THE UNIVERSITY OF THE WEST INDIES ST.

AUGUSTINE DEPARTMENT OF BEHAVIOURAL SCIENCES SOCI 2012 SOCIAL CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT COURSE OUTLINE SEMESTER I, SEPTEMBER 2011

Instructor: Office Hours:

Ms. Kimberly Boca, Rm. 220 Tuesdays 3-6 p.m.

Requirements: Attendance and effective participation in tutorials is mandatory. Coursework will not be accepted from students not registered for a tutorial. Students missing three or more tutorials and/or lectures for the semester can be debarred from sitting the final examination. Late essays will not be accepted. Students should feel free to seek clarification of, or discuss, any matter related to the course with the lecturer during office hours. Assessment: 1. One essay 4 four pages in length, (single spaced, type written, Font size 12) - 15%. Submission date 26th October 2011 2. One tutorial presentation - 5% 3. One tutorial Pop Quiz - 5% 4. Comprehension Paper - 6% Submission date 14th November 2011 5. Final examination - 69% Marking Criteria: Your written work will be assessed using the following criteria Knowledge of subject matter Thinking Skills Reference to the literature 40% 50% 10%

Poor writing skills will be penalized by the deduction of up to 20% of the marks awarded.

Required reading, one of the following: Freidman, S. and S. Steinberg Writing and Thinking in the Social Sciences: Prentice Hall:1989. Chapters. 1, 2, 5, 11 and 13 (TSR Main Library).
Peter Levin A guide to reading and writing for undergraduates and taught postgraduates, Maidenhead, Open University Press, 2004 (School of Education Library) Marlys, Mayfield Thinking for yourself: Developing Critical Thinking Skills through Reading and Writing, Boston, Mass.: Heinle, 2004. Gavin Fairbairn Reading, Writing and Reasoning: A guide for Students, Buckingham, Open University Press, 1996. Robert, Barass Students must write: a guide to better coursework and examinations, London, Routledge, 1995.

Instructional Objectives As an instructional exercise, the aim of the course is to foster and develop the following abilities: comprehension (the ability to grasp meaning); application (the ability to apply theories and concepts to new and concrete situations); analysis (the ability to breakdown material into its component parts in order to understand underlying relationships); and synthesis (the ability to put parts together to form a new whole). The tutorial and examination questions will be structured so as to reflect these objectives. Course Content This course aims to give students a good historical understanding of Development thought. In it we examine Development as a concept and practice in the era beginning around the mid 20th Century. Arguably, the heyday of Development as thought and practice has passed. New ways of thinking about social change associated with improvements in the quality of life of the less well off in the world have emerged as major contestants to Development. However, in order to properly understand these and the ways in which post Colonial societies such as the Caribbean are likely to change in the 21st Century it is necessary to understand earlier thinking on the subject. The theoretical expressions of Development considered here provide insight into the interplay between thought and the societal context within which it takes place since these theories represent responses to the exigencies of the time and place within which they emerged and were applied. Reviewing these theories retrospectively should therefore enable us to sift and evaluate the strategies and thoughts of today that lay claim to the status of roadmaps for social change in our societies into the 21st Century.
Core Texts Rapley, J. Understanding Development: Theory and Practice in the Third World, Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2007 Preston, P. W. Development: An introduction, Oxford, Cambridge, 1996.

McMichael, Philip. Development and social change : a global perspective, California, Pine Forge Press, 2004 Harrison, David, The Sociology of Modernization and Development: :Unwin 1988.Ch1 Roxborough, I. Theories of Development (Section on Marx, Durkheim, and Weber) Martinussen, J. Society, State and Market: A Guide to Competing Theories of Development, Zed Books, 1997, pp.25-31

