similar pattern exists in other industrialized countries, and some, like Japan and Germany, import almost all of the oil they use.

Nonpoint Sources
Spills from tankers, pipelines, and oil wells are examples of point sources of pollution, where the origin of the contaminants is a single identifiable point. They also represent catastrophic releases of a large volume of pollutants in a short period of time. But the majority of pollution from oil is from nonpoint sources, where small amounts coming from many different places over a long period of time add up to large-scale effects. Seventy percent of the oil released by human activity into oceans worldwide is a result of small spills during petroleum consumption. These minor unreported spills can include routine discharges of fuel from commercial vessels or leakage from recreational boats. However, in North America, the majority of the release originates on land. Oil tends to collect in hazardous concentrations in the stream of wastewater coming out of cities and other populated areas. Runoff from asphaltcovered roads and parking lots enters storm drains, streams, and lakes and eventually travels to the ocean, affecting all of the ecosystems through which it passes. As cities grow, more and more people use petroleum productslubricants, solvents, oil-based paint, and, above all, gasolineand these are often improperly disposed of down drains and sewage pipes. Industrial plants also produce small, chronic spills that aren't noticed individually, but add up over time and enter waterways. Taken together, land-based river and urban runoff sources constitute over half of the petroleum pollution introduced to North American coastal waters due to human activity, and 20 percent of the petroleum pollution introduced to ocean waters worldwide. When wastewater

from these sources enters the marine environment it is usually by means of an estuary, an area where freshwater from land mixes with seawater. Estuaries are especially critical habitats for a variety of plants and animals, and are among the ecosystems most sensitive to pollutants.

The Future of Petroleum

The world's reliance on petroleum is expected to grow, despite widespread environmental, economic, and political consequences. The U.S. oil extraction industry continues to aggressively search for new oil deposits and lobby the federal government to open up restricted areas to drilling. The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge in Alaska has been on the oil industry agenda for several decades, creating a long-standing environmental controversy. Advances in oil well technology have allowed extraction in the deep ocean beyond the continental shelf, but these have not been enough to reverse the trend of declining production in the United States. There are many compelling reasons to decrease society's dependence on petroleum for energy, and the most obvious place to begin is in the transportation sector. Energyefficient engines and hybrid gas/electric cars can help to reduce some of the need for oil, providing higher gas mileage and less demand. A variety of alternative fuels have also been developed, such as ethanol, biodiesel (made from vegetable oil), and hydrogen. Each of these would produce little or no exhaust pollutants or greenhouse gases, and each derives from plentiful renewable resources. The United States is now in fact actively researching hydrogen as a viable alternative

to gasoline, and the hydrogen fuel cell as a substitute for the internal combustion engine. Petroleum is a useful chemical substance for many important purposes. But it is also a nonrenewable resource with a highly toxic composition, and it poses significant problems when used in huge volumes throughout the industrialized world.

OIL SEEPS
Almost half (45%) of the petroleum entering the marine environment is from natural seeps rather than anthropogenic sources. At seeps, oil and gas bubble out of cracks in the seabed creating special environments in which new organisms grow. These organisms survive through chemosynthesis rather than photosynthesis. They live in total darkness, more than four hundred meters below sea level, but survive by feeding directly off the hydrocarbons present in seeps or by eating carbon compounds resulting from chemosynthetic bacterial degradation of seep oil. Since 1984 oceanographers have discovered chemosynthetic communities of clams, mussels, tubeworms, bacterial mats, and other organisms on the seafloor of the Gulf of Mexico. United States Department of the Interior regulations protects these chemosynthetic communities from damage due to oil and gas drilling activities.

Effects upon health

Research on health disorders resulting from petroleum-based chemicals used in consumer products, pesticides and job

environments are available from the links below. Petroleum based chemicals are being found to cause accelerated aging to the brain, defense systems including the blood brain barrier and immune system as well as altering critical hormones necessary for teenage neurological and behavioral development. Illnesses identified in the medical research include adult and child cancers, numerous neurological disorders, immune system weakening, autoimmune disorders, asthma, allergies, infertility, miscarriage, and child behavior disorders including learning disabilities, mental retardation, hyperactivity ADHD (attention deficit disorders) as well as altering hormones essential for maintaining healthy bodily processes. Petroleum based chemicals are believed to cause these problems by a variety of routes including - impairing proper DNA (Gene) expression, weakening DNA Repair, accelerating gene loss, degeneration of the body's detoxification defenses (liver and kidneys) as well as gradual weakening of the brain's primary defense (the Blood Brain Barrier). Of significant concern, while petroleum based chemicals are required by the U.S. Government (EPA) to be tested for a variety of health effects, they are not required to be tested for subtle neurological damage (memory, personality, behavior etc), damage to the developing brain during pregnancy, detailed immune system effects, autoimmunity and effects upon the brain's primary defense - the blood brain barrier. Also, the new toxicology field of endocrine disruptor chemicals is of extreme importance since many common chemicals and pesticides are now being found to alter normal hormone levels in the blood controlling development and aging. The majority of information at CHEM-TOX has been attained from research from the University of Florida and University of South Florida Medical Libraries. Every attempt has been made to provide information clearly and accurately - The medical/scientific journal name and date, along with the university and scientists involved in the

research are listed with each article. We hope this information provides a base for changes in public health policy in public buildings, schools, residential settings (i.e. condominiums), and help with guiding future city and state laws. All research cited can be acquired in its original form from public libraries using the "Inner Library Loan Program" and can often be acquired immediately from university medical libraries

Environmental impact of petroleum

A beach after an oil spill.

The environmental impact of petroleum is often negative because it is toxic to almost all forms of life. The possibility of climate change exists. Petroleum, commonly referred to as oil, is closely linked to virtually all aspects of present society, especially for transportation and heating for both homes and for commercial activities

Toxicity

Petroleum distillates contaminate surface runoff and kill almost all life

Crude oil is a mixture of many different kinds of organic compounds, many of which are highly toxic and cancer causing (carcinogenic). Oil is "acutely lethal" to fish, that is it kills fish quickly, at a concentration of 4000 parts per million ."It only takes one quart of motor oil to make 250,000 gallons of ocean water toxic to wildlife." This is the equivalent of a concentration of 1 ppm. Crude oil and petroleum distillates cause birth defects. Benzene is present in both crude oil and gasoline and is known to cause leukemia in humans. The compound is also known to lower the white blood cell count in humans, which would leave people exposed to it more susceptible to infections. "Studies have linked benzene exposure in the mere parts per billion (ppb) ranges to terminal leukemia, Hodgkins lymphoma, and other blood and immune system diseases within 5-15 years of exposure."

