Mechanics

Physics is relations between quantities o Speed = Distance / Time m/s o Energy = mC2 (m = mass, C = speed of light = 3 x 108 m/s) o F = ma (F=Force, m=mass, a=acceleration) Year 1960 : Standard International System of units (SI ) o Length meter o Area m2 o Volume m3 o Mass Kg o Time second Measurement Skills o Put so many next to each other divide total by number o Improve accuracy increase number of papers o Measure thickness of one paper: Stack n papers measure thickness of stack thickness = x / num. o Measure diameter of thread Rotate thread around pen measure width of thread on pen (x) diameter of thread = x / number of turns o Measure Periodic time of a pendulum o Time to oscillate once from right to left measure time to oscillate 20 times Time = Measure Diameter of Solid ball: put between two books measure diameter

Scalar and Vector Quantities: Scalar: magnitude only length, mass, temperature, distance, speed Vector: magnitude + direction force, velocity, acceleration, displacement If opposite directions vector will have a negative sign before magnitude o Distance vs. displacement o Speed vs. velocity o Weight vs mass: W=mg

Motion Speed = Acceleration = o o o o m/s This calculates Average constant Speed m/s2 This calculates constant acceleration (car speed will be increasing still) Decreasing acceleration: Increasing acceleration : rocket speed at launch Deceleration, increasing deceleration, decreasing deceleration.

o Determine acceleration and Deceleration on curve: ab: increases velocity from rest. (Acceleration) bc: decreases velocity to zero. (Deceleration) cd: INCREASES velocity from rest in REVERSE direction (ACCELERATION) de: DECREASES velocity to zero in REVERSE direction. (DECELERATION)

Understand Graph Shape (line or curve, up or down, U or N shape) o Straight line constant no change o Curve line increasing (curve up) or decreasing (curve down) o Horizontal straight line change = 0 Speed (displacement time graphs): Zero Speed Increasing Speed Constant increasing Speed Decreasing Speed

Velocity vs. time graph (v - t graph): o acceleration is gradient (slope) = change in velocity / change in time o distance covered = area under curve V=increasing increase A= increasing Acceleration V=constant Decrease A= constant Deceleration V = decreasing increase A = decreasing Acceleration

V=constant increasing A=constant Acceleration

Compare graphs of deceleration: Acceleration - time graph (a - t graph) o Compare graphs of acceleration: zero, constant inc, constant dec, increasing, decreasing. Free fall: o Zero initial speed o Constant acceleration = g for any kind of object

Forces: F=ma If velocity is constant a=0 F (resultant) must be 0 Types of forces: o Mass: content of matter. Scalar (Kg) o Weight: attraction force of gravity based on body mass. Vector quantity (Newtons) o Resistance Force always opposing motion. Thrust of car due to air resistance, friction and viscouse force o Stretching Force: Spring extend in length proportional to load (Hookes law) up to limit of proportionality (break) o Up thrust force: Before parachute: initial v=0, R increases with V until W=R and body does not accelerate and reach no parachute terminal velocity

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when parachute opens R>W body deaccelerate till parachute terminal velocity Reaction Force due to weight force from an object resting on a table Tension Force is pull strength of wire/rope before it break Drag Force of parachute Circular Motion: Object accelerating but speed is constant due to continuous change in direction centrifugal force is net force towards center of rotation cause successive change in direction Moment: M=F.d (d=distance) , fishing rod decrease force to catch fish

Work, Energy & Power Work is done when energy is transformed. W=Force * Distance Energy is ability to do work. o Example: Energy stored in arm to do work o Never created ONLY transformed from one form to another o Potential Energy: PE = mgh (mass, 10m/s, height) o Kinetic Energy: KE = mv2 (mass in kg, velocity) Power: o Rate of doing work P = E/t o In a car: P=Force * Velocity

Sources of Energy: Non Renewable Sources: Oil, coal, natural gas, nuclear Renewable sources: o Hydropower station & Tidal Energy: PEKEelectric Energy o Wind: Wind energy KE electric o Wave Energy: Wave Energy Electric Energy o Solar: Heat Energy o Nuclear Energy: Fission Reactions: nucleus split in two halves release large energy Fusion Reaction: light nuclei combine together form heavy nucleus + release large energy Density: o o o Mass per unit volume (rho kgm/m3) Density never change and it is constant for every element Experiment to determine density of irregular solid Measure height of liquid put irregular body measure height of liquid V = V2 V1 Pressure: o Force on unit area o Unit: Pascal (Pa) o o o The smaller the area the larger the pressure Any height of liquid or filled object (not hollow) causes the following pressure (density, acceleration of free fall, height (v=a*h)

Atmospheric Pressure: Mercury Barometer: Patm (height=76cm) = phg = 13600 * 10 * 0.76 = 103000 Pa Any two points in a free moving liquid will have same Pressure o If vertical tube is wider mercury will have same height (due to equation above) o If vertical tube is inclined mercury will have same height Manometer: To measure pressure of compressed gas PA= PB Pgas = Pressure of mercury + Patm