1. Introduction In this section the circumstances associated with the emergence of development as a set of ideas and practices that addressed the condition of the newly independent countries in relation to the industrial countries in the mid 20th century are examined. The second task includes a consideration of the main tenets of the earliest expressions of Development theory in the form of Development Economics. a) The social and political context of its emergence in the post World War 2 era b) Early Development Thought: Development Economics and its theoretical origins Two tutorial sessions Tutorial Question 1: "The concern with development in the immediate Post-WWII period was more a matter of political expediency than a real concern to assist the underdeveloped regions of the world". Assess this statement.
Tutorial Question 2: What in your view are the most important theoretical antecedents of

Development Economics? Coursework Question 1: a) Describe the salient features of the global geopolitical and social policy context in which Development emerged in the Third World in the post World War II period. b) Explain the following statement: The early Development Economics was uneasy with both the neo-Classical system and the Keynesian system that had arisen since the Old Growth Economics (G.Meier, Emerging from poverty.., pg 132). Suggested Readings: a. The social and political context of its emergence in the post World War 2 era
Benn, Denis. The Growth and Development of Political Ideas in the Caribbean 1774-1983. Ch. 2 Colonial Thought, Ch. 3 Early Nationalist Thought. F1621 B46 1987.

Rapley, J. Understanding Development: Theory and Practice in the Third World: Boulder, Lynne Rienner Pubs, 1996, Chapter 1. Kenwood, A.G. and Lougheed, AL. The Growth of the International Economy. (Chs. 1113) HF 1411 K44 1983. Brown, D.A.V. The Political Economy of Fertility in the British West Indies, 1891-1921, pp.15-20. James, C.L.R. Dialectical Materialism and the Fate of Humanity The CLR James Reader PR366 689 J2 C5 1992. Streeten, P. Towards a New Strategy of Development. Pgs. 21-25 HC 59. 7 T7383 1979.
McMichael, Philip Development and social change: a global perspective, California, Pine Forge Press, 2004, HC 79. E44 M25 2004 Chapter 1

b. Early Development Thought: Development Economics and its theoretical origins Martinussen, J. Society, State and Market: A Guide to Competing Theories of Development: Zed Books:1997, pp.18-25 Meier, G. Emerging from poverty. (Chs. 5&6) Old Growth Economics and Early Development Economics HD75 M44 1984. --------The Formative Period. Pioneers in Development HD74 P56 1984.mimeo
Handbook of Development

Lewis, W.A. 1988. The Roots of Development Theory. Economics, ed. By Chenery and Srinivasan. HD82 H275 1998. Lewis, W.A. 1988. An Economic Plan For Jamaica.

Puyana Mutis, Alicia and Samwel Ongwen Okuro (Eds) Strategies Against Poverty: Designs from the North and Alternatives from the South: Looking for proper answers in African, Latin American and Caribbean countries. CLACSO-CROP Pub, 2011

Toye, J. Changing Perspectives in Development Economics pp. 21-27 in (ed) Chang, HaJoon, Rethinking Development Economics: Anthem Press, 2006 Wilber (ed) The Methodological Foundation of Development Economics World Development. Vol. 14, No. 2. HC59 A1 W927 D4. Lewis, W.A. Development and Economics in the 1950s Pioneers of Development HD74 P56 1984. Agarwala, A.W. and Singh (eds. The Economics of Underdevelopment, (Chapters on Lewis and Rostow)