Exhaust

Petroleum diesel exhaust from a truck When oil or petroleum distillates are burned (see combustion), usually the combustion is not complete. This means that incompletely burned compounds are created in addition to just water and carbon dioxide. The other compounds are often toxic to life. Examples are carbon monoxide and methanol. Also, fine particulates of soot blacken humans' and other animals' lungs and cause heart problems or death. Soot is cancer causing

ACID RAIN

Trees killed by acid rain, an unwanted Side effect of burning petroleum

High temperatures created by the combustion of petroleum cause nitrogen gas in the surrounding air to oxidize, creating nitrous oxides. Nitrous oxides, along with sulfur dioxide from the sulfur in the oil, combine with water in the atmosphere to create acid rain. Acid rain causes many problems such as dead trees and acidified lakes with dead fish. Coral reefs in the world's oceans are killed by acidic water caused by acid rain. Acid rain leads to increased corrosion of machinery and structures (large amounts of capital), and to the slow destruction of important archaeological structures such as the marble ruins in Rome and Greece.

Climate change
Humans burning large amounts of petroleum create large amounts of CO2 (carbon dioxide) gas that traps heat in the earth's atmosphere. Also certain organic compounds, such as methane released from petroleum drilling or from the petroleum itself, trap heat several

times more efficiently than CO2. Soot blocks the sun from reaching the earth and could cause cooling of the earth's atmosphere.

Oil spills
Oil spills are the release of liquid petroleum hydrocarbons into the environment due to human activity, and are a form of pollution. The term often refers to marine oil spills, where oil is released into the ocean or coastal waters. Oil spills include releases of crude oil from tankers, offshore platforms, drilling rigs and wells, as well as spills of refined petroleum products (such as gasoline, diesel) and their byproducts, as well as heavier fuels used by large ships such as bunker fuel, or the spill of any oily refuse or waste oil. Spills may take years or even decades to clean up, and their total environmental impacts are not completely understood.

Volatile organic compounds

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are gases or vapours emitted by various solids and liquids, many of which have short- and longterm adverse effects on human health and the environment. VOCs from petroleum are toxic and foul the air, and some like benzene are extremely toxic, carcinogenic and cause DNA damage. Benzene often makes up about 1% of crude oil and gasoline. Benzene is present in automobile exhaust.

Waste oil

Waste oil in the form of motor oil

Waste oil is used oil containing breakdown products and impurities from use. Some examples of waste oil are used oils such as hydraulic oil, transmission oil, brake fluids, motor oil, crankcase oil, gear box oil and synthetic oil. Many of the same problems associated with natural petroleum exist with waste oil. When waste oil from vehicles drips out engines over streets and roads, the oil travels into the water table bringing with it such toxins as benzene. This poisons both soil and drinking water. Runoff from storms carries waste oil into rivers and oceans, poisoning them as well.

Mitigation
Conservation/phasing out
Creating laws to completely phase out the use of petroleum (Sweden's 15 year plan) making use of petroleum more efficiently via better technology

Substitution of other energy sources

Using "cleaner" energy sources such as natural gas and biodiesel, especially in critical areas like cities where there are people.

Use of biomass instead of petroleum

It is said that anything that can be made from oil can be made from cellulose, that is fibrous plant material such as from hemp. Plastics can be created from cellulose instead of from oil. Lubricants like motor oil and grease can be made from plants and animal fat.

Safety measures
Decreasing the risk of spills False floors at gasoline stations to catch gasoline and oil drips from making it into the water table

How does petroleum affect the environment?

Petroleum is an oil product that people mine for and sell at high prices. We saw that with the rise and fall of the gas prices. It provides for gas for our cars and other uses of energy. It can be very harmful to the environment however. It is also finite which means it's a non-renewable resource. That means we will run out of it sometime because it takes so long to replenish it. Recently in government, an issue has been whether or not to drill for oil on wildlife preserve in Alaska. The drilling of oil can pollute bodies of water and kill fish. It can affect entire food chains by just getting rid of one species. However oil is very expensive and valuable. In the not-too-distant past countries tried to get a hold of oil-rich Kuwait. As I said before, Alaska also has oil. It's important though, that we don't rely on oil too much or we'll run out without a source to replace it.

What are the health effects of exposure to petroleum products?

Health effects from exposure to petroleum products vary depending on the concentration of the substance and the length of time that one is exposed. Breathing petroleum vapors can cause nervous system effects and respiratory irritation. Very high exposure can cause coma and death. Liquid petroleum products which come in contact with the skin can cause irritation and some can be absorbed through the skin. Chronic exposure to petroleum products may affect the nervous system, blood and kidneys. Gasoline contains small amounts of benzene, a known human carcinogen. Animals exposed to high levels of some petroleum products have developed liver and kidney tumors. Whether specific petroleum products can cause cancer in humans is not known; however, there is evidence that occupationally exposed people in the petroleum refining industry have an increased risk of skin cancer and leukemia.

A spill that affects a home or business may affect the health of people who live and work there. Thus, every spill or leak should be stopped and cleaned up. Health complaints should be taken seriously.
Individuals who experience health problems that may be related to a petroleum spill should see their family physician or health care provider. Some individuals are more sensitive to petroleum odors and to the effects of exposure than others. The county health department or state health department may be able to help

provide additional health information to affected individuals and their doctors. In situations where the indoor air environment has become contaminated to the extent that strong odors are present or air monitoring indicates serious contamination, homeowners, businesses, and tenants may be advised to relocate until the cleanup is completed. Generally, a DEC inspector or a county health department assessor determines whether relocation is recommended. People, including residential tenants who may not be legally responsible for the spill, can request relocation financial assistance from the Fund to cover reasonable expenses for lodging and meals. The county health department should be contacted for relocation assistance. Concerns about possible exposure via soil or water contamination should also be directed to the county health department

Advantages and disadvantages of petroleum:

