Objectives

To investigate the respiratory system, alementary canal, circulatory system and respiratory of mammalian by rat dissection.

Material and apparatus

Dissecting instruments, rubber gloves, dissecting board, dissecting pins, cotton wool, fresh killed rats.

Introduction
Animal in particular mammalian need oxygen to carry metabolic reaction. A flower, sometimes known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in flowering plants (Wikipedia.org). As most of living organisms does to ensure their continuation of species by reproduction,plant also doing so. However the reproduction mechanisms in plant is different from many other organisms. And one of the reproductive system in a plant is by using the flowers as their reproductive organ. Many plant have flowers, but not all plant have flowers. Pollination is the process of transfer of pollen grains from anther to the pistil(bio notes). This is to ensure fertelization can occur. There is two kind of pollination, which is self pollination and cross pollination. Self pollination happen within the flower. And cross pollination is between two different flowers. Flowers as an organ also consist of many parts and functions. As we all know, organ is made up of same tissue combine together to conduct a specific functions that made up an organ. Thus, the propose of this experiment is to investigate the structure of the plant based on the two sample taken. The sample was observe and experimented as what stated inside the lab manual. Both sample was drawned for whole, without its petals, and after it being dissects. The sample choosen is yellow allamanda and lotus. After that, the experiment was carried on by using the key of pollination to predict the pollinators of the specific sample of flowers. The key of pollination is to determine the possible pollinators for the flower. The pollinators that were listed in the key are wind, moth, bat, fly, bee, beetle, butterfly and humming bird. Pollinator is the agent that responsible for carrying the pollen from the anters of the flower to the ovarys. The pocess of pollination is crucial so that fertelisation can occur. Without fertilisation process, the continuity of the species. Thus, if a species of animal were instinct it might cause the extinction of plants that were depending on the insects. Different flowers have different speciality on attracting the attention of the pollinators such as colour, fragrant and many more.

Allamanda, also known as Yellow Bell, Golden Trumpet or Buttercup Flower, is a genus of tropical shrubs or vines belonging to the dogbane family (Apocynaceae) (Wikipedia.org). Nelumbo nucifera, known by a number of names including Indian Lotus, Sacred Lotus, Bean of India, or simply Lotus, is a plant in the monogeneric family Nelumbonaceae.(Wikipedia.org).

Procedure
Two samples of different flowers were chosen and taken to the lab. The sample was taken as whole, and was cut carefully by using the cutter at its pedicle. The sample taken was observed and the structure of it was compare to flower structure in the Figure 1.1 of the lab manual. By observing the flowers, we managed to observe the specific traits of the different species of flowers. The flowers were then drawled as it whole. The petals were taken off and the structure was then observed and drowned again. The flowers then were dissected and the inner parts of the flowers were observe and drowned. The procedure above was carried for both of the samples. The drowned structures of whole, without petals and after dissecting of the flowers were dawned for both flowers. The results of the observations were recorded in the table 1.1. And the possible pollinators were then obtained by using the pollination keys.

Results and observation

Features Lotus Plant Names Allamanda

No. of petals

17

No. of sepals

Part absents.(petals, stamens,etc

Sepal

Sepal

Purple Colour

Yellow

Scent(+/-)

Nectar(+/-)

+ +
Star -It have wide stigma that

Star (after dissect have pentagon shape) -the flowers have a deep

Shape (including corolla shape, tubular, star, etc.)

Special features (landing

platform, guidelines, nectar spur, etc)

acts as landing platform. It have nectar that is sticky that might attracts pollinators. Have many stamen.

petals that open at the up. The bright color might attract the attention of the pollinators.

Predicted pollinator (see exp. 2 (b))

beetle

hummingbird

Table 1.1 : Flower Morphology and Pollinators.

Discussion
The experiment was carried out by taking two differents sample of flower so that the difference between structures of flowers can be differentiate. The pedicel of the flower chosen was cutted carefully to ensure the sample is in good condition as we brought it to the lab. For the lotus, it was in close condition when it was taken. The picture of it as whole was drawed while it still in hibernate mode. And based on the observation, it does not have any sepals on it. Then, the petals of it was taken off and counted. For this flowers, it was found that it have 17 petals. With purple color on tip and white at its bottom of the petals. The structure of the flower than drawed again after the petals was taken off. Based on the observation, the flowers have wide stigma. The other structure that was found were the style, ovary, filament, and anther. The combination of anther and filaments forming a stamen. For this flower, the stamen were abundance and it is easy to be worned off. The final drawing for the lotus is the structure of it after longitudinal dissect. Based on the observations. The ovary was founded and the ovule. The ovule was located near to the stigma. The stereoscopic microscope was not used as the structures were big and can be seen by naked eye. All the structures was drawed and labelled in the diagram. For the Allamanda flower, the whole picture of it was drawed. The structure presents was petals and pedicle only. The petals was found to be long and connected along to the pedicle. The petals were also pointed out widely and then were joined together that cause it to be like having a sepals that have tubular shape. The experiment was carry on by taking off the petals from the Allamanda. After the petals was taken off, from the upper view of the flowers was determined to have a star like shape. The structures that can be found is the stigma and the anthers. However, the anthers were connected to a