Tignor, Robert W. A. Lewis, and the Birth of Development Economics, Oxford, Princeton University Press.2006. Wisman, Jon, D. The Methodology of Arthur Lewis: Economics as Pedagogy in World Development, 14(2), Feb. 1986 pp.165-180. Rosenstein-Rodan, P. Natura Facit Saltum Pioneers of Development HD74 P56 1984. Modernization Modernization theory located the failure of the new nations to attain the quality of life enjoyed by the North Atlantic nations in the anachronistic nature of their social institutions. The new approach to development in the form of Modernization was proffered as replacement for the old approaches rooted in colonial paternalism and welfare. Modernization, at the time, represented a marked departure from the extant approaches that seemed to serve colonial interests more than those of the ideals of the peoples aspiring to nationhood. a) Modernization Theory: the main elements b) Modernization Theory: The Sociologists contribution Rostow, Parsons, Weber c) Critique of Modernization Theory Two tutorial sessions Tutorial Question 3: W.W. Rostow wrote at a time when Decolonization and the Cold War were the main features of the global political landscape. How, in your view, did these two phenomena shape Development Theory and practice? Tutorial Question 4: Discuss the view of the modernization theorists that the sustained failure of third world countries to make the transition to an advanced level of industrial capitalism was due to the intrinsic backwardness of these societies and cultures. Tutorial Question 5: Critically assess the contribution of Talcott Parsons to Modernization theory. Coursework Question 2: Compare and contrast the work of Hoselitz and W.W.Rostow on Modernization Suggested Readings: a) Modernization Theory: the main elements Harrison, David, The Sociology of Modernization and Development: :Unwin 1988.Ch1 Roxborough, I. Theories of Development (Section on Marx, Durkheim and Weber)

Martinussen, J. Society, State and Market: A Guide to Competing Theories of Development: Zed Books:1997, pp.25-31. b) Modernization Theory: The Sociologists contribution - Rostow, Parsons, Weber Weber, Max. Economy and Society. HM35 W7 1968. Parsons, Talcott. Economy and Society. HM35 P3 Rostow, W.W. The Stages of Economic Growth, a Non-Communist Manifesto HB199 R66. Hoselitz. B. 1952 Non-Economic Barriers to Economic Growth in Development and Cultural Change, Vol. 1, No. 1 HC10 E19 D4 --------Theories of Economic Growth. HD82 H825 T3 1960P. Economic

Nunes, F. 1976. Weber and the Third World Social and Economic Studies, June. H1 S6 c) Critique of Modernization Theory Bernal, R., M. Figueroa, M. Witter. 1984 Caribbean Economic thought: The Critical Tradition Social and Economic Studies. H1 S6 Rist, G. The History of Development: Zed Books:1997: pp.93-103 Vaidyanathan, B. and Strand, M. http://www.allacademic.com//meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/2/4/2/3/5/pages242356/p 242356-1.php Preston, P. W. Development: An introduction, Oxford, Cambridge, 1996. Dependency Theory and Plantation Theory The first decades of Independence fell short of the Modernization ideals in many respects. This led to a radical rethinking of Development especially in the Caribbean and Latin America. New explanations of the reasons for underdevelopment emerged in the form of Dependency Theory and a Caribbean variant, Plantation Theory. a) b) c) d) Theoretical antecedents of Dependency and Plantation Theories Main elements of Dependency Theory Plantation Theory and its critique Critique of Dependency Theory & the Modes of Production debate

Two tutorial sessions Tutorial Question 6: The emergence of Dependency Theory represented a paradigm shift to an explanation of underdevelopment that was structuralist in nature. Explain this statement. Your answer should make reference to the work of one Dependency Theorist and either Prebisch, or Baran. Tutorial Question 7: Evaluate the contribution of George Beckford to Development theory in the Caribbean. Tutorial Question 8: Discuss critically the importance of a historical analysis in the understanding of continued dependency and underdevelopment in Latin America and the Caribbean. Tutorial Question 9: "Economic dependency in the Caribbean also manifests itself in political and cultural dependency". Discuss Plantation Theory in light of this statement. Coursework Question 3: Dependency Theorys deficiency lies in the fact that it privileges trade over production in its analysis of the causes of underdevelopment in the Third World. What arguments would you bring in support of this statement? In addition to the Marxist critique, your answer should make reference to the work of one Dependency theorist and either Prebisch or Baran Suggested Readings: a) Theoretical antecedents of Dependency and Plantation Theories Prebisch, Raul. 1976 Change and Development. HC125 P922 C4. Ardnt, H.W. 1985. The Origins of Structuralism: World Development Vol. 13, No. 2 HC59 A1 W927 D4. b) Main elements of Dependency Theory Blomstrom and Hettne. Development Theory in Transition. HC59. 7 B5565 1984. Rist, G. The History of Development: Zed Books:1997: chap. 7 Gunder Frank, Andre. Capitalism and Underdevelopment in Latin America. HC165 F828 C1 1969. ------ 1966 The Development of Underdevelopment Monthly Review. HX1 M789 R4. Also in Jameson, K.P.& C.K. Wilber The Political Economy of Development and Underdevelopment: McGraw Hill:1996. Chap.8

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The Sociology of Development and the Underdevelopment of Sociology.