Advantages: 1.Highly compact portable source of energy used for most forms of mechanical transportation. 2.Excellent source of organic molecules for building plastics, medicines, rubber, fiber, etc. 3.Can withstand high heats without breakdown making it useful as lubricants like motor oil and grease 4.Residuals make excellent surface for asphalt roads and waterproof roofing materials 5.Certain components make excellent solvents for paint, industrial use etc. 6.Other components (propane, butane) make excellent compact

source of portable cooking fuel and heating in areas that do not have infrastructure for natural gas delivery. 7. Natural gas is used to make fertilizers used in agriculture and household detergents 8.Compared to most other fuel sources it is still one of the most economical -in other words the costs to produce it are relatively cheap compared to other energy sources. 9.Production of oil has much less impact and a smaller footprint on the earth surface than production of coal from strip mining 10.If not for the discovery of oil, all whales would likely be extinct, because they were the primary source of lamp oil for lighting before oil, and are still recovering from hunting in the 1800's. 11. The oil industry has been a source of much advanced technology and many new products that have changed our lives for the better. 12. During WW2 oil produced in Texas was the major source of fuel supply for the Allied Forces and without that advantage over both the Germans and Japanese, the world might look very different today. At that time the US was the major supplier of oil in the world. 13. Natural gas wells are the world's supply of helium gas. 14. Oil refining produces the world's supply of elemental sulphur as a byproduct, used for many industrial applications.

Disadvantages: 1. Oil is a carbon based fuel and the primary way it is used is to burn it, releasing more than its weight in CO2 because of the added oxygen. CO2 is a greenhouse gas and is expected by most scientists to be a cause of global warming. 2. We are running out. Estimates vary from 50 to 150 years before we run out of oil. This is impossible to predict, but most major oil

companies have been failing to discover new reserves equal to the amount of oil they are producing for the last few years. 3. Much of the remaining oil in the world is in politically unstable areas including Africa, Middle East, Russia, and parts of Southeast Asia. 4. Wars get fought over oil, and wars are won with oil (WW2) so it can be a very negative influence on relations between nations. 5. Oil must be transported in ever increasing quantities. Pipelines are one common method but where no pipeline exists oil can become 'stranded', in other words there is no way to get it to market. The natural gas in northern Alaska is a good example of this since there is no gas pipelines the oil companies must pump natural gas back into the wells. 6. The other transport problem with oil is from the inherent dangers of supertankers. Oil spills do serious environmental damage that takes decades to recover from. While oil spills do occur naturally, and have over time, the effects are often catastrophic for the area affected. Oil does break down naturally from biological and chemical decay, but it takes time. 7. Our consumption of oil is increasing at the same time our production is falling. The world is currently consuming 83 million barrels of oil per day. We aren't producing that much. 8. Many oil producing areas are subject to severe weather and this can interrupt production. Last year's hurricanes are an example. Production will not be restored until well into this year. 9. Oil does contain some cancer causing compounds, benzene is one of those. 10. Volatile components of oil and natural gas can contribute to smog. 11. Some additives put into gasoline to improve its smog fighting qualities have leaked out of underground tanks at gas stations and polluted ground water with hazardous chemicals. This type of

pollution is very hard to remove. 12. Drilling for oil is getting more difficult and expensive because we are now drilling as deep or deeper than 20,000 feet to find new reserves. 13. Because of the price cyclicity in the oil industry the industry is discovering that it may soon have a serious shortage of trained workers. The average age in the industry is about 50 years old. New entrants are not coming into the field for several reasons. The oil industry is going to be challenged to keep producing at the current rate with fewer employees available. 14. Some oil is now being strip mined in the form of tar sands. This will be very hard to restore these areas. 15. Sulphur in oil ends up in refined fuels and contributes to air pollution.

Conclusion:
The future of Indian petroleum industry has good potential but it needs developmental activities in this sector to strengthen itself.
The world at present is experiencing a lot of changes of mammoth proportions. The Petroleum Industry in India is one of the harbingers of huge economic growth. The arena for business has now gone global since trade boundaries are fast dissolving. These developments present India with tremendous opportunities in the future to be one of the major players in the export of petrochemical intermediaries. Today, India imports more than 70% of its oil requirements. The search for more oil led India to sift through the

international markets comprising of the emerging energy-trading countries - China, Russia, and Iran. India has made new partnerships with Venezuela, Burma, Middle East nations, and Pakistan. The long-term energy strategies of India have to emphasize on the methods of using energy effectively and efficiently, and to enhance energy self-sufficiency. To lift the Indian economy to enhanced economic standards innovation, diplomacy, creativity, and vision are the need of the hour. India has to compete for conventional energy sources and for that there must be developmental activities for energy efficient buildings and vehicles. The main problems with the Petroleum Industry in India are related to infrastructural developments. The lack of proper storage facilities, enhancements in refining capacities, and fluctuating import prices plays important role in the development of the sector. The target of improvement for the growth of the economy for India should be in the area of the petrochemical sector. The need for intermediary products for the manufacturing of the end use products is an important sector to tap in. With the per capita consumption for the petrochemical products in India being low and the production of these products being high, India may become one of the leading exporters of such intermediary products.

The future of Indian petroleum industry depends on:

Demand for petroleum is growing in leaps and bounds Shifting focus to more production of olefin - ethylene, propylene, butadiene, Price and availability of crude oil and gas as feedstock would still be critical factors

The demand of the end products would affect the demand of the intermediary products

CASE STUDY -2

IMPACTS OF PETROLEUM INDUSTRY IN INDIA

Major Petroleum & Oil Companies

Petroleum companies, also known as Oil companies or Oil & Gas companies have formed a key part of the global economy for the last decade, since petroleum or crude oil has become our main fuel source.

Not only have these petroleum companies become amongst the biggest companies in the world, but thanks to the fundamental importance of this limited resource, they have also become embroiled in a complex political world of government and national objectives, international relations and all too often, outright war Oil companies, among the largest employers in the world, cater to the global energy demand. Their areas of functioning can be grouped into the following:

Production: This involves the extraction of crude oil from

reserves, followed by its refinement in processing plants.

Distribution: The daily distribution quota is delivered to

various sectors (e.g. automobiles, agriculture, residential). This is followed by the commercialization of oil products.