short filaments. The structure was drawed and labelled. The experiment was continue by dissecting the flower and observe under the stereoscopic microscope. The shape was like a pentagon shape. Inside the pentagon shape structure was located a structure that have a hibiscus shape. The structure was identify as ovary. Inside the hibiscus structure were located the ovule. This is based on the facts that inside the ovary, there were located the ovule. The structures was drawed to picturise the real structures. For both of the sample, the structure drawned were the whole structure as can be observe, without the petals, and inside the flower where there we can identify the ovary and ovule as it dissect. The features of the flowers was recorded inside Table 1.1. For the lotus, it found to have seventeen petals. Which is big in size and have an oval size with a sharp tip on one of the end. The size of petals also can act as a landing platform for pollinators. The lotus does not have any sepals. The color of the petals of the lotus is purple on the end of the sharp tip. The purple color of the petals dominated a single petals with of it color. The other of the single petal were white in color. The lotus also have scent and have a sticky nectar. Based on the observation, the shape of the flower found to have a star like shape. The special features of the lotus is it have a wide landing platform as the stigma is wide. It also have a large number of stamen. This helping the insect to have a secure platform to land. This probably help in increasing the chances of cross or self pollination to occur. As self pollination is within the flower and cross pollination is in between two individual flowers. Thus increase the chances in the process of fertilization to occur. The lotus also have sticky nectar. This might increase the amount of anther that stick to the body of the pollinators body that at the same time increase the chance of pollination. The lotus also have scent that might help to attract the attention of the pollinators. For the Allamanda flowers it have five petals that long and combined on the middle. It have a deep petals. It have no petals attached to it. The bright colour of yellow differentiate it from other flowers. It does have scent and nectar. And have a star like shape. The special characteristic that might help the pollination stage to occurs is the bright colour it have. Yellow color of the flower might attract bees as it attact to bright color and bees always associated with yellow. It also have a deep tubular shape petals that might acts as landing platform for the pollinators. The experiment of determining the pollinators of each flowers were conducted by using the pollination key provided inside the lab manual. The possible pollinators of each flowers were identify based on the observation of characteristics of each flowers. Based on the key to pollination. As lotus have a regular shape but not a tubular shape flower, thus obviously the possible pollinators for it is the bee or the beetle. As it have regular shape and fruity. The possible pollinators would be the beetle. Besides, the stigma is wide that suitable for the beetle to landing and fly as beetle is an insect that

need a wide place to allow it to start to fly. For the allamanda as it have a tubular shape sepasl., Butterfly and hummingbird is the possible pollinators for it. However, as it have no odor, the hummingbird is said and chosen to become the pollinators instead of butterfly. Pollinators is important in the pollination to occur as it is the agent that responsible in bringing the anther to the stigma. Then it will carry on with the next stages. One of the example of pollinators is the wind. For the flower that have wind as its pollinators, it have a sepals and petals that is inconspicuous. The stigma also feathery and large stigma. It might be because as it anther were dispersed by wind, thus it have a smaller chances of landing on the stigma. Thus, because of the bigger size of the stigma it increase the chances of the anthers to be landing on the stigma. Hummingbird is another example of pollinators that can help to pollination to occurs. As humming bird is a bird that have a long beak, thus the characteristic of the flowers that have tubular shape. The tubular shape might help the hummingbird to suck the nectar from the flower. However, there must be somekind of mistakes done when observing our sample as no nectar was found on the Allamanda. The flower that characterise for this pollinators usually does not have odor, and if it have odor, the odor present in a small amount. The color that usually attracted by this kind of pollinators have a red in color. Other than that, bat can also act as pollination agent. The flowers characteristic that have bat as its pollinators have a stong odor. This might be because bats usually hunting at night and search for food during the night time. Thus, the strong odor might attract the attention of bats that have good sense of smell. The flowers also that have bats as it pollinators usually have fermenting or fruitlike. The parts of the flowers that have bats as it pollinators also usually have a strong flower parts and strong pedicle. This might be because bats size is bigger that the other pollinators. Thus, by having a strong structure allowing the flowers to withstand the weight or anny physical disturbance that were caused by the bat. In biology, the of classification can be used to construct the cladogram. By doing this, we can compare the outgroup and focus only on just those characters that the flowers have to attract the pollinators by comparison of characteristics. This is because, a single flowers does not only depends on one single pollinators. Thus, by classify the outgroup we can differentiate between the shared characteristics that the flowers have to attract the pollinators. Thus, we can have a very specific and accurate results.

Conclusion A different flowers have different characteristics and structures that allow the
pollination to occur.

A different flower have a different pollinators agent.

References
Campbell Reece,Wasserman,Minorsky,Jackson, Urry and Cain 2008. Biology Eighth Edition. Pearson International Edition. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ http://www.bio.txstate.edu