Cardoso, F. 1976. Dependency and Development in Latin America. HC125 C34153.

R. H. Chilcote Development Theory and Practice: Latin American Perspectives, Lanham, Rowman and Littlefield, 2003. Chew, S. & R. Denemark The Underdevelopment of Development, California: Sage Publications, 1996. Chapeters 1, 2, and 3 S. P. Singh (Ed.) Underdevelopment to Development Economics, New York, Oxford University Press, 1978. Chapters 12 and 14. So, Alvin Social Change, and Development: Modernization, Dependency, and World Systems Theory. London, Sage Library of Social Research, 1990.

Plantation Theory and its critique

Susan Craig: Sociological Theorizing in the English Speaking Caribbean:, Sociological Reader, Randal, 1986

Girvan, N. 1977. The Development of Dependency Economics in the Caribbean and Latin America Social and Economics Studies Vol. 22 No. 1 . H1 S6. Best, Lloyd and Kari Levitt. Character of Caribbean Economy in Caribbean Economy, ed. by George Beckford. HC155 B396 C2. Beckford, George. Persistent Poverty. HC59. 7 B396 P4 1972p. Beckford, George and Kari Levitt (eds.) 2000. Persistent Poverty: Possibilities for change and transformation in The George Beckford Papers. Kingston: Canoe Press. Girvan, Norman and Owen Jefferson (eds.) Readings in the Political Economy of the Caribbean HC155 G529 R2 1971. Benn, Denis. The Growth and Development of Political Ideas in the Caribbean 1774-1983. Ch. 4. F1621 B46 1987. Critique of Dependency Theory & the Modes of Production debate C.Y. Thomas. Dependence and Transformation HD82 T455 D4. Foster-Carter, Aidan. The Modes of Production Controversy: New Left Review, 107, 1978 --------- From Rostow to Gunder Frank: Conflicting Paradigms in the analysis of Underdevelopment: World Development IV, 3, March 1976.

Taylor, John. From Modernization to Modes of Production: A Critique of ... and Underdevelopment. HC59.7. T243. F9 Debt Crisis, Neo-Liberalism, and Structural Adjustment The changing world economy in the 1970s led to a crisis in the 1980s that prompted another shift in Development thought, practice and politics, critiquing the emerging Stateled solutions of the previous decade. The recent crisis [2009] provides an example of market failure, i.e. the failure of a global economic system based on the principles of the free market. The crisis of the 1970s is generally deemed to have been the outcome of the failure of state led approaches to Development. Although the emphasis in this course will be on the first crisis and the emergence of economic Neoliberalism, the two crises provide an opportunity to assess the shortcomings of both approaches to Development. a) Background to the advent of Neo-liberalism b) The International Financial Institutions, Neo-liberalism, Structural Adjustment and its impact on the Third World c) Case study: Jamaica Two tutorial sessions Tutorial Question 10: What, in your view, were the primary factors associated with the emergence of debt and structural adjustment in the Third World at the beginning of the 1980's? Tutorial Question 11: What is the Neo-liberalist critique of Development Economics? On what grounds would you refute it? Tutorial Question 12: According to C.Y Thomas one of the policy conclusions of the neoclassical economic model is that "the Private Sector should be given the responsibility of being the engine of growth [while] the public sector should be downsized and subjected to market discipline". With reference to the experiences of any one Caribbean country under Structural Adjustment make a case for this statement. Tutorial Question 13: Discuss the socio economic and the theoretical happenings that preceded the implementation of Structural Adjustment Programmes in the Third World. What was the role of the i) state and ii) the International Financial Institutions in implementing these programmes Coursework Question 4:
a) What are some of the ways that Jamaicas embrace of structural adjustment