Major Oil Companies of the World

The leading oil companies of the world are:

The Exxon Mobil Corporation: This American oil and Gas

Corporation is the progeny of John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil Company, formed by the merger of Exxon and Mobil on November 30, 1999. The world's biggest publicly traded company has its headquarters in Irving, Texas. Its reserves at the end of 2007 were around 72 billion barrels of oilequivalents (BBOE), which are expected to last for the next 14 years.

Royal Dutch Shell plc: It was formed in 1907 when Royal

Dutch Petroleum Company merged with Shell Transport and Trading Company Ltd, UK. The initial establishment included 60 % Dutch and 40% British shares.

BP plc: Having its headquarters in London, this company

was discovered by William Knox D'Arcy in May 1908 in the Middle East. It was called the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC) before it became the British Petroleum in 1954. In 1998, it became BP Amoco after merging with Amoco of Indiana. In 2000, it was renamed BP and adopted the tagline

"Beyond Petroleum."

Chevron/Texaco Corporation: It was formed after the

split of John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil Company in 1911 and named SoCal. It was one of the Seven Sisters that dominated the world oil industry in the early 20th century.

Conoco Phillips Corporation: Based in Houston, Texas, it

was formed by the merger of Conoco Inc and Phillips Petroleum Company on August 30, 2002. Its fuel stations are named Phillips 66, Conoco and 76. It is the second-largest refiner in the US and the fifth-largest in the world, with a processing capacity of 2,208,000 and 2,901,000 bbl/day. List of Oil Companies Listed below are the various petroleum companies of the world:

Assam Oil Company Ltd. (ACL), India Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC), United Arab

Emirates

Alon USA, United States Amerada Hess Corporation, United States Anadarko Petroleum Corporation, United States Apache Corporation, United States Arbusto Energy, United States Atlantic Petroleum, Faroe Islands BG Group, United Kingdom Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited, India

PETROLEUM:
Petroleum (L. petroleum, from Greek: petra (rock) + Latin: oleum (oil)) or crude oil is a naturally occurring, flammable liquid consisting of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons of various molecular weights and other liquid organic compounds, that are found in geologic formations beneath the Earth's surface. Petroleum is recovered mostly through oil drilling. This latter stage comes after the studies of structural geology (at the reservoir scale), sedimentary basin analysis, and reservoir characterization (mainly in terms of porosity and permeable structures). It is refined and separated, most easily by boiling point, into a large number of consumer products, from petrol and kerosene to asphalt and chemical reagents used to make plastics and pharmaceuticals. Petroleum is used in manufacturing a wide variety of materials.

Etymology
The term petroleum was found (in the spelling "petroleum") in 10thcentury Old English sources. It was used in the treatise De Natura Fossilium, published in 1546 by the German mineralogist Georg Bauer, also known as Georgius Agricola. In the 19th century, the term petroleum was frequently used to refer to mineral oils produced by distillation from mined organic solids such as cannel coal (and later oil shale), and refined oils produced from them; in the United Kingdom, storage (and later transport) of these oils were regulated by a series of Petroleum Acts, from the Petroleum Act 1862 c. 66 onward.

Composition
In its strictest sense, petroleum includes only crude oil, but in common usage it includes all liquid, gaseous, and solid (e.g., paraffin) hydrocarbons. Under surface pressure and temperature conditions, lighter hydrocarbons methane, ethane, propane and butane occur as gases, while pentane and heavier ones are in the form of liquids or solids. However, in an underground oil reservoir the proportions of gas, liquid, and solid depend on subsurface conditions and on the phase diagram of the petroleum mixture. An oil well produces predominantly crude oil, with some natural gas dissolved in it. Because the pressure is lower at the surface than underground, some of the gas will come out of solution and be recovered (or burned) as associated gas or solution gas. A gas well produces predominantly natural gas. However, because the underground temperature and pressure are higher than at the surface,

the gas may contain heavier hydrocarbons such as pentane, hexane, and heptane in the gaseous state. At surface conditions these will condense out of the gas to form natural gas condensate, often shortened to condensate. Condensate resembles petrol in appearance and is similar in composition to some volatile light crude oils. The proportion of light hydrocarbons in the petroleum mixture varies greatly among different oil fields, ranging from as much as 97% by weight in the lighter oils to as little as 50% in the heavier oils and bitumens. The hydrocarbons in crude oil are mostly alkanes, cycloalkanes and various aromatic hydrocarbons while the other organic compounds contain nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, and trace amounts of metals such as iron, nickel, copper and vanadium. The exact molecular composition varies widely from formation to formation but the proportion of chemical elements vary over fairly narrow limits as follows:

Composition by weight Element Percent range Carbon 83 to 87% Hydrogen 10 to 14% Nitrogen 0.1 to 2% Oxygen 0.05 to 1.5% Sulfur 0.05 to 6.0% Metals < 0.1%

Crude oil varies greatly in appearance depending on its composition. It is usually black or dark brown (although it may be yellowish, reddish, or even greenish). In the reservoir it is usually found in

association with natural gas, which being lighter forms a gas cap over the petroleum, and saline water which, being heavier than most forms of crude oil, generally sinks beneath it. Crude oil may also be found in semi-solid form mixed with sand and water, as in the Athabasca oil sands in Canada, where it is usually referred to as crude bitumen. In Canada, bitumen is considered a sticky, black, tarlike form of crude oil which is so thick and heavy that it must be heated or diluted before it will flow. Venezuela also has large amounts of oil in the Orinoco oil sands, although the hydrocarbons trapped in them are more fluid than in Canada and are usually called extra heavy oil. These oil sands resources are called unconventional oil to distinguish them from oil which can be extracted using traditional oil well methods. Between them, Canada and Venezuela contain an estimated 3.6 trillion barrels (570109 m3) of bitumen and extra-heavy oil, about twice the volume of the world's reserves of conventional oil.

Chemistry

Octane, a hydrocarbon found in petroleum. Lines represent single bonds; black spheres represent carbon; white spheres represent hydrogen. Petroleum is a mixture of a very large number of different hydrocarbons; the most commonly found molecules are alkanes (linear or branched), cycloalkanes, aromatic hydrocarbons, or more complicated chemicals like asphaltenes. Each petroleum variety has a unique mix of molecules, which define its physical and chemical properties, like color and viscosity. The alkanes, also known as paraffins, are saturated hydrocarbons with straight or branched chains which contain only carbon and

hydrogen and have the general formula CnH2n+2. They generally have from 5 to 40 carbon atoms per molecule, although trace amounts of shorter or longer molecules may be present in the mixture. The alkanes from pentane (C5H12) to octane (C8H18) are refined into petrol, the ones from nonane (C9H20) to hexadecane (C16H34) into diesel fuel, kerosene and jet fuel). Alkanes with more than 16 carbon atoms can be refined into fuel oil and lubricating oil. At the heavier end of the range, paraffin wax is an alkane with approximately 25 carbon atoms, while asphalt has 35 and up, although these are usually cracked by modern refineries into more valuable products. The shortest molecules, those with four or fewer carbon atoms, are in a gaseous state at room temperature. They are the petroleum gases. Depending on demand and the cost of recovery, these gases are either flared off, sold as liquified petroleum gas under pressure, or used to power the refinery's own burners. During the winter, Butane (C4H10), is blended into the petrol pool at high rates, because butane's high vapor pressure assists with cold starts. Liquified under pressure slightly above atmospheric, it is best known for powering cigarette lighters, but it is also a main fuel source for many developing countries. Propane can be liquified under modest pressure, and is consumed for just about every application relying on petroleum for energy, from cooking to heating to transportation. The cycloalkanes, also known as naphthenes, are saturated hydrocarbons which have one or more carbon rings to which hydrogen atoms are attached according to the formula CnH2n. Cycloalkanes have similar properties to alkanes but have higher boiling points. The aromatic hydrocarbons are unsaturated hydrocarbons which have one or more planar six-carbon rings called benzene rings, to which hydrogen atoms are attached with the formula CnHn. They

tend to burn with a sooty flame, and many have a sweet aroma. Some are carcinogenic. These different molecules are separated by fractional distillation at an oil refinery to produce petrol, jet fuel, kerosene, and other hydrocarbons. For example, 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane (isooctane), widely used in petrol, has a chemical formula of C8H18 and it reacts with oxygen exothermically: 2 C8H18(l) + 25 O2(g) 16 CO2(g) + 18 H2O(g) + 10.86 MJ/mol (of octane) The amount of various molecules in an oil sample can be determined in laboratory. The molecules are typically extracted in a solvent, then separated in a gas chromatograph, and finally determined with a suitable detector, such as a flame ionization detector or a mass spectrometer. Due to the large number of coeluted hydrocarbons within oil, many cannot be resolved by traditional gas chromatography and typically appear as a hump in the chromatogram. This unresolved complex mixture (UCM) of hydrocarbons is particularly apparent when analysing weathered oils and extracts from tissues of organisms exposed to oil. Incomplete combustion of petroleum or petrol results in production of toxic byproducts. Too little oxygen results in carbon monoxide. Due to the high temperatures and high pressures involved, exhaust gases from petrol combustion in car engines usually include nitrogen oxides which are responsible for creation of photochemical smog.

Empirical equations for the thermal properties of petroleum products

Heat of combustion
At a constant volume the heat of combustion of a petroleum product can be approximated as follows: Qv = 12,400 2,100d2 Where Qv is measured in cal/gram and d is the specific gravity at 60 F (16 C).

Thermal conductivity
The thermal conductivity of petroleum based liquids can be modeled as follows: 0.547 Where K is measured in BTU hr1ft2 , t is measured in F and d is the specific gravity at 60 F (16 C).

Specific heat
The specific heat of a petroleum oils can be modeled as follows: , Where c is measured in BTU/lbm-F, t is the temperature in Fahrenheit and d is the specific gravity at 60 F (16 C). In units of kcal/(kgC), the formula is:

, Where the temperature t is in Celsius and d is the specific gravity at 15 C.

Latent heat of vaporization

The latent heat of vaporization can be modeled under atmospheric conditions as follows: , Where L is measured in BTU/lbm, t is measured in F and d is the specific gravity at 60 F (16 C). In units of kcal/kg, the formula is: , Where the temperature t is in Celsius and d is the specific gravity at 15 C.

Formation

Petroleum is a fossil fuel derived from ancient fossilized organic materials, such as zooplankton and algae. Vast quantities of these remains settled to sea or lake bottoms, mixing with sediments and being buried under anoxic conditions. As further layers settled to the sea or lake bed, intense heat and pressure built up in the lower regions. This process caused the organic matter to change, first into a waxy material known as kerogen, which is found in various oil shales around the world, and then with more heat into liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons via a process known as catagenesis. Formation of petroleum occurs from hydrocarbon pyrolysis in a variety of mainly endothermic reactions at high temperature and/or pressure. There were certain warm nutrient-rich environments such as the Gulf of Mexico and the ancient Tethys Sea where the large amounts of organic material falling to the ocean floor exceeded the rate at which it could decompose. This resulted in large masses of organic material being buried under subsequent deposits such as shale formed from mud. This massive organic deposit later became heated and transformed under pressure into oil. Geologists often refer to the temperature range in which oil forms as an "oil window"below the minimum temperature oil remains trapped in the form of kerogen, and above the maximum temperature the oil is converted to natural gas through the process of thermal cracking. Sometimes, oil formed at extreme depths may migrate and become trapped at a much shallower level. The Athabasca Oil Sands is one example of this.

Unconventional oil reservoirs

Oil-eating bacteria biodegrade oil that has escaped to the surface. Oil sands are reservoirs of partially biodegraded oil still in the process of escaping and being biodegraded, but they contain so much migrating oil that, although most of it has escaped, vast amounts are still

presentmore than can be found in conventional oil reservoirs. The lighter fractions of the crude oil are destroyed first, resulting in reservoirs containing an extremely heavy form of crude oil, called crude bitumen in Canada, or extraheavy crude oil in Venezuela. These two countries have the world's largest deposits of oil sands. On the other hand, oil shales are source rocks that have not been exposed to heat or pressure long enough to convert their trapped hydrocarbons into crude oil. Technically speaking, oil shales are not always shales and do not contain oil, but are fined-grain sedimentary rocks containing an insoluble organic solid called kerogen. The kerogen in the rock can be converted into crude oil using heat and pressure to simulate natural processes. The method has been known for centuries and was patented in 1694 under British Crown Patent No. 330 covering, "A way to extract and make great quantityes of pitch, tarr, and oyle out of a sort of stone." Although oil shales are found in many countries, the United States has the world's largest deposits.