worsened its social problems? Your answer should be supported by empirical data.
b) You are a technocrat employed to the World Bank and you have just returned from

a fact finding mission to a Caribbean country that has an ongoing structural

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adjustment programme with the bank. Prepare a report for your superiors telling them why the programme should be discontinued Suggested Readings: a. Background to the advent of Neo-liberalism Langdon, S. Global Poverty, Democracy and North-South Change. Ch.6, Garamond Press: 1999. Dell, Sidney. The Balance of Payments Adjustments Process in Developing Countries HG3890 d44. Stewart, F. Adjustments and Poverty: Options and Choices, Introduction & Chap. 7., Routledge 1995 b. The International Financial Institutions, Neo-liberalism, Structural Adjustment and its impact on the Third World Toye, J. Dilemmas of Development: Reflections on the Counter-Revolution in Development Economics: Blackwell Publishers, 2nd Edition:1993 Lal, Deepak. The poverty of Development Economics HD82 L26 1984. ------- The Limits of International co-operation. HC59 l35 1990. ____ The Misconceptions of Development Economics in Jameson, K.P.& C.K. Wilber The Political Economy of Development and Underdevelopment: McGraw Hill:1996. Chap.2. Helleiner, G.K. Conventional Foolishness and Overall Ignorance: Current Approaches to Global Transformation and Development. in Jameson, K.P.& C.K. Wilber The Political Economy of Development and Underdevelopment: McGraw Hill:1996. Chap.3 Grindle, Merilee. The New Political Economy: Positive Economies and Negative Politics; HB73 G75 1989. IMF. Theoretical Aspects of the Design of Fund-Supported Adjustments Programs: A Study HG3881. 5 W57 P74 1987. World Bank and IMF. Problems and Issues in Structural Adjustments: Papers. HG3811. 5 W57 P74 1990 Khan, Mohsin and Malcolm Knight. Fund-Supported Adjustments Programs and Economics Growth HG3881. 5. 158 K49 1985.

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Streeten, Paul. Development Ideas in Historical Perspective Toward a New Strategy for Development HC59. 7 T7383 1979. Levitt, Kari, Reclaiming Development: Independent Thought and Caribbean Community: Ian Randle Publications, 2006
Peter Dicken, Global Shift: The Internationalization of Economic Activity, (2nd edition). Paul Chapman Publishing Company, Liverpool, London, 1992 J. Freiden, Debt, Development and Democracy, Princeton University Press, 1991 Norman Girvan, Swallowing the IMF Medicine in the Seventies, in The Political Economy of Development and Underdevelopment, (3rd Edition) Edited by Wilber C. K. New York, Random House, 1984. Jackie Roddick: The Dance of Millions: Latin America and the Debt Crisis. Bertrand Russell House, Nottingham, England, 1988

C.Y.Thomas The Crisis of Development Theory and Practice: A Caribbean Perspective in Levitt, K. & Witter, M. The Critical Tradition of Caribbean Political Economy: The Legacy of George Beckford:Ian Randle Publications:1995.
Ramsaran, Ramesh The Challenge of Structural Adjustment in the Commonwealth Caribbean, New York, Praeger, 1992. Chap. 1 & 2.

Case Study: Jamaica Black, Stephanie Movie: Life and Debt

Fredica Robinson: Jamaica Balance of Payment Adjustment Processes: 1980-83, Kingston, Jamaica: Institute of Social and Economic Research, 1984. Dennis Pantin: Into the Valley of Debt: An Alternative Road to the IMF/World Bank Path in Trinidad and Tobago. UWI, 1989 Hollis, France Continuity or Change? Structural Adjustment Decision-Making in Guyana (19881997) The Hoyte and Jagan years, Social and Economic Studies, Vol. 54, No. 1, 2005. McAfee, Kathy Storm Signals: Structural Adjustment and Development Alternatives in the Caribbean, 1991

Handa, A & King, D. Structural Adjustment Policies, Income Distribution and Living Standards: The Jamaican Experience : World Development,Volume 25, Issue 6, June 1997, Pages 915-930 Brown, L. Crisis Adjustment and Social Change: the Middle Class under Adjustment in E. Lefranc (ed) Consequences of Structural Adjustment: A Review of the Jamaican Experience: Canoe Press 1994.

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UNICEF, The Economics of Child Poverty in Jamaica, mimeo, 1995 (My Box). Report on the Jamaica Survey of Living Conditions, (various years) Post-Development The 1990s saw the end of the Soviet Union and the Cold War; growing claims that we have entered postmodernity; the emergence of postindustrialism and post-Fordism; the pursuit of different development trajectories by what was once a homogenous Third World; and the rapid Globalization of politics, economics, culture and information. Following from the ascendance of economic Neoliberalism and the past failures of development to achieve its objectives, aid came to assumes lesser importance than trade in the new ethos of the Globalizing economy. Whereas previous dissatisfactions with Development might have found expressions in the call for Development alternatives, the cry was now for alternatives to Development. The era of Post development had arrived. a) Global geopolitical, environmental and societal changes: end of the second and third worlds; environmental limits, postmodernism b) Post development One tutorial session Tutorial Question 14: In the 1990s, changes in theory, the environment and global geopolitics succeeded in casting a serious doubt not only on the feasibility but on the very desirability of development. Discuss. Tutorial Question 15: Discuss the main elements of Escobars critique of Development Theory and practice Coursework Question 5: Explain why the phrase alternatives to Development is expressive of Post Development. Suggested Readings: a.)Global geopolitical, environmental and societal changes: end of the second and third worlds; environmental limits.
J. Timmons and Amy Bellone Hite (eds.): The Globalization and Development Reader: Perspectives on Development and Global Change, Malden, MA, Blackwell Publishing, 2007

Arnold Guy. The End of the Third World. HC59. 7 A8335 1993. Harris, Nigel. The End of the Word World: Newly Industrialized Countries and the Decline of an Ideology. HV59. 7 H37.

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Tisdell, Clem. 1998. Sustainable Development: Differing Perspectives of Ecologists and Economists and it Relevance to LDCs, World Development, Vol. 16, No. 3. HC59 A1 W927 D Amin, S. 1993. Can Environmental Problems be subject to Economic Calculations? Monthly Review, HX1 M789 R4. Gore, Al. An Inconvenient Truth[Movie] Tucker, V. The Myth of Development: A critique of Eurocentric Development in Munck, R. and D. OHearn (eds) Critical Development Theory: contributions to a new paradigm. HD75 C74 1999. Escobar, A. Encountering Development: Princeton University Press:1995. Rist, G. The History of Development: From Western Origins to Global Faith Zed Books:1997: pp.1-21, chap.12 Rahnema, M. and Victoria Bawtree (eds), The Post-Development Reader:Zed Books,London 1997 Corbridge, S. Beneath the pavement only soil: The poverty of post development in The Journal of Development Studies, August 1998. Storey, A. Post Development Theory: Romanticism and Pontius Pilate politics in Development 43: 40-46. 2000 Esteva, G and M.Prakash, Grassroots Postmodernism: Remaking the soil of cultures: Zed Books, London, 1998 Langdon, S. Global Poverty, Democracy and North-South Change. Chs. 8 & 9, Garamond Press: 1999 Pieterse, J. After Post Development in Third World Quarterly, April2002, Vol.21, Issue 2 Mies, Maria and V. Bennholdt-Thomsen, The Subsistence Perspective: Beyond the Globalised Economy: Zed Books, London 1999. -----Patriarchy and Accumulation on a World Scale. HD6060. 6M54 1986

Dennis A.V. Brown St. Augustine September 2011