Classification

A sample of medium heavy crude oil

The petroleum industry generally classifies crude oil by the geographic location it is produced in (e.g. West Texas Intermediate, Brent, or Oman), its API gravity (an oil industry measure of density), and its sulfur content. Crude oil may be considered light if it has low density or heavy if it has high density; and it may be referred to as sweet if it contains relatively little sulfur or sour if it contains substantial amounts of sulfur. The geographic location is important because it affects transportation costs to the refinery. Light crude oil is more desirable than heavy oil since it produces a higher yield of petrol, while sweet oil commands a higher price than sour oil because it has fewer environmental problems and requires

less refining to meet sulfur standards imposed on fuels in consuming countries. Each crude oil has unique molecular characteristics which are understood by the use of crude oil assay analysis in petroleum laboratories. Barrels from an area in which the crude oil's molecular characteristics have been determined and the oil has been classified are used as pricing references throughout the world. Some of the common reference crudes are: West Texas Intermediate (WTI), a very high-quality, sweet, light oil delivered at Cushing, Oklahoma for North American oil Brent Blend, comprising 15 oils from fields in the Brent and Ninian systems in the East Shetland Basin of the North Sea. The oil is landed at Sullom Voe terminal in Shetland. Oil production from Europe, Africa and Middle Eastern oil flowing West tends to be priced off this oil, which forms a benchmark Dubai-Oman, used as benchmark for Middle East sour crude oil flowing to the Asia-Pacific region Tapis (from Malaysia, used as a reference for light Far East oil) Minas (from Indonesia, used as a reference for heavy Far East oil) The OPEC Reference Basket, a weighted average of oil blends from various OPEC (The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) countries Midway Sunset Heavy, by which heavy oil in California is priced .There are declining amounts of these benchmark oils being produced each year, so other oils are more commonly

what is actually delivered. While the reference price may be for West Texas Intermediate delivered at Cushing, the actual oil being traded may be discounted Canadian heavy oil delivered at Hardisty, Alberta, and for a Brent Blend delivered at Shetland, it may be a Russian Export Blend delivered at the port of Primorsk. edit] Petroleum industry

New York Mercantile Exchange prices for West Texas

Intermediate 19962009 The petroleum industry is involved in the global processes of exploration, extraction, refining, transporting (often with oil tankers and pipelines), and marketing petroleum products. The largest volume products of the industry are fuel oil and petrol . Petroleum is also the raw material for many chemical products, including pharmaceuticals, solvents, fertilizers, pesticides, and plastics. The industry is usually divided into three major components: upstream, midstream and downstream. Midstream operations are usually included in the downstream category. Petroleum is vital to many industries, and is of importance to the maintenance of industrialized civilization itself, and thus is critical concern to many nations. Oil accounts for a large percentage of the world's energy consumption, ranging from a low of 32% for Europe and Asia, up to a high of 53% for the Middle East. Other geographic regions' consumption patterns are as follows: South and Central America (44%), Africa

(41%), and North America (40%). The world at large consumes 30 billion barrels (4.8 km) of oil per year, and the top oil consumers largely consist of developed nations. In fact, 24% of the oil consumed in 2004 went to the United States alone, though by 2007 this had dropped to 21% of world oil consumed. In the US, in the states of Arizona, California, Hawaii, Nevada, Oregon and Washington, the Western States Petroleum Association (WSPA) represents companies responsible for producing, distributing, refining, transporting and marketing petroleum. This non-profit trade association was founded in 1907, and is the oldest petroleum trade association in the United States.

Uses
The chemical structure of petroleum is heterogeneous, composed of hydrocarbon chains of different lengths. Because of this, petroleum may be taken to oil refineries and the hydrocarbon chemicals separated by distillation and treated by other chemical processes, to be used for a variety of purposes. See Petroleum products.

Fuels
The most common distillation fractions of petroleum are fuels. Fuels include (by increasing boiling temperature range): Common fractions of petroleum as fuels Boiling Range Fraction o C Liquefied petroleum gas -40 (LPG) Butane -12 to -1

Petrol Jet fuel Kerosene Fuel oil Diesel fuel

-1 to 180 150 to 205 205 to 260 205 to 290 260 to 315

Other derivatives
Certain types of resultant hydrocarbons may be mixed with other non-hydrocarbons, to create other end products: Alkenes (olefins) which can be manufactured into plastics or other compounds Lubricants (produces light machine oils, motor oils, and greases, adding viscosity stabilizers as required). Wax, used in the packaging of frozen foods, among others. Sulfur or Sulfuric acid. These are useful industrial materials. Sulfuric acid is usually prepared as the acid precursor oleum, a byproduct of sulfur removal from fuels. Bulk tar. Asphalt Petroleum coke, used in speciality carbon products or as solid fuel. Paraffin wax Aromatic petrochemicals to be used as precursors in other chemical production.

Agriculture
Since the 1940s, agricultural productivity has increased dramatically, due largely to the increased use of energyintensive mechanization, fertilizers and pesticides. Nearly all pesticides and many fertilizers are made from oil.

BHARAT PETROLEUM INDUSTRY IN MUMBAI Mumbai Refinery

Environment, Energy, Safety and Health are given utmost priority in Mumbai Refinery. BPCL Mumbai refinery is certified under ISO 14001 (Environment Management System) since May 1998. Mumbai Refinery was among the first refinery in the country to form an independent Energy & Environmental Cell in the year 1962. It is our endeavor to achieve excellence in the above critical areas while carrying out the day-to-day business operation. We have taken various environmental initiatives to minimize the impact of refinery operations on emissions, effluents and solid waste generation. BPCL meticulously follows the limits /norms set at refinery. BPCL ensures incorporation of modern / clean technologies for proper monitoring and abating the pollutants through Stack Monitoring Instrument; Ambient Monitoring Stations at various locations in the Refinery, Online Emission Display Boards in the refinery. Some of major green initiatives taken by BPCL are as follows:

Upgrading Refinery to produce clean automotive fuels

Installation and commissioning of Hydro cracker unit under Refinery Modernization Project (RMP) for production of Euro lll Grade Auto Fuel product (High Speed Diesel) o Installation of Diesel Hydro-desulphurization facility for production of Euro lll Grade Auto Fuel product (High Speed Diesel) o Revamp of catalytic Reformer Unit for production of Euro III Grade Motor spirit. o Installation Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether (MTBE) Unit to replace Tetra Ethyl Lead (TEL) from motor spirit. o Currently BPCL is upgrading their refinery units for producing Euro-III/IV quality auto fuels from 2010. Production of High Quality Group II + Lube Oil Base Stock (LOBS) for manufacturing environment friendly (ultra low sulphur, long life) lube oils. Improvement in Energy Efficiency of the Refinery & distribution operation by use of new technology & modern instrumentation: o High efficiency boilers & fixed heaters equipped with air pre-heaters & advanced instrumentation like Flame detectors / CO sensors o High heat recovery crude preheat train systems optimized using Pinch technology o Installation of cross-country multi-product pipeline (Mumbai-Manmad-Mangliya-Bijwasan pipeline) to transport petroleum products such as Motor Spirit, kerosene and High Speed Diesel thereby reducing road movement and minimizing vehicular emissions. o Installation of Co-generation plant for simultaneous generation of both power and steam at high efficiency.
o

Installation of low-NOx burners in fired heaters to reduce release of Nitrogen oxides from fired heaters.

Use of high emissivity ceramic coating on furnace refractory & radiant tubes to improve furnace efficiency & save fuel. Minimize / eliminate fugitive emissions through: o Implementation of industry best practices like hydrocarbon leak detection & repair (LDAR) and o Use of floating roof tanks with secondary seals and still well sleeve systems o Installation of vapor recovery systems etc. Provision of high efficiency Sulphur Recovery Units (99 % efficiency) o BPC has installed modern state of the art Waste Water Treatment Plant by M/s. Zimpro Passivant, USA to meet Minimal National Standard (MINAS). o Provision of recirculating sea cooling tower system which replaced the once through sea cooling water system thereby minimizing the sea cooling requirement and effluent discharge to the sea Treated effluent water recycling and reuse and rain water harvesting Re-circulating sea cooling tower systems instead of once through sea cooling water system thereby minimizing the sea cooling requirement and effluent discharge to the sea. A comprehensive system for hazardous waste management has been

implemented at BPCL refinery. The details of various clean technologies implemented for optimal solid waste management are given below: o Mechanized oil recovery system for oil recovery from oily sludge to recover the oil from the crude tank bottom sludge. o The remaining soil having low oil content is bioremediate with the help of specialized microorganisms based oil zapper technology from The Energy Research Institute (TERI), New Delhi. o Spent catalysts are either recycled to the original catalyst suppliers or disposed off to secured landfill sites in accordance with the MOE&F Hazardous Waste (Management and Handling) Rules. o A Bio Gas plant has been installed at Mumbai refinery to convert canteen food waste into gas for use in canteen. Environmental Awareness and Accolades Published Sustainability Report for the year 2007-08 in line with GRI guidelines World Environment Day, 5th June is celebrated every year by organizing various awareness programmes for employees, students and general public such as display of banners, Drawing competition for school children, tree plantation at various locations in Mumbai, free PUC check-up for petrol/diesel driven vehicles for public etc. BPCL Mumbai Refinery won Golden Peacock Environment Management Gold Award 2008 instituted by World Environment Foundation, U.K... BPCL Refinery has received Greentech Gold Award by M/s. Greentech foundation.

BPCL Mumbai refinery received FICCI Award 2001/02 in recognition of Corporate Initiative in Environmental Conservation & Pollution Control. The award was presented by the Honorable Prime Minister of India Shri. A.B. Vajpayee to our C&MD on 13th December 2002. Energy conservation in Refineries Award for Best Improvement in Energy Conservation awarded by Centre for High Technology under Ministry of Petroleum and natural gas

Energy Conservation: BPCL being in the business of supplying energy to the nation is very conscious of its energy conservation activities. As it is well known, energy conservation has a direct impact on environmental emissions. Despite increase in the complexity of operations, Refinery has achieved significant reduction in fuel and loss in the last few years by incorporation of various energy conservation measures, constant monitoring / tighter control of plant operations & good housekeeping. Energy conservation efforts received continuous focus both in terms of improvement in operation / maintenance as well as development of new projects. Continuous monitoring of fuel consumption and hydrocarbon loss is undertaken using sophisticated instruments and data acquisition system. An elaborate energy accounting system and Management Information System are important features in BPCL Refinery operations. The following energy conservation and loss control measures have been implemented which has resulted in significant fuel savings. Maximization of crude throughput in modern highly energy efficient integrated Crude & Vacuum Unit.

Antifoulant chemical injection in all Crude & Vacuum units. Application of High Emissivity Ceramic Coatings on Tubes & refractory of CRU Inter 1 & 2 heaters resulting in 3% fuel saving. Injection of fire side chemical additive in HVU / CRU heaters. Reduction of Hydrogen loss to flare from MUG compressor section of Hydro cracker Unit. Water washing & cleaning of Air Pre Heaters. Comprehensive study on Instrument air leak survey was carried out to identify air leaks. A comprehensive Steam Generation and Distribution Study was carried out

Overview
Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited (BPCL), a fortune 500 oil refining, exploration and marketing PSU with Navratna status. Following nationalization in 1976, BPCL changed its gears and embarked upon a Rapid growth path. Turnover, profitability and financial reserves grew by leaps and bounds. Life at BPCL For Bharat Petroleum, commitment of its employees is a critical resource. Fully realizing that only a satisfied employee will put his best foot forward with the customers, Bharat Petroleum has taken many steps to make the organization a Great Place to Work. Bharat Petroleum fosters effective value-based HR processes for development of people and their organizational capabilities with a view to provide them with a competitive edge and also to realize their personal vision in tandem with the corporate vision. The thrust areas include:

Performance Management which links business goals with individual performance goals. Recognizing competencies and capabilities of the staff through Competency Modeling to help identify and place the right person in the right job. Identifying competency gaps and bridging such gaps through appropriate training and developmental programmes. Multi-skilling to encourage employees to take up new initiatives in the areas of Enhanced Fuel Proposition, Add-on Stores, One Stop Truck Shops, Grocery and Fast Food Stores.

Integrated Refinery Expansion Project

In view of the tremendous demand growth for petroleum products especially for the auto fuels in the country, Kochi Refinery is contemplating an integrated expansion of its refining capacity. A review of the demand potential for various petroleum products in the region indicates the need for further capacity addition in order to meet the demands beyond the year 2015. Sensing the sharp rise in demand for petroleum products other refineries in India are expanding or planning to expand the capacity. Kochi Refinery is envisaging a 6 MMTPA capacity addition with the effective utilization of available infrastructure like the SPM and Shore Tank Farm. Kochi Refinery would then be able to cater with ease to the Southern part of India. The declining market for heavy fuel oils high in sulphur content and reduced availability coupled with increased prices of light/ low sulphur crude, has made it imperative for refineries to set up suitable residue up gradation facility to maintain profitability. Recent capacity addition of the refinery has resulted in generation of additional quantities of residual

fuels. The proposed Integrated Refinery Expansion project will be looking into the viability of suitable bottoms up gradation facilities which will minimize residual fuel generation and maximize distillates Euro-IV quality auto fuels are already mandated in major cities in India and many of refineries have set up/ are setting up facilities for meeting Euro-IV quality fuels. Kochi Refinery is all set to produce Euro-III and partly Euro-IV quality fuels on completion of the ongoing refinery modernization. Facilities for production of auto fuels conforming fully to Euro-IV or higher norms are also being envisaged as part of the proposed capacity expansion project of the refinery. This will be required to meet the future quality standards in India and will enable the refinery to market its products anywhere in India including the major cities and also to export the products. Thus the proposed Integrated Refinery Expansion Project, will integrate Capacity addition with Bottoms Up gradation and Auto Fuel quality improvement.

CONCLUSION:
Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited (BPCL) engages in the refining, storing and retailing of petroleum products, and is one of India's largest PSU companies, with Global Fortune 500 rank of 287 (2008). Bharat Petroleum is considered to be a pioneer in Indian petroleum industry with various path-breaking initiatives such as Pure for Sure campaign, Petro card, Fleet card etc

CASE STUDY: 2

CHIKUNGUNIYA

CHIKUNGUNIYA IN KERALA:

Kochi: Kozhikode, a district in northern Kerala, has been struck by a spate of viral fever after the recent monsoon rains, highlighting again the states lack of preparedness to contain the spread of contagious diseases. At least 200,000 people from the district, or about 7% of its population, were down with viral fever in July alone; about 70% of them with chikungunya, said Thomas Mathew, nodal officer for the Kerala governments disease control and monitoring cell.

Kerala was in a similar spot two years ago, when five of its districts were hit by a rapid spread of viral diseases, especially chikungunya, resulting in at least 200 deaths and eventually hurting productivity at its plantations. The state government had then come under fire for the collapse of its public healthcare system. Chikungunya, an illness spread by the bite of infected mosquitoes, is characterized by severe pain in the joints as well as fever and rashes. E. Sreekumar, head of the molecular virology department at the Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology in Thiruvananthapuram, said that like earlier, the outbreak this time, too, is spreading from the hilly terrains of Kozhikode, thick with rubber plantations. The outbreak is moving to new areas. And the severity of the illness is on the rise, he said. There is a prolonged impact of the illness, which includes heavy swelling of the legs and severe pain in the joints. People are bedridden for weeks. Entomological studies show that rubber plantations are a major source for such illness, Sreekumar added. Other scientists and medical experts also said rubber plantations are a breeding ground for the vector population. In 2007, Kerala saw an outbreak of viral fever in its central districtsPathanamthitta, Kottayam and Alappuzhaall rubber plantation hubs

where latex is tapped from the trees during the monsoon as well. Mathew of the state disease control cell said that local governments such as panchayats (village councils), rather than the state health department, have to ensure public hygiene and take preventive steps to check the spread of viral fever. Cleansing operations of canals, water-logged areas and other breeding grounds for mosquitos after the 2007 outbreak saw a respite in 2008, but administrators have become complacent again, Mathew added. A. Pradeepkumar, the local legislator, said the district administration has now launched cleansing operations in Kozhikode city, the districts headquarters, especially around hospitals. While the Keralite is very conscious about personal hygiene, when it comes to social hygiene, there is a lethargy. And we are now paying a price for this, said B. Ekbal, public health expert, neurosurgeon and former vice-chancellor of Kerala university. It is common practice to keep ones house and surroundings clean after depositing all the waste in public places.

Chikungunya Affects Kerala's Healthcare Status

Last year, more than 100 people died during the outbreak of the mosquito-borne viral fever in the coastal districts of Alappuzha, Kollam and Ernakulum. The present outbreak, which has seen more than 40 people die in the past two weeks in the south and central districts of Kollam, Pathanamthitta, Kottayam and parts of the capital city has raised questions about how good Kerala's healthcare system really is. According to sources, more than 100,000 people are down with fever in the south and central districts of the state and the disease is now spreading to the northern districts as well. Public health expert and chairman of Health Action by People, an NGO, C.R.Soman told IANS that the present crisis occurred because Kerala was living on past glory of excellent public health status. "It was in 1930 that the country's first primary health care centre started functioning in Kerala's Neyattinkara area and due to concerted efforts at all levels, Malaria was eradicated by 1970 from the state. We failed to carry on with the good work and hence the present situation is so bad," Soman said Monday. Ironically, Kerala's health indicators are often said to be at par with those of developed countries. The state has the lowest infant mortality rate of 14.1 per cent as against an all-India average of 70.5. The birth rate for Kerala is 15 per cent while for the rest of the country it is 23.8. Similarly, the death rate is 6.4 as against 7.60 for the country. With regards to life expectancy also

Kerala leads the rest of the country with 70.9 for males and 76 for women as against 61.8 and 63.5 respectively in the country.

Conclusion:
The TaqMan and SYBR Green I-based one-step real-time quantitative RT-PCR assays have potential utility for detection and quantification of CHIKV. These assay systems have been demonstrated to be rapid, easy to handle, highly sensitive, quantitative and specific. These features make it an excellent tool for laboratory detection of CHIKV in tissue-cultured supernatant as well as acute-phase patient serum samples. The RT-LAMP assay is an emerging gene amplification tool, having all the characteristics of rapidity and high sensitivity of real-time assays as well as the added features of adaptability under field conditions owing to its simple operation, rapid reaction, and easy detection. The rapidity and sensitivity of these real-time assays will assist in precise diagnosis, which will be extremely useful to facilitate suitable control measures and patient management at the earliest stages of outbreak